PLOTTING QUESTIONS

12336. Overhead Cookhouse HDG 030º (C), Compass DEV +2º East, Drift 10º Right, VAR. 22º West. Track Made Good
is:

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000º T
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
016º T
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
020º T.

* c * l * a * 1 * Track Made Good * Use CDMVT for this one, and you get a True Hdg of 010. If you have corrected for
10 Right drift, this would have been 10 to the left. Drift is always from Hdg to Track so 010 Hdg = 10 R Dr = 020
Track. Answer C. *

2. Airplane overhead HARARE at FL070 and climbing to FL180 at a mean rate of climb of 600 ft/min. RAS 160 kts,
Temp DEV = ISA +10ºC. The mean TAS on the climb is:

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
193 kts
yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
197 kts
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
202 kts.

* c * l * c * 2 * Mean TAS on climb * Climbing at constant RAS needs 2/3 of the height change. Height change is 11000,
so 2/3 is 7333 ft plus the 7000 at the start. The height at which TAS must be calculated is therefore 14333 ft. The temp at
that height in ISA should be -13,4C, so with a deviation of +10 the temp to use is -3,4C. Enter the info into the Pathfinder
and you get a TAS of 202,3 kts. Answer C. *

3. An aircraft flies from A to B in 2 hrs 20 min. Dist 588 nm, TAS 288 kts. In order to fly from B to A in 2 hrs 27
min, the TAS for the return flight should be:

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
240 kts
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
252 kts
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
204 kts.

* c * l * c * 2 * Required TAS * The flight time of 2 h 20 m over a distance of 588 nm gives a GS of 252 kts. If TAS is
288 kts, this means that there is a headwind of 36 kts. On the return this will be a tailwind. If the return journey is to be
accomplished in 2 h 27 m the GS must be 240 kts. If you have a TWC of 36 kts, the required TAS is 204 kts. Answer C. *

4. Airplanes A and B are both flying on the same track and are initially 72 nm apart. GS of A is 288 kts. Airplane A
passes B after 1 hr 20 min. The GS of B is:

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh. 248,7 mph

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii. 433,6 kph
jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj. 216,0 kts.

* c * m * b * 2 * Relative Velocity GS * This is a manipulation of the closing speed formula, which is closing
distance/closing speed = time to close. Therefore 72/x = 1 h 20 m. 1:20x = 72, so x = 72/1:20 = 54 nm. This means that B is
slower by 54 kts. 288 - 54 = 234 kts. This makes C wrong. Converted to mph would give you 269,3, making A wrong as
well. Converting to kph gives you 433,4. Answer B. *

5. An airplane leaves A {S12:02 W157:04) on July 31 st at 09:00 LMT on a flight to B (S41:20 E174:48) at an average
GS of 312 kts, and arrives at B at 11:19 LMT on August 1 st, having flown a distance of:

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
1308 nm
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
1414 nm
jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj
725 nm.

* c * m * a * 2 * Distance flown *
Depart A: 09:00 LMT 31 Jul
Arc W157:04 10:28 West, so UT Best (add)
19:28 UT

Arrive B: 11:19 LMT 1 Aug

Arc E174:48 11:39 East, so UT least (subtract)
23:40 UT 31 Jul

The difference between UT Depart and UT Arrive will be flight time, which is 23:40 - 19:28 = 4h 12m. At a GS of 312 kts
this gives a distance flown of 4.2 x 312 = 1310,4 nm. Answer A. *

6. On a Mercator chart the scale is 1:2 000 000 at N35:00. The scale is equal to 1:1 000 000 at Latitude:

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
N65:49
wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
N40:35
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
N33:33

* c * l * a * 1 * Scale on Mercator * Use ABBA. Scale denominator at A x Cos Lat B - Scale at B x Cos A.. In this case 2
000 000 x X = 1 000 000 x Cos 35, or X = 1 000 000 x Cos 35/2 000 000, or 0,409576. Inverse Cos = 65:49:18. Answer A.
*

7. Aircraft A, GS 425 kts, passes over NL at 13:45Z. Aircraft B, at FL310, OAT -40º C, passes over NL at 13:57Z,
overtaking A at 15:39Z. Aircraft B relative closing speed was:

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
50 kts
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
75 kts
bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
95 kts.

* c * l * a * 1 * Closing speed calculation * At 1357 aircraft A would have flown a distance of 85 nm since 1345 (12 min
at 425 kts). This is the required closing distance. The time to overtake is 1h 42m (1.7h). Substitute these into the formula:
Closing distance/closing speed = time, so 85/X = 1.7, or 1.7 x X = 85, so X = 85/1.7 = 50. Answer A. *

8. A to B, Distance 159 nm, FL130, OAT-10º C. Tailwind 25 kt. The required RAS to fly from A to B in 46 min is:

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
150 kts
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
170 kts
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
190 kts.

* c * l * a * 1 * Required RAS calculation * To fly 159 nm in 46 min will require a GS of 207,4 kts. With a tailwind of 25
kts, the TAS will be 182,4 kts. Use the REQ CAS page on the Pathfinder and enter the relevant information at the prompts.
You will get a Req CAS of 149,8 kts. Answer A. *

9. Forecast wind velocities for a climb to cruise altitude are: W/V 270/20; W/V 315/30; W/V 360/35. The mean
climb W/V is:

bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
324/24
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
315/28
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
330/30

* c * l * a * 1 * Mean wind calculation * Either plot the 3 vectors on a sheet of paper, or use the Hdg/TAS page on the
Pathfinder. Enter the first 2 winds, and you get a THdg of 297,2 and a TAS of 46,4. Jot these down, and then enter them
again in the top 2 spaces. Then enter the third wind and the result is 323,7/69.7. remember that there are 3 winds, so divide
69,7 to get the wind speed (23,23) and the direction will be 323,7. Answer A. *

10. Standard time of sunrise at PARIS, FRANCE (N48:44 E002:22) on 17 February is:

pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
07:56
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq 0
7:05
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
06:56

11. An airplane at DR position (S33:55 E028:15) Var 22, obtains a RMI QDM of 310 from an NDB (S29:30
E020:30) Var 19W. The bearing to plot from the NDB on a Lambert’s Chart (CCF 0,5) is:

dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
108T
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
112T
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
115T

* c * l * b * 1 * Bearing to plot * The QDM of 310 becomes a QUJ of 288. The reciprocal of 288 is 108, but chart
convergency has to be added before it can be plotted from the station. CC = Ch Long x CCF, or 7,75 x 0,5 = 3,875, or 4 .
108 + 4 = 112 QTE. Answer B. *

12. Position of A is S31:35 E029:46. Position B is on the same parallel of latitude. The great circle bearing of B from
A is 262. The longitude of B is:

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
E000:47
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
E000:24
jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj
W000:47

* c * l * c * 1 * Longitude calculation * If the two places are on the same longitude, the rhumb line track will be 270 . Ca
is therefore 8, so convergency is 16. Use the formula: C = Ch Long x Sin Lat, or Ch Long = C/Sin Lat. So X = 16/Sin
31:35 = 30 32' 58" (30,5496). This is to the west of position A so E029:46 - 30:33 = - 0:47, which puts position B west of
the Greenwich meridian, or W000:47. Answer C. *

13. A route facility chart has a scale of 1:2 600 000. One cm on the chart is equal to:

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
12 nm
wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
14 nm
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
16 nm.

* c * l * b * 1 * Earth distance * A chart length of 1 cm on a chart with a scale of 1 : 2 600 000 will give an earth distance
of 2 600 00 cm. Convert this to nm, using 2,54 cm to the inch, 12 in to the foot, and 6080 ft to the nm, or use a figure of
185300 cm to the nm. Either way you get just over 14 nm. Answer B. *

14. 13:00 Overhead SISHEN NDB SS (S27:42 E023:00), TAS 230 kts.
14:00 Overhead VICTORIA WEST VOR VWV (S31:24 E023:09).
At 14:00 the aircraft returns to SISHEN. The ETA at SS is:

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14:49
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
14:55
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
15:00
 * c * l * b * 1 * ETA calculation VWY - SS * The distance on the chart between the two places is about 219 nm. This
flown in one hour will also be the GS. If TAS was 230, then there was a HWC of 11 kts. This will be a TWC on the return,
so the GS return will be 230 + 11 = 242. 219/241 = 54m 31s, or 55 min. ETA will be 1400 + 55 = 1455. Answer B. *

15. 09:43Z VICTORIA WEST (S31:24 E023:08) set heading 089º(T) for NEWCASTLE (S27:45 E030:00), FL110.
TAS 160 kts.
11:19Z BLOEMFONTEIN VOR BLV (S29:06 E026:19) Radial 110, DME range 17.
ETA for NEW CASTLE is:

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
12:42
yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
13:04
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
12:56

16. On track between ALEXANDER BAY (28:34 E016:31) and UPINGTON (S28:24 E021:31). ALEXANDER BAY
radio requires report abeam KEETMANSHOOP VOR KTV (S26:33 E018:00). Variation at KTV is 17,5 W. When abeam
KTV the radial is:

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
196
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
178
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
220

17. At 10;48z aircraft is heading 169(M) inbound to EAST LONDON ELV (S33:02 E027:53). The ELV VOR/DME
indicates radial 349 DME 12 nm. At this point a diversion to PORT ELIZABETH PEV (S33:58 E025:36) is planned.
Assume no wind and variation 23W. The distance and initial heading is:

. 130 nm, 240M

. 126 nm, 262M
. 130 nm, 251M

18. While en route from GEORGE VOR GGV (S34:00 E022:22) to SIR LOWRY’S PASS NDB SP (S34:09 E018:58),
GS 120 kts, a relative bearing of 083 is obtained from SUTHERLAND NDB SL (S32:24 E020:40). From this position the
flight time to SP NDB is:

. 51 min
. 39 min
. 43 min.

19. Aircraft overhead EAST LONDON at 09:30Z en route to DURBAN, mean track 041T, distance 246 nm, mean
W/V 270/45, FL110, OAT -7C. The RAS that has to be maintained in order to arrive overhead DURBAN at 10:30Z is:

. 186 kts
. 195 kts
. 204 kts.

* c * m * a * 2 * Required RAS EL - DN * The distance between EL and DN is about 245 nm, and since the flight time is
one hour, this is the required GS. To find RAS we need TAS which we don’t have, so use the answer options as the come. A
RAS of 186 kts, with OAT and P Alt will give a TAS of 218,7 kts. With W/V and Track this will give a GS of 245,6 kts.
Options B and C will give a much higher TAS, and therefore higher GS, so they are wrong. Answer A. *

20. 15:15 Overhead SELEBI-PIKWE SP (S22:03 E027:48) TAS 240 kts, heading 280M.
16:30 Overhead GHANZI GZ (S21:41 E021:40). The mean W/V:

. 125/44
. 058/46
. 236/44

* c * l * a * 2 * Mean Wind SP - GZ * The distance between the two places is 340 nm and the measured required track is
273T. GS will be 340.1:15 = 272. True heading will be 280M - 12 W Var = 268T. Enter the four values into the
Unknown Wind page. Answer A is closest. *

21. 11:21 Overhead GHANZI GZ (S21:41 E021:40), FL180, TAS 170 kts, W/V 250/55 on direct track to
NIEUWOUDTVILLE NVV (S31:21 E019:03). ETA at CAPE TOWN FIR (S27:30) is:

. 16:36Z
. 13:50Z
. 14:02Z

22. 13:42Z Overhead COOKHOUSE (S32:46 E025:46) on a direct track to LICHTENBURG LG (S26:10 E026:10).
14:49Z VOR KMV, radial 106, DME 35 nm.
At 14:49Z the alteration of heading required to arrive overhead LICHTENBURG is:

. 10 right
. 14 right
. 19 right

23. 08:15 Overhead WALVIS BAY NDB RK (S23:00 E014:37), TAS 240 kts, heading 017(T).
08:49 Alter heading 053(T).
09:29 Overhead GROOTFONTEIN NDB (S19:37 E018:06).
The mean W/V is:

. 276/36
. 309/31
. 354/37

24. Two airplanes depart at 13:00Z from aerodromes 400 nm apart. Airplane A, Track 063  (T), GS 188 kts. Airplane
B, Track 243(T), GS 155 kts. Time at which they cross will be:

. 14:10Z
. 14:05Z
. 14:00Z

* c * l * a * 1 * Time to cross * Closing time = distance/closing speed, or X = 400/(188 + 155) = 1,166h, or 1h 10m. 13:00
+ 1:10 = 1410. Answer A. *

25. An aircraft departs from N60:00 E005:00 on a rhumbline track 270T. After flying 265 nm it arrives at:

. E013:50
. E003:50
. W003:50

* c * l * c * 1 * New longitude * Departure formula: Dep (in nm) = Ch Long (in minutes) x Cos Lat, or Ch Long =
Dep/Cos Lat, or 265/Cos 60 = 530 minutes/60 = 8 50'. On track of 270 this will take you 3 50 past the Greenwich
meridian, or W000:50. Answer C. *

26. From EUROPE ISLAND (S22:20 E040:21) to CAPE TOWN (S33:58 E018:36), departure time 01:30Z 2 nd January.
ETA CAPE TOWN 17:30 SAST 2nd January. The total distance is 4850 statute miles. The average groundspeed is:

. 301 kts
. 346 kph
. 346 kts.

* c * l * a * 2 * Average groundspeed * Departure is at 0130 UT. Arrival is at 17:30 SAST. Convert this to UT by
subtracting the STF (East so UT least). SA STF = 2:00, so ETA is 15:30 UT. Flight time is ETA - ATD = 14 hours. The
distance flown is 4850 sm, so convert to nm = 4214,5 nm. 4215/14 = 301 kts. Answer A. *

27. From CLAN WILLIAM NDB CW to KIMBERLEY VOR KMV, distance 364 nm. At 116 nm from CW the
airplane is 11 nm right of planned track. To fly direct to KMV from this position, heading must be changed:

. 6 left
. 8 left
. 12 left.

28. On a MERCATOR chart:

. Distance is measured along a straight line because that is the shortest distance between two points
. The shortest earth distance between two points can be represented by a curved line
. Parallels are concave to the equator.

* t * l * b * 1 * Chart characteristics * A is wrong as a straight line on a Mercator is a rhumb line and therefore not the
shortest distance. C is wrong as parallels are parallel to the equator. A curved line is a great circle and is the shortest
distance between two points. Answer B. *

29. The great circle distance between position A (N68:00 E118:32) and position B (N68:40 W061:28) is:

. 2840 nm
. 2640 nm
. 2440 nm

* c * l * b * 1 * Great circle distance * B is on the anti-meridian of A, as the two longitudes add up to 180. The shortest
distance between them will be the great circle route via the pole. 22 up from N68:00 to the NP, then 22 down to N68:00
gives a total of 44. At 60 nm per degree this is 2640 nm. Answer B. *

30. An airplane, groundspeed 472 kts, is approaching checkpoint CHARLIE, ETA 2117. ATC request the airplane to
cross CHARLIE at 2120. To accomplish this, the airplane will reduce its goundspeed to 415 kts at:

. 20:52Z
. 20:55Z
. 20:58Z

* c * l * b * 1 * Reducing groundspeed * The formula is Delay (minutes) x New GS x Old GS/Difference in GS x 60, or (3
x 472 x 415)/(57 x 60) = 171,8 nm. Divide this by Old GS and you get 22 minutes. 21:17 - 00:52 = 20:55. Answer B.

31. Sector Track

DistanceTAS
Drift
Time
A to B 209T
107 nm 230 kts
7 left
29 min
B to C 267T 96 nm 230 kts

Assuming the W/V remains constant, the groundspeed from B to C is:

. 190 kts
. 202 kts
. 214 kts.

* c * m * b * 2 * Groundspeed calculation * Find the GS for A to B, 107 nm/29 min = 221,4 kts. The True heading A to B
is 209 T Hdg + 7 left drift = 216T. Enter the information on the Unknown Wind page. W/V = 285,2/28,9. On Hdg/GS
enter to figures for B to C. GS = 202,4 kts. Answer B. *
32. An aircraft passes overhead NDB A at 10:00Z, TAS 180 kts, heading 157M. NDB A indicates a relative bearing
of 186 when aircraft passes over NDB B, 49 nm from A at 10:20Z. Variation through out is 8  West. The wind direction
and speed is:

. 229/16
. 110/24
. 125/37

* c * m * c * 2 * Calculation of W/V * Convert heading 157 M to true 157 - 8 = 149T. A relative bearing of 186 at B
indicates that there is 6 of drift to the right, hence the correction to left. This makes the track 149 + 6 = 155 T. 49 nm in 20
minutes gives a GS of 147 kts. Enter the details into the Unknown Wind page and you get a W/V of124,6/37,1. Answer C. *
33. A LAMBERT’S chart has the parallel of origin at S27:00. The difference between earth convergence and chart
convergence at S34:00 is:

. 0,56 degrees
. 0,45 degrees
. 0,11 degrees

* c * l * c * 1 * Earth convergency vs CC * The chart convergency is Sin 27, or 0,4539905. Earth convergency at S34 is
Sin 34, or 0,559929. The difference between the two is 0,105, or 0,11 degrees. Answer C. *

34. An airplane is maintaining a track of 127(T), heading 151(M), Var 16 W. The heading to fly the reciprocal track
is:

. 315M
. 323M
. 331M

* c * l * a * 1 * Reciprocal heading to steer * Convert heading 151 M to true, 151 - 16 W Var = 135T. this gives a drift
of 8 Left. On the return the drift will be 8 right, and the required track the reciprocal of 127, namely 307T. add Var 16 W
and Mag Track is 323M. Apply 8 right drift and required heading is 315M. Answer C. *

35. An airplane at FL 330 is request to commence descent at 60 nm from a VOR/DME and to cross the VOR at FL
070. The mean groundspeed during descent is 277 kts. The minimum rate of descent required is:

. 1800 ft/min
. 1900 ft/min
. 2000 ft/min

* c * l * c * 1 * Rate of Descent required * 60 nm covered at a GS of 277 kts will take 13 min. during that time 26000 ft
must be lost, so 26000/13 = 2000 ft/min. Answer C. *

36. The length of the parallel of latitude on a chart between (N49:14 E175:53) and B (N49:14 W168:42) is 24,87 cm.
The scale of the chart expressed as a representative fraction is:

. 1 : 4 500 000
. 1 : 6 900 000
. 1 : 5 700 000

* c * m * a * 2 * Scale calculation * The Change Longitude between the two places is 1525'. But this is at N49:14, so you
need the departure formula to calculate the earth distance. (1525' x 60) x Cos 49:14 = 604 nm. Chart length is 24,87 cm.
Convert ED to cm and divide by 24,87. Answer A is closest. Answer A. *

37. The standard time of sunrise at OSLO, NORWAY (N59:45 E010:37) on 22 nd February is:

. 06:37
. 07:20
. 07:37

38. 11:47Z Overhead COOKHOUSE. (S32:46 E025:45), TAS 220 kts, Hdg 005 (T).
12:10Z Observed drift 14 right.
12:21Z Crossing BURGERSD()RP VOR BDV (S30:59 E026:17) radial 125.
Mean W/V is:

. 305/55
. 315/65
. 295/55

39. 09:20Z Overhead SISHEN (S27:42 E023:00) set heading 094M, FL 110, OAT 0C, RAS 108 kts.
10:37Z Overhead WELKOM (S28:00 E026:42).
10:43Z Using W/V 330/55 heading for KROONSTAD (S27:40 E027:I6) is:

. 353M
. 011M
. 011T

40. An airplane overhead BLOEMFONTEIN (S27:05 E026:18) at 0630Z on a direct track to GEORGE (S34:00
E022:22), heading 247M. At 0750Z VICTORIA WEST NDB bears 090 relative by ADF. The ETA overhead GEORGE
is:

. 0842Z
. 0849Z
. 0855Z

41. 1510Z Overhead EAST LONDON ELV (S33:02 E027:53), heading 010T, TAS 180 kts.
155,5Z Alter heading onto 045T, TAS 200 kts.
1634Z Overhead PIETERMARITZBURG NDB PM (S29:40 E030:24).
The mean W/V that has affected the airplane since 1510Z is:

. 257/35
. 282/29
. 328/21

42. 0630Z Overhead HARTEBEESPOORTDAM HBV (S25:42 E027:53), TAS 150 kts, W/V 240/35. On a direct
track to BULAWAYO VBU (S20:05) E028:42). The ETA at the HARARE FIR boundary (S21:38
E028:29) is:

. 0757
. 0751
. 0745

43. 0945Z Overhead NIEUWOUDTVILLE (S31:21 E019:03), FL270, TAS 340 kts, on a direct track to GHANZI
(S21:41 E021:39).
1018Z UPINGTON NDB UP (S28:23 E021:16) QDM is 124
1032Z UPINGTON VOR UPV radial 358
The ETA GHANZI is:

. 1122Z
. 1128Z
. 1134Z

44. 0900Z Overhead CAPE TOWN (S33:58 E018:35) on a direct track to WINDHOEK WH (S22:29 E017:27),
heading 349T, TAS 460 kts, GS 420 kts.
0933Z ALEXANDER BAY ABV (S28:34 E016:31) DME range 116 nm.
0950Z ALEXANDER BAY ABV DME range 116 nm.
Heading to steer at 0950Z for WINDHOEK is:

. 330T
. 335T
. 341T

45. 1500 Overhead SUTHERLAND VOR SLV (S32:23 E020:40), TAS 270 kts.
1600 Overhead ULCO VOR UCV (S28:23 E024:20).
At 1600 airplane returns to SUTHERLAND. ETA SLV is:

. 1700
. 1710
. 1719

46. 1000 Overhead BEIRA (S19:46 E034:55) on a flight to HARARE (S15:55 E031:05).
1010 Overhead MUTARE (S19:00 E032:26).
At 1010 the alteration of heading required to arrive overhead HARARE is:

. 9 right
. 13 right
. 22 right
47. The great circle distance from A (N78:13 E156:27) to B (N69:27 W023:33) is:

. 1827 nm
. 1940 nm
. 2175 nm

* c * l * b * 1 * Great circle distance * B is on the anti-meridian of A, as the two longitudes add up to 180. The shortest
distance between them will be the great circle route via the pole. 11  47' up from N78:13 to the NP, then 20 33' down to
N69:27 gives a total of 3220'. At 60 nm per degree this is 1940 nm. Answer B. *

48. X to Y distance 107 nm, FL120, OAT +5C, headwind 15 kts. The required RAS to fly from X to Y in 37 minutes
is:

. 129 kts
. 140 kts
. 154 kts

* c * l * c * 1 * Required RAS * 107 nm in 37 minutes = 173,5 kts GS. With a HWC of 15 kts this would require a TAS of
188,5 kts. Use the Req CAS page, and you get an answer of 153,6 kys. Answer C. *

49. Standard time of sunset at LISBON, PORTUGAL (N38:45 W009:07) on 10 March is:

bbbbbbbbbbbb. 1738
cccccccccccc. 1838
dddddddddddd. 1938

50. An airplane maintaining a track of 141M at a groundspeed of 180 kts obtains the following bearings from
UPINGTON VOR UPV (S28:24 E021:16).
0917Z UPINGTON VOR radial 277
0934Z UPINGTON VOR radial 266
0949Z UPINGTON VOR radial 185

ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp. S29:29 E021:33

qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq. S28:55 E020:24
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr. S29:48 E021:40

51. An airplane is overhead BLOEMFONTEIN (S29:05 E026:18) at 0630Z on a direct track to GEORGE airport
(S34:00 E022:22), heading 247M. At 0750Z VICTORIA WEST NDB VW bears 090 relative by ADF. The ETA overhead
GEORGE is:

ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd. 0842Z
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee. 0849Z
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff. 0855Z

52. An airplane at FL330, groundspeed 480 kts is 376 nm from it's destination at 1735Z. Mean rate of descent is 2000
feet/min, mean descent groundspeed 285 kts. The latest time to commence the descend to arrive overhead the destination at
6000 feet is:

rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr. 1814Z
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss. 1822Z
tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt. 1827Z

* c * m * a * 2 * Latest time to descend * The height to be lost in the descent is 33000 - 6000 = 27000. At 2000 fpm this
will require 13,5 minutes. At a GS of 285 kts this will cover a distance of 64,1 nm. The remaining cruise distance is 376 -
64,1 = 311,9 nm. At a GS of 480 kts this will require 39 minutes. 17:35 + 00:39 = 1814Z. Answer A. *

53. Aircraft flies the direct track from VICTORIA WEST VWV (S31:24 E023:08) to PORT ELIZABETH PEV
(S33:58 E025:36), track 163M, heading 170M. When abeam the COOKHOUSE NDB CH (S32:44 E025:45) the ADF
will indicate:

ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff. 263
relative
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
270 relative
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
277 relative

54. 0630 Overhead BULAWAYO VBL (S20:05 E028:42), TAS 150 kts, W/V 240/35, on a direct track -to
HARTEBEESPOORTDAM HBV (S25:42 E027:53) the ETA at FAJS FIR boundary (S27:38 E028:29) is:

jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj. 0701
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
0707
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll. 0713

55. 0645 Overhead GHANZI GZ (S21:41 E021:39) FL280, TAS 340 kts, on a direct track to NIEUWOUDTVILLE
NVV (S31:21 E019:03).
0748 UPINGTON VOR UPV (S28:23 E021:16) radial 358.
0803 UPINGTON NDB UP QDMI 124
The ETA NVV is:

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
0836Z
yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
0843Z
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
0850Z

56. 1037Z Overhead DURBAN VOR DNV (S29:56 E031:00) on a direct flight to PHALABORWA (S23:56
E031:07).
1049Z MAPUTO VOR VMA (S25:52 E032:34) radial 281, DME 65 nm.
At 1049Z the alteration of heading required to arrive overhead PHALABORWA is:

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
5 left
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
11 left
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
17 left

57. 0932 Overhead SUTHERLAND VOR SLV (S32:23 E020:40) heading 059T, TAS 2'60 kts.
1000 Overhead VICTORIA WEST VOR VWV (S31:24 E023:08), The mean W/V is:

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
278/50
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
206/55
bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
305/45

58. 0730Z Overhead GROOTFONTEIN NDB GF (S19:36 E018:06), TAS 210 kts, heading 158T.
0805Z Alter heading 107T.
0845Z Overhead GHANZI NDB GZ (S21:41 021:40). The mean W/V since 0730Z is:

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
173/34
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
215/42
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
247/42

59. 1927 Overhead DIAZ POINT (S26:40 E014:37) heading 037T, TAS 252 kts, W/V 195/60.
2009 Alter heading for WALVIS BAY (S23:00 E014:37)
The heading to steer for WALVIS BAY at 2009 is:
a. 286M
b. 293M
c. 300M