DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
In Open Circuit Test the transformer’s HV side is open circuited and rated frequency voltage is applied to the
LV side.
1
The ammeter records the no-load current or exciting current Ie
Ie is 2-6% of rated current, the primary leakage impedance drop is almost negligible, V1=V1'
The input power given by the wattmeter reading consists of core loss and ohmic loss.
Ie is 2-6% of the full load current, the ohmic loss in the primary (Ie2 r1) varies from 0.04% to 0.36% of the full-load
primary ohmic loss.
Therefore, ohmic loss during O.C. test is negligible in comparison with the normal core loss ( α V2)
Therefore, the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to transformer core loss at rated voltage and frequency.
V1 applied rated voltage on l.t. side
I e exciting current (no load current)
Pc core loss
Pc
cos 0
V1 I e
I 0 I e cos 0
I m I e sin 0
V1 V1 V12 V12
core loss resistance ro
I 0 I e cos 0 V1 I e cos 0 Pc
V1 V1
Magnetisin g reactance X m
I m I e sin 0
2
A voltmeter is sometimes used at the open-circuited secondary terminals in order to determine the
turns ratio.
This must be kept in mind that the values of r0 and xm, in general, refer to the side, in which the
instruments are placed (the l.t. side in the present case).
Open-circuit test gives the following information:
(i) Core loss at rated voltage and frequency
(ii) The shunt branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit
(iii) Turns ratio of the transformer
3
SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST
• The LV side of the transformer is short-circuited
• In HV side, 2-12% of its rated voltage is applied and the applied voltage is adjusted to circulate the rated
currents in both the windings
A primary voltage of 2-12% of its rated value is sufficient to
circulate rated currents in both primary and secondary windings.
It is clear that the secondary leakage impedance drop appears
across the exciting branch. About half (1-6%) of the applied
voltage appears across the secondary leakage impedance and
therefore across the exciting branch.
4
The core flux induces the voltage across the exciting branch.
V ≈ 1-6% of rated voltage
The core flux is 1-6% of its rated value
Core loss (approx. proportional to square of the core flux) is 0.001%
to 0.36% of its value at rated voltage.
Therefore, core loss is negligible in comparison with the rated-
voltage core loss.
The wattmeter reading can be taken as the ohmic losses in both the
windings.
Voltage across exciting branch≈ 1-6% of rated voltage
At rated voltage Ie is 2-6% of full load current.
In short circuit test Ie is 0.02% to 0.36% of its full-load current and can
therefore be safely ignored.
Therefore, the equivalent circuit gets modified as:
5
Instrument readings are : Vsc , I sc and Psc
The equivalent leakage impedance referred to h.v. side : Z eH
The equivalent resistance referred to h.v. side : reH
The equivalent leakage reactance referred to h.v. side : xeH
Full Load Cu Loss Psc I sc2 reH
Psc
reH 2
I sc
Vsc
Z eH
I sc
2
xeH Z eH reH2
' reH Short Circuit test gives the following information:
r1 r
2
2 (i) Ohmic loss at rated current and frequency
x (ii) The equivalent resistance and equivalent leakage reactance
x1 x2' eH
2
6
Example1
Calculate the values of the equivalent circuit parameters referred to low voltage side of a
single-phase 5 kVA, 220/440 V, 60 Hz transformer of which the following are the test
results:
Open circuit : 220 V, 0.8 A, 90 W on the l.v. side
Short circuit : 18 V, 8 A, 80 W on the h.v. side
7
V12 220 2
r0 538
Pc 90
Pc
cos 0 0.511
V1 I e
I 0 I e cos 0
I m I e sin 0 0.687 A
V1 V1 220
Magnetisin g reactance X m 320.2
I m I e sin 0 0.687
The short circuit test was done on the h.v. side. reH , xeH and Z eH are the values referred to h.v. side.
Psc 80
reH 1.25
I sc2 82
Vsc 18
Z eH 2.25
I sc 8
2
xeH Z eH reH2 1.87
220 1
Turns ratio
440 2
The values referred to l.v. side :
1.25
re a 2 reH 0.312
4
1.87
xe a 2 xeH 0.467 8
4
