COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY AND

CITIZENSHIP
What is Community? 3. As profound sharing off spiritual and/
or emotional connection
- leadership
Community is a social organization
- people characterized by patterned interactions
based on shared expectations, values,
- place beliefs, and meanings among it's member,
not just human settlements.
- interaction and ties
COMMUNITY is A
Community Notions:
1. Social Construct
1. As shared political territory and
heritage. 2. Social Organization that is
characterized by a set of patterned human
- applied to the institutional and interactions based on shared expectations,
grassroots perspectives. values, belief, and meanings between and
among it's individual members.
 Shared Political Territory
3. A thing in itself a social organism
Ex. City, Municipality beyond its component members. which
can be understood theoretically and
 Shared Heritage
empirically.
Ex. Suman, Fiesta, Celebrations
ELEMENTS OF SENSE OF
2. As a network of interpersonal ties COMMUNITY
based on common interest.
1. Membership -feeling of belonging or
(mutual support, sense of identity and of sharing a sense of personal relatedness.
sense of belongingness)
Attributes:
Civil Society Organization
A. Boundaries
1. NGO
B. Emotional Safety
2. Trade Unions
C. Sense of belonging/identification
3. Faith-Based Organization
D. Personal Investment
4. Indigenous people’s movements
E. Common Symbol System
5. Human rights movements
2. Influence -refers to the sense of having
6. Foundations importance or of feeling valued.
Communities are social a. Members feeling that they have a say in
constructs. They do not literally exist per the community.
se, but they are social organizations with
patterned forms of human interaction.
b. A community being a body that has the Examples:
power to make its members conform.
1. Family
3. Integration and Fulfillment of Needs
2. Religion
4. Shared Emotional connection
3. Economy

4. Education
FEATURES:
5. Government
1. Contact Hypothesis
6. Health Care
2. Quality of Interaction
B. Social Groups
3. Closure to Events
- consists of two or more people in the
4. Shared Valent Event Hypothesis community who regularly interact with
one another and consider themselves a
5. Investment distinct social unit.
6. Effect of Honor and Humiliation Classifications:
7. Spiritual Bond
1. Primary / Secondary Group
Importance:
2. Formal/Informal Group
-helps in Promulgating strategies to build 3. In/Out Group
a solid community.

- More participation in the community

affairs. So in building stronger C. Status
community
- refer to the position or rank a person
- Correlates happiness. holds.

Types:
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY 1. Ascribed

(structures) 2. Achieved

1. Community Social Structures D. Role

-refer to the rules and expectations that - refers to the obligations or behavior
people develop in the community over expected from the individual on the basis
time to help regulate and manage their of one's status in life.
interaction with one another.
2. Community Cultural Structure
A. Social Institutions
- refers to the institutionalized pa- Horns
- are established patterns of belief and of ways of life that are shared, learned
behavior that are centered on basic social developed and accepted by people in the
needs of people on addressing basic community.
social needs of people.
Elements: 3. Community Political Structure

1. Symbols and Language - refers to the established ways

ofallocating power and making decisions
a. Symbols - are shared words gestures or in running and managing community
signals which people in the com objects affairs.
munity use to convey and develop
recognizable meanings Purpose:

b. Language is a symbolic system that -Ensures that the members common needs
allows people to develop complex are provided
thoughts and record and explain new
ideas either through written -Peace and order is kept within the
communication verbal actions or non- community
verbal actions.
- Secured from the external threats.
2. Norms -refers to specific cultural
expectations on how to behave in a given Elements:
situation.
1. Political organization
Subdivisions:
- Engaged in political activities
a. Folkways - are general standards of
- Engaged in partisan politics
behavior that are adhered to by the people
in the community. -compote for political power and control.
b. Mores -are the restrict norms that - May engage in advocacy, lobby,
control moral and ethical behavior. pressure, and campaign to promote
certain political. moral religious and even
c. Laws - are the proscriptive and
commercial couses for the benefit of their
prescriptive norms writion in a legal
members.
code.
2. Citizenship Norms
3. Values and Belief
- are shared set of expectations about the
Values - are abstract standards in a
citizen's role in politics
community that define the ideal
principles of what is good, just and 3. Power relations
desirable.
- pertain to now different groups in the
Beliefs -refer to the shared ideas of what community and control are able to
is held collectively, truck by people in the interact with or groups.
community.
4. Leadership structure
4. Rituals-refer to the established sacred
or secular procedures and ceremonies that -refers to the composition of recognized
people in the community regularly leader (formal/informal in the community
perform and the lines or workflow of their
authority.
5. Artifacts - are any objects or things that
have special meaning for people in the - Leadership structure could be
community hierarchical (top-down leadership) or
egalitarian ( horizontal leadership)
4. Community Economic Structure diseases), seasonalities (prices and
employment opportunities) and critical
- pertains to various organized ways and trends (demographic, environmental,
means through which the people in the economic, governance and technological
community produce goods and services, trends)
allocate limited sources, and generate
wealth in order to satisfy their needs, and 3. Business Climate -refers to the
wants. attitudes, laws, regulations and policies of
the government and lending institutions
ELEMENTS: toward businesses, enterprises and
business activities.
1. CAPITAL ASSETS - refers to a
property or anything that is owned and 4. Trade - pertains to small, medium and
has an economic value which is expected even large-scale enterprises and business
to generate profit for a long period of activities involving the sale and purchase
time. of goods, services and information.

TYPES: PURPOSE:

a. Human Capital- pertains to the labor • Serve as invisible scaffolds that

force in the community and their determine people's interaction with one
background in terms of health, nutrition, another
education, knowledge and skills, capacity
to work and capacity to adapt. • Shape and regulate the interactions of
people.
b. Social Capital -refers to the collective
value of social networks and connections TYPES OF COMMUNITES
and Inclinations that arise in order to
provide mutual support. ACCORDING TO HUMAN
ASSOCIATION
c. Natural Capital -refers to land and
produce, water and aquatic resources, A. GEMEINSCHAFT
trees and forest products, wildlife, -known as communal society
biodiversity and environmental services.
-characterized by being intimate,
d. Physical Capital -refers to informal, caring, homogenous and group
infrastructure (transport, roads, vehicles welfare-oriented
secure shelter and buildings, water supply
and sanitation, energy, communication), - governed by informal and loose
and tools and technology (tools and relationship
equipment for production, seed, fertilizer,
pesticides, traditional technology). -dominant in rural communities or tight-
knit communities like tribes and villages
e. Financial Capital -refers to savings,
credit and debt (formal, informal), B. GESELLSCHAFT
remittances, pensions and wages
-Characterized as impersonal, formal,
2. Vulnerability context - pertains to the heterogeneous, and individually oriented
insecurity in the well-being of individuals
and households in the community, which - Governed by formal and rigid
may be in the form of shocks. (conflict, relationships
illnesses, floods, storms, droughts, pests,
-Prevalent in industrialized societies -Most people work in cities but others
work in nearby suburban offices or
A. 1. URBAN COMMUNITIES business parks
-Cities or large towns where there is a -Areas are devoted in housing
large, high dense and heterogeneous subdivision, business parks, road
population networks leading to nearby cities
-No much space for areas for vegetation, -Social relationship is dominated by
maximized to build public and private nuclear family homes in small pockets of
infrastructure, (houses, business land within the territory of their housing
establishment, road networks, bridges, unit
railways, seaports and airports
4. RURBAN
-Division of labor is complex (industrial,
administrative or professional) - Have urban and rural characteristics

-Class status is varied - Happens when people from different

urban slum areas are relocated in housing
-Skyscrapers and upper class-owned settlements found in the outskirts of rural
mansions surrounded by slums, shanty to areas.
townhouse and apartments of the middle
class. - No well-developed roads leading to the
cities
2. RURAL COMMUNITIES
- Often places of marginalized people
- Territorial enclaves or villages where
there is small, low-density, and B. 1. Local Community
homogenous population.
- Denote to geographically bounded
- Lots of open spaces for vegetation and community such as territorial enclave,
the natural environment village, barangay, town, city,
municipality, province, region, or even an
- Use of available land is often for entire country depending on the point of
agriculture/nearly waters for fisheries reference.
-Division of labor is based on 2. Global Community
agricultural/aquatic industries-
infrastructures - used to characterize the
interconnectivity of people or countries
-Class status is often feudal (landlord- all over the world.
tenant)
- Made possible through the use of the
-Social Interaction(intimate, close ties, internet and information and
strong degree of social solidarity) communications technology
3. SUBURBAN - Became popular with the integration of
economies among countries
- Residential or mix-used areas located at
(GLOBALIZATION) and the formation
the city outskirts or within the commuting
of international organization (United
distance of a city
Nations)
ACCORDING TO SOCIAL, - also known as for-benefit corporations
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
FUNCTIONS: - is a hybrid merger of the characteristics
found in private and public sectors
COMMUNITY SECTORS
- Integrates social and environmental
- refers to the subdivisions of society that aims with business approaches and
represent clusters of social institutions embodies features like inclusive
according to their social, economic and governance, transparent reporting, fair
political functions. compensation, environment
responsibility, community service, and
TYPES: contribution of profits to the common
good.
1. Public
ACCORDING TO SOCIAL SPACE
- term used to denote the government and
its agencies Social Space
Purpose: - either a geographical or virtual
community where people gather or
- Responsible for promoting the common network with one another due to common
good, providing security from external interest.
threats and maintaining peace and order.
Geographical
2. Private sector
- any public areas where people meet and
- Refers to businesses or enterprises interact with one another.
Purpose: A. public parks

- responsible for producing goods and B. clubs

services to meet people's needs and
wants, promoting economic growth and C. Gymnasiums
generating wealth
D. Pubs and town centers
3. Voluntary sector
Virtual
- Known as nonprofit organization
- Refers to electronic hubs or forums
- A term reserved for NGO, faith-based where people use the internet and other
organization and civil society social media outlets/platforms as a
organization channel of community, interaction, and
exchange of ideas.
Purpose:
LESSON 2
- Promote the development of the full
potential of human beings, safeguard their COMMUNITY DYNAMICS
human rights and pursue socio-civic
-refer to the changes that occur in the
causes for the good of humanity and the
community power structures and
environment
community population over time.
4. For-benefit sector
Community Power Structures
- are hierarchical interrelationships that Determinants:
govern the interaction of individuals
among each other a. Social and Legal Preconditions of
Marriage
Factors Affecting Changes in
Community Power Structure: b. Use of Birth Control Methods

AUTHORITY c. Level of Education

- referred also as formal power structure d. Level of Economic and Social

Development
- a kind of power that has over another by
virtue of an elected positions or an office 2. MORTALITY
of appointment that is based on codified
-Refers to the demography process
laws and regulations.
relating to deaths, often summarized by
INFLUENCE death rates, survival rates and life
expectancy.
- kind of power that a person possesses
over another by virtue of other people's 3. MIGRATION
positive perception of the former's
- Refers to the process of moving from
competence and ability.
one place to another
Four themes:
- Can be internal or external
1. Status TYPES OF COMMUNITY POWER
2. Wealth STRUCTURES

3. Expertise - Hierarchical interrelationships that

govern the interaction among individuals.
4. Charisma
- Interacting individuals involved in
Community Population Composition community power structure are called
POWER ACTORS.
- refers to common demographic
variables that describe the size, 1. PLURALIST
distribution and characteristics of the
population such as age structure, sex • Power becomes an attribute of an
composition, educational level, marital individual and it is widely distributed
statues, economic status, employment within the members of the community.
status and ethnicity classification. • Making every member roughly equal in
Factors affecting changes in the influence.
composition of people in the • Serves as the hallmark of participatory
community: democracy where people either
1. FERTILITY a. Participate directly in community
affairs
- refers to the actual reproductive
performance that can be expected of a b. Participate by electing officials to
person, couple, group population during a represent the people's will on their behalf
woman’s child bearing years.
2. ELITIST - Eager to attract industry or foreign
investments in order to create jobs to stir
• Power generally conforms to the system the local economy through consumption
of hierarchical stratification and is and residential construction and in the
associated with those who possess process increase property values so as to
corporate wealth/prestige due to generate more profits for themselves.
traditional/religious authority
3. FACTIONAL
• Power actors consist of tightly knit
group whose members could be the local • Power resides in numerous interest
aristocrats groups that hold relatively equal power
but struggling to dominate influence in
- control over the financial, industrial and community affairs
commercial resources.
• Political groups are fighting when it
-Influence over political, social, economic comes to community issues which
decisions of the community. resulted to arguments and heated debates
Types of Elitist: • These groups are focused more in
ousting one another rather than
1. Class-based theory of power helping/resolving community issues
- Power belongs to those who control the • When they will oust their opponents and
economic system of the community or hold positions they are mostly interested
distributed to those who are able to in protecting and aligning community
accumulate capital policies with their respective economic,
religious, ethnic, racial or political
- Manipulates the political process and
ideologies.
indoctrinate the rest of the community
into accepting the unequal structure. 4. AMORPHOUS
- Main goal is to generate profit • Refers to the seeming absence of an
identifiable power
• Rarely involves themselves in elective
positions • Status quo-sleeping giants
• Often not interested in becoming visible • Difficult to distinguish those with
to general public formal authority from those with informal
influence
• Act to protect their vested interest
• Dormant power actors can become
• Considered as the informal power actors
active when the community is agitated
of a community.
enough or rallied to a cause
2. The GROWTH MACHINE
METHODS TO IDENTIFY POWER
- Coalition of groups exist ACTORS:

- Perceive community as economic gain 1. POSITIONAL

for themselves
- Involves making and updating list of
- Include business developers, power actors in position of authority in
construction companies, real estate firms. the local government and in leading
Bankers, chamber of commerce.
economic, cultural, religious and - Involves developing a list of leaders and
voluntary organizations. active participants in commerce works in
key community voluntary associations.
STEPS:
STEPS:
a. Determining relevant positions in the
community a. Selecting key community voluntary

b. Collecting incumbents' names

c. Reviewing and updating the list

annually

2. REPUTATIONAL

- Involves many knowledgeable

community citizens who can provide a
list of power actors.

STEPS:

a. Making a list of knowledgeable

community citizens Lesson 3

b. Developing interview questions and a Community Engagement – developing

pilot test partnership and sustaining relationship
with and through groups of people.
c. Interviewing knowledgeable
community citizens Community Action – refers to a collective
d. Deciding the criteria efforts done by the people directed
toward addressing social problems. (e.g.
e. Repeating the process regularly social inequalities, environmental
degradation, poverty).
3. DECISION-MAKING
- can be in a form of community
- Involves tracing the history of a
engagement, and solidary which bolster
collective decision concerning at least one
citizenship in the procces.
issue area.

STEPS: - changes brought about by community

action can be understood by learning
a. Selecting representative community concepts, factors and theories of social
decision to focus on change.

b. Including relevant decision area Forms of Community Engagement:

c. Creating a documents review guide 1. Service Learning - is a teaching that

employs community service and
d. Developing interview and pilot test
reflection on service to teach community;
4. SOCIAL PARTICIPATION eng. develop greater community and
social responsibility, and strengthen
communities.
2. Community Outreach - refers to the 1. Transactional - one-way
voluntary services done by communication project that come from
students/faculty/employees or alumni in the service providers to the community.
response to the social, economic, and
political needs of the community. 2. Transitional - two-way communication,
process of consultation and collaboration
Forms: between provider and the community.

A. Community Service - voluntary 3. Transformational - two-way

services are one-way initiative from one communication characterized by actice
who devotes time and resources to the dialogue and participation between the
community. external agent in the community.

B. Community Development - requires SOLIDARITY

fostering partnerships and sustaining
relationship with communities and draws - refers to the firm and persevering
from volunteerism. determination to commit oneself to the
common good by mutually supporting
3. Community Engaged Research and sustaining movements for social
( CEnR) - collaborative process. change and social justice.

Why is Community Engagement Solidarity entails working with:

necessary?
1. Oppressed
- Social responsibility and penchant for
civic engagement. 2. Marginalized

Levels of Community Engagement: 3. Vulnerable

1. Information - one-way relationship, -cause be supported

traditional media, mass media, and social
-rights will be advocated
media.
- Work for their emancipation
2. Consultation - gathering feedback
without direct community participation. - Requires actions, not just approval or
lip- service support
3. Involvement - enlisting community
stakeholders as volunteers an/or Philippines:
comsumers of an any service project and
it's associated services. 1. Rural-landless farmers, peasants,
fisher.
4. Active Participation - allows the
involvement of community members in 2. Urban Poor-contractual laborers,
all planning, implementation, and overall workers of the informal economy
assessment of development initiatives.
3. Migrant workers and victims of human
Different Modalities of Community trafficking
Engagement:
4. Poor children, youth, women, the
elderly and the street families
5. Indigenous People enforcement of environmental laws,
regulations and policies.
6. Persons with disability

7. Prisoners and inmates

"Solidarity is NOT only about verbal
8. Victims or survivors of disasters support of expressing approval. It also
requires collective action to fight for the
emancipation of the vulnerable, oppressed
Anchored On: and marginalized sectors of society."

1. HEALTH FOR ALL CITIZENSHIP - full membership in a

community in which one lives, works or
- a state of complete physical, mental, & was born.
social well-being - is a fundamental
human right.

2. EDUCATION FOR ALL Dimensions:

- Access to basic education (K-SHS) is A. Legal - has the right to evoke

not viewed not as privilege but a protection by the law.
fundamental human right.
B. Political - actively participating in
3. GOOD GOVERNANCE FOR ALL society's political institution and system.

- capacitating local communities and C. Identity - member of a political

institutions to manage and regulate their community (not-state) that actively
welfare shaped his/her cultural identity.

- establish active partnership with their

local governments
Citizen
- enhance each other's development
- affect (nationalism & patriotism)
efforts
- self - actualization
4. ECONOMIC JUSTICE FOR ALL
- national identity
- enabling all people to contribute to and
benefit from the overall growth in the
economy and be lifted above the poverty
line Citizenship Education:

5. CLIMATE AND ENVIRONEMNTAL 1. Citizenship Advancement Training

JUSTICE FOR ALL (CAT)

- refers to fair treatment and meaningful 2. National Service Training Program

involvement of all people in the (NSTP)
development, implementation and
Components:

a. Reserved Officers Training Corps

(ROTC)

b. Literacy Training Service (LTS)

c. Civic Welfare Training Service

(CWTS)

Core Values of Filipino Citizen:

• Pagkamaka - Diyos

• Pagkamaka - Tao

• Pagkamata - Bayan

• Pagkamaka - Kalikasan