SBS NOTES SERIES

COMPUTER SCIENCE
Class Pre-8th
(According to the syllabus of Punjab Curriculum Textbook Board, Lahore
and OXFORD)

Session 2023-24

Prepared by:

TEAM SBS
SB School, Head Office, Astana Aalia Sultan Abdul Aziz, Darbar
Hadrat Sultan Bahoo (RA) Dist. Jhang
 SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-1: The Data Processing Cycle

Q.1: Circle  the correct answer.

1. Where is data exist
a All around b No where c On left d All of the above
2. __________ occurs when the information that a code represents is made available to
users.
a processing b encoding c Decoding d None of these
3. _________ are used to store information.
a Pen drive b Hard drives c Both a & b d None of these
4. _____helps us see how different items of data are related to each other.
a List data b Sorting c Grouped data d Organize data
5. Every great human achievement in the last __________ has been based on
computerized systems.
a hundred year b Fifty years c Sixty years d Eighty years
6. _________ data can easily be presented in the form of graphs that are easy to
understand.
a Alphabetic b Numeric c symbolically d digitally
7. __________ are displayed in this form to show the run rates of both teams.
a Cricket b Volley ball c Basketball score d Golf
scorecards scorecards cards
8. Which of these is not a stage of the data-processing cycle?
A Input b output c Storage d Grouping
9. What is the document on which data is recoded called?
a Fresh document b Source c Turnaround d Data dcument
document document
10. Moving data between the processor and various devices is called.
a Data collection b Data processing c Data d Data
transmission communication
11. System that produce fewer errors are said to be more.
a Difficult b efficient c accurate d Costly
12. Computerized system cannot make decision for which they have not been
a Trained b Asked c Programmed d Ordered

Q.2: Fill in the blanks.

1. __________ is the stage of gathering data from the environment and

preparing it for input.

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 2. The processing stage is where raw data is transformed into
to be understood by users.

3. Sorting means organizing data according to some pre-defined

4. Electronic and calculators are used to perform

complex calculations using a computer.

5. People use processed data to work and make

6. produce error-free processing at high speeds.

7. A computer cannot make decisions for which it has not been

8. We use __________ devices to enter data into the computer.

9. Output devices like printers and monitors are used to view _____________.
10. The input, _____________, output, and storage functions are all connected to
each other.
11. Information about products is stored in encoded form as a _________.
12. Modern data-processing systems such as computers follow instructions called
___________.
13. The _________ stage is where information is stored so that it can be used
later.
14. Electronic spread sheets and calculators are used to perform __________
using a computer.
15. At a larger store, the shopkeeper uses a _____________.

Q.3: State weather the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. The central processing unit (CPU) converts data into information.

2. The information cannot be stored on primary and secondary storage devices.

3. A series of numbers can be arranged in ascending or descending order.

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4. Encoding helps us to find information easy.

5. Encoding is also known as data capture.

6. A turnaround document contains results of the previous data-processing activity.

7. Sorted data is raw data.

8. A computerized system is less efficient than a manual system.

9. A computer can store more data than a manual system.

Q.4: Match the Column A with Column B

A B

CPU Primary storage device

RAM Convert data into information

Encoding Error free processing at high speed

Efficiency Easy to use computer

Ease of use Atta Bahoo as AB

Computerized system Recode data on register

Manual system Recode data on computer

Answer Key:

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Q.1: 1. a 2. c 3. c 4.b 5. b 6.b 7.a 8. d 9. b 10. c 11.c 12. C

Q.2: 1. Data collection 2. information 3. criteria 4. spreadsheets 5. decisions 6.

Computers 7. programmed 8.input 9.information 10.Processing 11.barcode
12.Programs 13.Storage 15.complex calculations 15.barcode reader

Q.3: 1.T 2. F The information can be stored on primary and secondary storage
devices. 3.T 4. F Sorting helps us to find information easy. 5. True. 6. True. 7.
False. Sorted data is processed data.

8. False. A computerized system is more efficient than a manual system.

9. True.

Q.4: CPU , convert data into information RAM , primary storage device

Encoding , Atta Bahoo as AB Efficiency , Error free processing at high speed

Ease of use , easy to use computer computerized system, recode data on

computer manual system , recode data on register

Q.5: Answer the following questions.

1. Describe the data-processing cycle with the help of a diagram. The data-
processing cycle describes how data is processed into information by the computer.
The input stage is the first stage of the data-processing cycle. Data is collected and
entered into the computer. In the processing stage, the computer converts data into
information according to given instructions. After processing, the information is
presented to users in the output stage. Information is stored on different types of
media in the storage stage. The stored information can be used later for a different
data processing cycle. In this way, the data-processing cycle continues.

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2. What is the difference between encoding and decoding?

Encoding is the conversion of data into a form that makes it easier for users to enter
it into the computer. It takes place at the input stage. For example, the name of a
person can be encoded as HB instead of Hammad Bahoo. Decoding is the
conversion of information into a form that makes it easier for users to read and
understand. It occurs at the output stage. The initials HB can be decoded as
Hammad Bahoo and displayed on the screen.

3. Describe three forms in which data can be processed.

Data can be processed in different ways. Three ways of processing data are sorting,
grouping, and calculating. In sorting, data is arranged in a specified order. Data can
be arranged in alphabetical, ascending, or descending order. In grouping, similar
data items are arranged in groups. This makes it easy to locate data. In calculations,
we can add, subtract, multiply, and divide data. We can use it to create graphs and
charts.

4. What is a computerized system? Explain with an example.

A computerized system uses computers to perform a set of tasks. There is little need
for human involvement. This results in greater speed and accuracy. A computerized
attendance system in an office consists of a fingerprint reader and a computer.
Employees place their fingers on the reader and their attendance is marked
automatically on the computer. They do not need to sign on a register.

5. What is information technology?

Information technology is the use of a variety of processing devices and methods to

process data into information. It usually consists of a set of manual and
computerized systems for doing work. Information technology involves the use of
computers and machines to do jobs that used to be done by humans.

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 6. Describe three advantages of a computerized system over a manual system.

A computerized system has several advantages over a manual system:

1. A computerized system processes data faster than a manual system.

2. A computerized system makes fewer errors than a manual system.

3. A computerized system processes more data than a manual system.

7. Why is a computerized system not effective in all situations?

A computerized system is not effective in all situations because it cannot work in

situations for which it has not been programmed. It cannot learn new things without
the help of a programmer. It is also not suitable for situations where human feelings
and emotions are involved.

8. What is the different between linear sequence and cycle?

Ans: Linear sequence. It begins with the input stage and ends at the output
stage.
Cycle means that the end point of one sequence of activities becomes the
starting point for another sequence of activities.

9. What is data capture?

Ans: Data capture is the stage of entering the collected data into a data-
processing system such as a computer. This is also called the encoding stage.
10. What do you know about data communication?
Ans: Data communications is the set of activities that allow data to be sent from
one data- processing system to another.
11. What is input stage?
Ans: The input stage is the stage when data is fed into a data-processing system
to be converted into information.

12. Define Grouping?

Ans: Grouping means placing data items in separate groups so that all members
of a group have something in common.
13. What do you know about expert system?
Ans: A computerized system that can make decisions for a business manager is
called an expert system.

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14. What do you know about manual system?
Ans: A shopkeeper may record sales using a pen and a register. This is a
manual system.

15. Which system send automatically email message to the supplier to send
more stock.
Ans: Computerized system send automatically email message to the supplier to
send more stock.
16. What do you know about information technology?
Ans: The use of different manual and computerized devices and methods for
processing data is called information technology

Q.6: Write paragraphs to answer the following questions.

1. Describe the data-processing cycle at a bank.

Modern banks operate through computerized systems. Below are the steps
commonly used to process data at a bank: Data about cheques, payments, utility
bills, etc. is input through manual systems. Data about credit card payments is input
through automated methods. At the processing stage, data is processed into
different reports. These reports are prepared in the form of weekly, monthly, and
annual reports. At the output stage, the bank produces statements and notifications
that are sent to customers of the bank. These statements are used as receipts of the
transactions. All data is stored on servers and hard disks.

2. In how many ways can a list of students’ names from your class be
organized?

There are several ways to organize a list of students‟ names. The list can be
prepared in alphabetical order so that the names of students are listed according to
the first letter of their name. This list can be used when preparing an attendance
register. The list can be prepared in ascending order of roll numbers. This list is used
to find out who has paid the school fees. The names can be organized according to
descending order of percentage marks. This list can be used to find how well
students have performed on an exam.

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3. What reasons would you give to convince a supermarket owner to install a
computerized system?

The following reasons can be suggested: The owner will be able to process data
relating to sales of thousands of products faster. All calculations of total price,
change paid, etc. can be made accurately and without any error. With a
computerized system, the owner can keep track of all items in the store for accurate
counting of stock. A computerized system can prepare a variety of reports to
compare the profits and expenses of the business.

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 SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-2: Binary Computing

Q.1: Circle the correct answer.

1. In binary addition, 1 + 0 =
A 0 b 1 c 10 d 11
2. One byte is a combination of bits.
A 10 b 7 b 8 d 16
3. Which type of data includes special characters?
A numeric b alphabetic c alphanumeric d special data
data data data
3. Which number system consists of both digits and letters?
A Binary b Decimal c Octal d Hexadecimal
4. Which coding scheme is used for Chinese and Japanese characters?
a ASCII b EBCDIC c Unicode d Binary
5. Data processing cycle consists of ________ stages.
a 4 b 6 c 8 d 10
6. The speed of electric current is almost
a 30,000 km/s b 3,000 km/s c 300,000 km/s d 300,km/s
7. We can observe the memory unit of a processor under a.
a Naked Eye b By Zooming c Shadow d Powerful
microscope
8. There are ___________ letters in the Urdu alphabet.
a thirty-eight b thirty-nine c Twenty-eight d Eighteen
9. The base of binary number system is
a 2 b 8 c 10 d 16
10. The base of binary number system is
a 2 b 8 c 10 d 16
11. The octal number system has digits
a (0, 1, 2, 3, b (0,4 , 3, 4,, 6,) c (0,1,2,3,4) d (0,2 , 3, 4,7, 6,)
4, 5, 6, 7).
12. There are binary coding schemes?
a 5 b 4 c 3 d 2

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 Q.2: Fill in the blanks.

1. Data in the form of digits is called data.

2. Computers process data in form.

3. In the binary system, 10 is represented as .

4. The number system is based on eight digits.

5. The method is used to convert binary numbers

to decimal numbers.

6. Humans understand data in an form.

7. Computers need to translate analog data into a

form to understand it.

8. When data is processed, we get .

9. The value of number system is represented as (12)8.

10. The letter 'A' and „a‟ are represented as _______ and _____ under
the decimal system.
11. The EBCDIC code is used in __________ computers.

Q.3: State weather the following statements are true or false.

Rewrite the false statements to make them true.

1. Computers understand data in binary form.

2. Alphanumeric data consists of letters only.

3. Binary states can be represented using the digits 0 and 1.

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4. The hexadecimal system is based on sixteen values.

5. ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information

Interchange.

6. A binary number can be converted into a decimal number by the

repeated division method.

7. One memory location can store two bits.

8. We now live in an analog world.

9. Digital data is discrete.

10. Humans cannot see electric current. It is invisible!

11. When a computer is built, it is provided with a small number of

separate memory locations in the processing unit.

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Q.4: Match the Column A with Column B

A B

Computer process data on electricity.

the computer runs Has Base 16

Hexadecimal in digital form

Octal Has Base 10

Decimal Has Base 8

Binary 2 nibbles

Bit Has Base 2

Answer Key:

Q.1: 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. C 6.a 7.c 8.d 9. a 10.a 11.b 12.a 13.c

Q.2: 1. numerical 2. binary 3. 1010 4. octal 5. Expansion 6. Analog 7.Digital 8.

Information 9.Octal 10. 65 97 11.mainframe

Q.3: 1. True. 2. False. Alphanumeric data consists of letters, numbers, and other
special characters. 3. True. 4. True. 5. True. 6. False. A binary number can be
converted into a decimal number by the expansion method. 7. False. One memory
location can store one bit. 8. False. We now live in a digital world. 9.T 10. T . 11.
False. When a computer is built, it is provided with a small number of

separate memory locations in the processing unit.

Q.4: Column A 1. in digital form 2.on electricity. 3. Has Base 16 4. Has Base 8 5.

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Has Base 10 6. Has Base 2 7.2 nibbles

Q.5: Answer the following questions.

1. Describe three forms of data.

Ans: Data can exist in three forms: 1. Numeric data is comprised of

digits and the decimal point. It is used for calculations. 2. Alphabetic data
includes the 26 letters of the English alphabet, i.e. A-Z and a-z. 3.
Alphanumeric data is comprised of alphabetic data, numeric data, and
special characters such as @, #, and %.

2. What two states do the digits 0 and 1 represent under the

binary system?

Ans: The digits 0 and 1 represent the absence or presence of electronic

signals in a circuit. The digit 0 represents the absence of electric current,
while the digit 1 represents the presence of electric current.

3. Why do we use binary digits to represent the presence or

absence of electronic signals?

Ans: We use binary digits to represent the presence or absence of

electronic signals because data travels in the form of electronic signals
in the computer. It is processed and stored in the form of electronic
signals.

4. What is a bit?

Ans: A bit is the smallest unit of data that can be processed by a

computer. The word bit is derived from Binary digIT. Data is stored on a
computer in the form of bits.

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 5. Convert the following decimal numbers into binary
equivalents.

a. 27 : (27)10 = (11011)2 b. 17: (15)10 = (1111)2

Ans:

6. Convert the following binary numbers into decimal

equivalents. a. 111011 b. 1110010

Ans: . a. 111011 = (55)10 b. 1110010 = (100)10

1. Perform the following binary arithmetic operations.

a. 110+111 b. 1011-0101

Ans: a. 110+111 = 1 1 0 0 b. 1011-0101 = 1 0 1 0

2. Define Data?

Ans: Data is a collection of raw facts and figures. It is often meaningless.

Here is an example of data: 32, 32.5, 31, 35, 35.5, 32, 36, 36.5.

3. What is the difference between alphabetic data and

alphanumeric data?

1. Ans: Alphabetic data consists of a fixed set of alphabetic

characters (A-Z and a-z).

2. Alphanumeric data consists of letters of the alphabet, numbers,

and other special characters like @, #, and %.

Q.10: How Keyboard works?

Ans: Whenever we press a key on the keyboard, electronic signals are

sent to the processor. The processor understands these signals and
stores them.

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Q.11: How we make words?

Ans: We know that the English alphabet has twenty-six letters. We use
the twenty-six letters in different combinations to make different words.

Q.12: Define characters?

Characters are the alphabet keys, number keys, and special keys on the
keyboard.

Q.13: Define Binary coding schemes?

Ans: Binary coding schemes are used to convert characters into binary
form and vice versa.

Q.14: Why a lot of equipment becomes outdated and useless?

Ans: As computers need to process more and more data, processors

with greater storage capacities are developed. This means that a lot of
equipment becomes outdated and useless.

Q.15: Make a table about sizes of computer memory?

Unit Size
Bit Smallest unit of data, can hold only one value:
0 or 1
Nibble 4bits is called Nibble
Byte Group of eight bits,/ 2 Nibbles
Kilobyte 1KB = 1,024 bytes
Megabyte lMB = (1,024) KB
Gigabyte lGB= 1,024 MB
Terabyte 1TB= 1,024 GB

Q.6: Write paragraphs to answer the following questions.

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1. What are the differences between binary and decimal number
systems?

Ans: The binary number system is based on two digits, i.e. 0 and 1
while the decimal number system consists of ten digits, i.e. 0-9. The
base for binary numbers is 2 while the base for decimal numbers is 10.
The binary number system is used in computer data processing while
the decimal number system is used in everyday life.

2. Explain how bits and bytes are stored in the CPU.

Ans: One bit is capable of storing 1 or 0 and is the lowest form of

storage. 1 byte is equal to 8 bits, e.g. 01011010 and can store one letter
such as „a.‟ Bits and bytes are stored on the RAM are processed quickly
by the fast and efficient CPU. When a word is typed on the computer,
each letter is stored on the RAM in the form of a byte. The same storage
principle is used for hard disk drives and other storage media.
3. Describe the process of binary subtraction with an example.
Subtract (10010)2 from (1101011)2.
Starting from the ones column the bottom digit is subtracted from the top
digit according to the rules of binary subtraction. In this system 1-1=0,
10-1=1, and for 0-1 we need to borrow 1 from the left column. After
borrowing, the number becomes 10 instead of 0. Below is an example:
Solution:

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SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-3: Computer Hardware

SUMMARY

 A port is a physical point or a jack provided on a computer using

which an external device can be connected to the computer.
 USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a plug and play interface that allows
a computer to communicate with peripheral and other devices.
 Computer Peripherals are commonly divided into three kinds input
devices, output devices, and storage devices.
 Scanner is an input device, which is used when some information
is available on paper and it is to be transferred in the computer for
further manipulation.
 A graphics card is an expansion card which generates output
images to a display device, such as a computer monitor.

QUESTION

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. _______GPU_____________ was the predecessor to PCI.

2. Scanner is used when some information is available

on paper and it is to be transferred in the computer for further
manipulation.
3. USB is a plug and play interface that allows a
computer to communicate with peripheral and other devices.

4. Webcam is a video camera attached to a computer

to record or stream to the computer or computer network.

5. Graphics card includes a dedicated graphical processing

unit (GPU) and a dedicated RAM.

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B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite
the false statements to make them true.

1. Computer Peripherals are commonly divided into four kinds.

False Computer Peripherals are commonly divided into three

kinds.

2. A port is a physical point or a jack provided on a computer.

True

3. Scanner is an output device.

False Scanner is an input device.

4. Resolution is measured in dots per inch.

True

5. Color laser printers are more often found in schools.

False Color laser printers are more often found in offices.

C. Choose the correct answer.

1. A is a physical point on a computer using which

connected to the computer.
a). Device b). Peripheral c). Port d). Drive
2. USB stands for
Unique Unique Universal Universal
a). b). c). d).
Series Bus State Bus Serial Bus State Bus
3. GPU is added in computer using:
a). SATA b). USB c). HDMI d). PCIe
4. Computer peripheral are:
a). Input Devices b). Output c). Processing d). Both a) &
Devices devices b)
5. The devices which send data to computer are known as:
a). Input Devices b). Output c). Processing d). Both a) &
Devices devices b)

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D. Answer the following questions.
1. Write down the functions of USB Port

USB port is a plug and play interface that allows a computer to

communicate with peripheral, data transfer, power supply, and
charging. It also enables easy installation and use of external
devices, such as printers, keyboards, mic, and storage devices.

2. Differentiate between Type-C and HDMI Ports.

Type-C ports are primarily used for data transfer, charging, and
connectivity with various peripherals. While HDMI stands for “High
Definition Media Interface” is digital interface developed to connect
high definition devices such as digital cameras, LED‟s and gaming
console etc., to computers with HDMI ports.

3. What is usage of SATA port.

The usage of SATA ports is to enable storage devices, such as hard

drives and optical devices to communicate with the motherboard
using a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors.
4. For which purpose do we use PCle?

PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) is used to

connect various high-speed components, such as GPUs (video cards,
graphic cards), Wi-Fi cards, or SSD cards to computer‟s
motherboard.

5. Discuss Computer Peripherals

Peripheral device are also known as Peripherals, computer peripheral

or input/output device. Peripherals are commonly divided into three
kinds: input devices, output devices, storage devices.

6. Differentiate between Hovering and scrolling.

Hovering involves moving the mouse pointer over an element without

clicking. It changes the color of links. By clicking on that link, you can
go on the destination page. Scrolling, on the other hand, involves
moving the page up or down when working on a large document, by
using scroll button of the mouse.

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 7. Discuss printers and their types.

A printer is an output device that prints on paper. Printers print text

documents, image or a combination of both. There are several types
of printers. Two most common types of printers are inkjet and laser
printers. Laser printers are typical choice for businesses as well as
individuals. 3D printers and LED printers also types of printers are
used at industrial level.
8. For which purposes do we use Scanner?

Scanner is used when some information is available on paper and it

is to be transferred in the computer for further manipulation. Scanner
capture image from the paper and convert them into a digital form
that can be stored in computer.
9. Discuss main properties of Scanner.

Resolution: The resolution of a scanner refers to the number of dots

per inch (dpi) that it can capture. More dots per inch mean high
quality of scanning.

Color depth: The color depth of a scanner refers to the number of

bits needed for the representation of the color of each pixel. The
higher the color depths, the more colors the scanner can capture.

Recognition: To scan a document optical character recognition is

essential. The computer must convert the file to a text document to
identify alphanumeric character. A scanner provide this facility.

E: Answer the following questions in detail

1. Discuss Computer Ports and their types.

Computer Port :
A port is a physical point or a jack provided on a computer using
which an external device can be connected to the computer. It acts as
an interface or a point of attachment between computer and external
devices .
Types of Ports:
USB Port :

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 USB is a plug and play interface that allows a computer to
communicate with peripheral and other devices. Today , it has
replaced ps/2 connecters , game ports , serials and parallel ports.
Type-C Port :
It is the latest design of the USB port that comes with 24 pins. It
can handle a current of 3A. It is also used in devices for fast
charging. One of the distinguishing features of this port is that it
has no up or down orientation.
HDMI Port :
HDMI Stands for” High Definition Media Interface” is a digital
interface developed to connect high definition devices such as
digital camera, LED‟s and gaming consoles, etc, to computer with
HDMI ports.
SATA Port :
SATA stand for SERIAL ADVANCED TECHONOLOGY
ATTACHMENT. It is also known as serial ATA or SATA . It
enables storage devices, such as hard drives and optical devices,
to communicate with motherboard using a high – speed serial
cable over two pairs of conductors.
Express Port :
PCI stands for Peripherals Component Interconnect. It is also
known as PCIe. It is an interface standard for connecting high
speed components with your computer system. Every desktop PC
has a number of PCIe slots. You can use PCIe to add GPUs
(video cards, graphic cards) WI-FI cards.

2. What is computer mouse? Discuss its functions

Mouse
A mouse is a small input device which is used to control the
movement of the cursor on the computer screen.
It also allows users to move and select folders, text, files, and
icons on a computer. Mouse is put on a hard-flat surface to use.
When the user move the mouse, a pointer called cursor moves in
the same direction on the Display screen.
Functions of mouse
A mouse is capable of performing various functions on a computer,
Some of them are
as follows.
Move the Mouse Pointer

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 The main function of a mouse is to move the mouse cursor on the
screen in the desired direction.
Select
A mouse provides the option to select the text, file, or folder and
many files at once.
Open a Program
You can open a folder, icon, or other objects using mouse just by
double click.
Drag-and-drop
When you select something, it can also be moved from one place
to another.
Hovering
When you move the mouse pointer on any object, hover changes
the color of links, and by clicking on that link, you can go on the
destination page.
Scroll up and Down
If you are working on a large document, you need to scroll up or
down a page. Scroll button of the mouse helps to up and down
your document page.

3. What is Keyboard? Discuss its main components.

Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device. It
helps to input data into the computer. The layout of the keyboard is
like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some
additional keys provided for additional functions.
Components of Keyboard
A standard computer keyboard is composed of the following
components:
Typing keys
These keys include letter, number, punctuation, and symbol keys
found on a traditional keyboard.
Control keys
These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to
perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys are
Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key and Esc.
Function keys
The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are
labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of
these keys varies from program to program.
Navigation keys

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 These keys are used for moving around in documents or
webpages and editing text. They include the arrow keys, Home,
End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete, and Insert.
Numeric keypad
The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers i.e 0-9 quickly.
The keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional
calculator or adding machine.
4. What are the use of function keys in Keyboard?
The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are
labelled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of
these keys varies from program to program. Here are some
common uses of function keys:
F1: The F1 key is commonly used as a help key.
F2: In many applications, pressing F2 allows you to rename
selected files or objects.
F3: F3 is commonly used to activate a search function within an
application or operating system.
F4: The functionality of the F4 key varies depending on the
context.
F5: F5 is often associated with refreshing or reloading content
F6: F6 is used to move the cursor or input focus to different areas
within a program or application.
F7: F7 is primarily used in word processing software as a shortcut
to initiate spelling and grammar checks.
F8: The function of F8 varies depending on the context.
F9: F9 typically doesn‟t have a standard function in most
applications, but it may be assigned custom functions by specific
software.
F10: F10 is often used to activate menus or access application
commands.
F11: In web browsers, pressing F11 toggles full-screen mode,
maximizing the browser window to fill the entire screen.
F12: F12 is commonly associated with opening the developer tools
or console in web browsers.

Write the functions of the following:

 HDMI  Graphic  Type-C  SATA  Webcam

port Card Port Port
1. HDMI Port

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HDMI stands for “High Definition Media Interface” is digital interface
developed to connect high definition devices such as digital cameras,
LED‟s and gaming console etc., to computers with HDMI ports.
2. Type-C
Type-C ports are primarily used for data transfer, charging, and
connectivity with various peripherals.
3. SATA Port
SATA port enables storage devices, such as hard drives and optical
devices, to communicate with motherboard using a high – speed serial
cable over two pairs of conductors.
4. Graphic Card
A graphics card is an expansion card which generates output images to
a display device, such as a computer monitor. A graphics card provides
high-quality visual display by processing and executing graphical data
using advanced graphical techniques, features and functions.
5. Webcam
A webcam is a video camera attached to a computer to record or stream
to the computer or computer network. Webcam can be used for following
purposes:
 Still Images
 Video Recording
 Video Conferencing

Page 24 of 107
 SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-4: Computer Software

Q.1: Circle the correct answer.

1 Which of these converts source code into object code?

A Linker b Compiler c Loader d Debugger

2 Which of these is used for performing routine tasks?

A application b system c DOS d Windows

software software

3 Which of these maintains files and controls system devices?

A operating b device c image viewer d Database

system manager

4 What results in loss of hard disk data?

A disk failure b Virus c Crash d Compiling

5 What is removing errors from a file called?

A Editing b Deleting c Debugging d disk correcting

6 Which of these is not application software?

A word b CAD c BIOS d DTP software

processor

7 What does CAL stand for?

a computer- b computer- c computers d computer-

aided assisted and learning animated
learning learning learning

8 Which of these is used to write reports on the computer?

a presentation b word c spreadsheet d Codec

software processor software

6 What does DTP software help to produce?

a Posters b Newsletters c greeting d all of the above

cards

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10 What type of application software is Microsoft Access?

a database b entertainment c Web d educational

management software authoring software
software software

11 Which operating system is developed by apple

a MS Window b Linux c Mac OS d None of these

12 Which of these is not the component of operating system

a The user b Programs and c The loader d Multitasking

computer instructions
interface

13 A ________ is a program that combines two or more related object files

into a single file.

a linker b compiler c debugger d All of these

Q.2: Fill in the blanks.

1. Starting up a computer is also called up.

2. System software whose contents cannot be changed is called
.
3. The system manages files, directories, and programs
on a computer.
4. Doing more than one thing at a time is called .
5. A is used to destroy harmful files on the computer.
6. Application software consists of programs that perform
tasks.
7. software is used to provide learning materials,
examples, and tests and on different topics.
8. Reference software consists of and
that can be stored on a CD.

Page 26 of 107
9. CAD and CAM are types of software.
10. DTP software is used to create text and
based documents.
11. __________ is used to solve user problems and to control different
operations of the computer.
12. ___________ starts up the peripheral devices and disk drives.
13. The BIOS is stored on the __________ chip.
14. __________________is the most popular operating system.
15. During ____________, the operating system divides processing time
and memory among the devices and programs.
16. _________is an open-source operating system.

Q.3: State weather the following statements are true or false.

Rewrite the false statements to make them true.

1. Utility programs can be used to produce output.

2. The first few operations of booting up are performed by a boot

sequence.

3. A user interface enables communication between user and computer.

4. DOS is an example of graphical user interface.

5. We can make changes to open source software.

6. A collection of organized data is called a database.

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7. Design software helps people to design buildings and cars.

8. Microsoft Publisher is a DTP software.

9. Presentation software helps us to prepare financial statements.

10. A video player is graphics software.

11. Microsoft Disk Cleanup is a common disk scanner.

12. A disk defragmenter moves all the fragments of the file to

consecutive locations for quicker access.

13. Spreadsheet software is used to display information visually.

Q.4: Complete each sentence by underline the correct words in the

brackets.

1. Design software is used by (engineers / teachers).

2. Word processors are used to (calculate / edit ) data.

3. ( Graphics / Presentation) software is used for creating special effects

in films.

4. A codec (increases / reduces) the size of an audio file.

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5. (Microsoft Access / Microsoft Excess) is a popular database
management software.

6. Decision-making software help to make decisions according to

(choice / criteria ).

7. A (boot sequence / bootloader) includes the first few operations

needed to boot up the computer.

8. A (user program / user interface) enables a user to communicate with

a computer.

9. (CLI / GUI) is entirely text-based.

10. A (file manager / virus scanner) enables us to use the files stored on
the computer.

11. A virus scanner is a (utility program / system development tool).

12. A compiler converts a (document file / source file) into an object file.

Q.5: Match the Column A with Column B

A B

Web authorizing Software Computer-aided design

BIOS Database management Software

Device driver Adobe Dreamweaver®

CAD Basic input output system

DTP computer-aided engineering

DBMS Utility program

CAE Desktop Publishing Software

Page 29 of 107
Q.6: Tick five boxes to show which five of these statements are
most likely to be true. (5 marks)

1. Application software is used to perform routine tasks on a computer.

2. Interactive software makes it possible to receive an immediate
response from the computer.

3. Design software is used to control machines in factories.

4. Microsoft Word is a type of educational software.

5. Good presentations contain detailed information about a topic.

6. We can make changes to photographs by using graphics software.

7. Desktop publishing software offers us several options for page layout.

8. Entertainment software enables us to listen to music and play games.
9. A database is a collection of the most recent data.

10. Decision-making software helps managers save time.

11. An operating system manages the files and folders stored on a

computer.

12. Multitasking means doing two or more things at the same time.

13. Only microcomputers need an operating system.

14. A disk finder searches the hard disk for damaged files.

15. Back-up software helps us to find files on the computer.

16. A compiler converts instructions written in high-level languages into

binary code.

17. A debugger is a utility program.

18. A disk defragmenter combines fragments of a single file.

19. We can rotate a picture using an image viewer.

20. DOS is a GUI-based operating system.

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Q.7:. Complete the following statements by filling in the blanks with
the correct terms. Each word or phrase can be used only once.

aided tutorials codec animation System Publisher

ROM Utility system syntax bug application

1. _________ software is used to run and maintain a computer.

2. Educational CDs include quizzes and ____________.

3. CAD stands for computer-___________ design.

4. A slide show combines text, graphics, and__________ .

5. Microsoft___________ is an example of desktop publishing software.

6. A____________ helps to store audio files on a computer.

7. A printer is a___________ device.

8. The BIOS is stored on a___________ chip.

9. The operating system manages all___________ programs.

10. It is difficult to learn the___________ of every command in a CLI-

based operating system.

11. ________ programs are different from application programs.

12. An error is also called a_____________ .

Answer Key:

Q.1: 1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6.c 7.a 8.b 9. D 10.a 11.c 12.d 13.a

Q.2: 1. Booting 2. Firmware 3. Operating 4. Multi-tasking 5. Virus

scanner 6. Dedicated 7. Educational 8. Dictionaries/encyclopaedias

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9.design 10. Graphics 11. Software 12.BIOS 13.ROM 14. Window
15.Multitasking 16.Linux

14. Q.3: 1. F Utility programs are used to perform specific tasks on the
computer. 2.T 3.T 4.F DOS is an example of command line user
interface. 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.T 9.F Presentation software helps us to
prepare presentations for meetings and educations. 10.F A video
player is entertainment software. 11.T 12.T 13.F Spreadsheet
software is used to display information visually.

Q.4: 1.( engineers /teachers)2.(calculate/ edit ) 3.( Graphics

/Presentation) 4.(increases/ reduces ) 5.( Microsoft Access /Microsoft
Excess)6.(choice/ criteria ). 7.( boot sequence /bootloader) 8.(user
program/ user interface ) 9.( CLI /GUI) 10.( file manager /virus scanner)

11.( utility program /system development tool).12.(document file/ source

file )

Q.5: 1. Adobe Dreamweaver® 2.Basic input output system 3.Utility

program 4.Computer-aided design 5.Desktop Publishing Software

6.Database management Software 6.computer-aided engineering

Q.6: 2.Interactive software makes it possible to receive an immediate

response from the computer. 3. Design software is used to control
machines in factories. 6. We can make changes to photographs by
using graphics software. 8. Entertainment software enables us to listen
to music and play games. 10. Decision-making software helps managers
save time.11. An operating system manages the files and folders stored
on a computer. 12. Multitasking means doing two or more things at the
same time. 16. A compiler converts instructions written in high-level
languages into binary code. 18. A disk defragmenter combines

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fragments of a single file. 19. We can rotate a picture using an image
viewer.

Q.7: System 2. tutorials 3. aided 4. animation 5. Publisher 6. codec

7. system 8. ROM 9. application 10. syntax 11. Utility 12. Bug

Q.8: Answer the following questions.

1. Define system software. Name three categories of system

software.

Ans: System software is a set of programs that helps a computer

perform general tasks like starting up, creating files and folders, saving
files, deleting files, and shutting down. Three categories of system
software are:

1. Basic Input Output System 2. Operating system 3. Utility programs

2. Describe three functions of an operating system.

Ans: An operating system performs several functions. It helps in the

booting up process. The booting up process involves starting up the
computer and making it ready for use. An operating system manages
the programs that run on the computer. These programs help the
computer run properly. An operating system also maintains the files and
folders stored on the computer so that they can be used by the user.

3. What is the function of a device driver?

Ans: A device driver runs the system devices attached to the computer.
It first checks whether all the drivers are installed. It then checks whether

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all devices are connected to their drivers. It then displays a list of
devices and tells the user whether any drivers need to be installed.

4. What is disk failure? How can we avoid data loss as a result of

disk failure?

Ans: Loss of data from the hard disk is called disk failure. We can avoid
data loss as a result of disk failure by regularly making back-up copies of
our data. We can use back-up software to prepare back-up copies.

5. What is meant by debugging?

Ans: Debugging is the process of removing errors from a file.

6. Differentiate between application software and system software

with the help of examples.

Ans: System software is responsible for the running and maintenance of

a computer system. It cannot perform specific tasks. The Windows
operating system, image viewers, and disk scanners are parts of system
software. Application software is used for specific tasks. Microsoft Word
and Microsoft Excel are two examples of application software.

7. What is educational software used for?

Ans: Educational software is used to provide interactive exercises on

various topics. It offers interesting activities that make learning
enjoyable. Educational software comes in the form of dictionaries,
encyclopaedias and educational games. It can be used to educate
young children at home, and to train people in large offices.

8. How do different types of design software help people who work

in factories?

Ans: Design software helps people who work in factories by controlling

machines to perform difficult or dangerous tasks. Computer Aided

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Manufacturing (CAM) uses computers to control robots and machines
that can perform dangerous tasks such as welding and lifting heavy
objects. This helps to avoid injuries to factory workers.

9. What is desktop publishing software?

Ans: Desktop publishing software is a type of application software. It is

used to produce documents like banners, books, greeting cards, and
posters. Desktop publishing enables us to combine text and graphics to
produce informative and attractive documents. It also helps us to
produce such documents in less time.

10. What is a database? Why should it be well-organized?

Ans: A database is a collection of organized data. It helps people like

business managers to search for important data and use it to make
decisions. It is important for a database to be well-organized because it
helps people to find data quickly and easily. They can then make quick
decisions to solve problems.

11. What is computer-aided learning?

Ans: Computer-aided learning (CAL) is the use of educational software

to help educate people… 6. Database management is a set of activities
for collecting, organizing, and maintaining data in a database

12. What is the benefit of computer-aided design (CAD)?

Ans: Computer-aided design (CAD) makes it easier to create detailed

designs for products quickly and accurately

13. What is the function of a slide show?

Ans: A slide show is used to provide information on a topic. It mainly

uses visual information

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14. What is the difference between graphics software and DTP
software?

Ans: Graphics software helps us to create visual images while DTP

software combines both text and graphics.

15. What is a media player?

Ans: A media player is an application that enables us to play audio and

video files.

16. What is meant by database management?

Ans: Database management is a set of activities for collecting,

organizing, and maintaining data in a database

17. What is booting up?

Ans: Booting up is the process of starting up a computer and making it

ready for use.

18. What is firmware?

Ans: Firmware is software that is stored on a ROM chip. Its contents

cannot be changed.

19. What is the function of a loader?

Ans: A loader loads programs and instructions from back-up storage to

the main memory so that the computer can follow them.

20. What is WIMP?

Ans: WIMP stands for Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointing device. It is

used to describe a GUI-based operating system like Windows.

21. What is open-source software?

Ans: Open-source software is software to which users can make

changes according to their needs.

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22. What is a virus?

Ans: A virus is a program that can destroy files stored on a computer.

23. What is the difference between a disk scanner and a disk

defragmenter?

Ans: A disk scanner is a utility program that searches for unnecessary or

damaged files and suggests what to do about them. It helps us to create
space for new files to be stored

24. List four types of application software that might be used by a

newspaper publisher.

(Possible answers)

Ans: 1. Productivity software 2. Desktop publishing software 3. Word

processing software 4. Graphics software 5. Database management
software

25. Define software?

Ans: It is a set of instructions, data or program used to operate a

computer and perform specific tasks. In short, software tells a computer
about how to function.

26. How many categories of computer software name them?

Ans: Computer software (or software, shortly) is divided mainly into the
following two categories:

1. System software

2. Application software

27. Define boot sequence?

Ans: A boot sequence includes the first few operations needed to boot
the computer.

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28. Define boot loader?

Ans: The bootloader loads the operating system from the memory.

29. Define operating system? Also give examples.

Ans: It consists of a set of programs and data for performing general

tasks on a computer. A few examples of the operating system are
Windows, DOS, Unix, Linux or MAC.

30. What do you know about file explorer?

Ans: A file explorer is a utility program that allows users to interact with
the files stored on the computer. Users can use the file manager to
create, edit, access, move, delete, or replace files.

31. What do you know about photo viewer?

Ans: A photo viewer is a utility program that can store images. It also
has features such as zooming, rotation, previews, slide show, thumbnail
display, full screen display, and so on.

32. What do you know about disk scanner?

Ans: A disk scanner is a utility program that searches the hard disk for
unnecessary or damaged files and suggests what to do about them. It
also manages folders like Temporary internet Files to release space for
essential data.

33. Name three common types of software development tools?

Ans: Compiler, Linker ,Debugger are three common types of software

development tools.

34. Define edutainment software?

Ans: Some types of software are used to educate students by using

games. Such software is called edutainment software.

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35. What is use of Robots in manufacturing?

Ans: They can be controlled by a computer to lift and move heavy and
dangerous objects.

Q.9: Give descriptive answers for the following questions.

1. Describe two examples of multitasking by a computer. What

enables the computer perform multiple tasks at the same time?

Ans: The first example of multitasking could be writing in MS Word while

the browser is running. The user may type a document in MS Word or
prepare a spreadsheet in MS Excel while listening to an audio file on the
Windows Media Player. The CPU allocates processing time and
capacity to different applications which enables the computer to
multitask.

2. A computer has both CLI and GUI interfaces. Why do people still
prefer GUI interfaces?

Ans: CLI (command line interface), e.g. MS DOS and GUI (graphical
user interface), e.g. Microsoft Windows have different strengths and
weaknesses when compared to each other. GUI is more popular
because everything is visible on the desktop and multiple programs can
be executed at the same time by using the mouse, keyboard, and other
input devices. CLI involves memorization of commands and a plain
background which is not attractive. Only the keyboard is used for input.

3. A student wants to collect information about World War II and

write a report for her class. Which application software should
she use to complete this task?

Ans: Give reasons. The student should use Microsoft Word to prepare
her report. The reasons are given below. Microsoft Word includes
several options for preparing reports such as formatting options and font

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styles. The user can write the report and edit it before making a printout.
Features such as spell-check and grammar check can be used to
remove common mistakes from the report. Information can be organized
in the form of headings, bullets, and numbering to improve the
appearance of the report.

4. A photographer is considering installing graphics software on

his computer but does not know how it can help him. What
would you explain to the photographer?

Ans: Graphics software has several uses for photographers. The main
uses are explained below. The photographer can scan and edit
photographs for different documents such as brochures, flyers, or
postcards. In addition, the photographer can edit the pictures to remove
unwanted spots and objects from the image. He can also add design
elements such as borders and frames to photographs using graphics
software.

5. How is database management software used at your school?

Ans: Database management is mainly used to store information about
teachers, students, and the educational program. It is used to store
student information such as their names, roll numbers, education
records, school fees details, etc. The names of all teachers, their
educational qualifications, salary details, and subjects taught are
stored on a database. The list of textbooks for all classes and
syllabus for the term are stored on the school database.

Page 40 of 107
SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-5: MORE ON MICROSOFT
WORD

Q.1: Circle the correct answer.

1 Which layout shows two pages side by side?

a) Print b Full Screen c Web D Outline

Reading

2 On which tab is the Word Count feature found?

a) References b Review c View D Insert

3 Which of these is placed at the end of a document?

a). Endnotes b Footnotes c Date D Time

4 Which key is used to replace existing text with new text?

a) Insert b Delete c Backspace D Tab

5 Zoom settings can be accessed from the tab.

a Home b View c Insert D Review

6 alignment refers to the position of text in relation to

the left and right page margins.

a). Vertical b Horizontal c Both a&b . None of these

7 refers to the direction in which the page is printed.

a) Alignment b Page setting c Orientation D None of these

8 Columns can be inserted from the group

a). Page Layout b Page setting c Page Setup D None of these

9 Default paper size is

a) A4 b Letter c Legal D A5

10 Default page margins are

a). 1 Inch b 1.5 Inch c 0.5 Inch D 2 Inch

Page 41 of 107
 11 The _________ feature enables us to zoom in and out of a document.

a zoom b play c copy D Paste

12 The default Zoom settings on Microsoft Word are.

a 200% b 300% c 100% D 50%

13 Zoom settings can be changed from the__________.

a Insert tab b Home tab c View tab D Page layout

14 The Split feature can be accessed by selecting Split from the Window
group on the __________ tab.

a Insert tab b Home tab c View tab D Page layout

15 The _________ feature enables us to tell the computer where the next
page should start

a Page break b Zoom c split D All of these

Q.2: Fill in the blanks.

1. Viewing modes can be accessed from the bar.

2. The feature allows us to view different parts of

a document in two windows.

3. The keyboard shortcut for the Undo command is

4. The Symbols feature is found on the tab.

5. The feature allows us to view a document at greater

magnification.

6. are special characters that can be inserted in a

document.

7. Vertical Alignment is the position of text in relation to the

and page margins.

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8. Alignment is the manner in which text is placed between the
of a page.

9. The Columns feature is found on the tab.

10. Settings that are standard or pre-defined in a software is called

settings.

11. __________ options help to improve the appearance of a document.

12. We can view the list by clicking on the Clipboard Dialog Box Launcher
on the_____________.

13. We can select a __________ percentage from three given options.

14. _____________ feature can be accessed from the Text group on the
Insert tab.

15. Inserting page numbers helps us to __________ a document.

Q.3: State weather the following statements are true or false.

Rewrite the false statements to make them true.

1. Web Layout displays a document as it would appear in the form of a

web page.

2. The Undo command reverses the last action performed.

3. The Insert key enables us to replace existing text with new text.

4. The Symbol feature should be used to insert commonly-used

punctuation marks

5. The Word Count feature can be accessed from the View tab.

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6. The Page break feature is used to tell the computer where the next
page should begin.

7. Previewing a document enables us to correct any errors before

printing it.

8. You can change both horizontal and vertical alignment of text.

9. You can set the text in a maximum of three columns.

10. In the Landscape orientation, text is printed along the width of the
page.

11. The different views allow us to adjust viewing to observe the

formatting clearly.

12. The viewing styles can be accessed from the insert tab.

13. Zooming out makes it appears smaller.

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Q.4: Match the Column A with Column B

A B

Undo Shift+9

Redo Ctrl+Z

Print Ctrl+Y

Find Ctrl+P

Replace Ctrl+F

$ Ctrl+H

( Shift+3

American format dd/mm/yyyy

British format mm/dd/yyyy

Q.5: Complete each sentence by circling the correct words in the

brackets.

1. The default view in Microsoft Word is (Normal/Print Layout).

2. It is possible to set a (percentage/fraction) for zoom settings.

3. To reunite windows that have been split, we use the (Remove Split /
Undo Split) feature.

4. The Insert key allows us to replace text to the (left/right) of the cursor.

5. The Word Count feature can be accessed from the (Insert / Review) tab.

6. A/An (footnote/endnote) is placed at the bottom of a page.

Page 45 of 107
Q.6: Tick five boxes to show which five of these statements are
most likely to be true.

1. The simplest view is Print Layout.

2. Zooming in makes the text appear larger.

3. The Split feature is accessed from the View tab.

4. The Insert key allows us to add symbols in a document.

5. We can replace a word in a document by using the Find

command.

6. The Page break feature enables us to tell the computer where

to start the next page.

7. The Print Preview icon is found on the Home tab.

8. The Zoom icon helps us to format a document.

9. It is possible to view two or more pages at the same time while

previewing a document.

10. The default setting for paper size is A4.

Q.7: Complete the following statements by filling in the blanks with

the correct terms. Each word or phrase can be used only once.
Paragraphs Full Screen Reading reverse currency

Number Replace All preview Page

1. ______________ Layout enables us to see how a document would

appear in a book.

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2. The Undo command enables us to ______________ the last action
performed.
3. The Word Count feature enables us to find out the number of words,
lines, and ______________ in a document.
4. ______________ enables us to replace one word or phrase with
another throughout a document.
5. The Symbol feature allows us to insert ______________ symbols.
6. Column break is a ______________ break option.
7. Each footnote and endnote is given a reference ______________.
8. We can ______________ a document before printing it.

Q.8: Why is the following information useful?

1. Date
_________________________________________________________
2. Page numbers
_________________________________________________________
3. Endnotes
_________________________________________________________
Q.9: Answer the following questions.

1. What is the advantage of viewing a document in different ways?

Ans: Viewing a document in different ways allows us to see how it would

appear in different formats. It enables us to see how the same document
would appear in the form of a book or as a web page.

2. How does the Split feature help us to format a document?

The Split feature helps us format a document by enabling us to view two

parts of a single document in two different windows. We can scroll down
one part of a document while viewing another part in a separate window.
This helps us identify formatting errors in the document.

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3. Describe the steps involved in replacing a word in a document.
To replace a word in a document, we can follow these steps:

 Go to the Editing group on the Home tab and select Replace.

 In the Find what window, type the word to be replaced.
 In the Replace with window, type the new word.

 Click on Find Next. The word becomes selected on the document.

 Click on Replace to replace the word. Click on Find Next to move

to the next point in the document where the word appears.

 Click on Replace All to replace the word throughout the document.

 Click on Cancel or Close to return to the document.

4. List the different options available for inserting section breaks.

The options available for inserting section breaks are listed below:

1. Next page 2. Continuous 3. Even page 4. Odd page

5. What is the difference between a footnote and an endnote?

A footnote appears at the bottom of every page whereas an endnote

appears at the end of a document.

6. How can two windows be reunited?

Ans: The two windows can be reunited by selecting Remove Split from
the Window group.

7. How can we replace one word with another?

Ans: To replace one word with another, perform the following steps.

 Bring the cursor to the left of the word to be replaced.

 Press the Insert key on the keyboard.

 Type the new word.

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8. Why is the date and time important to insert in a document?

Ans: It is very important to date a document. This makes it easier to

organize the document in a database.

9. How can we insert page numbers?

Ans: We can insert page numbers by selecting Page Numbers from the
Header & Footer group on the Insert tab. We can then select the position
of the page number on the page.

10. Why we use find command?

Ans: Sometimes we need to find a specific word or phrase in a

document. We can use the Find command to locate a particular word or
phrase in the document.

11. Under separate headings, list the commands and features that
can be accessed from the View tab and the Home tab.

View Tab Home Tab

Full Screen Reading Layout Print Font size Paste Cut Copy
Layout Web Layout Outline Draft

12. What is the function of Web Layout?

Ans: Web Layout enables us to see how a document would appear as a
web page.

13. What are the shortcut keys for the Undo and Redo commands?

Ans: Undo command (Ctrl+Z), Redo command (Ctrl+Y)

14. What is page number alignment?

Ans: Page number alignment is the placement of the page number on

the page. It can be aligned to the left or right of the page. It can also be
aligned centrally, inside, or outside.

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15. What is a section break?

Ans: Section break is a feature that allows us to divide a document into

sections.

16. What is meant by referencing?

Ans: Referencing is the method of pointing to relevant or important

information in a document.

17. What is the advantage of previewing a document before printing

it?

Ans: Previewing a document before printing it enables us to identify and

correct any mistakes before printing it.

18. How can we make decisions about appropriate format?

Ans: By viewing a document in different ways, we can make decisions

about the appropriate format very easily.

19. What do you know about clipboard?

Ans: The Clipboard is a useful feature that enables users to paste

different text segments in different places in the document.

20. What do you know about draft layout?

Ans: Draft layout displays the document as a draft so that the text can be
edited quickly.

21. What is page split?

Ans: The Split feature enables us to break up a window into two. In this
way we can view different parts of a document at the same time.

Q.10: Write paragraphs to answer the following questions.

1. What type of errors can be detected while using Print Preview?

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Ans: Print Preview can be helpful in detecting many types of errors
before a document is printed. It can help to detect excessive empty
space on some pages of the document. It can also help us correct the
size of text that is too small or too large for comfortable reading.
Accurate and consistent line and paragraph spacing, document
formatting, borders, etc. can be checked to ensure the final document
matches our requirements.

2. What word processing features can help to give a professional

appearance to a document?

Ans: Some important features can help give a professional appearance

to a document. Font type and size has options to select an appropriate
font type and size. Normally Times New Roman with font size 12 is used
for professional documents. Appropriate page borders and title page can
be inserted to improve the presentation of a document. To avoid copying
of the content, the footer and header can show the writer‟s information.
A watermark can also be used.

3. You receive two reports—one with footnotes and endnotes and

one without. Which of these would you prefer? Why?

Ans: I would prefer the report containing footnotes and endnotes. The
reason is that this document is more authentic than the other one. I can
cross-check the information from the source quoted and use it to do my
own research. I can also verify if the report is based on correct
information.

4. Write the procedure of using Find and Replace?

Ans: We can use the Find command to locate a particular word or

phrase in the document.

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  Select the Find command from the Editing group on the Home tab.
You can also press the Ctrl+F keys instead.
 Type the word or phrase in the window opposite Find what.
 Click on Find Next. The word or phrase becomes selected on the
document. Keep clicking on Find Next until you reach the desired
place on the document.
 Click on Cancel to return to the document.
 We can also replace a word or phrase at several places in the
document by using the Replace command.
 Select the Replace command from the Editing group. You can also
press the Ctrl+H keys instead.
 Type the word or phrase to be replaced in the window opposite
Find what.
 Type the new word or phrase in the window opposite Replace with.
 Click on Find Next. The word or phrase is selected on the
document.
 Click on Replace if you want to replace the selected word with the
new word. Otherwise, click on Find Next to move to the next part
of the document.
 You can also click on Replace All to make the replacement
throughout the document.

 Click on Cancel to return to the document.

5. Write down the steps to insert symbols?

Ans: We can insert them by selecting Symbol from the Symbol group on
the Insert tab.

 Bring the cursor to where you want the symbol to be inserted.

 Select Symbol from the Insert tab.

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  Select the symbol that you need by clicking on it.

 Click on Insert to insert the symbol.

 Click on Close to return to the document.

6. Write down the steps to set column styles?

Ans: The steps to set a column style are as follows:

1. Select the text.

2. Click the Page Layout tab.

3. In the Page Setup group, click Columns and specify the number
of columns by clicking the desired option, select two, in the
Columns drop-down menu.

4. You can also click more Columns to get the Columns dialog
box.

5. The number of columns you want to create can be chosen in

two ways:

a. By clicking one of the columns formats in the Presets box.

b. By entering a number in the Number of columns box.

6. If you want columns of equal width, select the equal column

width check box. For columns of different widths, type the
column width for each column.

Enter the amount of space you want between the columns in the
Spacing spin box. The Width and spacing boxes will be activated only if
you clear the Equal column width check box.

7. Click the Line between check box for inserting a line between
the columns.

8. Click OK. Word will create columns with the chosen settings.

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Answer Key:

Q.1: 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. B 6.a 7.c 8.a 9.b 10.a 11.a 12.c 13.c 14.c
15.a
Q.2: 1. Status 2. Split 3. Ctrl + Z 4. Insert 5. Zoom 6.Symbol 7. Top
,bottom 8. Margins 9.page layout 10.default 11.Formatting 12. Home
tab 13.Zoom 14.Date and Time 15.organize
Q.3: 1. F. Print Layout displays a document as it would appear on a
printout. 2.T 3.T 4.F. The Symbol feature should be used to insert
symbols that are not found on a keyboard. 5.F. The Word Count feature
can be accessed from the Review tab. 6.T 7.T 8.F We can change the
vertical alignment of text only. 9.T 10.T 11. T 12. F The viewing styles
can be accessed from the view tab. 13.T

Q.4: 1.Ctrl+Z 2.Ctrl+Y 3.Ctrl+P 4.Ctrl+F 5.Ctrl+H 6.Shift+3 7.Shift+9

8. mm/dd/yyyy 9. dd/mm/yyyy

Q.5: 1. Print Layout 2. Percentage 3. Remove Split 4. Right 5. Review 6.

Footnote

Q.6: 2. Zooming in makes the text appear larger. 3. The Split feature is
accessed from the View tab. 6. The Page break feature enables us to
tell the computer where to start the next page. 9. It is possible to view
two or more pages at the same time while previewing a document. 10.
The default setting for paper size is A4.

Q.7: 1. Full Screen Reading 2. reverse 3. paragraphs 4. Replace All 5.

currency 6. Page 7. number 8. Preview

Q.8: 1. It helps us to arrange our documents in order of time. 2. They

help us to arrange pages in a document. 3. They identify where the
writer of a document got his information.

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 SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-6: Microsoft Excel

SUMMARY
 A spreadsheet contains information arranged in rows and columns.
 A spreadsheet made on a computer is an electronic spreadsheet.
 Spreadsheet software is a program for entering, calculating, analyzing, and
manipulating sets of numbers.
 Microsoft Excel is a popular and widely used electronic spreadsheet software.
 A worksheet is a rectangular grid of columns and rows.
 The intersection of each row and column is a cell.
 A cell is referred to by its cell reference.
 The active cell is the one into which data can be entered.
 The horizontal and vertical gridlines on the worksheet make it easier to see
and identify cells in the worksheet.
 The Formula Bar displays the active cell address on its left and the cell
contents on its right. Data entered in a cell is displayed in the Formula Bar.
 Data can be moved from one cell to another by using the Cut/Paste
command.
 Data can be deleted by selecting a cell and using the Clear options from the
Edit Menu.
 The Autofill feature enters a predefined series of text or numbers.
 Data can be formatted by changing the font style, size, and alignment.
 Sheet tabs at the bottom of worksheets make it possible to move quickly to
another worksheet by clicking on the corresponding sheet tab.
 A cell can contain data consisting of 225 characters of text, numbers, dates,
logical values, or formulas.
 Labels, or text, contain any combination of letters, numbers, spaces, and non-
numeric characters.
 Values or numbers include numbers from 0 to 9, symbols like +, -, *, /, %, and
the decimal point.
 A cell can be selected by clicking on it.
 Data can be edited by selecting the cell and making changes in the Formula
Bar.
 Data can be copied from one cell to another using the Copy/Paste command.

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 A range of cells is a block of cells that touch each other. A range can be
selected by placing the mouse pointer on the first cell and dragging the mouse
to the last cell while pressing the left button.
 Formatting enables us to improve the appearance of a spreadsheet.
 We can increase or decrease the height of a row to suit our needs.
 Row height is measured in points. The row height can range between 0 to 409
points.
 We can increase or decrease the width of a column to suit our needs.
 The number of characters that can be contained in a cell depends on the
width of the column. A cell can contain 0-255 characters.
 Rows and columns can also be inserted on a worksheet.
 Additional rows are inserted above the rows selected.
 Additional columns are inserted to the left of the columns selected.
 Formulas are used to perform calculations on a worksheet.
 A formula always starts with an equals sign (=).
 A formula may consist of brackets, operators, cell references, functions,
values, and text.
 A cell reference represents the value entered in a cell.
 Formulas can be copied to other cells. The cell references are adjusted
automatically.
 There are three types of cell referencing – relative, absolute and mixed.
 The default cell referencing is relative.
 The $ sign is used for absolute referencing.
 The type of cell reference is important only if you copy the formula to other
cells.
 A function is a pre-written formula that performs specific calculations.
 The SUM function is used to find the total of a given set of values. It is written
as =SUM(A2:E2).
 The AVERAGE function is used to find the average of a given set of values. It
is written as =AVERAGE(A2:E2).
 The MIN function is used to find the minimum value in a given set of values. It
is written as =MIN(A2:E2).
 The MAX function is used to find the maximum value in a given set of values.
It is written as =MAX(A2.E2).

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  The COUNT function is used to count the entries in a given set of values. It is
written as =COUNT(A2.E2).
 Graphs, bar charts, and pie charts are different types of charts used in a
worksheet.
 The legend is a key that explains what the lines or bars on the chart mean.

QUESTIONS
A1. Fill in the blanks.
1. The cell contents are edited in the Formula Bar .
2. Text data are also called labels .
3. An Excel workbook has three worksheets by default.
4. The Paste command is found in the Clipboard group.
5. We go to the Cells group to delete cell contents.
6. The default row height is 15 points.
7. New rows can be inserted from the Home tab.
8. A formula always begins with an equals sign.
9. We use the SUM function to find the total of a range of values.
10. The Charts group is found on the Insert tab.
11. A worksheet is a rectangular grid of columns and rows .
12. Each cell on a worksheet is known by its cell reference
13. The address of the active cell is given by the row number and column letter.
14. The vertical bar of the frame displays row numbers .
15. Sheet tabs are present at the bottom of worksheets.
16. Data can exist as labels or values .
17. The Autofill feature is used to enter a pre-defined series of data.
18. Merge and Center is used to display cell contents across several columns.

A2: Write the formulas for performing the following operations.

I. Finding the total of values in cells A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5

II. Finding the average of values in cells C8, C9, C10, C11, and C12

III. Finding the largest of the values in cells E21, E22, E23, E24, & E25

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IV. Finding the smallest of the values in cells B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5

V. Finding the total of values in cells G1, G5, G6, H9, and K3

Answer Key A2: 1. =SUM(A1:A5)

2. =AVERAGE(C8:C12) 3. =MAX(E21:E25)
4. =MIN(B1:B5) 5. =G1+G5+G6+H9+K3

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.

1. Spreadsheets are used for creating letters and documents.

False. Spreadsheets are used for organizing numerical data.
2. A spreadsheet is a rectangular grid of rows and columns.
True
3. The cell we are currently working on is called the open cell.
False. The cell currently being worked on is the active cell.
4. A workbook contains several worksheets.
True
5. Sheet tabs enable us to move from one worksheet to another.
True
6. A cell reference includes a column letter and a row number.
True
7. The Autofill handle is used to copy a formula in adjacent cells.
True
8. The Hide option increases the column width automatically.
False. The Hide option hides a row or column on the worksheet.
9. Up to 200 characters can be inserted in a single cell.
False. Up to 255 characters can be inserted in a single cell.
10. New columns are always inserted to the right of the selected column.
False. New columns are always inserted to the left of the selected column.

C. Select the correct option for each question.

1. We use a to identify a cell.
a). cell reference b). reference c). row number d). column letter
number

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2. What type of data are symbols such as +, -, and * called in Microsoft Excel?
a). Text b). Values c). Signs d). labels
3. In which alignment is each line of text the same length?
a). left-aligned b). right-aligned c). Justified d). Centered
4. Where does data being typed in the active cell appear?
a). Editing group b). Status Bar c). Name Box d). Formula Bar
5. Which feature helps to create a data series automatically?
a). Autofill b). Indent c). Merge & Center d). Wrap Text
6. The sum of values divided by the number of values is called the.
a). Average b). Percentage c). maximum value d). Function
7. Which of these is another name for a pre-written formula?
a). Reference b). Function c). Value d). Selection
8. Which of these is used to find the total of a cell range?
a). MIN b). MAX c). SUM d). COUNT
9. Which of these is a value?
a). () b). + c). Word d). 100
10. Which of these is not an operator?
a). + b).  c). () d). /

D. Answer the following questions.

1. What is an electronic spreadsheet? Name a commonly-used spreadsheet
program.
An electronic spreadsheet is an application program that allows text, numbers,
and formulae to be entered into a grid of rectangular cells.
The most widely-used spreadsheet program is Microsoft Excel.
2. Define the following: row, column, and cell.
Row: A row is a horizontal division of a worksheet. It is denoted by a number.
Column: A column is a vertical division of a worksheet. It is denoted by a letter.
Cell: A cell is a box at the intersection of a row and a column. It is denoted by
a row number and column letter.

3. What is the purpose of the Formula Bar?

The Formula Bar is used to enter a formula in a cell. It is also used to
change a formula or make changes to the data in a cell.
4. What are the two types of text that can be entered in a spreadsheet?
The two types of text that can be entered in a spreadsheet are labels and
values. Labels include data in the form of letters while values include
numbers.

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5. Name three types of documents for which you would use a spreadsheet
instead of a Word document.
1. Marks sheets 2. Monthly bills 3. Price lists
6. Describe the steps involved in changing row height.
To change row height, we can follow these steps:
 Click on the row number/s in the frame to select the row or rows.
 Select Row Height from the Format button on the Cells group on the
Home tab.
 Enter the new height in the box opposite Row height.
 Click on OK.
7. What is the function of the AutoFit Selection feature?
The AutoFit Selection feature enables us to increase or decrease the column
width according to the amount of data in the column. In this way, the data
completely fills the column and there is no waste of space.
8. What is a formula? Describe the elements of a formula.

A formula expresses the relationship between several terms. Each term in a

formula is represented by a symbol. We use formulas in Excel to perform
calculations. Such formulas contain some standard elements. These are
described below:
 Bracket contain the range of cells on which the operation is to be
performed. They are represented as ().
 Operators represent the type of operation that is to be performed on the
data. Operators are represented by the symbols +, -, *, /, ^, <, >, and =.
 Cell references indicate the cells that contain the data on which an operation
is to be performed. They may be represented as A2:I2.
 Functions are pre-written formulas that help us to perform specific
calculations. Some common functions are SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, and MAX.
 Values include numerical data such as 10, 5.4, and so on.
 Text includes data in the form of letters and characters. Lahore, Asif, and
Total are examples of text.
9. When you enter a formula and click Enter, if displays the calculated value.
What will you do to display the formula?
 Select the cell in which formula has entered. The contents of the cell are
displayed in the Formula Bar. OR
 Double click on the desired cell OR
 Select the cell and press F2.
10. What is relative cell referencing?
It makes calculations easier especially for the same calculation being done for a
number of cells, because it replaces the references, i.e. the values on which
calculations are to be made automatically.

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11. What is absolute cell referencing?
This allows the user to fix a row or column reference; so if in a formula one
number is used over and over again, it can be defined as an absolute reference;
the advantage being that the same one number does not need typing repeatedly.
12. What is the advantage of using functions? Answer with the help of an
example.
The advantage of using functions is that they help us to avoid entering lengthy
formulas. They enable us to perform a specific operation on a large range of cells.
We do not need to enter an operator repeatedly. This helps us to save time and
avoid making mistakes.
To find the total of values in the cells B4, C4, D4, E4, F4, we might use the formula
=B4+C4+D4+E4+F4
We could also use the SUM function by typing:
=SUM(B4:F4)
In this way we do not have to enter each cell reference separately.
13. Why do we use charts on a worksheet?
We use charts on a worksheet because they present data in an interesting and
attractive way. Charts use visual forms such as lines, bars, and diagrams to help
us read and analyse data. Charts also allow people to form a general idea about
the data without having to read a lot of data. They help us to know whether data is
increasing or decreasing with time.
14. What is a spreadsheet?
A spreadsheet is a rectangular grid of cells that is used to organize, analyse, and
manipulate data.
15. What is an active cell?
An active cell is the cell that has been selected.
16. What is a sheet tab?
A sheet tab is a tab that allows us to move from one worksheet to another by
clicking on it.
17. What is a range?
A range is a block of cells that lie adjacent to each other.
18. What is the Formula Bar?
The Formula Bar is an area used to enter a formula in a cell. It is also used as an
area where changes can be made to data in a cell.
19. What is a frame?
A frame consists of a horizontal bar and a vertical bar that contain column and row
references.
20. What is the function of the Hide feature?
The Hide feature is used to prevent a row or a column from being visible on the
worksheet.

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21. What is the default column width?
The default column width is 8.43 characters.
22. What is a function?
A function is a pre-written formula for a specific operation.
23. What is the purpose of the SUM function?
The SUM function is used to calculate the total of a set of values.
24. What is the purpose of the AVERAGE function?
The AVERAGE function is used to find the average value of a set of data.
25. What is a legend?
A legend is a key that explains what the different bars, lines, and colours on a
chart represent.

E. Write paragraphs to answer the following questions.

1. Explain how spreadsheets might be useful to the following people: a
teacher, a banker, a housewife.
A teacher can use spreadsheets to prepare attendance sheets and results
sheets. The teacher can also use spreadsheets to organize students into groups
and teams for various activities and projects. A banker can use spreadsheets to
make calculations and find out the account balances of different clients. A
housewife can use spreadsheets to record expenses on various items such as
utility bills, fuel, groceries, school fees, and so on. She can also use it to plan
activities for the family.
2. How can formatting options help to make information on a spreadsheet
more relevant for the reader?
Formatting options can be used to mark out information that is relevant to the
reader. Conditional formatting can be used to indicate data that meets a certain
condition or requirement of the reader. Bold, underline, and other formatting
options can help the reader to identify important details on the spreadsheet.
3. Identify two situations where the AVERAGE function would be useful.
The AVERAGE function would be most useful for a teacher who wants to
calculate the average percentage of the whole class. If the class contains 20
students then their individual percentage marks will give the average of the
whole class. This can show the students whose performance is above
average, average, and below average. The AVERAGE function can also be used
to find the average monthly expenditure on food, bills, fuel, etc. by a family in a
year. The expenditure for 12 months can be added up and divided by 12 to find
the average monthly expenditure.
4. How might the MAX and MIN functions be helpful to your teacher?
The MAX and MIN function can instantly tell a teacher who the top and bottom
scorers in the class are. The same rule can be applied for each subject, e.g.
Amina is the top scorer in mathematics with 95% marks and Haider is the bottom
scorer with 52% marks.

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Additional information for the teacher

 A template is a workbook file that includes pre-defined settings that can be

used as a pattern to create many common types of workbooks. Every Excel
workbook is based on a template.
 A formula is an equation that performs an operation on data contained in a
worksheet.
 Functions are pre-written formulas that are used to perform certain types
of calculations automatically.
 Whenever a number in a referenced cell in a formula changes, Excel
automatically recalculates all formulae that are dependent on the changed
value.
 The contents of a worksheet can be copied or moved to another location in
the worksheet or between worksheets. This saves time as you do not have
to enter the same information again.
 A relative reference is a cell or range reference in a formula the location of
which is interpreted in relation to the position of the cell that contains the
formula.
 Alignment setting allows one to change the horizontal and vertical placement
and the orientation of an entry in a cell.
 A style is a combination of formats that can be quickly applied to a
selection.
 A graphic is a non-text element or an object, such as a drawing or a picture,
that can be added to a worksheet. Pictures are inserted as embedded
objects. An embedded object becomes part of the Excel workbook and can
be opened and edited using the program in which it was created.
 An electronic spreadsheet is an application program that enables text,
numbers and formulas to be entered into a grid of rectangular cells. Electronic
spreadsheets organize data and perform calculations. They are a particularly
good choice of software when a task involves working with numerical data
and displaying results in graphs.
 Common applications of spreadsheet software include finance-related tasks
such as budgeting and forecasting. Teachers can use spreadsheet software
to record grades, while marketing professionals can use them to record and
evaluate sales trends.
 Generally, Microsoft Excel can be understood as a combination of four
aspects:
 Worksheets enable data in the form of numbers and text to be entered,
organized, analysed, and presented in a variety of ways.
 Charts enable data to be presented in pictorial form. The Chart Wizard
makes this process simple, saves time, and minimizes errors. Bar charts,
line graphs, pie charts, and scatter diagrams are some of the charts that are
commonly used to present data. Data can also be represented in the form of
two-dimensional and three-dimensional charts.
 Databases manage data entered on a worksheet. Once data has been

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 entered on a worksheet, Excel can sort the data, search for specific data
required by the user, and select data that meets given criteria.
 Microsoft Excel also offers Web support. This feature enables Excel to save
a workbook or part of a workbook in HTML format so that it can be viewed
and manipulated using a web browser.

Page 64 of 107
 SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-7: Emerging Technologies

SUMMARY

 Emerging Technology refers new technology, it may also refer to the

advancement in existing technology.
 Robotics is an Interdisciplinary branch of Computer Science and Mechanical
Engineering that involves the design, manufacture, operation and use of Robots.
 Artificial intelligence refers to technologies that make device act and think like a
human.
 A self-driving car is also known as an autonomous vehicle (AV), driver-less car,
or robotic car. It is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with
little or no human input.
 Virtual Reality or VR is a computer-generated imitation of the real-world where
people can interact in an apparently real or physical way.
 Augmented Reality (AR) is the integration of real-world environment and
computer- generated content.
 A hologram is a three-dimensional image, created with photographic projection.
 Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a process that creates a three-dimensional
physical object from a digital design
 Blockchain is a method of storing data that makes it difficult or even impossible
to change the data or hack it.
 Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence that enables a system to
learn and improve itself from its experience without any user interference.
 The abbreviation 5G is used to refer to the Fifth Generation of cellular
technology.
 Using software programs to translate written and spoken texts from one
language to another is known as Computer Assisted Translation (CAT).

QUESTIONS
A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. Emerging Technology may refer to the advancement in existing technology.
2. Robotics is an Interdisciplinary branch of Computer Science and Mechanical
Engineering.
3. Artificial intelligence refers to technologies that make device act and think like
a human.

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 4. A self-driving car is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with
little or no human input.

5. Virtual Reality is a computer-generated imitation of the real-world where

people can interact in an apparently real or physical way.

6. Augmented Reality is the integration of real-world environment and computer-

generated content.
7. A hologram is a three-dimensional or 3D image, created with photographic
projection.

8. 3D printing is a process that creates a three-dimensional physical object from

a digital design.

9. 5G is used to refer to the Fifth Generation of cellular technology.

10. Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence.

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. Absolute technology is generally referred to as 'Emerging Technology.
False: New technology is generally referred to as 'Emerging Technology.
2. A self-driving car, also known as a manual vehicle.
False: A self-driving car, also known as a robotic vehicle.
3. Blockchain is a method that makes it easy to change the data or hack it.
False: Blockchain is a method that makes it difficult to change the data or hack it.
4. Robotics is replacing human efforts.
True
5. Virtual Reality is a 2D image.
False: Virtual Reality is a 3D visual or other sensory environment.
6. Virtual Reality is the same as Augmented Reality
False: Virtual Reality is different from Augmented Reality
7. Machine Learning is a system that improves itself with experience.
True
8. Google Translator is an example of CAT.
True

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C. Circle the correct option for each question:
1. is generally referred to as 'Emerging Technology‟
a). Discontinued b). New c). Best technology d). None of
development technology these
2. The goal of is to make device act and think like human.
a). Artificial b). Virtual Reality c). 3D printing d). Augmented
Intelligence Reality
3. A self-driving is car, also known as:
a). Robotic car b). Beautiful Car c). Automatic car d). Manual car
4. technology is a computer-generated imitation of the real-world
where people can interact in an apparently real or physical way.
a). VR b). AR c). CR d). All of these
5. is the integration of real-world environment and computer-
generated content.
a). VR b). AR c). Holographic d). All
6. A three-dimensional image created with projection Is called
a). Telegrams b). Histogram c). Hologram d). Photogram
7. Which of the following is not an example of an emerging technology?
a). Virtual Reality b). Blockchain c). Robotics d). 3G
8. applications are those which operate simultaneously on several
different computers.
a). Embedded b). Virtual c). Distributed d). None of these
9. In a blockchain system, the transaction or file recorded cannot be
a). Opened b). Read c). Saved d). modified
10. The estimated data rate of 5G technology is
a). 10Gbps b). 15Gbps c). 20Gbps d). 25Gbps
11. Chatbot is an example of:
a). Virtual Reality b). Augmented c). Robotics d). Artificial
Reality Intelligence
12. CAT is also known as:
a). Computer b). Computer c). Computer d). Computer
Assisted Authorized Assisted Application
Transaction Translation Translation Translation

D. Answer the following questions:

1. Discuss Robotics and its applications
Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of Computer Science and Mechanical
Engineering that involves the design, manufacture, operation and use of robots.

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 Robots are independent machines that can work without an external trigger or
operator while machine is dependent and cannot work on its own. Robots have a
wide range of uses in almost all areas of life. They are mostly used in
manufacturing industries, medical field, agriculture, military and entertainment
etc.

2. What are the primary difficulties in robotics?

3. What is Artificial Intelligence? How is it helpful for humans?

Artificial Intelligence refers to technologies that makes device acts and think like
human. It is helpful in many ways for human. It can automate repetitive tasks,
improve healthcare outcomes, enhance cyber-security, and support decision-
making in various industries etc.
4. What are some of the applications of Al?
Applications of artificial intelligence include self-driving cars, expert systems,
natural language processing, machine vision, chatbots, gaming, marketing, social
media, navigation control, etc.
5. Who does operate a self-driven cars?
Self-driving cars are operated by a combination of sensors, software, and control
systems that are integrated into the vehicle.
6. What are the other names used for self-driving cars?
A self-driving car is also known as an autonomous vehicle (AV), driverless car, or
robotic car.
7. Differentiate between 2D and 3D printing.
2D printing involves printing a two-dimensional image or text onto a flat surface
such as paper While 3D printing is a process that creates a three-dimensional
physical object from a digital design.
8. State the applications of 3D imaging.
The applications of 3D imaging include computed tomography (CT), 3D laser
scanning, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 3D movies, etc.
9. What is meant by augmented reality?
Augmented Reality (AR) is the integration of real-world environment and
computer-generated content. Unlike virtual reality, augmented reality manages to
merge digital and three-dimensional (3D) components with an individual's
perception of the real world.

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10. What is holographic imaging?
A hologram is a three-dimensional image, created with photographic projection of
a 3D recorded image. Unlike 3D or virtual reality on a two-dimensional computer
display, a 3D hologram matches almost exactly with the original object.
11. How can you create a hologram at home?
You can create hologram at home by using simple mobile and a piece of glass or
plastic cut and joined at the angle of 45 degree.
12. Which device is used to experience virtual reality?
VR headset is used to experience virtual reality or VR.
13. What is the main purpose of using Computer Assisted translation?
The main purpose of using Computer Assisted Translation to enables a human
translator to work more quickly and precisely while translation. CAT speeds up
lengthy translations, reduces errors, is affordable, and is widely used.
14. What makes 5G better than previous ones?
5G is better than previous ones because it is much faster, more flexible, and has
less data transfer delays.
15. What are Holographic imaging? Discuss its applications.
A hologram is a three-dimensional image, created with photographic projection.
Unlike 3D or virtual reality on a two-dimensional computer display, a hologram is
a truly three-dimensional and free-standing image.
Applications:
 Holographic imaging can be used imaging for more accurate result.
 It can be used for security purpose.
 It can be used in advertising and marketing.
 It can be used to inspect quality of products in the manufacturing industry.
16. Write a note on blockchain.

Blockchain is a method of storing data in blocks that makes it difficult or even

impossible to change the data or hack it. Blocks create a chain because each
one has information about the block before it, hence strengthening the links in the
chain. The transaction or file recorded cannot be modified.
17. What are the differences between Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality?
Virtual Reality: Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that enables a person to
interact with an artificial three-dimensional visual or other sensory environment.
VR technology is widely used in medical and manufacturing industries.
Augmented Reality: Augmented Reality (AR) is the integration of real-world
environment and computer-generated content. Unlike Virtual Reality (VR), AR
users experience a real-world environment with generated information overlaid
on top of it. AR plays an important role in medical science.

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E. Write paragraphs to answer the following questions.
What you think of emerging technology? Explain your answer with three real
world examples.
The term emerging technology is generally used to describe a new technology, it
may also refer to the advancement in existing technology. Artificial Intelligence
(AI): Artificial intelligence refers to technologies that make device act and think like
human. Voice recognition and decision-making are features of human intelligence
that artificial intelligence may process. Self-driving Cars: A self-driving car, also
known as robotic car that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely
with little or no human input. Many companies such as Google, and Tesla have been
developing and using self-driven cars for several years. 3D Printing: Three-
dimension (3D) printing is a process that creates a three-dimension physical objects
from a digital design. 3D printers may also be called additive manufacturing printers
or fabrication printers.

F. Lab exercise
Use a search engine to find an online map of your city. This map was made with the
help of a satellite. Can you locate your home and your school on the map? Also get
directions from your home to your school and find a best suitable route for you.

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 SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-8: Computational Thinking

SUMMARY
 Computational Thinking (CT) involves a set of problem-solving skills and
techniques we use to solve a problem.
 A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform a task.
 People who write programs are called programmers.
 Programmers write programs in languages that ordinary people can also
understand. These languages are called user-friendly languages.
 User-friendly languages use words from common English.
 Breaking a task or problem into steps or parts is known as Decomposition.
 Discover the principles that cause the patterns in a problem is called
Generalization.
 An algorithm is a sequence of instructions that can be followed to get desired
results.
 An algorithm is written by breaking down each activity into simple steps, and
writing a clear instruction for each step
 After a programmer has written an algorithm, he prepares a diagram based on
the algorithm.
 Brute Force Algorithm goes through all possible solutions until required
solution is found.
 In Recursive Algorithm, a problem is broken into several sub-parts and called
the same procedure again and again.
 Searching algorithms are used for searching elements or groups of elements
from a particular data.
 Divide and Conquer Algorithm breaks a problem into sub-problems, solves a
single sub problem and merges the solutions together to get the final solution.
 In problem solving, a loop is a sequence of instructions that is executed again
and again until a certain condition is true.
 An infinite loop, have not an explicit end. It runs on an infinite time because its
condition is not false in any iteration.
 A flow chart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm.
 Flow charts help programmers plan and write programs.
 A flow chart uses different symbols to denote different types of instructions.

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  The Start / End symbol represents the starting point and end point of a flow
chart.
 The Input / Output symbol represents the stage where data and processing
instructions are fed into the computer. It also represents the stage where the
computer provides the results of processing the data.
 The Process symbol represents the processing taking place inside the
computer.
 The Decision symbol represents the stage where a computer has to make a
decision. It contains a question with a yes or no answer.
 Each symbol in the flow chart is connected with arrows. Arrows help the
programmer move from one instruction to the next in the correct sequence.
 Efficiency of a solution is measured by following parameters:
o No of steps executed by the solution to solve the problem.
o Memory consumed by the solution
 We need to make a selection when we have to choose between two possible
actions.
 The choice of an action depends on whether a condition is true or not true.
 A condition is true when the answer to the question is yes: Otherwise, it is not
true.
 We can write a condition and the possible actions in the form of an IF...THEN
statement.
 An IF...THEN statement tells us what the condition is. It also tells us what to
do if the condition is true.
 IF...THEN...ELSE statement tells us what the condition is. It tells us what to
do if the condition is true. It also tells us what to do if the condition is not true.
 Programmers use IF...THEN and IF... THEN...ELSE statements to write
computer programs. These statements help the computer to make decisions.

QUESTIONS
A. Fill in the blanks.
1. Breaking a task or problem into steps or parts is known as Decomposition.
2. Brute Force Algorithm goes through all possible solutions until required
solution is found.

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3. Searching algorithms are used for searching elements or groups of elements
from a particular data.
4. A loop is a sequence of instructions that is executed again and again until a
certain condition is true.
5. A flow chart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm.
6. An activity can be broken down into steps
7. Selection involves making a choice from several options.
8. A condition is true when its requirements are met.
9. Checking whether a condition is true or not true is called testing the condition.
10. The IF…THEN statement gives us a condition and tells us what to do if
the condition is true.

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. An infinite loop, have not an explicit end.
True
2. Divide and Conquer Algorithm breaks a problem into sub-problems.
True
3. Each step in the flowchart is represented by a step.
False. Each step in the flowchart is represented by a symbol.
4. Efficiency of a solution is measured by memory consumed by the solution.
False. Efficiency of a solution is measured by no of steps and memory
consumed by the solution.
5. Generalization is discovers the principles that cause the patterns in a problem.
True
6. A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do.
True
7. An algorithm is a pictorial representation of a flow chart.

False. A flow chart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm.

8. The Input / Output box represents a processing operation.

False. The Input / Output box represents data entry and output display.

9. The Decision box contains a yes/no question.

True
10. User-friendly languages use words from common English.
True

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C. Select the correct option for each question.
1. Breaking down a problem into sub problems is called
pattern
a). Generalization b). c). deconstruction d). Design
Recognition
2. Discover the principles that cause the patterns of a problem is called
pattern
a). Generalization b). c). deconstruction d). Design
Recognition
3. Set of instructions to solve a problem is called
a). Directions b). Instructions c). Algorithm d). Design
4. The algorithm which goes through all possible solutions until required solution is
found is called:
Recursive Searching Brute force sorting
a). b). c). d).
Algorithm algorithm algorithm algorithm
5. The algorithms which help in arranging a group of data in a particular manner are
called:
Recursive Searching Brute force sorting
a). b). c). d).
Algorithm algorithm algorithm algorithm
6. The algorithm which breaks a problem into sub-problems, solves a single sub-
problem and merges the solutions is called
Divide and
Recursive Brute force sorting
a). b). c). Conquer d).
Algorithm algorithm algorithm
Algorithm
7. The algorithm which uses a random number so that it gives immediate benefit is
called:
Divide and
Recursive Brute force Random
a). b). Conquer c). d).
Algorithm algorithm algorithm
Algorithm
8. The sequence where we repeat specific set of instruction again and again is
called:
a). Loop b). Sequence c). Condition d). all
9 The loops which have to be terminated are called
intermediate
a). Infinite loops b). Finite loops c). d). Simple loops
loops
10. The loops which are never going to end are called:
intermediate
a). Infinite loops b). Finite loops c). d). Simple loops
loops
11. Which flow chart symbol is shaped like a diamond?
a). Input b). Process c). Decision d). Start
12. A set of instructions in plain language is called a/an
a). Algorithm b). flow chart c). Program d). process
13. Which statement is used to test a condition?
a). PRINT b). IF c). TEST d). IF...THEN
14. Which symbol in a flow chart represents the flow of the steps?
a). Output b). Process c). Decision d). Arrows

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 15. A condition is if it is satisfied.
a). True b). not true c). False d). Valid

D. Answer the following questions.

1. Define computational thinking in your words
Computational Thinking (CT) involves a set of problem- solving skills and
techniques we use to solve a problem. Computational thinking allows us to take a
complex problem, understand what the problem is and develop possible solutions
for this problem.
2. Enlist techniques of computational thinking.
There are many techniques that are used for problem solving using
computational thinking, some of the key steps to computational thinking
techniques are:
 Decomposition
 Pattern Recognition
 Generalization and Abstraction
 Algorithm Design
3. What do you mean by Decomposition?
Decomposition is breaking down complex problems into smaller, more
manageable parts. If you can break down a big problem into smaller problems,
you can solve them easily. Decomposition is an important life skill.
4. Elaborate generalization and abstraction.
Abstraction helps us learn to identify the details that are relevant to solving the
problem and ignoring the details that are not relevant to the problem we are
solving while generalization allows us to create generic idea of what the problem
is and how to solve it.
5. Define Algorithm in your words
An algorithm is a set of instructions for solving a problem or accomplishing a task.
In simple words we can say that an algorithm is a sequence of instructions or
steps that can be followed by humans and computers to complete a specific task.
It is a systematic procedure that produces the answer to a question or the
solution of a problem in a finite number of steps. Step-by-step instructions are
easy to understand.
6. Enlist the characteristics of an algorithm.
An algorithm has the following characteristics:
 Clear and Unambiguous
 Well-Defined Inputs
 Well-Defined Outputs
 Language Independent
 Finiteness

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  Feasible:
7. What are loops? Discuss its types
In problem solving, a loop is a sequence of instructions that is executed again
and again until a certain condition is true. If the condition becomes false, the
statements outside the branches the loop are executed.
There are two most common types of loops:
Finite Loops
The most common type of loop is finite loop. There type of loops have explicit
end and these loops execute their bodies for a fixed number of times. A finite
loop stops when the condition is false
Infinite Loops
An infinite loop, have doe not an explicit end it runs for an infinite time because its
condition remains true for iterations.
8. Enlist advantages and disadvantages of flowcharts
Advantages:
 Easy to draw
 Easy to understand
 Mistakes can be easily identified
 Debugging becomes possible
 Logics can be easily understood.
Disadvantages of Flowchart
 Difficult to present complex programs.
 Modification is difficult
 Time consuming
 Difficult to understand for people who don‟t know flowchart symbols.
9. Why do we have to make selections? Explain with examples.
We have to make selections because there are many occasions where we have
to choose from two or more actions. For example, when we want to buy clothes,
we have to select from several styles and designs. Similarly, when we compose a
document on a word processor, we have to select which font colour or font size
to use.
10. What is a condition?
A condition is a state that must be achieved for a certain event to take place. It is
a necessary requirement for an action. A condition describes the things that must
happen before we can take an action. A condition should be worded in the form
of a question that has a Yes or No answer. If the condition is not satisfied, we
cannot perform the specific action.

11. When is a condition true? When is it not true?

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 A condition should be worded in the form of a question that has a Yes or No
answer. A condition is true when we can answer Yes to the question. A
condition is not true when the answer to the question is No.
12. How does the IF...THEN statement help us in making a selection?
The IF…THEN statement helps us in making a decision by specifying a
condition and telling us what to do if the condition is true. If the condition is not
true, we continue with the previous action.
13. What is the difference between the IF…THEN statement and the IF...THEN
ELSE statement?
The difference between the IF…THEN statement and the IF…THEN…ELSE
statement is that the IF…THEN statement only tells us what to do if a condition is
true. It does not tell us what to do if the condition is not true. However, the
IF…THEN…ELSE statement tells us both what to do if a condition is true and
what to do if the condition is not true.
14. Write an algorithm using an IF...THEN statement for deciding whether to
refuel a car while driving along the motorway.
1. Check fuel level.
2. IF fuel level is close to EMPTY, THEN refuel car.
3. Drive on.
15. Create an algorithm for deciding whether to buy a new television or a
second-hand one.
1. Find out cost of new television.
2. Find out cost of second-hand television.
3. Check family savings.
4. IF family savings > cost of new television, THEN buy new television, ELSE
buy second-hand television.
5. Watch favourite programmes.

E. Write paragraphs to answer the following questions.

1. Define pattern reorganization in your words
Patterns are the laws of nature and life that present themselves in all disciplines
of life. It is looking for patterns in the problem and determining if there could be
any of the problems or solutions we have faced in the past can be applied here. It
may also involve recognizing shapes, sounds or images.
Example: Pattern Recognition is used to identify similarities between
decomposed problems. If we are developing a game, we can recognize similar
objects, patterns, and actions. Finding these allows us to apply the same, or
slightly modified, approach which makes our solution more efficient.
2. Write an algorithm to find sum of three numbers.
Algorithm to find SUM of Three numbers:
Step 1: START

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 Step 2: Declare 3 integer variables N1, N2 and N3
Step 3: Take the three numbers, to be added, as inputs in variables N1, N2,
and N3 respectively
Step 4: Declare an integer variable sum to store the resultant sum of the 3
numbers.
Step 5: Add the 3 numbers and store the result in the variable sum.
Step 6: Print the value of the variable sum
Step 7: END
3. Write the algorithm to find whether given number is even or odd
Algorithm to Find whether given number is Even or Odd:
Step 1: START
Step 2: Declare an integer variable N1.
Step 3: Take the number, to be checked, as inputs in variables N1.
Step 4: Declare an integer variable remainder to store the resultant remainder
by 2 of the number.
Step 5: Remainder = N1 %2.
Step 6: Check IF remainder = 0, then print “Number is Even”, Otherwise print
“Number is Odd”
Step 7: END
4. Write down rules of writing a flowchart.
We should follow the following rules while drawing a flowchart:
1. Use conventional flowchart symbols.
2. Every flow chart must have the start and End points
3. Each symbol should have one exit point except the decision Symbol.
4. Flow lines should not cross each other.
5. The flow lines coming out of the decision symbol should be labelled properly.
5. Why don’t we consider memory in measuring
efficiency of an algorithms. START
The solution which solves a problem in less
no. of steps is considered more efficient
than that which takes more steps for Input Three Numbers: A, B, C
solution because memory is not an issue
for computer systems now.
Sum = A+B+C
6. Draw a flowchart to find sum of three
numbers

Print Sum

END

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7. Draw a flowchart to find whether given number is even or odd.

START

INPUT Number A

Rem = A % 2

Print No Yes Print

Rem = 0 Number is Even
Number is Odd

END

8. Create an algorithm and detailed flow chart for adding 37 and 64

Algorithm: adding 37 and 64
START
1. On a piece of paper, write down 37.

2. Write 6 under 3 in the ones column. INPUT 37

3. Write 4 under 7 in the tens column.

4. Add 7 and 4. INPUT 64

5. Carry 1 to the tens column.

ADD ONES
6. Write 1 in the ones column in the answer row. COLUMN

7. Add 3 and 6 and add 1 carried.

8. Write 0 in the tens column CARRY DIGIT TO Yes IS

TENS COLUMN ANSWER
in the answer row. >9?

9. Write 1 in the hundreds No

column in the answer row.
ADD TENS
COLUMN

OUTPUT 37+64

END
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9. How can we measure the efficiency of a solution?
The efficiency of a solution is always measured in terms of number of steps taken
by the solution. The solution which solves a problem in less number of steps is
considered more efficient than that which takes more steps for solution.

10. Do only computers need step-by-step instructions? Describe three

situations where you might need someone to give you step-by-step
instructions. What would these instructions be like?
Humans also require step-by-step instructions, because our brain processes
information in steps and it is easier to remember. Step-by-step instructions can
be helpful when one is following directions to a new or unfamiliar place.
Applications like Google Maps make such activities easier. Step-by-step
instructions are also helpful when taking an exam. Instructions such as „Write
your name and roll number on the answer sheet‟ are helpful for a student. Step-
by-step instructions are also helpful when checking in for a flight and reaching
the departure lounge.

Additional information for the teacher

 Problems can be solved by applying a set of rules called criteria. We
might arrange items alphabetically or according to their use. But we should
also keep in mind that there might be more than one criterion for arranging
data. We might sort a set of fruits according to colour, but we might also sort
them according to size. Similarly, we might sort a list of names alphabetically.
We might also sort the names by listing the boys‟ names first, followed by the
girls‟ names. We might also list their names according to their ages.
Whenever we face a problem, we should identify all the different ways in which
that problem can be solved. We should then select the best solution to solve
the problem.
 We can solve problems faster and in a better way if we try to solve them with a
step-by-step approach. Let‟s discuss these steps one by one.
 Whenever we face a problem, we need to look around to find out what might
have caused the problem. This can be done by studying the environment.
 It is very important to define the problem. Many people confuse the source
of the problem with the result of the problem. Defining the problem helps us
to differentiate between the source and the result. We can then find a
solution to solve the problem at the source.
 It is important to set standards for the solution we want. It is also important to
consider available resources.
 Once we have set the standards for the ideal solution, we can then search for
all the possible solutions. These possible solutions are called options. It is
important to search for as many options as possible, so that we can choose
the best one.
 After listing all the options, we should see how well they meet our standards.
What level of resources would be required for each option? Which option
would give us the type of results we want? These questions help us decide

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 which option to select.
 After evaluating all the options, we might then select the one that best
matches our standards. This option is called the solution. We have now
made a sound decision.
 After selecting the best option, we have to use our resources to apply it.
This is called implementing the solution. Unless we implement the solution,
the problem will not be solved.
 After implementing the solution, it is important that we see whether it is
producing the expected results. This is called monitoring the system. It helps
us verify whether we made a sound decision or not.

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SBS NOTES SERIES CLASS PRE-8TH, UNIT-9: COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
SUMMARY
 Programmers provide step-by-step instructions to computers.
 Computers understand a limited set of Instructions. If they misunderstand an
instruction, they do not work properly and make errors,
 When a program is run or followed by a computer, it is said to be executed.
 Programs enable us to control how machines work.
 A computer understands instructions in machine code. Machine code consists
of instructions written using only two digits: 0 and 1.
 Low-level languages are used to write instructions in machine code. Low-level
languages can be divided into two groups.
 First-generation languages are used to write programs in machine code.
 Second-generation languages are used to write programs in assembly
language. Assembly language is easier than machine code.
 High-level languages are user-friendly as well as programmer-friendly.
 Third-generation languages are user- friendly languages created during the
1950s.
 Fortran stands for FORmula TRANslation. It is used by engineers, weather
forecasters, and scientists.
 COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. It is used by
businesses.
 Fourth-generation languages were developed from the 1960s to the 1990s.
These languages were mostly used to create programs for businesses.
 Fifth-generation languages are used to create programs based on artificial
intelligence.
 An assembler converts programs written in assembly language into machine
code.
 A compiler converts programs written in high-level languages into machine
code.
 An interpreter is used by a programmer to test an incomplete program as he
is writing it. Unlike the compiler which converts a completed high-level
language program into machine code, the interpreter only translates
instructions that the programmer needs to test run on the computer.
 BASIC stands for Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is a
very simple and easy-to-learn programming language.
 Python is a high-level scripting language which can be used for a wide variety
of text processing, system administration and internet-related tasks.
 Python is one of the easiest languages to learn and use, while at the same
time being very powerful.
 Python statements do not need to end with a special character.
 Python relies on modules, that is, self-contained programs which define a
variety of functions and data types.

QUESTIONS
A. Fill in the blanks.

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1. A computer understands instructions in machine code.
2. Second-generation languages are programmer -friendly languages.
3. FoxPro is a Fourth -generation language.
4. A program translated into machine code is executed by an interpreter.
5. High-level languages are user -friendly.
6. Python statements do not need to end with a special character.
7. Listing tasks in steps makes it easier to follow them completely and accurately.
8. The earliest programming instructions were in the form of a series of punched
holes.
9. High-level languages are both user-friendly and programmer-friendly.
10. COBOL is used in business organizations.

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. Fortran and COBOL are high-level languages.
True
2. Basic stands for Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Computation.
False. Basic stands for Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

3. High-level languages enable the computer to work faster.

False. High-level languages make the computer slower because the
instructions have to be translated into machine code.
4. An assembler translates assembly language into machine code.
True
5. The earliest programming languages were used to run steam engines.
False. The earliest programming languages were used to control Jacquard's loom
6. Low-level languages are user-friendly.
False. High-level languages are user-friendly.
7. Fifth-generation languages are used to write programs based on artificial
intelligence.
True
8. Python is one of the easiest languages to learn and use.
True
9. Machine language is based on 0 and 1.
True
10. GW-BASIC is the most popular version of COBOL.
False. GW-BASIC is the most popular version of BASIC.

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C. Select the correct option for each question.
1. Which digits make up binary language?
a). 1 and 2 b). 1 and 0 c). 1 and 9 d). 2 and 3
2. Which of these is an early form of a computer program?
a). punched cards b). abacus c). Napier's bones d). Pascaline
3. Which of these is not a high-level language?
machine
a). b). Fortran c). C d). Java
language
4. What does Fortran stand for?
Formula Formula Formula Formula
a). b). c). d).
Transfer Transformation Translation Transport
5. Which group of languages is based on artificial intelligence?
second- fifth- fourth- first-
a). b). c). d).
generation generation generation generation

D. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the importance of step-by-step instructions in problem solving?
Step-by-step instructions are important in problem solving because they can be
easily understood by all types of people. Step-by-step instructions help people to
perform difficult tasks by breaking them down into simple steps. Errors can also be
avoided when instructions are given in simple steps.
2. What is a program? and What is a programming language?
A program is a set of instructions given to a computer. A program tells a computer
how to perform an activity or a task quickly and accurately.
A programming language is a language that is used to write programs. Not all
programming languages can be understood by ordinary people.
3. What is the difference between machine language and assembly
language?
The difference between machine language and assembly language is that
instructions written in machine language can be directly processed by a computer.
On the other hand, instructions written in assembly language have to be converted
into machine language before a computer can process them.
4. Identify two third-generation languages.
Two common third-generation languages are COBOL and FORTRAN. COBOL
stands for COmmon Business Oriented Language. Programs written in COBOL are
used widely by business organizations. FORTRAN stands for FORmula
TRANslation. Programs written in FORTRAN are used by organizations that do
scientific work.

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 5. Why do we need assemblers and compilers?
We need assemblers and compilers because they convert programs into machine
language so that they can be processed by a computer. Assemblers convert
instructions written in assembly language into machine code. Similarly, compilers
convert instructions written in high-level languages into machine code.
6. What does BASIC stand for? Why is it widely used in education?
BASIC stands for Beginners‟ All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is widely
used in education because it uses words from common English and has a simple
syntax. This makes it a user-friendly language that young students can easily learn.
7. What is python?
Python is a high-level scripting language which can be used for a wide variety of text
processing, system administration and internet-related tasks. Unlike many similar
languages, its core language is very small and easy to master, while allowing the
addition of modules to perform a virtually limitless variety of tasks.
8. What is meant by execution?
Execution is the stage where a computer carries out instructions.
9. What is a user-friendly language?
A user-friendly language is one that can be easily understood by ordinary
computer users.
10. What is a programmer-friendly language?
A programmer-friendly language is a programming language in which computer
programmers can easily write programs.
11. What is Fortran?
Fortran stands for formula translation. It is a high-level language that is used to write
programs for organizations that do scientific work.
12. What is an assembler?
An assembler is a program that converts instructions written in assembly language
into machine language.
E. Write paragraphs to answer the following questions.
1. Explain the benefits of high-level languages over low-level languages.
High-level languages have a number of benefits over low-level languages. High-
level languages are closer to natural languages like English, which makes
programming in high-level languages easier. Low-level languages are based on
binary digits 0s and 1s and are more difficult to learn. Programmers can detect
errors more easily in programs written using high-level languages.
2. Find out about a programming language that is not used nowadays. What
was it used for and which language has replaced it? What are the improved
features of the new language?
B language was a programming language used for designing applications and
language software. It was used to write code quickly and was better than
assembly languages. B language was superseded by C language. C language

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 was created in 1970s. It had an improved syntax and was used with the ASCII
code.
3. Write about two possible applications of programs based on artificial
intelligence.
Programs based on artificial intelligence can be used to develop computer games
such as a chess game which contains knowledge of thousands of possible
moves, e.g. Deep Blue. These programs can also be used by scientists to study
how the brain thinks and makes decisions.

Additional information for the teacher

 Assembly language uses mnemonics to simplify the process of giving instructions to a
computer. A mnemonic is a key that makes it easy to remember things. For example,
VIBGYOR is a mnemonic for remembering the colours in a rainbow.
 The set of mnemonics for assembly language has codes for more than 200 commands. Some
commonly-used mnemonics are A for addition, S for subtraction, M for multiplication, and D
for division.
 Ada was one of the first programming languages. It was named Ada in honour of Lady Ada
Augusta Lovelace. Lady Lovelace wrote instructions for Charles Babbage‟s analytical engine.
 PASCAL is a high-level programming language that is named after Blaise Pascal, the French
mathematician and philosopher. PASCAL is not restricted to particular types of organizations. It
has scientific as well as business applications.
 Fourth-generation languages are more efficient than third-generation languages. They enable
programmers to provide in a single line, instructions that would have to be given in more
than forty lines. This has made it very easy for programmers to write programs. However,
programmers who write programs in fourth- generation languages tend to have less
knowledge about the minute details of programming.
 Fourth-generation languages are used for extracting data from a database. They enable users
to search for relevant data from a large database by specifying the criteria for their search.

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SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-10: THE INTERNET AND EMAIL

SUMMARY
 The Internet is a network that can connect all the computers in the world. It
consists of clients, servers, cables, and satellites.
 The World Wide Web (WWW) is a specific part of the Internet. It consists of
files that can be accessed on the Internet.
 Information on the Web is organized in the form of web pages.
 A website is a collection of web pages about a common subject.
 When sending data from a computer, a modem converts digital data into
analog signals. This is called modulation.
 On receiving analog signals, the modem converts them into digital data. This
is called demodulation.
 A telephone dial-up modem interconverts digital data and analog signals so
that they can be transmitted along telephone lines.
 Digital Subscriber Lines allow digital data and voice signals to be carried
along telephone lines.
 Television cable wires can also be used to transmit data.
 An Internet browser is an application software that helps us connect to the
Internet and view information from the World Wide Web.
 All computers that are part of the Internet are connected to a server called a
web server.
 An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that maintains a web server.
 Every website has an address called a uniform resource locator (URL).
 A Navigation Bar is a toolbar on an Internet browser. It contains buttons that
we can use to move around different sites and perform certain actions.
 Hyperlinks on websites enable us to jump to another page on the website
without going through every web page in sequence.
 When we bookmark a web page, the browser saves the URL of the page in a
separate folder called Favorites.
 The History folder stores the URLS of all the websites that have been visited.
 A search engine is a program that searches websites using keywords.
 Downloading is the process of transferring data from a central system to a
smaller system.
 Uploading is the process of transferring data from a smaller system to a
central system.
 People use the Internet to stay informed use online databases, communicate,
and for entertainment.
 We can communicate with others over a network through email.
 A message that is sent over a network is called an email message.
 Email stands for electronic mail. It is a system of sending digital messages
over a network such as the Internet.
 There are some special websites that we can use to open an email account.
 An email account is storage space on a web server where we can keep our
email messages.
 An email account maintains a record of all the email messages that we have
sent and received.
 . An email address identifies the sender and receiver of email.
 To access our email account we need a user id and a password.

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  Entering the subject helps the recipient know what the email is about, even
before reading it.
 Cc and Bcc allow us to send the same message to more than one person at
the same time.
 We can also upload and send electronic files such as documents,
spreadsheets, and images through email.
 We can reply to an email message by clicking on Reply.
 The Inbox folder contains all incoming email.
 .The Junk folder stores junk mail i.e. advertisements, jokes and harmful messages.
 The Drafts folder stores messages to be sent at a later date.
 The Sent folder stores all the emails that we have sent to others.
 The Deleted folder stores messages that have been deleted.
 We can sign out of our email account by clicking on sign out.

QUESTIONS
A. Fill in the blanks.
1. The part of the Internet consisting of files that can be shared is called the
World Wide Web
2. The Internet browser is a program that we can use to view information
on the Web.
3. A website contains web pages on a related topic.
4. We can jump from one web page on a website to another by clicking on a
tab.
5. The address of a website is called a uniform resource locator (URL)
6. We can click on hyperlinks to jump to another page on the website without
going through every web page in sequence.
7. Converting digital data into analog signals is called modulation .
8. In computer terms, Cc stands for courtesy copy.
9. Junk mail is also called spam
10. We need a username and password to create an email account.
11. The Subject line tells the recipient what the email is about.
12. Unfinished messages can be stored in the Drafts folder.

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. The Internet and the Web are two terms for the same thing.
False. The term Internet is used to refer to the network of computers while
Web refers to the content available on the Internet.
2. Converting digital data into analog data is called modulation.
True

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 3. The address of a website is called a uniform resource locator.
True
4. We can bookmark a page to view it at a later time.
True
5. We can view web pages visited earlier from the Tools menu.
False. We can view web pages visited earlier from the History folder.
6. Passwords are useful for preventing others misusing our email accounts.
True
7. To reply to a message we click on Send.
False. To reply to a message we click on Reply.
8. We can check our email by going to our Inbox.
True
9. Email can only be sent over the Internet.
False. Email can be sent over several computer networks like intranets,
extranets, and the Internet.
10. Junk mail is also known as spam.
True
C. Circle  the correct option for each question.
1 Which of these is used to go directly to a web page without going through every
page?

a). Tab b). Hyperlink c). URL d). gateway

2. What is the term used for saving data from the Internet on a computer?

a). Storing b). Loading c). downloading d). uploading

3. Which feature enables us to search information on the Internet?

a). History b). ISP c). Navigation Bar d). search engine

4. Which of these is a form of communication on the Internet?

a). Email b). Chatting c). blogging d). All

5. What is an online database used for?

a). Education b). Games c). communication d). Typing

6. Which folder serves as a mailbox?

a). Inbox b). Drafts c). Sent d). Trash

7. Which symbol is essential for an email address?

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a). # b). @ c). & d). %

8. Which of these is used to send a message to more than one recipient?

a). Send b). CC c). Attach d). Insert

9. Which of these can be sent as attachments?

a). Documents b). photographs c). spreadsheets d). all of these

10. Which of these is not a form of junk mail?

bank
a). b). advertisements c). jokes d). scam mails
statements
D. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the difference between the Internet and the Web?
The Internet is a network that can link all the computers in the world into a
single network. It enables the computers on these smaller networks to share
data and resources with one another. The Web consists of the files that can
be shared over the Internet.
2. Explain the following terms:
a. Internet Service Provider
An Internet Service Provider is a company that maintains expensive web
servers. These web servers store large amounts of data. Internet Service
Providers enable computer users to be connected to their web servers.
b. gateway
A gateway enables a computer connected to a smaller network to be
connected to the Internet.
c. Bandwidth
Bandwidth is a measure of the amount of data that can be carried by a
transmission medium. Fibre- optic cables have the greatest bandwidth.
3. What is a modem? Describe the different types of modems.
A modem is a device that modulates and demodulates data so that it can
travel along a transmission medium. It converts digital signals into analog
signals to send them over a transmission medium. It converts analog
signals into digital signals to receive data being sent over a transmission
medium. There are three types of modems.
A telephone dial-up modem converts digital data into analog data and
vice versa. Data transmission is slow.
Digital Subscriber Lines transmit data at a greater speed. They enable
the telephone and the Internet to be used at the same time.
A cable modem uses coaxial cables to transmit data. Cable modems are
faster than telephone dial-up modems and DSL.

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4. Describe the function of the Favorites folder. How is it different from the
History folder?
The Favorites folder enables us to bookmark a web page to view it at a
later time. We can save our preferred websites in the Favorites folder. It is
different from the History folder because the URLs of the all the websites
we visit are stored automatically in the History folder.
5. How can we find information on the Web with the help of a search
engine?
We can find information on the Web by entering keywords in a search
engine. The search engine uses the keywords to search websites that
contain those keywords. It then displays a list of those websites. We can
then visit a relevant website by clicking on its URL.
6. How can we download information from the Web?
We can download information from the Web by clicking on the Tools button on
the Internet browser. We can then click on Save As in the File menu. Finally,
we can select a name and location for saving the file.
7. What is meant by email? What are the advantages of email?
Email stands for electronic mail. It is a means of sending messages from
one computer to another over the Internet and other networks. Email has
several advantages. It is faster and cheaper than other modes of
communication.
8. What is the function of an email address?
An email address identifies the sender and the receiver of an email message.
Entering the receiver‟s email address enables the message to be sent to the
right person. The sender‟s email address lets the receiver know who the
message is from.
9. Describe the procedure for attaching a file to an email message
A file can be attached to an email message by following the steps given below:
 Click on Attachments.
 Select the drive or folder where the file is located by using the Look in
menu.
 Select the file by clicking on it.
 Click on Open.
10. Why should we mention the subject of an email message?
We should mention the subject of an email message because it tells the
receiver what the message is about. The reader does not have to open every
message to see what it contains.
11. What does the Deleted folder contain? Can we recover a message that
we have deleted?
The Deleted folder contains email messages that have been deleted or removed
from the Inbox. We can recover a message that we have deleted because
deleted messages remain in the Deleted folder for a few days.

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12. What is the difference between Co and Bcc?
When we send an email message as Cc, all the recipients know that a copy has
been sent to other people. However, when we send an email message as Bcc,
the recipients do not know that copies have been sent to other people.
13. What is a web page?
A web page is a part of the World Wide Web that contains information on a
particular topic or subject.
14. What is meant by modulation?
The conversion of digital data into analog signals is called modulation.
15. What is an Internet browser?
An Internet browser is an application software that allows us to connect to
the Internet and view information from the World Wide Web.
16. What is meant by the term online?
Online is a term used to describe the state of being connected to the
Internet.
17. What is the function of the Navigation Bar?
The Navigation Bar enables us to move around the Web and visit different
web pages.
18. What is uploading?
The process of transferring or copying information to the Web is called
uploading.
19. What is an email account?
An email account is storage space offered by a website. An email account is
used to send and receive email messages.
20. What is a password?
A password is a code that we enter to access our email account. A
password prevents other people from accessing our account without our
permission.
21. What is an Inbox?
An Inbox is an email folder that contains email messages that others have
sent us.
22. What is an attachment?
An attachment is a file that can be sent together with an email message.
23. What is spam?
Spam is email that is not meant for us. It includes advertisements, jokes,
and harmful messages.

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E. Write detailed answer of the following questions.
1. You have found some informative web pages that you would like to view
later. Which feature of the web browser would you use?
I would bookmark the webpages (Ctrl+Shift+B) to view them later. If I have
not bookmarked the pages, I will search for them in the History folder. I would
also try to type part of the URL of the web page. This would display the URL
of the web page that matches the words I had typed.
2. Which keywords would you enter in a search engine to find information
about cities in China?
There are multiple keywords that I could use to find information about cities in
China. I could enter „Information about Chinese cities‟ or „China-information of
cities‟ in the search box. I could also type the names of some famous Chinese
cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin.
3. Describe how the Internet may be useful to your school librarian.
The school librarian can use Internet to search for new books published in other
countries that would interest students. The librarian could also order the books
online from the publisher‟s website or from online sellers. The librarian can also
read reviews of books online. He or she can communicate with other librarians
and share books.
4. What are the dangers of someone else finding out your email password?
A person who finds out my email password can access and steal sensitive
information like my account number details and other information sent by
email. He or she can send viruses or malware to my email contacts. My
account could be altered or even deleted, resulting in loss of important
information.
5. What are the safety measures taken by an email service provider?
Email service providers guide users about password protection. When setting
passwords, the email service provider indicates the strength of the password
and how to improve it. Alphanumeric passwords with 8 or more characters
including upper and lowercase letters are recommended. Email service
providers use encryption techniques to protect email messages. They use
spam filters to automatically send spam email to the Junk folder.
6. List some precautions to be taken when using email.
Some important precautions are:
i) Keep your password secret and hard to guess.
ii) Do not add people you do not know as your email contacts.
iii) Do not share your email ID with suspicious websites because they
could send continuous spam to your Inbox.

Additional information for the teacher

 Information on the Web exists in the form of text, graphics, audio, and video.
These files can be shared between servers and clients. There are certain rules

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 that servers and clients should follow for sharing these files. Each network has
different rules for sharing files. These rules are called File Transfer Protocols
or FTPs. The most commonly used protocol is called TCP/IP.
 Each URL begins with http://. HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.
HTTP is a larger set of rules that can be used to share files across different
smaller networks that use different rules like TCP/IP. HTTP creates uniformity
in sharing files. With HTTP, a client on one of the smaller networks can access
data stored on a different network. The http:// in a URL tells us that the
browser will use these rules to access the information on the server.
 The server is a powerful computer that houses the web page we need. Such a
server is called a host. The browser carries information from the host and
displays it on the browsing window. The first page of a website is called its
home page.
 The www in a URL tells us that the information we need is stored on the
World Wide Web. Hotmail is the name of the organization that we need
information about. The final part of a URL is called a web extension. There are
several web extensions like .com, .edu, .gov, etc. Below is a table that
identifies different extensions and explains what they mean.

Extensions What they mean

.com indicates that the website belongs to a commercial
.com organization. A commercial organization earns profits.

.org .org indicates that the website belongs to an organization

that might be non-commercial.

.edu .edu indicates that the website belongs to a college or a

university.

.net .net usually indicates that the website belongs to an ISP.

.pk .pk indicates that the website originates in Pakistan.

 Once we type the URL in the Address Box, the Internet browser sends a
request to the host for the web page. The host accepts the request and sends
instructions to the browser. These instructions are in a language called
HyperText Mark-up Language (HTML). The browser follows these
instructions to display the web page in the browser window.
 Email technology predates the introduction of the Internet. It was first used in
around 1965 to enable users to log on to a mainframe computer and store
files. It was further developed during the 1970s. Initially email communication
was restricted to the users logged on to the same mainframe computer, i.e.
employees belonging to the same organization.
 Other versions enabled users to share email across different organizations.
These systems were called host-based systems and were the predecessor
systems of LAN-based systems which dominated the 1980s. The idea was to
use servers to enable a larger number of users to connect and share
information within a networked environment. These systems were also

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 applicable to different organizations as long as they shared the same protocols.
 The current email infrastructure allows substantial memory and advanced
options for the user. An email account is like a personal letter box which can
store thousands of messages. The latest search options enable users to
recover messages which date back several years. Users can categorize email
according to priority and senders.
 A complete list of email companions can be maintained. Entering their names
in the Search option displays all the communication that has been conducted
with them.
 Email accounts contain personalization options which enable users to specify
rules for incoming and outgoing messages. Users can also create their own
folders and sort email accordingly. They can change the theme of email folders
and match options according to their requirement.
 Email messages can be written in plain text or in HTML format. Users can also
include signatures in their messages.

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SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-11: Ethics of Digital World

SUMMARY
 Ethics is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad or
morally right and wrong.
 An ethical issue is a circumstance in which a moral conflict arises in a society
or workplace.
 Identifying and obeying the principles of being online is called digital ethics.
 Leaving your devices unprotected can result in anything as small as a slower
computer, right through to losing all the money in your bank account, to
identity theft.
 Being a responsible digital citizen means having the online social skills to take
part in online community life in an ethical and respectful way.
 In phishing a scammer sends you a malicious link, designed to trick a person
into revealing sensitive information to the attacker.
 Positive use of the Internet makes our lives easy and simple. The Internet
provides us with useful data, information, and knowledge for personal, social,
and economic development.
 According to the US Census Bureau, E-commerce accounted for 14 percent
of all retail sales in 2020.
 Client Relationship Management (CRM) is a software that encompasses a
wide range of data to help businesses to better serve their customers,
increase purchases and to find new customers.
 The term social networking refers to the use of internet-based social media
sites to stay connected with friends, family, colleagues, or customers.
 Copyright is a type of intellectual property rights that protect original works of
an owner.
 Presenting other‟s work or ideas as your own, with or without consent is called
plagiarism.
 The act of illegally reproducing copyrighted material, such as books, computer
programs, and films is called piracy.
 Media bias occurs when a news outlet allows opinions to affect the news they
report.
 Spending too long on social networking sites could adversely affect your
mood.
 Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) is a phenomenon that became prominent around
the same time as the rise of social media.
 As most people are probably aware, social media forms unrealistic
expectations of life and friendships in our minds.

QUESTIONS
A. Fill in the blanks.
1. Identifying and obeying the principles of being online is called digital ethics.
2. Spending too long on social networking sites could adversely affect your mood.
3. An ethical issue is a circumstance in which a moral conflict arises in a society or
workplace.

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4. Presenting other‟s work or ideas as your own, with or without consent is called
plagiarism
5. In phishing a scammer sends you a malicious link, designed to trick a
person into revealing sensitive information to the attacker.

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. Spending too long on social networking sites not affected on your mood.
False. Spending too long on social networking sites not affected on your mood.
2. The act of illegally reproducing copyrighted material is called privacy.
True
3. Media bias occurs when a news outlet allows affecting the news they report.
True
4. The term social networking refers to the use of internet-based media.
False. The term social networking refers to the use of internet-based social media
sites.
5. Positive use of the Internet makes our lives easy and simple.
True

C. Select the correct option for each question.

1. The ways of online communication involve
a). Social media b). Messengers c). Chats d). All
2 Leaving your devices unprotected can result in
Slow down Fast your
a). b). c). Gain money d). All
your computer computer
3 In scammer sends you a malicious link designed to trick a person
into revealing sensitive information to the attacker.
a). Fake Websites b). Tech Support c). Phishing d). None
4. Fake agents will often ask for login information or remote
access to your computer.
a). Fake Websites b). Tech Support c). Phishing d). None
5. Which of following is not a use of internet?
a). E-commerce b). CRM c). SRM d). All
6. CRM stands for.
Client Customer Client Client
a). Relationship b). Relation c). Relationship d). Relation
Model Module Management Module
7. The term refers to the use of internet-based social media sites.

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 Social media
a). b). c). social websiting d). websiting
networking networking
8. is a type of intellectual property rights that protect original works of an
owner.
a). cyberbulling b). plagiarism c). Piracy d). copyright
9. Illegally reproducing copyrighted material, such as books, computer programs and
films is called
a). cyberbulling b). plagiarism c). piracy d). copyright
10. Accessing computers, computer software, computer data, or networks without
authorization is called:
unauthorized authorized improper
a). b). illegal use c). d).
access access experiments

D. Answer the following questions briefly

1. Define Ethics.
Ethics is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad or morally
right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values
or principles.
2. Justify that plagiarism is an offence.
Plagiarism is academic dishonesty and a disciplinary offence. When you present
other‟s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent. It can be
published and unpublished material in the form of electronic or print.
3. Define Phishing in your words.
In phishing a scammer sends you a malicious link, designed to trick a person into
revealing sensitive information to the attacker. Phishing allows the attacker to
observe everything while the victim is navigating the site, and transverse any
additional security boundaries with the victim.
4. Enlist issues of digital ethics.
Ethical issues in digital environment are given below:
 Misuse of Personal Information
 Misinformation and Deep Fakes
 Lack of Oversight and Acceptance
 Social and Political Instability
5. Discuss any three uses of internet in business.
Internet has become an integral part of your business these days.
Applications of the Internet in business have long ago surpassed email and
having a basic website. Some common usages of internet in Business are as
under:
Use of Internet in E-commerce: According to the US Census Bureau E-
commerce accounted for 14 percent of all retail sales in 2020 E-commerce is
an important part of the economy. Government services are increasingly
available over the Internet, for consumers and businesses alike. Many

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 businesses such as Amazon and Shopify stores, always operate on the
Internet for all sales and customer interactions.
Marketing and CRM: CRM stands for Client Relationship Management
(CRM), is software that encompasses a wide range of data to help businesses
to better serve their customers, increase purchases and to find new
customers. CRM analytics allows businesses to customize interactions to fit
individuals, rather than offering the same generic interaction with everyone.
Furthermore tools like Facebook Pixel, can target new customers based on
websites they visit, posts they like and even the videos they watch on
YouTube.
Collaboration and Document Storage : Tools like Google Drive and
Microsoft OneDrive and Dropbox allow you to collaborate on projects in real
time, regardless of where they are located you can update, edit and comment
on documents as they are being drafted, while permission to access and edit
the documents can be controlled by the creator of the file.
Videoconferencing, Chat and Remote Employees: Many businesses are
integrating some remote work into their normal operations for the foreseeable
future, reducing costs associated with housing employees while using video
conferencing, in-house chat applications and social media to keep their teams
together even when they‟re physically distant.
Businesses are also embracing video conferencing and online chat for
customer interactions Automated chatbots integrated into a company‟s
website can answer client questions quickly, without having to wait for an
online representative to answer common questions (Like using internet in
Business).
6. Define CRM.
CRM stands for Client Relationship Management (CRM), is software that
encompasses a wide range of data to help businesses to better serve their
customers, increase purchases and to find new customers. CRM analytics allows
businesses to customize interactions to fit individuals, rather than offering the
same generic interaction with everyone.
7. Discuss use of internet in Entertainment.
You are probably already paying for an internet connection at home to make sure
you have email and social media access. From there, you can locate and enjoy
plenty of content on the internet from your phone, TV or computer. Popular, free
online entertainment resources include:
 YouTube videos
 Podcasts
 Linked foursquare
 Music streaming such as Pandora or Spotify
 News sites such as ARY, Geo, Bol News, Dunya News and National Public
Radio etc.
 Game sites, including King.com and Miniclip.
8. Define copyright in your words.
Copyright is a type of intellectual property rights that protect original works of an
owner. In copyright law, there are different types of works, including paintings,
photographs, illustrations, musical compositions, sound recordings, computer

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 programs, books, poems, blog posts, movies. Architectural works, plays, and so
much more.
9. Differentiate between piracy and plagiarism.
The act of illegally reproducing copyrighted material, such as books, computer
programs, and films is called piracy. It is an act of criminal violence with the goal
of stealing others ideas and innovations.
Presenting other‟s work or ideas as your own, with or without consent is called
plagiarism. This covers all published and unpublished material whether in
electronic or in printed form Plagiarism is academic dishonesty and a disciplinary
offence.
10. What is the importance of picking strong and unique passwords?
Too many people pick passwords that are easy to remember and are obviously
linked to their personal lives, instead of words which are difficult to guess or
break.
You should pick strong passwords mixing capitalized letters, numbers and
symbols, and vary your passwords as much as possible.

E. Answer the following questions in detail

1. Define Ethics in digital environment.
Today we live in a digital world and most of our relationships have moved online
to chats messengers, social media and many other ways of online
communication. We can say that identifying and obeying the principles of being
online is called digital ethics.
2. Discuss the importance of being safe and responsible digital
citizenship.
As we spend most of our time online and store most of the things online, it is
therefore very important to understand how to protect both our devices and our
information from malicious elements online Leaving your devices unprotected can
result in anything as small as a slower computer, right through to losing all the
money in your bank account, to identity theft.
Good digital citizen will encourage positive and healthy interactions online,
maintaining awareness of common online scams or toxic behavior. They will
avoid cyber-bullying on social media or other digital platforms, focusing on
empathy when interacting with others online.
3. How can we protect our reputation online?
Being a responsible digital citizen means having the online social skills to take
part in online community life in an ethical and respectful way. Responsible digital
citizenship also means:
 Behaving lawfully
 Protecting your privacy and that of others
 Recognizing your rights and responsibilities when using digital media
 Thinking about how your online activities affect yourself, other people you
know, and the wider online community.

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4. How can we avoid Media Bias?
To avoid media bias we can do the following things when the problems are
associated with media bias:
 Provide multiple perspectives on news and issues to empower the reader.
 Strengthen our media literacy skills.
 Try to get all sides of an issue.
 When it comes to news outlets, watch different channels with different
tendencies.
 Remember if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is?
 Read the footnotes and caveats in advertisements, or promotions.
5. Enlist the misuse of computer resources.
Misuse of computer resources are not limited to physical misuse, it also includes:
Unauthorized access, Improper use, Illegal use, Interfering with others, Improper
alteration of system files.
6. Discuss the impacts of Media Bias
Media bias manifests in the selection of news stories (what the editors find most
relevant or important) and how they are covered. Biased news given from a
conservative perspective is also an important part of the media landscape, as
long as the outlet makes its bias transparent.
It is important for news channels to do their best to provide a balanced view, to
gather perspectives across the political spectrum, to become aware of different
worldviews, and to avoid the types of media bias.
7. How can we say that Tech Support scams are harmful?
Fake tech support agents will often ask for login information or remote access to
your computer. They will then ask for money to fix your computer, this is a red
flag! A real tech support agent would not usually ask for any payment.
8. What do you mean by responsible digital citizen?
You must understand the consequences of posting photos and videos, and
uploading other personal content. Once this content is online, it is very hard to
get rid of and can become part of your permanent online reputation. Also, photos
can be altered or shared without your permission.
9. Enlist types of media bias:
Media Bias includes:
 Slant Bias
 Spin Bias
 Sensationalism Bias
 Story choice Bias
 Word choice Bias
 Omission Bias

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SBS Notes Series Class Pre-8th, Unit-12: Multimedia Presentation

SUMMARY
 A presentation is an activity in which information is given to an audience to
help them understand a topic.
 A presentation that uses written data, pictures, and sounds to explain an idea
is a multimedia presentation.
 A slide is a rectangular area on which information can be displayed.
 A slide show is a presentation in which slides are displayed in a sequence.
Multimedia programs are used for a variety of interactive purposes, such as
education, professional training, and so on.
 Microsoft PowerPoint is an application software that enables the user to
create presentations using a computer.
 A PowerPoint slide appears in the centre of the window.
 Data can be inserted at different locations on the slide. These locations are
called placeholders.
 A template is a model slide on which text and background are formatted in a
specific way.
 The arrangement of placeholders on a slide is called slide layout. There are
several layouts available to choose from.
 The Title Slide contains the title of the presentation.
 Text can be entered by clicking in the Click to add text area on the slide.
 Shapes, Clip Art, diagrams, video clips, and audio clips can be inserted in a
presentation.
 The background of a slide can be changed by using shading, texture,
patterns, and background pictures.
 A presentation can be viewed in different ways.
 Transitions enables the user you to decide how slides follow each other
during the presentation.
 A slide show can be conducted manually using the keyboard, or automatically
by setting the time for slide transitions

QUESTIONS
A. Fill in the blanks.
1. Multimedia means using multiple ways of communication.
2. In a multimedia system, a microphone and speakers are used for producing
sound
3. Data is inserted in different locations on a PowerPoint slide called placeholders.
4. A model slide on which text and background are formatted in a specific way is
called a template
5. Slide Sorter View displays thumbnails of the slides.

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6. PowerPoint also has the capability of using laser pointers for narration.
7. Normal View splits the screen into three major sections.
8. Slide Sorter View shows thumbnails of all the slides.

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the false
statements to make them true.
1. A placeholder is a model slide.
False. A template is a model slide.
2. The first slide of a presentation is called the Title Slide.
True
3. The Shapes feature is used to insert shapes such as rectangles and arrows on
the slide.
True
4. Normal View is used to display a list of all the slides.
False. Normal View is used to view a single slide and the Notes area.
5. Additional notes can be inserted on the Preview box.
False. Additional notes can be inserted in the Notes area.
6. PowerPoint has ability to convert the presentation into Video or audio.
True
7. Slide Transition can be adjusted from the animation group.
False. Slide Transition can be adjusted from the Transitions group.
8. Multimedia is used to train people for dangerous jobs.
True
C. Select the correct option for each question.
1. Multimedia is used in
a). playing games b). playing music c). watching films d). all of these
2. Which of these is the keyboard shortcut to add a new slide?
a). Ctrl+M b). Ctrl+N c). Ctrl+P d). Ctrl+S
3. On which tab are background styles present?
a). Home b). Animations c). Design d). Insert
4. Which of these is not an animation style?
a). Entrance b). Exit c). Emphasis d). Edit
5. Transition speeds and sounds can be selected form the group.
a). Preview b). Timing c). Background d). View
6. The easiest way to create a multimedia presentation to create it on:

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a). MS Word b). MS Excel c). MS Power d). MS Paint
Point
7. PowerPoint gives an option to to the presentation.
a). signature b). digital c). License d). copyright
signature
D. Answer the following questions.
1. What is a slide show?
A slide show is a presentation on a particular topic. A slide show is a series of
slides. Each slide contains text or visual information on one part of the topic. Each
slide is displayed to an audience for as long as it is needed for the information to
be understood by them.
2. What is the purpose of the Notes pane?
In the Notes pane, the presenter can type notes to himself. These notes might
contain additional explanation. The presenter can refer to these notes while giving
the presentation so that he or she does not forget any important information.
3. What are the three presentation views? Describe them.
The three presentation views are described below:
A. Normal View
Normal View is used to focus on a slide. Normal view splits the screen into three
major sections: the Outline and Slides tabs, the Slide pane, and the Notes pane.
The Outline and Slides tabs on the left side of the window enable us to shift
between two different ways of viewing our slides. The Slides tab shows thumbnails
of the slides. The Outline tab shows the text on the slides. The Slide pane in the
centre of the window shows a large view of the slide on which we are currently
working. The Notes pane below the Slide pane is used to type notes.
B. Slide Sorter View
The Slide Sorter View shows thumbnails of all the slides. In Slide Sorter view, we
can easily add, delete, or change the order of slides.
C. Reading View
The Reading View is used to view the slides as they would appear in the final
presentation.
4. Why is animation used in a presentation?
Animation is used to control how objects move around the slides. Animation enables
us to create interesting and attractive presentations. Animation helps people
remember things for a longer time.
5. List three types of information (text, Clip Art, diagrams, and so on) that you would
use in a presentation on the following:
1. My School
a. A photograph of my school
b. The address of my school
c. An interview with my principal

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 2. How to make a sandwich
a. A photograph of a sandwich
b. A list of ingredients
c. A video of a person making a sandwich
3. Modern inventions in computers
a. Photographs of early computers
b. A video of modern computers being used
c. A timeline of the different generations of computers
6. What is the importance of Presentation tools?
Microsoft PowerPoint assists in presenting our views in more attractive and precise
way with numerous special effects. In only a few clicks, user can add graphics, text,
visuals, sounds and many more effects. In most of the Business meetings,
PowerPoint presentation makes the sessions more interesting for the listeners
compared to old traditional way of representation.
7. Enlist five benefits of PowerPoint.
 Point to Point Focus: by pointing on important ideas or points it conveys the
message in a very detailed way with less of efforts and time saving.
 Attractive Visuals: visuals leave an impression in the mind of audience
rather listening to verbal statements.
 Numerous Resources: PowerPoint has numerous features to add
references from Internet by a single click offering a series of cues.
 Breaking the Complexity: Presenter gets the chance to use his skills to
represent in a simpler way and saves efforts of users and his own.
 User Ownership: digital signature to the presentation that stop users to
modify or add any of the content to presentation without the consent of the
owner.
 Multimedia Capability: Ability to convert the presentation into Video or audio
and can be shared on Internet and can be saved in DVD for parties, functions,
academics, entertainment etc.
8. What is Microsoft PowerPoint?
Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software that allows us to use text, pictures,
and sound to create informative and attractive presentations.
9. What is a placeholder?
A placeholder is a location on a slide where data can be inserted.
10. What is meant by slide layout?
Slide layout refers to the arrangement of placeholders on a slide.
11. What is a slide show?
A slide show is a sequence of slides that provide information on a particular topic.
12. What is slide transition?
Slide transition refers to the sequence in which slides follow each other during a
presentation.

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13. What is the Title Slide?
The Title Slide is the first slide of a presentation. It displays the title of the
presentation and the name of the presenter.

E. Write paragraphs to answer the following questions.

1. 'Slides should be informative, with a lot of text.' Do you agree with this
statement? Why or why not?
I disagree with this statement because slides should not have a lot of text. A
presentation should support the explanation of the presenter and should contain
important points. The slides should be informative but the information should be in
the form of bullet points, charts, and other images. The audience should focus on
the presenter instead of the presentation.
2. Discuss a few topics for which you would choose to use animation features
in your presentation
I would choose animation features for a presentation on the water cycle. I would
use the Entrance feature to show different labels on the diagram as I introduce them.
I would use the Emphasis feature to highlight important changes in the cycle.
Similarly, I would use animation effects for a presentation on the solar system. The
Entrance feature would help me to introduce each planet. The Exit feature would be
used to focus on a single planet at a time.

F. Lab exercise
For the teacher: The two activities may be assigned to separate groups in the lab.
Make sure that some images are present on the computers so that students can
access them easily. Encourage them to use the Internet to search for additional
images. For the second activity, you can experiment with peer learning by having the
students use the presentation to explain their ideas to students from a different
class who may not have learnt to use Microsoft PowerPoint yet.

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