Data Center Networks:

Virtual Bridging .

Raj Jain
Washington University in Saint Louis
Saint Louis, MO 63130
[email protected]
These slides and audio/video recordings of this class lecture are at:
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ ©2013 Raj Jain
9-1
 Overview

1. Virtual Bridges to connect virtual machines

2. IEEE Virtual Edge Bridging Standard
3. Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)
4. Aggregating Bridges and Links: VSS and vPC
5. Bridges with massive number of ports: VBE

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ ©2013 Raj Jain

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Levels of Network Virtualization

NIC Bridge Router

L2 Network
L3 Network

Data Center
 Networks consist of: Host Interface - L2 Links - L2 Bridges -
L2 Networks - L3 Links - L3 Routers - L3 Networks – Data
Centers – Global Internet.
 Each of these needs to be virtualized
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Network Virtualization Techniques
Entity Partitioning Aggregation/Extension/Interconnection**
NIC SR-IOV MR-IOV
Switch VEB, VEPA VSS, VBE, DVS, FEX
L2 Link VLANs LACP, Virtual PortChannels
L2 Network using L2 VLAN PB (Q-in-Q), PBB (MAC-in-MAC), PBB-TE,
Access-EPL, EVPL, EVP-Tree, EVPLAN
L2 Network using L3 NVO3, MPLS, VPLS, A-VPLS, H-VPLS, PWoMPLS,
VXLAN, PWoGRE, OTV, TRILL, LISP, L2TPv3,
NVGRE, STT EVPN, PBB-EVPN
Router VDCs, VRF VRRP, HSRP
L3 Network using L1 GMPLS, SONET
L3 Network using MPLS, GRE, MPLS, T-MPLS, MPLS-TP, GRE, PW, IPSec
L3* PW, IPSec
Application ADCs Load Balancers
*All L2/L3 technologies for L2 Network partitioning and aggregation can also be used for L3 network
partitioning and aggregation, respectively, by simply putting L3 packets in L2 payloads.
**The aggregation technologies can also be seen as partitioning technologies from the provider point of view.

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ ©2013 Raj Jain

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 vSwitch
 Problem: Multiple VMs on a server need to use one physical
network interface card (pNIC)
 Solution: Hypervisor creates multiple vNICs connected via a
virtual switch (vSwitch)
 pNIC is controlled by hypervisor and not by any individual VM
 Notation: From now on prefixes p and v refer to physical and
virtual, respectively. For VMs only, we use upper case V.
VM vNIC Hypervisor

VM vNIC vSwitch pNIC pSwitch

…
VM vNIC pM
Ref: G. Santana, “Datacenter Virtualization Fundamentals,” Cisco Press, 2014, ISBN: 1587143240
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 Virtual Bridging
vM1 vM2 vM1 vM2 vM1 vM2

vNIC1 vNIC2 vNIC1 vNIC2 pM Hypervisor

pM VEPA vNIC1 vNIC2

VEB
pM pNIC pNIC

pNIC pSwitch
Where should most of the tenant isolation take place?
1. VM vendors: S/W NICs in Hypervisor w Virtual Edge Bridge
(VEB)(overhead, not ext manageable, not all features)
2. Switch Vendors: Switch provides virtual channels for inter-
VM Communications using virtual Ethernet port aggregator
(VEPA): 802.1Qbg (s/w upgrade)
3. NIC Vendors: NIC provides virtual ports using Single-Route
I/O virtualization (SR-IOV) on PCI bus
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 Virtual Edge Bridge
 IEEE 802.1Qbg-2012 standard for vSwitch
 Two modes for vSwitches to handle local VM-to-VM traffic:
 Virtual Edge Bridge (VEB): Switch internally.

 Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA): Switch externally

 VEB
 could be in a hypervisor or network interface card

 may learn or may be configured with the MAC addresses

 VEB may participate in spanning tree or may be configured\

 Advantage: No need for the external switch in some cases

VM VM
VEB VEPA
VM pSwitch VM pSwitch
vSwitch vSwitch
VM VM
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Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA)
 VEPA simply relays all traffic to an external bridge
 External bridge forwards the traffic. Called “Hairpin Mode.”
Returns local VM traffic back to VEPA
Note: Legacy bridges do not allow traffic to be sent back to the
incoming port within the same VLAN
 VEPA Advantages:
 Visibility: External bridge can see VM to VM traffic.
 Policy Enforcement: Better. E.g., firewall
 Performance: Simpler vSwitch  Less load on CPU
 Management: Easier
 Both VEB and VEPA can be implemented on the same NIC in
the same server and can be cascaded.
Ref: HP, “Facts about the IEEE 802.1Qbg proposal,” Feb 2011, 6pp.,
http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bc/docs/support/SupportManual/c02877995/c02877995.pdf
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ ©2013 Raj Jain
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 S-Channels
 Virtual Station Interface (VSI): Bridge port to vNIC
 Embedded switch (eSwitch): A switch in NIC hardware that
implements VEB or VEPA
 VEB Port (vPort): Virtual egress port on a vSwitch or directly
accessible VSI
 S-Channels: Isolate traffic for multiple vPorts using Service
VLANs (Q-in-Q). With corresponding ports on external switch.

S-VLAN Component
VM

External Switch
VEB S-Channel

S-VLAN Component
VM eSwitch
VM
VM VEPA
VSI=Single MAC VM vSwitch
vPort
Ref: P. Thaler, et al., “IEEE 802 Tutorial: Edge Virtual Bridging,” Nov 2009, 54 slides,
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/88675018/Edge-Virtual-Bridging
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 S-Channel Example
 Unicast from VEPA to directly accessible VSI
Channel 1. Frame sent on Blue
C-VLAN
VM 2
1 2. S-VLAN “A” tag
VEPA

A A
3 added
VM

S-VLAN Component
S-VLAN Component 3a. S-VLAN “A” tag
removed
VM 3b. Frame forwarded
VEB

B B based on MAC and

VM C-VLAN to port E
4. S-VLAN “E” tag
C C added
VM
D
5. S-VLAN “E” tag
D
VM 4 removed
6 E E
5 6. Frame delivered on
C-VLAN set at VSI S-VLAN set Blue C-VLAN
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ ©2013 Raj Jain
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Edge Virtual Bridge (EVB) Management
 Network Port Profile: Attributes to be applied to a VM
 Application Open Virtualization Format (OVF) packages may
or may not contain network profile
 After VM instantiation, generally networking team applies a
port profile to VM
 Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) has extended
OVF format to support port profiles
 Resource allocation profile

 Resource capability profile

 vSwitch profile, etc.

Ref: R. Sharma, et al., “VSI Discovery and Configuration,” Jan 2010,

http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2010/bg-sharma-evb-VSI-discovery-0110-v01.pdf
Ref: "Standardizing Data Center Server-Network Edge Virtualization," Oct 2010,
http://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/whitepapers/standardizing-datacenter-server-network.pdf
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ ©2013 Raj Jain
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 EVB Management (Cont)
 IEEE 802.1Qbg Protocols for Auto-Discovery and
Configuration:
 Edge Discovery and Configuration Protocol (EDCP)

 VSI Discovery and Configuration Protocol (VDP)

 S-Channel Discovery and Configuration Protocol (CDCP)

 Edge Control Protocol (ECP) to provided reliable delivery

for VDP

Ref: H. Shah, “Management Standards for Edge Virtual Bridging (EVB) and Network Port Profiles,” Nov 2010,
http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2011/bg-shah-dmtf-evbportprofile-overview-0311.pdf

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ ©2013 Raj Jain

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 PCIe
 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
Used in computers for I/O – storage, video, network cards
 Designed by PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG)
 PCI Express (PCIe): Serial point-to-point interconnect with
multiple lanes, 4 pins per lane. X1=1 Lane, x32=32 lanes
2 GB/s/lane.
 Root complex is the head of connection to CPU
 Physical Function (PF): Ethernet, Fibre Channel, Video, …
 A PCIe card can provide multiple virtual functions (VFs) of
the same type as PF, e.g., one 10Gbps pNIC = 2× 5Gbps vNICs

Ref: R. Emerick, “PCI Express IO Virtualization Overview,” SNIA Education, 2012,

http://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/RonEmerick_PCI_Express_IO_Virtualization.pdf (Excellent)
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 Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)
 After configuration by hypervisor, VFs allow direct VM access
without hypervisor overhead
 Single Root  Single hardware domain  In one Server

VM VF1 VF1 VM VF2 VF2

Hypervisor
PF PF
CPU Core(s)

Root Complex

Fibre Channel PF VF1 VF2 Ethernet PF VF1 VF2

Ref: Intel, “PCI-SIG SR-IOV Primer,” Jan 2011,
http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/application-note/pci-sig-sr-iov-primer-sr-iov-technology-paper.pdf
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 Multi-Root IOV
 Multiple external PCIe devices accessible via a switch
 Move PCIe adapter out of the server into a switching fabric

 Allows adapters to serve many physical servers

 Used with rack mounted or blade servers

 Fewer adapters  Less cooling. No adapters  Thinner servers

VM VM VM VM VM VM

Root Complex Root Complex Root Complex

IOV Enabled PCIe Switch IOV Enabled PCIe Switch

IOV Enabled IOV Enabled IOV Enabled IOV Enabled IOV Enabled
PCIe Device PCIe Device PCIe Device PCIe Device PCIe Device
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 VM Relocation
 vMotion from VMware allows live migration of VMs.
 VM keeps the same networking context.
Same MAC address, IP address, and VLAN at its new home.
 Need to extend the VLAN broadcast domain to new home
 After relocation, VM sends a “reverse ARP” to all switches so
that they learn its new location.
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):
“What is the MAC address of IP address 192.168.0.3?”
 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (Reverse ARP):
“MAC address of IP address 192.168.0.3 is 0080:2560:3240”
 If a VM moves to a new data center, to avoid tromboning a
default gateway should be available at the new home.
HSRP and VRRP allow multiple routers to have the same VIP.
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 Combining Bridges
 Problem:
 Number of VMs is growing very fast
 Need switches with very large number of ports
 Easy to manage one bridge than 100 10-port bridges
 How to make very large switches ~1000 ports?
 Solutions: Multiple pswitches to form a single switch
1. Distributed Virtual Switch (DVS)
2. Virtual Switching System (VSS)
3. Virtual PortChannels (vPC)
4. Fabric Extension (FEX)
5. Virtual Bridge Port Extension (VBE)

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Distributed Virtual Switch (DVS)
 VMware idea to solve the scalability issue
 A centralized DVS controller manages vSwitches on many
physical hosts
 DVS decouples the control and data plane of the switch so that
each VM has a virtual data plane (virtual Ethernet module or
VEM) managed by a centralized control plane (virtual Switch
Module or VSM)
 Appears like a single distributed virtual switch
 Allows simultaneous creation of port groups on multiple pMs
 Provides an API so that other networking vendors can manage
vSwitches and vNICs

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 Virtual Switch System (VSS)
 Allows two physical switches to appear as one
 Although VSS is a Cisco proprietary name, several vendors
implement similar technologies. E.g., Virtual Switch Bonding
by Enterasys.
 Implemented in Firmware  No degradation in performance
 Only one control plane is active.
Data-place capacity is doubled.
 Both switches are kept in sync to enable inter-chassis stateful
switchover and non-stop forwarding in case of failure
Virtual Switch
pSwitch pSwitch
Link (VSL)
vSwitch

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 Virtual PortChannel (vPC)
 PortChannel: Cisco name for aggregated link
 Virtual PortChannel: A link formed by aggregating links to
multiple physical switches acting as a virtual switch
 The combined switch is called “vPC Domain”
 Each member of the vPC domain is called “vPC peer”.
 vPC peer link is used to synchronize state and to forward traffic
between the peers. No address learning on the peer link.
 All learned address tables are kept synchronized among peers.
One peer learns an address  Sends it to every one else.

Switch Switch Switch Switch Switch Switch

Port-
vPC
Channel
Switch Switch Switch Switch Switch Switch
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Virtual Port Channel (vPC)
 Allows aggregation of links going to different switches
 STP does not block links  All capacity used
 Unlike VSS, maintains two independent control planes
 Independent control plane  In-service upgrade
Software in one of the two switches can be upgraded without
service interruption
 Falls back to STP  Used only in small domains
 vPC is Cisco proprietary. But other vendors have similar
technologies. E.g., Split Multi-link Trunking (SMLT) by Nortel
or “Multi-Chassis Link Aggregation (MC-LAG)” by Alcatel-
Lucent. There is no standard.

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 Fabric Extenders
 Fabric extenders (FEX) consists of ports that are
managed by a remote parent switch
 12 Fabric extenders, each with 48 host ports, connected to a
parent switch via 4-16 10 Gbps interfaces to a parent switch
provide a virtual switch with 576 host ports
 Chassis Virtualization
 All software updates/management, forwarding/control plane is
managed centrally by the parent switch.
 A FEX can have an active and a standby parent.
vSwitch Parent Switch
vSwitch

…
Fabric Extender Fabric Extender Fabric Extender
Ref: P. Beck, et al., “IBM and Cisco: Together for a World Class Data Center,” IBM Red Book, 2013, 654 pp., ISBN: 0-7384-3842-1,
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg248105.pdf
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9-22
 FEX Topology Example
 All hosts are dual homed to FEX
 Two FEX per rack
 Both FEX are dual homed to two parents Aggregation Switch Switch

 Two virtual access switches

Switch Switch
 Virtual Access switches are dual homed to Access
aggregation switches. FEX FEX

 Using vPCs, all links can be active. Server Server

Source: Santana 2014

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ ©2013 Raj Jain

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Virtual Bridge Port Extension (VBE)
 IEEE 802.1BR-2012 standard for fabric extender functions
 Specifies how to form an extended bridge consisting of a
controlling bridge and Bridge Port Extenders
 Extenders can be cascaded.
 Some extenders may be in a vSwitch in a server hypervisor.
 All traffic is relayed by the controlling bridge
 Extended bridge is a bridge.
Controlling Bridge
Extended Bridge

Bridge Port Extender Bridge Port Extender

Bridge Port Extender

Server Server Server Server VM VM Server

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 Summary

1. Network virtualization includes virtualization of NICs,

Bridges, Routers, and L2 networks.
2. Virtual Edge Bridge (VEB) vSwitches switch internally while
Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA) vSwitches switch
externally.
3. SR-IOV technology allows multiple virtual NICs via PCI and
avoids the need for internal vSwitch.
4. VSS allows multiple switches to appear as one logical switch
vPortChannels allow links to multiple switches appear as one.
5. Fabric Extension and Virtual Bridge Extension (VBE) allows
creating switches with a large number of ports using port
extenders (which may be vSwitches)
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9-25
 Reading List
 HP, “Facts about the IEEE 802.1Qbg proposal,” Feb 2011, 6pp.,
http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bc/docs/support/SupportManual/c0
2877995/c02877995.pdf
 Juniper, "Standardizing Data Center Server-Network Edge
Virtualization," Oct 2010,
http://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/whitepapers/standardizin
g-datacenter-server-network.pdf
 G. Santana, “Datacenter Virtualization Fundamentals,” Cisco
Press, 2014, ISBN: 1587143240 (Safari Book)
 P. Thaler, et al., “IEEE 802 Tutorial: Edge Virtual Bridging,”
Nov 2009, 54 slides,
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/88675018/Edge-Virtual-Bridging
 H. Shah, “Management Standards for Edge Virtual Bridging
(EVB) and Network Port Profiles,” Nov 2010,
http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2011/bg-shah-dmtf-
evbportprofile-overview-0311.pdf
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ ©2013 Raj Jain
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 Reading List (Cont)
 Intel, “PCI-SIG SR-IOV Primer,” Jan 2011,
http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/application-note/pci-
sig-sr-iov-primer-sr-iov-technology-paper.pdf
 P. Beck, et al., “IBM and Cisco: Together for a World Class
Data Center,” IBM Red Book, 2013, 654 pp., ISBN: 0-7384-
3842-1,
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg248105.pdf
 R. Emerick, “PCI Express IO Virtualization Overview,” SNIA
Education, 2012,
http://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/RonEmerick_PCI_Expre
ss_IO_Virtualization.pdf (Excellent)
 R. Sharma, et al., “VSI Discovery and Configuration,” Jan
2010, http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2010/bg-
sharma-evb-VSI-discovery-0110-v01.pdf

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 Wikipedia Links
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EtherChannel
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_aggregation
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC-LAG
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_virtualization
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Aggregation_Protocol
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Address_Resolution_Prot
ocol
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_complex
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Routing_and_Forwarding
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 Acronyms
 A-VPLS Advanced Virtual Private LAN Service
 Access-EPL Access Ethernet Private Line
 Access-EVPL Access Ethernet Virtual Private Line
 ADC Application Delivery Controllers
 ARP Address Resolution Protocol
 BPE Bridge Port Extension
 CDCP S-Channel Discovery and Configuration Protocol
 DMTF Distributed Management Task Force
 DVS Distributed Virtual Switching
 ECP Edge Control Protocol
 EDCP Edge Discovery and Configuration Protocol
 EPL Ethernet Private Line
 EVB Edge Virtual Bridging
 EVP-Tree Ethernet Virtual Private Tree
 EVPL Ethernet Virtual Private Line
 EVPLAN Ethernet Virtual Private Local Area Network
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 Acronyms (Cont)
 EVPN Ethernet Virtual Private Network
 FEX Fabric Extender
 GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation
 H-VPLS Hierarchical Virtual Private LAN Service
 HSRP Hot Standby Router Protocol
 IO Input/Output
 IOV Input/Output Virtualization
 IPoMPLSoE IP over MPLS over Ethernet
 IPSec Internet Protocol Security
 L2TPv3 Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3
 LAG Link Aggregation
 LISP Locator ID Split Protocol
 MAC Media Access Control
 MPLS-TP Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport
 MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching
 MR-IOV Multi-Root I/O Virtualization
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 Acronyms (Cont)
 NIC Network Interface Card
 NIC Network Interface Card
 NVGRE Network Virtualization using GRE
 NVO3 Network Virtualization Over L3
 OTV Overlay Transport Virtualization
 OVF Open Virtual Disk Format
 PB Provider Bridge
 PBB-EVPN Provider Backbone Bridging with Ethernet VPN
 PBB-TE Provider Backbone Bridge with Traffic Engineering
 PBB Provider Backbone Bridge
 PCI-SIG Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group
 PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
 PCIe Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
 PF Physical Function
 pM Physical Machine
 pNIC Physical Network Interface Card
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 Acronyms (Cont)
 pSwitch Physical Switch
 PW Pseudo Wire
 PWoGRE Pseudo Wire Over Generic Routing Encapsulation
 PWoMPLS Pseudo Wire over Multi-Protocol Label Switching
 SMLT Split Multi-link Trunking
 SNIA Storage Networking Industry Association
 SR-IOV Single Root I/O Virtualization
 STP Spanning Tree Protocol
 STT Stateless Transport Tunneling
 T-MPLS Transport Multiprotocol Label Switching
 TRILL Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Link
 VBE Virtual Bridge Extension
 VDC Virtual Device Context
 VDP VSI Discovery and Configuration Protocol
 VEB Virtual Edge Bridge
 VEPA Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator
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 Acronyms (Cont)
 VF Virtual Function
 VIP Virtual IP
 VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
 VM Virtual Machine
 vNIC Virtual Network Interface Card
 vPC Virtual PathChannel
 VPLS Virtual Private LAN Service
 VPN Virtual Private Network
 vPort Virtual Port
 VRF Virtual Routing and Forwarding
 VRRP Virtual Routing Redundancy Protocol
 VSI Virtual Station Interface
 VSS Virtual Switch System
 VXLAN Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network

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