Onst 1. Trteoduction TO Netioos kK PANETT) TRODUCTION a im — ae Advanced Reseach Projects A ratios rare Me, «This chapter provides an introduction to Cor iter networks and i covers fundamental topics like clata, information to the definition of communication and computer networks. aa 1 networking iS tO wv © The main objectiv ‘data communication an ‘any two points in enable seamless ange of data between the world. «This exchange of data takes place over a computer network. _ _—____——- . 7.2DATA &INFORMATION facts that are.collected-ahile information data that enables ke decisions. - test is declared it contains data @ marks you have scored you w whether you have 5 + Data refers to the refers to process © Ex. When rerilt of a particular of all student: when you find th have the information that lets you kno\ passed or failed. «The word dala refers to any information form thal is'ageer_ xd accepted upon by whic is presented in a is creators and users. , —_— 1 TS DATA COMMUNIEATION — Ve} Data Communication is a process of exchanging data or information case of computer networl two devices Over a transmis «This process involves a communic ks this exchange is done between jon medium. ation system which is made up of hardware_and-software. The hardware_part involves. the sender and eceiver_devices and the inte:mediate devices 1 through Fe data passes. The softw'e part involves pertain rules which specify what is to be conumnunicated, How core be communicated and wien. Itis also call-d as a Protocol » ‘Ihe following sections describes the fundamental | Une acteristics that are important for the effective working of Gata communicat’ ‘rocess and is followed hy the components that make up a tk. 2mimunications system. | 4.3.1 Characteristics of ata Cormmunication The effectiveness of any data communications system depends | upon the following four fundamental characteristics:5 ¢ wy conael aan 1. Dativary: Tha dat should ba dalivared to the destination and correct anor. nat ve dates 2. Acoursey: Tho communication wystem should diver MH faceurataly, vithout hitroducing aniy.arrars, Tha aul art iy corrupted during trinemission affacting tha Aeouad dolivared data, 3, Timolinass: Audio und Video di timely snannes without any dolayi oa! tine transmission of date. : 4, dittar; Its the variation in tho packet arrival time, Unovan Jitter r dina in has to be doliverod ‘auch a data dalivory lo called Lo ‘may atfact th timeliness of data boing transmittod, . 4.3.2 Compononts ¢° Yata Communication — i A Data Communication system has five componunts AS tae shown in the diagram below: ree Fig. Components of a Data Communication Systom 1, Monsage Massage 18 tha Information to be communicated by the sender to the receiver, 2. Sondor ‘Tho wondor Is nny dovice that is cnpable of sending the data (mosey). 3, Roculver Tho rocolvor is ¢ dovica that the sondor wants to corimuntenta the data (massaga), 4, ‘Transmission Medium Lis tho path by which the messagy travels from send lor to roceiver, Ii con bo wired oF wiroloss and many subtypes in both.) Gn “4 : 1 tidod 44.0 (usted neg, O Protocol. Cahly , \ @ Una sided nadie Uyeqodor,t ee Taman Ssian,5, Protocol « tis an agreed upon set or rules used by the sender and receiver to communicate data. * A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. * A Protocol is 1 necessity in data communications without which the communicating entities are like two persons trying to talk to each other in a different language without know ihe other language. 1.4 DATA REPRESENTATION Data is collection of raw facts which is processed to deduce information. There may be different forms in which data may be represented. Some of the forms of data used in communications are as follows: 4. Text * Text includes combination of alphabets in small case as well as upper case. * Itis stored as ASCIl, Unicous Jattern of bits. Prevalent encoding system : 2. Numbers «Numbers include combination of digits from 0 to 9. «It is stored as a pattern of bits. Prevalent encoding system : ASCII, Unicode 3. Images. = “An image is worth a thousand words" is a very famous saying. In computers images are digitally stored. «A Pixel is the smallest element of an image. To put it in simple terms, a picture or image is a matrix of pixel elements. «The pixels are represented in the form of bits. Depending upon the type of image (black n white or color) each pixel would require different m1 ber of bits to represent the value of a pixel «The size of an image depends upon the number of pixels (also called resolution) and the bit pattern used to indicate the value of each pixel. «Example: if an image is purely black and white (two color) each pixel can be represented by a value either 0 or 1, So an image made up of 10 x 10 pixel elements ‘would require only 100 bits in memory to be stored. 2 On the other hand an image that includes gray may require 2 bits to represent every pixel value (00 - black, 01 — dark gray» 105 ~ light gray, 11 -white). So the same 10 x 10 pixel image would Now require 200 bits of memory to be stored. * Commonly used Image formats : jpg, png, bmp, etc 4, Audio * Data can also be in the form of sound which can be recorded and broadcasted. Example: What we hear on the radio is a source of data or information. « Audio data is continuous, not discrete. 5. Video * Video refers to iroadcasting of data in form of picture or movie 1.5 DATA FLOW wo devices communicate with each other by sending and receiving data. The data can flow between the two devices in the following ways. 1. Simplex 2. Half Duplex 3. Full Duplex 4.5.1 Simplex DIRECTION OF DATA —————_ Figure: Simplex mode of communication communication is unidirectional : Le aTsl the devices sends the data and the other one . the data. ee recone ‘above diagram: a cpu send data while a «Example: ia ‘monitor only receives data 4.5.2 Half Duple*DinECTION OF DATA AT TIME TL > STATION 2 STATION —_——_———_ DIRECTION OF DATA AY TIME 12 Figure: Half Duplex Mode of Communication «In half duplex both the stations can transmit as well as receive but not at the same time. | When one device is sending other can versa (as shown in figure above.) «Example: A walkie-talkie. only receive and vice- 4.5.3 Full Duplex _ DIRECTION OF OATA AT ALLTIMES: < > | STATION? Full Duplex Mode of Communication Figure: «In Full duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receve at the same time. «Example: mobile phones 4.6 COMPUTER NETWORK «Computer Networks are used for data communications « Definition: aemputer netork can be defined as a collection of nodes, ‘A node can’: ‘any device capable of transmitting or receiving data. aaa ane eee ommunicating nodes have to be connected by communication links. « ACompute network should ensure «reliability of the data communica «security of the data = tion process, should ¢so ig * performance by achieving higher throughput and smaller delay times 1.6.1 Categories of Network Networks are categorized on the basis of their size. The three basic categories of computer networks are: A.Local Area Networks (LAN) is usually limited to_a few kilometers of area. It may be privately owned and could’be a TiélWork inside an office on one of the floor of a building or a LAN could be a network consisting of the computers in a entire building. B.Wide Area Network (WAN) is made of all the networks in a (geographically) large area. The networkin the entire state of Maharashtra could be aWAN - Stule C.Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is of size between LAN & WAN. Its larger than LAN but smaller than WAN. It may comprise the entire network in a city Ii imbai. a 1.7 PROTOCOL * A Protocol is one of the components of a data communications system. Without protocol communication cannot occur. The sending device cannot just send the data and expect the receiving device to receive and further interpret it correctly. * When the sender sends a message it may consist of text, number, images, etc. which are converled_into bits and grouped into .blacks fo be transmitted and often certain additional information called control information is also added to help the receiver interpret the data. + For successful communication to occur, the sender and receiver must agree upon certain rules called protocol. * A Protocol is defined as a set of rules that governs data communications. Ca protocol defines what is to be communicated, how it is to be communicated and when it is to be communicated. 1.7.4 Elements of a Protocol * There are three key elements of a protocol:A. Syntax * Itmeans the s structure or format + Itis the arran Peco igement of data in a particular order. B. Semantics * It tells the meaning of each section of bits and indicatesthe interpretation of each section * It also tails what action/decision is to be taken based on the interpretation, C. Timing * It tells the sender about the readiness of the receiver to receive the data. — + It tells the sender at what rate the data should be sent to the receiver to avoid overwhelming the receiver. 1.7 STANDARDS IN NETWORKING * Standards are necessary in networking to ensure interconnectivity and interoperability between various networking hardware and software components. * Without standards we would have proprietary products Creating isolated islands of users which cannot interconnect. 1.7.1 Concept of Standard * Standards provide guidelines to product manufacturers and vendors to ensure national and _ international interconnectivity. * Data communications standards are classified into two categories: 1. De facto Standard o These are the standards that have been traditionally used and mean by fact or by convention © These standards are not approved by any organized body but are adopted by widespread use. 2. De jure standard © Itmear's by law or by regulation. © These standards are legislated and approved by an body that is officially recognized. 1.7.2 Standard Organizations in field of NetworkingXY 4 oak 9 oStandards are created by standards ic creation co: forums, and government regulatory agencies. °° o Examples of Standard Creation Committees : 4. International Organization for Standardization(IsO) 2. Intemational Telecommunications — Union Telecommunications Standard (ITU-T) 3, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 4. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 5. Electronic Industries Associates (EIA) o Examples of Forums - 41. ATM Forum 2. MPLS Forum, 3. Frame Felay Forum o Examples of Regulatory Agencies: 4. Federal Communications Committee (FCC) 4.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Prep Differentiate between data & information. What are theydifferent forms in which data can be represented? What are the characteristics of data communication? What are the components of a data communication system? Define computer network and categorize. Explain protocols in details 1.9 REFERENCES 4. Data Communication & Networking — Behrouz Forouzan Seespee SSE ya ee Pb eer ) , G NCTE Advice Shee Advice Sheet 18 Networking Basics Networking Basics Networking Basics ‘A-computer network consists of a collection of computers, printers and other equipment that is connected together so tha they cam eommuntcate wil Sach Tae eee Ravice Sheet 17) Broadly speaking, there are two types of network configuration’ — a peer-to-peer network and a clentiserver network, Peerto-peer networks are more commenly implemented where less then ten . computers are vars and where strict security is not necessary. All contputers ’ have the same RTS; Reroethe tem peer, and hey communicate wih each other on an equal footing. Fes, such as word processing or spreadsheet documents. can | emuol pooling BE SSFET gOS ne rete Sn al he const ‘ne eC ca vol devioes, suchas printers or scanners, which are connected to any one compute. equalthance Cliontiserver networks are more suitable for larger networks. A central computer, oF ¢ “SEIVET, BOIS THe Slorage location for files aid applealions shared orrthe network. Usvally the server is a high-performance computer, The server also contiols the network acosss ofthe olfsr computers Krown as the ‘ciéh computers Tpicaly. teachers and students in a school will use the lent computers fa their work and only the network administrator (a designated teacher) will have access rights to the server. Advantages and Disadvantages f Peer-to-Peer Networks: ClientiServer Networks: + Easy to sel uo = Hera dieu ta set us = Less expensive to nstal = "More expensive fo instal * Can be implemented on a wide range of TTA vanely of operating Systems can be ‘operating systems Supported on the client computers, But the server needs fo run an operating system that supports networkng Tess time consuming to mannan software being used maintenance ig manzged | = High lavels of secunly are supported, al oF te Wore ime coneuming 1 marian the | > software being sed (28 computers must be ‘managed individual + Very iow levels of securily supported or none at all. These can be very cumbersome to sat tp, depending on the operating system being which are controled from the server, Such measures prevent the deletion of essential system files othe changing of satings Bemis wa BE Tan TB] + Ro tee surat apes a C Sepsis 3S spare ye moc r not equiea Sener = Requires a server running a Server Operateg 7 Does not rea Rauiee ane wet To] > Doman hate Hewat aaraavaTG Fas Darrande een 2 high level of IT skils with a good working sarin Inamodg ofa tare’ oparatng system f a Network ts Ot omprises the fllowing components: ast two) ect the computers 10 each other, although wireless communication is “nmon (see Advice Sheet 20 for more information) ‘Component ‘A computer network 2 Computers (ate + Cables that conn becoming more co ; ror ippeatnetack confgutaton, but es ae sometimes sr anc MPa te Ose rsideres a vanaton of wen ns kg oe ewssedsn more dealin Ago Sheet 19 ccusnisonvernetwons Thn-dent al ae Techy Ea Nex B55B id jw Neem Conplele- ys eo the Seve dt? 3 aglAdvice Sheet 18 orNic) ice device on each computer (th + Asswitch (n {this is called a network interface car T Agaiteh (note hubs are no or ° operating nger recommen: 1 emerk operating system sofware ne) ‘uptible power supply (optional) (1) Gabling ‘There are three types of 7 of cable (or media) that Cool abe sini oon =) i At can be used to ceanet cores 1 0Mops tis not tere, cable, bu normaly can aly tana ala ot sped of Yb ‘wisted-pair 7 led for new installations. Zufstec-pal cable consists of stands of copper wie pairs twisted together hs Indust standard in new isatalon. Thee or evra vnrmatonal glandarde or wisled pa cable, e..,nsheded wtp category 3(r UTP. Cat 3) ued fer Bone wires, wheroas Cat 5 i the most pop caegey for netrareng 3,20 ea ecto p10 1000Mbps. Cat 6 and Cat 7 are also availabe, but are Fibro-opt ibro-optic cablo is made of strands of high quality glass and uses light pulses instead of tlectcy to cary deta, Howeve However tie tne most expensive form of cable and Usual Sa ee ee ee (2) Network Interface Card (NIC) A Ae so sed exp see "TGR) Ts also Khown as a network card. t connects the computer to ne cabling. which tu Set od ‘on the network together. Each computer on @ SaGHC must have @ network card. Most modem network cards are 10/100 NICs and ct seeeste atether OMbpet or 40ONpS. Oler cards that operate at ory foMUpS, 9 St operable (Ihey usually have a sockel to connect to a coaxial cable) "mut they can Fe There aaa crate with more tecent equipment and are much slower when working with a°Be files containing audio or video. Computers with a wireless connection to a network also use @ network card (see Advice ‘Sheet 20 for more iformation on wireless networking). (3) Hub or Switch Cor Senger recommended for schools, though alder hubs Tay stil be in operation in Tnany schools. As they are inefficient in terms of Grecing ‘network traffic, and can possibly ay rs network, It is recommended that where possine. 2: they be replaced by Slow downs smtches are a ‘better and more efficient Aub’ both are described here. ‘A hub is a device into which al other devicos on the newer connect. The function of a hub is Crest information around the network, faciiaing “winmunication between ail connected toes: To do this the hub sends the iormation Herein from one device to all devices on devices ork, thereby ensuring thatthe information ges th intended destination. However, tne peMinformation must also travel to all other cevcen, there is some inefficiency in the srygess, If the amount of information flowing over ‘a network increases, it may be more Pppropriate to use a switch instead fete, wen fon med smart i provides the same bas function as @ hub, but A switch ro nirmatonfowing fom one device on te netrk direcly to the intended i fom wnout sending toa other devices (4) Notwork Operating System (NOS) (4) Newark Operate stare rnin on he sore a cnserer network. can 80 a a poraing system runing onthe cent computers, {5) Uninterruptible Power Supply Tre smoun of format nt canve ver aon tanta moneda pa sandr Ups. As ater 2 Fre are parcocod, timere omen ee fo meyas per Second er Maps, (Weps aie ver rmilon BPS) a i Tey Eno No RENCTE Advice Sheet ~ Networking Basics Advice Sheet 18 easing ae Power supply (UPS) consists of a set of batteries that are continuously 'g- When an interruption to the power supply occurs, the UPS ensures that the system continues to operate for several minutes, allowing time for it to be shut down correctly and preventing data loss. The UPS may also provide protection against power surges. Relevant Web Sites NCTE Web site Networking Guidelines: yaww.ncte ie/SchoolNetworking This web site provides a range of essential and suitable information and advice to schools on all aspects of schoo! networking. Note: While the advice sheets aim to act as a guide, the inclusion of any products and company names does not imply approval by the NCTE, nor does the exclusion imply the reverse. 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