CIE 115: Numerical Solutions to CE Problems
Student Activity Sheet #5
Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______
Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: ______________
Lesson title: Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan Elimination Materials:
Lesson Objectives: Paper, pen, and calculator
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Solve a system of linear equation using Gaussian References:
Elimination. https://www.mathwords.com/g/gau
2. Solve a system of linear equation using Gauss-Jordan ssian_elimination.htm
Elimination.
https://www.mathwords.com/g/gau
3. ss-jordan_elimination.htm
“Some people dream of accomplishing great things. Others stay
awake and make it happen.”
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction
Good Day!
Aside from Cramer’s Rule, there are another way to solve a system of
linear equation in a matrix form; and that’s what we’re going to discuss
today.
Gaussian Elimination
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Gaussian elimination, also known as row reduction, is an algorithm in linear algebra for solving
a system of linear equations. It is usually understood as a sequence of operations performed on the
corresponding matrix of coefficients. The method is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855). It was
further popularized by Wilhelm Jordan, who attached his name to the process by which row reduction is used
to compute matrix inverses, Gauss-Jordan elimination.
As mention earlier, Gauss-Jordan elimination can be used to calculate the inverse of a matrix, but we
will discuss that in the next module (module #6). Today let’s focus in solving system of linear equation using
the two elimination method.
2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1
What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)
1. What is an augmented matrix?
2. What is the echelon form for
Gauss-Jordan Elimination?
3. What is the similarity between
Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan?
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CIE 115: Numerical Solutions to CE Problems
Student Activity Sheet #5
Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______
Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: ______________
B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes
I. GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
A method of solving a linear system of equations. This is done by transforming the system's augmented
matrix into row-echelon form by means of row operations. Then the system is solved by back-
substitution.
There are three types of row operations which may be performed on the rows of a matrix:
1. Swap the positions of two rows.
2. Multiply a row by a non-zero scalar.
3. Add to one row a scalar multiple of another.
If the matrix is associated to a system of linear equations, then these operations do not change the solution
set. Therefore, if one's goal is to solve a system of linear equations, then using these row operations could
make the problem easier.
Sample Problem #1:
The following system of linear equations is given:
3x + 2y − 4z = 4 (1)
-2x + 3y + z = 12 (2)
x − 2y + 2z = -10 (3)
What is the value of x + y + z?
Solution:
[x y z | k ]
3 2 −4 4 x1 y1 z1 k1
Augmented Matrix [−2 3 1 | 12 ] [x 2 y2 z2 |k 2 ]
x3 y3 z3 k 3
1 −2 2 −10
Then, the Augmented Matrix should be reduce into Echelon form by means of row operations.
The Echelon form of Guassian Elimination are like an upper triangle matrix (type of matrix from module
#1)
x2 , x3 , and y3 should be reduced to 0.
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CIE 115: Numerical Solutions to CE Problems
Student Activity Sheet #5
Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______
Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: ______________
Let’s begin:
3 2 −4 4 → row 1
[−2 3 1 | 12 ] → row 2
1 −2 2 −10 → row 3
For x3 be reduce to zero, multiply row 3 by “2” and “add” row 2. 2R3 + R2
2(1) + (−2) = 0
3 2 −4 4
2(−2) + 3 = −1
[−2 3 1 | 12 ]
2(2) + 1 = 5 row 3 becomes → 0 −1 5 −8
2(−10) + 12 = −8
For x2 be reduce to zero, multiply row 2 by “3”, multiply row 1 by “2” then “add” row 2 and row 1. 3R2 + 2R3
3(−2) + 2(3) = 0
3(3) + 2(2) = 13 3 2 −4 4
row 2 becomes → [0 13 −5| 44 ]
3(1) + 2(−4) = −5
0 −1 5 −8
3(12) + 2(4) = 44
Lastly, for y3 be reduce to zero, multiply row 3 by “13” and “add” row 2. 13R3 + R2
13(0) + 0 = 0
13(−1) + 13 = 0 3 2 −4 4
[0 13 −5| 44 ]
13(5) + (−5) = 60 row 3 becomes → 0 0 60 −60
13(−8) + 44 = −60
3 2 −4 4
Echelon form [0 13 −5| 44 ]
0 0 60 −60
3x + 2y − 4z = 4
The system becomes → 13y − 5z = 44
60z = −60
By back-substitution,
60z = −60 𝐳 = −𝟏
13y − 5(−1) = 44 𝐲=𝟑
3x + 2(3) − 4(−1) = 4 𝐱 = −𝟐
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −2 + 3 − 1 = 𝟎 Ans.
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CIE 115: Numerical Solutions to CE Problems
Student Activity Sheet #5
Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______
Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: ______________
Let’s have another example so that you can familiarize the pattern in transforming the augmented matrix into
echelon form.
Sample problem #2
Determine the value of a, b, c, and d.
2𝑎 + 3𝑏 − 𝑐 − 𝑑 = 4
𝑎 + 5𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 5
𝑎 − 𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 2𝑑 = −1
5𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑑 = 2
Solution:
2 3 −1 −1 4
𝐴𝑢𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 → [1 5 −1 1|5]
1 −1 −3 2 −1
5 −1 1 −1 2
2 3 −1 −1 4 2 3 −1 −1 4
2𝑅2 − 𝑅1 [ 1 5 −1 1 | 5 ] → [0 7 −1 3 | 6 ]
𝑅3 − 𝑅2 1 −1 −3 2 −1 0 −6 −2 1 −6
𝑅4 − 5𝑅3 5 −1 1 −1 2 0 4 16 −11 7
2 3 −1 −1 4 2 3 −1 −1 4
[0 7 −1 3 | 6 ] → [0 7 −1 3 |6]
7𝑅3 + 6𝑅2 0 −6 −2 1 −6 0 0 −20 25 −6
6𝑅4 + 4𝑅3 0 4 16 −11 7 0 0 88 −62 18
2 3 −1 −1 4 2 3 −1 −1 4
[0 7 −1 3 | 6 ] → [0 7 −1 3 | 6 ]
0 0 −20 25 −6 0 0 −20 25 −6
20𝑅4 + 88𝑅3 0 0 88 −62 18 0 0 0 960 −168
2 3 −1 −1 4
Echelon form [0 7 −1 3 | 6 ]
0 0 −20 25 −6
0 0 0 960 −168
2a + 3b − c − d = 4
The system becomes → 7b − c + 3d = 6
−20c + 25d = −6
960d = −168
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CIE 115: Numerical Solutions to CE Problems
Student Activity Sheet #5
Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______
Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: ______________
By back-substitution,
𝐚 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝐛 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝐝 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 ANS.
II. Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Gauss-Jordan Elimination is like the continuation of Guassian Elimination; the process is the same.
The Echelon form of Gauss-Jordan Elimination is an identity matrix (type of matrix from module #1)
Let’s try to solve the previous sample problem using Gauss-Jordan Elimination.
Sample Problem #1:
The following system of linear equations is given:
3x + 2y − 4z = 4 (1)
-2x + 3y + z = 12 (2)
x − 2y + 2z = -10 (3)
What is the value of x + y + z?
Solution:
3 2 −4 4
Augmented Matrix [−2 3 1 | 12 ]
1 −2 2 −10
3 2 −4 4 3 2 −4 4
[
3𝑅2 + 2𝑅1 −2 3 1 | 12 ] → [0 13 −5| 44 ]
2𝑅3 + 𝑅2 1 −2 2 −10 0 −1 5 −8
3 2 −4 4 3 2 −4 4
[0 13 −5| 44 ] → [0 13 −5| 44 ]
13𝑅3 + 𝑅2 0 −1 5 −8 0 0 60 −60
From here the process is the same as gaussian elimination. Now let’s continue the process,
This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
CIE 115: Numerical Solutions to CE Problems
Student Activity Sheet #5
Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______
Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: ______________
5𝑅1 − 4𝑅2 3 2 −4 4 15 −42 0 −156
60𝑅2 + 5𝑅3 [0 13 −5| 44 ] → [0 780 0 | 2340 ]
0 0 60 −60 0 0 60 −60
780𝑅1 + 42𝑅2 15 −42 0 −156 11700 0 0 −23400
[0 780 0 | 2340 ] → [ 0 780 0 | 2340 ]
0 0 60 −60 0 0 60 −60
𝑅1/11700 11700 0 0 −23400 1 0 0 −2
𝑅2/780 [ 0 780 0 | 2340 ] → [0 1 0| 3 ]
𝑅3/60 0 0 60 −60 0 0 1 −1
1 0 0 −2
Echelon form [0 1 0| 3 ] as you can see, the matrix at the left is an identity matrix.
0 0 1 −1
Thus,
x = -2, y = 3, z = -1. x + y + z = −2 + 3 − 1 = 𝟎 Ans.
Sample problem #2
Determine the value of a, b, c, and d. Let’s also solve problem #2 using Guass-Jordan Elimination.
2𝑎 + 3𝑏 − 𝑐 − 𝑑 = 4
𝑎 + 5𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 5
𝑎 − 𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 2𝑑 = −1
5𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑑 = 2
Solution:
2 3 −1 −1 4
𝐴𝑢𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 → [1 5 −1 1|5]
1 −1 −3 2 −1
5 −1 1 −1 2
2 3 −1 −1 4 2 3 −1 −1 4
2𝑅2 − 𝑅1 [ 1 5 −1 1 | 5 ] → [0 7 −1 3 | 6 ]
𝑅3 − 𝑅2 1 −1 −3 2 −1 0 −6 −2 1 −6
𝑅4 − 5𝑅3 5 −1 1 −1 2 0 4 16 −11 7
This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
CIE 115: Numerical Solutions to CE Problems
Student Activity Sheet #5
Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______
Section: ____________ Schedule: _____________________________________ Date: ______________
2 3 −1 −1 4 2 3 −1 −1 4
[0 7 −1 3 | 6 ] → [0 7 −1 3 |6]
7𝑅3 + 6𝑅2 0 −6 −2 1 −6 0 0 −20 25 −6
6𝑅4 + 4𝑅3 0 4 16 −11 7 0 0 88 −62 18
2 3 −1 −1 4 2 3 −1 −1 4
[0 7 −1 3 | 6 ] → [0 7 −1 3 | 6 ]
0 0 −20 25 −6 0 0 −20 25 −6
20𝑅4 + 88𝑅3 0 0 88 −62 18 0 0 0 960 −168
From here the process is the same as gaussian elimination. Now let’s continue the process,
3𝑅1 + 𝑅2 2 3 −1 −1 4 6 16 −4 0 18
25𝑅2 − 3𝑅3 [0 7 −1 3 | 6 ] → [0 175 35 0 | 168 ]
960𝑅3 − 25𝑅4 0 0 −20 25 −6 0 0 −19200 0 −1560
0 0 0 960 −168 0 0 0 960 −168
35𝑅1 + 4𝑅2 6 16 −4 0 18 210 1260 0 0 1302
19200𝑅2 + 35𝑅3 [0 175 35 0 | 168 ] → [ 0 3360000 0 0 |3171000]
0 0 −19200 0 −1560 0 0 −19200 0 −1560
0 0 0 960 −168 0 0 0 960 −168
3360000𝑅1 − 1260𝑅2 210 1260 0 0 1302 705600000 0 0 0 379260000
[ 0 3360000 0 0 | 3171000]→[ 0 3360000 0 0 | 3171000 ]
0 0 −19200 0 −1560 0 0 −19200 0 −1560
0 0 0 960 −168 0 0 0 960 −168
𝑅1/705600000 705600000 0 0 0 379260000 1 0 0 0 0.5375
𝑅2/3360000 0 0 3171000
[ 0 3360000 | ] → [0 1 0 0|0.94375]
𝑅3/−19200 0 0 −19200 0 −1560 0 0 1 0 0.08125
𝑅4/960 0 0 0 960 −168 0 0 0 1 −0.175
1 0 0 0 0.5375
Echelon form [0 1 0 0|0.94375]
0 0 1 0 0.08125
0 0 0 1 −0.175
Therefore,
𝐚 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝐛 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝐝 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟓
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