APN: APN stands for Access Point Name.

It’s a gateway between a cellular network and the

Internet. Any time a cell phone or IoT device uses data, its Mobile Network Operator (MNO)
reads the APN to assign the device an IP address, determine what kind of network access it
needs, and implement security measures.

More specifically, the APN identifies the packet data network (PDN) that a mobile data user
wants to communicate with. In addition to identifying a PDN, an APN may also be used to define
the type of service, (e.g. connection to Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) server, Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS)) that is provided by the PDN. APN is used in 3GPP data access
networks, e.g. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), evolved packet core (EPC).

An Access Point Name (APN) is a gateway between a GSM, GPRS, 3G or 4G mobile network
and another computer network, frequently the public Internet. A mobile device making a data
connection must be configured with an APN to present to the carrier.
The APN is used to find the right IP address that the device should be identified with on the
network, determine if a private network is needed, choose the correct security settings that
should be used... etc. If you sign up with a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO), which
leases broadcast spectrum from the big carriers, you might need to configure your phone’s APN
settings.

Types Of APN:

There are four main types of APNs. They each have to do with whether the Access Point Name
connects to a public or private network, and whether it uses dynamic or static IP addresses. The
different APNs we used in the past to provide different levels of security, separate subscribers
and corporates, and deal with different use cases.

1- Public APN:
Dynamic IP (from pool user gets a new or previously used IP every time it
connects to the gateway)

a. Public APN with public Static IP:

Static IP assigned, (every time it connects to the gateway same IP will be used)

2- Private APN:
Using the dynamic IP, APN connects to the corporate network through VPN to give
more security.

a. Private APN with Static IP:

With a private APN devices may still use a dynamic / shared public IP address when
talking to the public internet, but they can get a private static IP for connecting to another
remote private network. In order to communicate with or access the device over this
private IP address a virtual private network needs to be established from the other
private network.
APN Type Types:
If your carrier allows all data (including MMS, if you use it) to use the same APN configuration,
then this field may contain the special value of "*" (an asterisk; the actual field should not
contain the quotation marks). This explicitly tells your device to use the same APN configuration
for all types of data.

Otherwise, you may direct different types of data to different APN configurations by specifying
differing values in this field for each APN configuration. Note that you can specify multiple
values in a single field, by separating them with commas.

1- default (all type of data)

This is the APN that is used for all data connections for all types of requirements unless another
type of APN is not set up explicitly.

2- mms
The APN configuration you want to use for MMS (Multimedia Messaging System) should have
"mms" in this field. This indicates that your device should use this APN configuration for MMS
communication.
MMS communication requires additional fields to also be configured, such as the MMSC field
and in some cases the MMS Proxy / MMS Port fields.

3- supl (location)
SUPL location type APN sets up a secure connection with the location server in the operator’s
network. Most of the time the default APN also serves the server for location.

4- DUN (hotspot) not for samsung

Indicates the current APN configuration may be used for Dial-Up Networking connections. This
refers to an outdated method for using your phone to emulate a dial-up modem and is not the
way that modern smartphones do tethering anymore. There should be no need to use this
value.

5- HIPRI ( Android only)

When making a connection, Android applications may specify a connection type of "HIPRI",
which affects the way Android itself routes the data. Adding an extra value to this field does not
have the ability to change performance or turn features on or off; the field merely tells Android
which APN configuration to use for different types of communication. The absence of a "hipri"
value still allows HIPRI communication via the APN configuration marked as "default".

6- fota
Firmware Over the Air or FOTA is the gateway for setting up a data connection for firmware
updates. The default pan is used for Firmware updates too. But sometimes there is a need for a
separate connection for firmware updates only.
Mobile Operating System
There are 26 different operating systems in the world but mainly 10
of them recognised worldwide.
1. Android OS (Google Inc.)
2. Bada (Samsung Electronics)
3. BlackBerry OS (Research In Motion)
4. iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)
5. Firefox
6. Sailfish (Meego)
7. Kai OS
8. webOS (Palm/HP)
9. Windows Mobile
10. herman
Common devices in Us using skinned O.
1. Android 11.0.11 is the latest
2. IOS iOS / iPadOS 14.7 and 15 is recently launched
3. Oxygen (Oxygen OS 11.x.x (based on Android 11.0 "11")
4. One UI (Galaxy series by Samsung) One UI 3.1 (Android 11) is the latest.
5. LG UX (LG UX 9.x – based on Android 10 redesigned UI)
6. PIXEL UI (Pixel Launcher – "11.0" (based on Android 11.0 "11")
7. Kyocera (Android 8.1 Oreo)

CDMA
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is a wireless technology used in transmission of
signals from places with high Security and noise reduction. The principle of Spread Spectrum is
used to work with CDMA. Spread signal is below the noise level and noise has no effect on the
signal. CDMA is not a frequency specific to each user, instead, every channel uses the full available
spectrum. Individual conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence. A unique
code is received by all mobile network users and is allowed continuous network access instead of
intermittent or timed access.

Salient Features of CDMA

● CDMA, which is based on the spread spectrum technique has following salient features −

● In CDMA, every channel uses the full available spectrum.

● Individual conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence and then
transmitted using a wide frequency range.

● CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications, allowing
more subscribers to connect at any given time.

● CDMA is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built. For 3G, CDMA uses 1x
EV-DO and EV-DV.
 CDMALess
2G and 3G can be either GSM or CDMA. (If you're in the US then Verizon is CDMA while AT&T and
T-Mobile are GSM)

4G is LTE, and 5G is NR.

If you connect a phone that is GSM only to a CDMA network then it will only work on 4G or 5G, not
3G or 2G.

CDMA-less mode forces the phone to be always on 4G or 5G, which allows GSM only devices to
work with CDMA networks.

CDMA-less = 4G or 5G only.

CDMA = 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G.

Verizon is no longer CDMA. Phones that have CDMA capability must be flagged as CDMA_Less so
it won't attempt to connect with CDMA. This is why OnePlus phones must be flagged as
CDMA_Less.

Verizon requires new devices to be LTE only. LTE - Long Term Evolution is not GSM or CDMA.
Previously phones would use LTE for data and GSM or CDMA for voice. LTE only means now voice
is now LTE also.

CDMA_Less does not allow GSM phones to connect on CDMA networks. LTE is a universal
standard so LTE devices can work on any US or world network with the correct band support.

CDMA is not 2-5G. CDMA was only up to 3G. 4G or LTE requires a SIM card and CDMA does not.
5G is different from 4G and requires new modems.

The first 5G modems required LTE to set up the call or connection. This was the Qualcomm X50 and
was in non-Stand Alone mode.

The X55 in the T-Mobile 7 Pro 5G and the 8 series devices support stand-alone mode and dual SIM
5G.

5G
MMS
PAP
CHAP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nm_mqtbLtm4