0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views9 pagesElectric Charges - Fields Module Part-1
12 physics notes ch 2
Uploaded by
Abhi ArtCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views9 pagesElectric Charges - Fields Module Part-1
12 physics notes ch 2
Uploaded by
Abhi ArtCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 9
GRPTER (1) ELECTRIC CHARGES
aa ay)
Recap of Early Classes
Allof us have the experience of seeing a spark or hearing a crackle when we take off an synthetic clothes
or sweater, perticularly in dry weather. Another common example of electric discharge is lightining that we see
inthe sky during thunder storms.
Sudex
1.1 Specific Properties of Charge
1.2 Methods of Charging
1.3. Detection and Measurement of Electric Charge.
5 oa
2.1 Coulomb's Law in Vector Form
23 — Principle of Superposition
2.5. Equilibrium of a Point Charge
2.6 — Equilibrium of Symetrie Geometrical Point Charge System
2.7 Equilibrium of Suspended Point Charge System
3.0 ELECTRIC FIELD
3.1 Intensity of Blectrie Field Due to Point Charge
3.2 Due to Discrete Distribution of Charge
3.3. Electric Field Due to Special Charge Distribution
3.4 — Electric Dipole
4.0 ELECTRIC FIELD LINES
5.0 ELECTRIC FLUX (®)
6.0 GAUSSTHEOREM
6.1 GaussianSurface
62. Application’ofGauss Theorem
7.0 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLE IN UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
EXERCISE-3 i
;
}
i
i
i
Electric charges and Fields
4.0 ELECTRIC CHARGE
Charges the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical and magnetic
effects.
The excess or deficiency of electrons ina body gives the concept of charge.
Dimensions : [AT]
Practical units of charge are ampere x hour (=3600 Cand faraday (= 96500 C}
S1Unit of charge : ampere x sor coulomb
4.1 Specific Properties of Charge
Chargeisa scalar
© Itrepresents excess or deficiency of electrons.
Chargois transferable
Ia charged body is put in contact with an another body, then chaige ean be transfered to another body.
Chargois always associated with mass
Charge can not exist without mass though mass can exist without’eharge.
© So the presence of charge itself is a convincing proof of existence of mass.
# Incharging, the mass of a body changes.
‘© Whon body is given positive charge its mass decreases.
When body is given negative charge its mass increases
Chargois quantisod
The quantization of electric change i the property by virtue of which all the free.charges are integral multiple of
a basic unit of charge represented by e. Thus charge q of a body is always given by
q=ne n= positive integer or negative integer
The quantum of chargeis the charge that an electron or proton cartes.
Note : Charge on a proton = ~chargen an electron= 1.6 x 10°C
Chargeis conserved
Inanisolated system, total charge does not changewithitime, though individual charge may change i.e. isolated
charge can neither be treated nor destroyed. Conservation of charge is also found to hold good in all types of
reactions either chemicallatomic)or nuclear, No exceptions to the rule have ever been found.
Chargeis invariant
Charge is independentof frame of reference. i.e. charge on a body does not change whatever be its speed,
Accelerated chargeradiates energy
v= 0 fic. at rest) V= constant 0? constant (Le. time varying)
produces only E produces only E and B produces E, B
but no radiation radiation (EM waves)
‘Similar charges repel each other while dissimilar attract
Charge resides on the outer surface of a conductor
In insulators it vemains where itis placed. i.e. may reside inside the body also,
4.2 Methods of Charging
Friction
If we rubbed one body on other body electrons are transfered from one body to the other.
‘Transferof electrons takes place from lower work funetion body to body of higher work function.
Physics 7 Pre-Medical Bevaneeny
Positive charge Negative charge
Glass rod Silkcloth
‘Woollencioth Rubbershoes, Amber, Plastic objects
Dryhair Comb
Flannelorcatskin Ebonite tod
Note : Clouds become charged by fiction
Hlectrostatic induction
Ia charged body is brought near a neutral body, the charged body will attract opposite charge and repel similar charge
present in the neutral body. Asa result of this one side of the neuiral body becomes negative while the other positive, this
processis called ‘electrostatic induction’
© Charginga body by induction (in four successive steps)
charging =0 charging q=-ve charging
body, ‘
charged body eee body ee body charging body.
is brought near is connected to is disconnected is removed
uncharged body earth from the earth
step-t step2 step-3 step-4
Incase of induction itis worth noting that
(Inducing body neither gains nor lbses charge
(i) ‘Thenature of induced charge is always opposite to that ofinducing charge
(ii) Induced charge can be lesser or equal to inducing charge (but never greater) and its maximum value is
all). wet asthe indbingtharg®and the delete constant ofthe materia
of the unchanged body.
(w) For Meld, = 2° soq) = =4
(v) Induction takes pla6@ only in bodiés (either conducting or non conducting) and not in particles,
Conduction
The process of transfer of charge by Gontaet of two bodies is known as conduction.
Ia charged body is put in contaet with uncharged body, the uncharged body becomes charged due to transfer
of electrons from one body tatthe other.
© Thecharged body loses some ofits charge (which is equal to the charge gained by the uncharged body)
‘The charge Gained bythe uncharged body is always lesser than inital charge present on the changed body
Flow of éharge deperids upon the potential difference of both bodies.
[No potehitial difference «+ No conduction].
© Positive charge flows from higher potential to lower potential, while negative charge flows from lower to
higher potential.
givenby: a)
4.3. Detection and Measurement of Electric Charge
Charge canbe detected and measured with the help of gold - leaf electroscope, electrometer , voltameter and
ballistic - galvanometer.
fa charged body is brought near a charged electroscope the leaves will further diverge i the charge on the bod,
is similar to that on the electroscope and will usually converge if opposite,
Gold leaf electroscope (GLE).
© Any charged body (+ve or -ve) come in closed to uncharged GLE, leaves diverges.
+z Physics oN
Electric charges and Fields
© Ifacharged body come in close to charged GLE, leaves diverges (for object having similar charge)
and converges (for object having unlike charge).
© If X-ray incident on GLE, leaves collapses, whatever be the charge on leaves.
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
© Charge differs from mass in sense.
(In Slunits, charge isa derived physical quantity while mass is fundamental quantity.
(i) Charge is akvays conserved but mass is not (Note : Mass can be converted into energy, E=me®
fi) Although both change and mass are quantised, the quanta of charge is electronic charge while that of mass
itis yet not clear.
(iv) Fora moving charged body mass increases while charge remains constant.
© True test of electification is repulsion and not attraction as attraction may also take place between a charged
and an uncharged body and also between two similarly charged bodies.
© Incase of irregular conducting body charge density is not uniform. ItiSimaximum where the radius of curvature
is minimum and vice - versa. This is why charge leaks from sharp points.
© Foranomrelativistc (ie. v << c) chage particle, specific change
¢ Forareativistic charged particle © decreases as vineteases, where vis speed! of charged bed
——_______——_ Tllustrations ———_—_—______
Illustration 1. Whena piece of polytheneis rubbed with wool, a charge of -2 x/107C'is developed on polythene.
‘What is the amount of mass) which is transfered to polythene.
Q_ _2x107
Solution From Q = ne, So, the no.of eleet¥ons => = 1.25 x 10"
Now massoftransteredelectrons =n x_mas$ fori electron
1.25 102% 9.1 x 10° = 11.38 x 10°? kg
Illustration 2. 10" c.— particles (Nuclei of helium) per second falls on a neutral sphere, calculate time in which
sphere gets charged by 2uC.
Solution Number of l= particles falls int second = 10"
Charge on a—patticlé = +e,» So charge incident in time t = (10*).(2e)
Given charge is2,xC
2% 10° = (10%). (2e) = t=
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
QUESTIONS BASED ON ELECTRIC CHARGE AND IT'S PROPERTIES
1. InaneutralsphereS x 10" electrons are present. If10 percent electrons are rernoved, then calculate the charge
consphere
Can a body have a charge (a) 0.32 x 10° C (b) 0.64 x 10°C (c) 4.8 x 10 C
Two identical metal spheres A and B are supported on insulating stand and placed in contact. What kind of
charges will A and B develop when a negatively charged ebonite rod is brought near A.
4. Which of the following charge can not present on oil drop in Millkan's experiment
(1)4.0 x 10-%eb (2)6.0 x 10cb (3) 10.0 x 10-%cb (4) all of them
5. In] gofasolid, there ate5 x 10 atoms. Ifone electron is removed from everyone of 0.01% atoms of the solid,
the charge gained by the solid is: (electronic charge is 1.6 x 107°C)
(1) +0.08C (2) +08C (3)-0.08C (4)-0.8C
Ian object has a net charge of -1 coulomb, the number of excess electrons it possesses is:
(1) 1.6 x 10°? (2) 6.25 x 10 (3) 6.25 x 10° (4) 6.25 x 107
Physics 3 Pre-Medical
2.0 COULOMB'S LAW
24
22
23
24
The electrostatic force o interaction between two point eectic charges is directly proportional tothe product of
the charges, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and acts along the straight line
joining the two charges.
Coulomb's law applies to stationary point charges only.
Force of electrostatic interaction depends on the nature of medium between the charges.
If two points charges q, and q, separated by a distance r. Let F be the electrostatic force between these
two charges. According to Coulomb's law.
1
Fx aiQeandFa
=9x 10° Se
k= coulomb's constantor eledtro-Static or kappa constant
Coulomb's Law in Vector Form
A kage Ee r
F, = force ong, due tog, = “3 fig Se
kange 5 *
1 i, (here f, is unit eee em
Coulomb's Law in Terms of Position Vector
Mate (gy
Principle of Superposition
When a numberof éharges are interacting, the totalforce on a given charge is vector sum ofthe forces exerted
FE Yao, , Kade koa kody
onitby all other charges fie? 7 2
in vector form
ops
Equilibrium of Charged Particles
Nature of equilibrium:
Stable equilibrium (point A)
Unstable equilibrium (point B) U,
Neutral equilibrium (point C] U= const. 2 =Oand
Physics Electric charges and Fields
jum of Point Charges
(Main charges must be of like nature
(i) Third charge should be of unlike nature
-QQ
and q.
2.6 rium of Symetric Geometrical Point Charge System
4 —
y al eq fa
oH, as
Value of Q at centre for which it is in equilibrium
1) ForequiatraltiansleQ= Ft (Forsnume = 0221)
2.7 Equilibrium of Suspended Point Charge System
kQ?
For equilibrium position Teost) = mand TsinO =F, =~ >
Fk?
> moe fag
mg ~ 34mg
. If ll tan 6 on
gis small tan 6 sin = 5
From coulomb's law in vector form it follows that the electrostatic force is central in nature and the two charges
exert equal & opposite forces on each other i.e. forms action - reaction pair.
The force between any two charges is not affected by presence of another charges.
© Effect of medium on coulombian force :
Lam,
Facts ne
where ¢, relative permitivity of the medium or dielectric constant,
Physics 5 Pre-Medical
Illustrations
Illustration 3. For the system shown in fig. find Q for which resultant force on q is zero :-
Solution For force on q to be zero, charges q and Q must be of opposite nature.
Net attraction force on q due to Q = Repulsion force due tog
i kQq _ _ka? =
BR =F > 2 = (Bye 97222
Hence q=-2/3Q
IMlustration 4, The force of repubion between two point charges is F when these are ata distance of 1_m apart. Now
the point charges are replaced by spheres of radi 25 cm having the charge same a that of pointchanges.
‘The distance between their centres is | m, then compare the force of repulion in two cases.
Solution In2*'case due to mutual repulsion the effective
distance between their @ntre of charge willbe increased (d' 2d) so force of repulsion decreases as
1
°F
QUESTIONS BASED ON COULOMB'S LAW
1. Two identical metal sphere carry charges of + q and - 2q respectively. When the sphere are separated by a
distance r, the force between them is F: Now the spheres are allowed to touch and then moved back to same
separation. Find the force of repulsion between them,
FE
2. The electrostatic force of repulsion between two positive ions canying equal charge is3.7 x 10°N, when their
separation is 5A. How many’@lectrons are missing from each.
8. Twoidentical particles each of mhass M and charge Q are placed some distance apart. Ifthey are in equilibrium
under mutual ravilational and electric force then calculate the orderof signature of charge 2 in Sl systom.
M
4, The force between two point charges inairs 100 N, Calculate the force if the distance between them is increased
by 50%.
5. Two insulating small spheres are rubbed against each other and are then kept at a distance of 4m apart. If
they attract each other with a force of 3.5 N, then
{)Caleulate the charge on each sphere, and
(i) Calculate the number of electrons transferred from one sphere to another during the rubbing.
ary Physics i
j
&
Electric charges and Fields
3.0 ELECTRIC FIELD
The region surrounding a charge (or change distribution) in which its electric effects are perceptible is called the
electric field ofthe given charge.
3.1 Intensity of electric field due to point charge
Electric field intensity, potential and electric field lines are different ways of describing
the same field
E-um F _ 4; Ww
wm a = Zo
ac)
[Note : Test change (,) i fetitous charge that exerts no force on nearby charges but experiences force due to
them.
Unit: NC , Vim Dimensions ; [MLT“A"]
3.2 Due to discrete distribution of charge
Field produced by a charge distribution for discrete distribution:-
P
by principle of superposition
a A
intensity of electric field due toi charge E,, = 9% ee a
a
i netelectic field due to whole distribution of chrarge
Pp
Continuous distribution of charge y
treating smal clementas particle. E = 5 “(i
7
3.3. Electric field due to special charge di
(@) () —Pointcharge
ribution
(@) Group of paifit changes
dq
(b) Continuous dstibutionofcharges. §- E = k [ z
ade
() — ductolinearchange distribution E = Kf) tea?
(6) duetosurace charge dstibuton E = k Jo
dv
(i) duotovolame change dsibuion E = {2
Physics z Pre-Medical
©)
(a)
©
(f)
@)
(h)
@
Charged conducting sphere
eee for point out side the sphere
i)
(ii) r