04-Jan-23

INDUSTRIAL
INSTRUMENTATION
Lecturer: Nguyen Duc Hoang
Department of Control & Automation
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: [email protected]

Chapter 9: Temperature measurement

• Introduction

• Thermistor

• RTD

• Thermocouple

• Semiconductor

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Introduction
• Taking a temperature essentially requires the transmission of a
small portion of the object’s thermal energy to the sensor whose
function is to convert that energy into an electrical signal.
• Method of sensing:
• conductive,
• convective,
• radiative.

• When a contact temperature sensor responds to heat two basic

methods of the signal processing can be employed:
• Equilibrium
• Predictive

Introduction (cont.)
• Temperature Reference Points
For calibration of any temperature sensor, a precision reference is
required.
Example:
• Triplepoint of hydrogen : -259.34 0C
• Freezing point of water (water–ice mixture) : 0.00 0C
• Boiling point of water : 100.00 0C
• Freezing point of zinc : 419.58 0C
• Freezing point of aluminum : 660.46 0C

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Introduction (cont.)

• There are many temperature sensors:

• Resistance Thermometers (Resistance Temperature Devices)
• Thermistors
• Thermocouple
• Semiconductor
• Radiation Thermometers
• Thermography
• Fiber-Optic
• Quartz

Thermistors
• Thermistor belongs to class of the absolute temperature sensors.
• All thermistors are divided into two groups: NTC and PTC.
• Only the NTC thermistors are useful for precision temperature measurements.

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NTC Thermistors
• Resistance decreases with the increase in temperature.
• The relationship between the resistance and temperature is highly nonlinear.

When a thermistor is used as a temperature sensor, we

assume that all its characteristics are based on the so-
called zero-power resistance, meaning that electric
current passing through a thermistor does not result in any
noticeable temperature increase (self-heating)

Thermistor: Simple Model

1 1   RT 
   ln  1 
 T T0 
RT  R0 e  RT 
  0
1 1
  
T : thermistor temperature (K)  T1 T0 
RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K)
1

R0 : thermistor resistor () atT0 (K)  R 

 ln  T  
1  RT
β : constant depends on thermistor material T    0 
 
(example : β25/85 = 3540K )  T0 
 
 

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Thermistor: Fraden Model

1 1 
 1 T T0     
 T T0 
RT  R0 e  x  1
   1
 
  y  Tc  Ta
T : thermistor temperature (K)
R R
RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K) ln c ln a
Rb Rb
R0 : thermistor resistor () at T0 (K) x  , y 
1 1 1 1
β : constant depends on thermistor material
     
(example : β25/85 = 3540K ) T
 c T b   Ta Tb 

Thermistor: Steinhart–Hart Model

1
T   A0  A1 ln RT  A3  ln RT  
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 

T : thermistor temperature (K)

RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K)

A0 , A1, A3 : coefficients

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Thermistor: comparing among models

Maximum error from 0˚C to 70˚C :

Simple : ±0.7 ˚C
Fraden : ±0.03 ˚C
Steinhart–Hart : ±0.003 ˚C

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Thermistor: example

“AB” Thermistors for Healthcare

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Thermistor: example

The 2322 640 90007 NTC thermistor (Philips) has 𝑅 =

12𝑘Ω, 𝑅 = 1.3𝑘Ω and 𝛿 = 10𝑚𝑊/𝐾 in still water. We wish to

use it in an application involving water from 00C to 1000C.

Calculate the maximal current allowable to keep the self-heating

error below 0.50C.

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Thermistor: example

K276 thermistor:
B25/100 = 3760K, R25 = 11981
Compute and plot VNTC at temperature
points 25, 50, 75, 100 0C ?

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Thermistor: problem

HW: Read and Report

Thermistor signal conditioning: Dos and Don'ts, Tips and Tricks
(https://www.embeddedrelated.com/showarticle/91.php)

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Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)

• RTDs, like thermistors, employ a

change in electrical resistance to
measure temperature.
• All RTDs have positive temperature
coefficients (PTCs).
• Platinum is used almost, example:
Pt100
• Tungsten RTDs are usually applicable
for temperatures over 6000C

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RTD: Simple Model

Rt  R0 1   t0  t  t0  
t : RTD temperature (C)

Rt : thermistor resistor () at t

R0 : thermistor resistor () at t0

𝛼 : constant

(example : 𝛼 = 0.0039230C-1 , SAMA Standard RC21-4-1966 or

𝛼 = 0.0038500C-1 , Europe DIN standard or 𝛼 = 0.0039000C-1 British Aircraft industry standard )

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RTD: Callendar–van Dusen Model

For the range from -2000C to 00C :

Rt  R0 1  At  Bt 2  Ct 3  t  100  

For the range from 00C to 6610C :

R0  100, A  3.9083*10 3
Rt  R0 1  At  Bt  2
B  5.775*107 , C  4.183*10 12

Note: only for RTD Platinum

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RTD: example
A given 500 Ω nickel RTD (Minco Products) has α = 0.00618 Ω/Ω /𝐾

at 00C.

It is used at temperatures around 1000C, so we use the model 𝑅 =

𝑅 1+𝛼 𝑡 − 100 . Calculate its sensitivity and temperature

coefficient at 1000C, and determine the resistance at 1000C and 1010C.

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RTD: example

Measure a temperature from 00C to 500C

as figure. Pt1000 has 1000Ω and  =
0.00375Ω/Ω/K at 250C. V0 has a 0 to 2V
range. Determine R1, R2, Rp and Vref in
order to limit the sensor current to 50A
and to achieve the desired output
voltage.

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BT7

K276 thermistor:
B25/100 = 3760K, R25 = 11981
a. Tính và vẽ VNTC tại các điểm nhiệt độ
25, 50, 75, 100 0C ?
b. Nếu VNTC = 5V. Tính nhiệt độ đo được
bằng phương pháp nội suy từ kết quả
câu a. So sánh với nhiệt độ chính xác.

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