Soils

Soli profile

O- organic (humus)

A- Topsoil (mineral and humus)

E- Eluviation layer (leached minerals & organic matter

B- Subsoil (Deposited minerals and metal salts)

C- Parent rock – partly weathered rock

R- Bedrock (unweathered parent rock)

Types of soil

Sandy

Clayey

Silty and loam

On the basis of genesis, color and composition

1. Alluvial northern plains and river valleys

2. Sandy loam to clay
3. Rich

History of GSI

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) was founded in 1851 as a Government of India organization
under the Ministry of Mines. It is one of the oldest of such organizations in the world and the
second oldest survey in India after the Survey of India (founded in 1767). The GSI is responsible
for conducting geological surveys and studies of India, and also as the prime provider of basic
earth science information to government, industry and general public, as well as the official
participant in steel, coal, metals, cement, power industries and international geoscientific
forums.
The roots of the GSI can be traced to 1836 when the "Coal Committee", followed by more such
committees, was formed to study and explore the availability of coal in the eastern parts of
India. David Hiram Williams, one of the first surveyors for the British Geological Survey, was
appointed 'Surveyor of coal districts and superintendent of coal works, Bengal' on 3 December
1845 and arrived in India the following February.
 In 1851, the East India Company established the GSI with Thomas Oldham as its first
Superintendent. The GSI was initially tasked with finding coal deposits for the Railways, but its
scope soon expanded to include other geological surveys and studies.
Over the years, the GSI has made significant contributions to the understanding of the geology
of India. It has discovered and mapped a wide range of mineral deposits, including coal, iron ore,
copper, gold, and diamonds. The GSI has also played a vital role in the development of India's
water resources, hazard mitigation, and environmental protection.
Today, the GSI is a highly respected organization with a global reputation for excellence. It has a
staff of over 6,000 scientists and engineers, and it operates a network of over 100 regional and
sub-regional offices across India. The GSI is also actively involved in international geoscientific
collaboration.
Here are some of the notable achievements of the GSI:
 Discovered the world-famous diamond mines of Golconda and Kollur.
 Mapped the coal reserves of India, which are among the largest in the world.
 Identified and mapped mineral deposits such as iron ore, copper, gold, bauxite, and manganese.
 Conducted detailed geological surveys of the Himalayas and other mountain ranges in India.
 Studied the tectonic evolution of India and its role in the formation of the Himalayas.
 Developed and implemented hazard mitigation measures for natural disasters such as
earthquakes, floods, and landslides.
 Provided geological expertise for the development of water resources, infrastructure, and other
projects.
The GSI plays a vital role in the economic and social development of India. It provides essential
geological data and information to government, industry, and the public. The GSI also plays a
key role in disaster mitigation and environmental protection.

The mission of the Geological Survey of India (GSI) is to:

 Create and update the national geoscientific knowledge base through geological surveys,
mapping, and research.
 Assess and develop the country's mineral resources for sustainable economic growth.
 Provide geoscientific inputs for hazard mitigation and environmental protection.
 Nurture fundamental and applied research in the field of geosciences.
The vision of the GSI is to be a world-class geoscientific organization that provides reliable and
timely geoscientific information and services to the nation for sustainable development.
The GSI is committed to fulfilling its mission and vision through the following objectives:
 To conduct systematic geological surveys and mapping of the country on various scales.
 To assess and develop the country's mineral resources, including coal, iron ore, copper, gold,
diamonds, and other minerals.
 To provide geoscientific inputs for hazard mitigation and environmental protection, including
earthquake hazard assessment, flood hazard assessment, and landslide hazard assessment.
 To nurture fundamental and applied research in the field of geosciences.
 To build capacity in geosciences through training and education.
 To provide geoscientific information and services to the nation in a timely and efficient manner.
 The standard drinking water parameters set by the World Health Organization (WHO)
are as follows:

 pH: 6.5 to 8.5

 Total dissolved solids (TDS): 500 mg/L (milligrams per liter)
 Hardness: 600 mg/L as calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
 Nitrate: 45 mg/L
 Sulfate: 400 mg/L
 Fluoride: 1.5 mg/L
 Chloride: 250 mg/L
 Turbidity: 5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)
 Fecal coliform: 0 colony-forming units (CFU) per 100 mL
 E. coli: 0 CFU per 100 mL

BOD
The most common method for measuring biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the 5-
day BOD test. This test measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms
as they break down organic matter in a water sample over a period of 5 days.

To perform the 5-day BOD test, the following steps are typically followed:

1. Collect a water sample in a sterile bottle.

2. Measure the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of the sample immediately.
3. Incubate the sample at 20°C for 5 days.
4. Measure the DO concentration of the sample after incubation.
5. Calculate the BOD using the following equation:
BOD = (DO1 - DO2) * Dilution Factor / Volume of Sample

Winkler reagent is a chemical reagent used to measure dissolved oxygen (DO) in water. It is a
complex mixture containing manganese sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium iodide.

What are the Minerals Found in Uttar Pradesh?

The state of Uttar Pradesh possesses a wide variety of minerals, some of which are coal, limestone,
dolomite, iron ore, copper ore, lead-zinc ore, gold, and diamond. These minerals are utilized in a
variety of industries, including cement, steel, paper, and fertilizer, among others.

o Coal: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh possesses considerable coal reserves, making it one
of the most important minerals found in the state. The Singrauli Coalfields (Sonbhadra
district), which is one of the most prominent coal-producing regions in the nation is where
the majority of the coal deposits can be found. Coal extracted from Uttar Pradesh is put to
use not just in the production of power but also used in various other industries, such as
cement, steel, and fertilizer.
o Limestone: One such significant type of mineral that can be found in Uttar Pradesh is
limestone. The state possesses substantial amounts of high-grade limestone, which is an
important raw material in the manufacturing of cement, paper, and steel. In the state of Uttar
Pradesh, the districts of Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, and Varanasi are home to the most significant
limestone reserves.
o Dolomite: Dolomite is another type of mineral that is found in Uttar Pradesh. Its primary
application is in the production of iron and steel. Dolomite deposits of notable size can be
found in various districts within the state and the Bari village of Sonbhadra is estimated to
have 15 million tonnes of dolomite deposits.
o Iron Ore: The districts of Mirzapur and Sonbhadra, in particular, are rich in iron ore. The
manufacturing of pig iron and steel is the primary application for the iron ore that comes
from Uttar Pradesh.
o Copper Ore And Lead-Zinc: In addition, the state contains lead-zinc ore and copper ore.
The districts of Agra and Mathura are home to the majority of the country's copper deposits,
while the districts of Jhansi and Lalitpur are home to the most of the country's lead-zinc
deposits.
o Gold And Diamond: even though the resources are not very large, gold and diamond can
also be found in Uttar Pradesh. The districts of Sonbhadra and Balrampur are home to the
majority of the country's gold deposits, while the Panna region is where the majority of the
country's diamond deposits can be found.
o Andalusite: Andalusite is a type of refractory mineral, which means that its primary
application is in the manufacturing of materials that can withstand high temperatures.
Examples of these materials include ceramics, crucibles, and boiler linings. The Jhansi district
of Uttar Pradesh is where the majority of the state's andalusite deposits may be located.
o Sandstone: The districts of Lalitpur and Jhansi, which are in Uttar Pradesh, are known for
having a lot of sandstone. The unique pink sandstone found in the Lalitpur district is often
used to build temples, palaces, and other historical buildings. The pink sandstone is also
known as "Lalitpur Pink" and is thought to be one of the best types of sandstone in India. It is
also used to make sculptures and crafts. Red sandstone, which is found in the Jhansi district,
is used to build buildings, bridges, and other structures. It is also used to make sculptures
and other things for decoration.