PPP Unit - V Isometric : Projections n. Draw luction to isometric projection, Oblique projection and perspective pro metric projection from the given orthograp! Salient Features...4 © Imagination of objective is made simpler with the help of number of 3-D diagrams: & All the solved problems are arranged in a proper sequence- © This chapter covers isometric projections of points, planes and 3D objects: & Isometric projections of spherical objects is also covered: © This chapter also includes the solved problems from previous Papers: © At the end of chapter, review questions are given to check the understanding:“W rejening Gaps SPU) J | tzeti Frogetons 7.1__Introduction : ‘* Multiview orthographic projections are useful for representing surfaces of objects in accurate shape and size. But, thorough knowledge of principles of projections and constructive imagination are required to read such drawings because each view in multiview orthographic projections represents only one face of an object, + It is therefore useful only for technically trained persons. + Hence, sometimes pictorial projections are also provided along with orthographic projection to help imagine the shape and form of the object. + Pictorial projections can easily be understood even by persons without technical training because such a drawing shows several faces of an object in a single view. © It shows the appearance of an object but not the true shape and size of its faces, © Hence, its use in technical work is to supplement multiview orthographic projections. It is extensively used in sales literature. 7.2 _ Types of Pictorial Projections : Pictorial projections are projected by the following methods : () — Axonometric projection Gi) Oblique projection Git) Perspective projection. (Oblique projection and perspective projection are out of scope of this book) Axonometric projectior In a normal axonometric projection, only one plane of projection is used. The object is placed with its principal faces inclined to the plane of projection and the lines of sight ie. the projectors are perpendicular to the plane of projection. In fact, axonometric projection is the orthographic projection with the only difference that the principal faces of the object are inclined to the plane of projection. Fig. 7.1 shows an axonometric projection of a cube projected on a plane of projection. TachKaootedyeEngrotra Gap (6°P1) Fs] mete Pojecore 7.3__ Types of Axonometric Projections : Depending upon the inclinations of principal edges of the object with the plane of projection, axonometric projection is classified as : () Isometric (i) Diametric and (iii) Trimetric projection. 7.3.1 Isometric Projection : (Refer Fig. 7.2) 's mutually perpendicular edges make equal angles with the plane of OX = OY =02) + If the object is so placed that projection, the edges will be equally fore-shortened in the projection (i * The axonometric angles between them will be equal. (ie. 2 @=2 B= 2) In this case axonometric projection is called isometric projection. Isometric means ‘equal measures’. This means that only one set of scales is needed to draw an isometric projection of an object. apy Ox=0Y=02 Fig.7.2: Isometric Projection Fig. 7.3 : Diamettie Projection Fig. 7.4 : Trimetric Projection 7.3.2 Diametric Projection : (Refer Fig. 7.3) © When two mutually perpendicular edges of the object are equally inclined and the third edge is inclined at some other angle to the plane of projection, the two side edges will be equally fore- shortened (i.e. OX= OY) + The corresponding axonometric angles between them will be equal (i.e. Z a= 2 6) while the third edge (02) will be fore-shortened in different proportion in the projection. + This type of projection is known as diametric projection because two sets of scales are required for drawing this projection. 7.3.3 Trimetric Projection : (Refer Fig. 7.4) * When all three of the mutually perpendicular edges of object makes unequal angles with the plane of projection, the edges are fore-shortened in different ratios in the projection (i.e. OX + OY # OZ) + None of the axonometric angles between them will be equal (ie. Z0#2B# 21). + This type of projection, is known as trimetric projection, because three sets of scales are required for drawing such a projection. + Diametric and trimetric projections are out of the scope of syllabus. Only isometric projection as well as isometric view/drawing are discussed here in full details. 7.4 Isometric Projection of a Cube : + Ifa cube is placed on one of its corners on the ground with a solid diagonal perpendicular to the VP, the FV is the isometric projection of the cube. WF hataledgsi a ‘& Engineering Graphics (SPPU) Isomettic Projectione The step-by-step construction is shown in Fig. 7.5. Step 1: Place the cube in HP with faces equally inclined at 45° to the VP, Refer Fig. 7.5(a). Step 2: Turn the cube at one of its corners such that the solid diagonal 3'-a’ in the FV becomes parallel to the HP. Refer Fig. 7.5(b). Step 8: Rotate the cube such that the solid diagonal 3-a in the TV becomes perpendicular to the VP. Refer Fig. 7.5(0). The FV of the cube represents its isometric projection Key Terms : 2. Isometric scale. Isometric axis & Various positions of isometric axis, 4, Isometric and non-isometric lines. Isometric and non-isometric planes. Let us discuss one by one. Isometric lengt! As we can see in Fig. 7.6 that three visible square faces of the cube are now appearing as rhombus due to foreshortening of sides. The foreshortened length is isometric length. We can find a relationship between true length and foreshortened length. Draw a square DA; BC; of sides equal to the true (actual) length of the edges of the cube with DB as the common diagonal. DC is foreshortened length of side DC;, (True length). We can calculate the DC, the foreshortened length by considering the two triangles DOC and DOC. Zone, = 45° Z0DC = 30° cos 45 = BS B and cos 30 = BE 8 BO 2,4 2. De A 0.816 =3 (approximately)‘¥ Engineering Graphics (SPPU) Isometric Projections ‘DC _ Isometric Length DC; = ~ Truelength = °-816 Isometric length = 0,816 x True length 2. Isometric scale : + For drawing true isometric projection, an isometric scale is required to be prepared. ‘+ In true isometric projections, the lengths of all isometric lines are 0.816 times the true lengths. Hence, the following procedure is followed to prepare an isometrie scale for isometric lines. Construction of Isometric scal Step 1: Draw a horizontal line DO. Step2: Draw a line DC, at 45° from D which will represent true scale and another line DC at 30° to represent isometric scale, Step 3: Mark the points 10, 20, .... on DC; to represent true scale. Step 4: Draw vertical lines and mark 10°, 20,.... to represent isometric scale where it intersects DC.i cats utah eee gw Isovatio Psion Isometric scale is constructed by another method also. ‘+ In this method normal, true or actual scale is drawn on a horizontal line. * By drawing parallel lines at 45° to the horizontal line upto a line at 15° to the horizontal, we ge isometric scale on a 16° line as shown in Fig. 7.7(b). In short, figures in isometric projection is reduced length wise by approximately 81.6%. Volume wist it is reduced by (0.816 x 0.816 x 0.816 = 0.5433) or 54.33%. 3. Isometric axis: ‘Three mutually perpendicular edges of the cube, OX, OY and OZ are called isometric axes, which are making 120° with each other and are equaily foreshortened. ions of isometric a: It is not essential to keep the position of the isometric axes (OX, OY and OZ) same as shown in Fig. 78. + Inorder to show alll the details of the object or to show the object in its natural position, the positions of the principal axes may be changed. + However, it should be noted that; angle between isometric axes always remains 120 degrees. + Anumber of positions for isometric axes are shown in Fig, 7.9. ae Fig. 7.9i & cncooing Grass SFPU) wi lonetis Proton 4 Isometric lines: * ‘The lines which are parallel to isometric axes are called isometric lines. * True dimensions are shown on isometric lines. Isometric Lines Isometic Lines Non isometric lines : + The lines which are not parallel to isometric axes are called Non isometric lines. * The lines XY, YZ and XZ are non-isometric lines, ‘+ Non isometric lines are not foreshortened in the same proportion as the isometric lines. So we can not show true dimension on these lines. * These lines are drawn by locating their ends first and then joined. 5. Isometric and Non-isometric planes : Isometric planes : +The planes representing the faces of the cube as well as other planes parailel to these planes are called isometric planes. * Isometric planes are formed by isometric lines. x Isometric plane somatic plane Obtque Plane Fig. 7.11 Non-ii & Engineering Graphics (SPPU) J 72 | Isometric Projections 7.6 _ Isometric View or Drawing and Isometric Projection : * Very often, we are interested in the shape or form of the object. . Dimensional details are available in the orthographic views. . For drawing the (3 D) shape of the object, using isometric scale, the procedure is highly inconvenient and impractical scale and the drawing generated is called Isometric view/drawing. Isometric view or drawing : In this method, the object is represented in the drawing with actual dimensions using normal scale and not by reduced dimensions of isometric scale. Refer Fig. 7.12. Isometric projection : + In this method, the object is represented in the drawing with reduced scale or isometric scale, (Refer Fig. 7.12). ‘0° 30” 30° Sy NNR Comparison of isometric view or drawing with isometric projection 7.7 _ Construction of Isometric Point : An object is generated by plane surfaces, planes are generated by lines and each line is generated by points. Hence locating an isometric point is the first stage in understanding isometric projection. Orthographic projection of a point ‘A’ is shown in Fig. 7.18(a). e e @) {b) Fig. 7.13,1¥F Engineering Graphics (SPPU) 79 Isometric Projections Step 1: Construct the coordinate axes OX, OY, OZ at 120° with each other. Step 2: From O take %' along OX axis then move by 'y' parallel to OY and then move by 'z' parallel to OZ up. Thus the point ‘A' is obtained in isometric projection. 7.8 Construction of Isometric Planes : In this section isometric construction of following type of planes are explained, 1. Polygon 2 Circles, semi-circles and quarter of a circle. 7.8.1 Polygon : In this section isometric construction of following type of polygons are explained. 1. Square 2. Rectangle 3. Hexagon 4. Any given quadrilateral 1. Square: Fig, 7.14(a) shows the TV of a square. ‘| : Ve la CO : TOS @ ) ) * Since TV is a square, the surface of the square will be horizontal. In isometric view, all sides will be drawn inclined at 30° to the horizontal. ‘To draw the isometric view of the square follow the steps given below : Step 1: From any point A (Refer Fig. 7.14(b)), draw two lines AB = ab and AD = ad, inclined at 30° to the horizontal and making 120° between them, Step 2: Draw line BC parallel to AD and line CD parallel to AB. The rhombus ABCD thus obtained is the required isometric view of the square. If the view given in Fig. 7.14(a) is the FV of a vertical square, its isometrie view would be drawn as shown in Figs. 7.14(c) and (@). 2. Rectangle: Fig. 7.15(a) shows the TV of a rectangle, the surface of which is horizontal. ls Fig. 7.15& Engineering Graphics (SPPU) j7-10) Isometric Projections To draw the isometric view of the rectangle follow the stops given below : Step 1: From any point A draw two lines AB and AD inclined at 30° to the horizontal and making 120° between them, Take length AB = ab and AD = ad. (Refer Fig. 7.15(b)). Step 2: Draw lines BC parallel to AD and CD parallel to AB. The figure thus obtained. will be the isometric view of the rectangle ABCD. ‘+ Itcan also be drawn in other direction as shown in Fig. 7.15(c) 3. Hexagon: Fig. 7.16(a) shows TV of a hexagonal lamina the surface of which is horizontal. ‘To draw the isometric view of the hexagonal lamina follow the steps given below Step 1: Enclose the hexagon in a rectangle 1234. Step 2: Draw the isometric view of the rectangle 1234 assuming it to be horizontal and transfer the distances of each of the corners of the hexagon on the respective sides of the isometric view of the rectangle 1234. Step 3: Join these points to obtain isometric hexagon as shown in Fig, 7.16(b). + Ifthe view given in Fig. 7.16(a) is the FV of a vertical hexagon, its isometric view would be drawn as shown in Figs. 7.16(e) and (4).‘We nghnerng Graphics (SPU) Isometric Protons 4, Any given quadrilateral : Fig. 7.17(a) shows the FV of the quadrilateral ABCD whose surface is parallel to VP. Fig. 7.17 ‘To draw the isometric view of the quadrilateral ABCD follow the steps given below : Step 1: Enclose the quadrilateral in a rectangle a’ b’ 12. Step 2: Draw lines c3 ande% parallel to the sides 27 and b 7 respectively. Step 3: Draw the isometric view of the rectangle and obtain points D and C as shown in Fig. 7.17(b). Step 4: Join the points 4, B, C and D which is the required isometric view of the quadrilateral. + Ifthe given view is the TV of the quadrilateral whose surface is horizontal, its isometric view would be drawn as shown in Fig. 7.17(c). 7.82 Circle and Semi-circle : 1. Isometric projection of a circle : + As square faces of cube get foreshortened and appear to be a rhombus; similarly the circle drawn on isometric plane appears to be an ellipse. ‘+ This ellipse (isometric circle) may be drawn by two methods. (Method of points (i) Four center method Construction of isometric circle by method of points. * Fig. 7.18¢a) shows the FV of a circle the surface of which is parallel to VP. ‘+ To draw the isometric view of the circle by method of points follow the steps given below : Step 1: Enclose the circle in a square abcd touching it in points 7, 2, 3 and 4 Step 2: Construct the diagonals of the square which intersect the circle at points 5, 6, 7, 8 and construct, lines parallel to the sides of square through these points. Step 3: Draw the isometric projection of square (i.e, rhombus ABCD) with sides equal to the diameter of the circle, Step 4: Mark points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 6, 7, 8 in the rhombus ABCD as explained earlier. Step 5: Join the points by smooth curve to get the isometric view of the circle (i.e. ellipse). * Fig. 7.18(e) shows the isometric circle in the different orientation. If the given view is the TV of the circle whose surface is horizontal, its isometric view would be drawn as shown in Fig. 7.18(f) eee© eraneetra Grate (SPPU) mw sore Projcons (ii) Construction of isometric circle by four-centre method : ‘To draw the isometric view of the circle by four-center method, follow the steps given belo Construct the isometric view of square plate (i.e. rhombus ABCD) with sides equal to diameter of Step the circle. Step 2: Mark the mid-points of all the sides of rhombus and draw the thin construction line for longer diagonal AC. Step 3: From the corners of the shorter diagonal BD join the mid-points of opposite sides with thin construction lines. The intersection of these lines with longer diagonal AC gives two centres 1 and 2, The other two centres are the corners of shorter diagonal (B and D). Refer Fig. 7.19(0). Step 4: With centres J and 2 and radius r draw the ares as shown in the Fig. 7.19(4). Step 5: With centres B and D and radius R draw the ares as shown in Fig. 7.19(e). We will get the ellipse as the combination of four arcs drawn with four contres 1, 2, B and D respectively. + Fig. 7.19(g) shows the isometric circle in a different orientation, If the given view is the TV of the circle whose surface is horizontal, its isometric view would be drawn as shown in Fig. 7.19(h). ‘+ Fig. 7.19(0, (g), (h) shows three isometric circles on three isometric planes,Isometric Projections "W Engineering Graphics (SPPU) [Note : The ellipse obtained by the four-center method is not a true ellipse and differs considerably in size and shape trom| the elipse plotted by method of points. But owing to the ease In construction and to avold tha labour of drawing) freehand neat curves, four-center method is generally employed. 2. Construction of isometric semi-circle by four-center method : + Fig. 7.20(a) shows the FY of a semi-circle whose surface is parallel to VP. * Todraw its isometric view follow the steps given below : Stop 1: Complete the circle and enclose it in a square a; b; ed as shown in Fig. 7.20(a). Semi-circle is enclosed in rectangle abed. Step 2: Draw the isometric view of rectangle abed as ABCD. Extend A to A, and B to B, and from the rhombus A,B,CD. Refer Fig. 7.20() Step 3: With centres B; and C, and radii R and r respectively complete the isometric view of the semi-circle. We FendaW Engineesing Graphics (SPPU) Isometric Projections It can be also drawn in other direction as shown in Fig. 7.20(¢). If the view shown in Fig. 7.20(a) is the TV of a horizontal semi-cirele, its isometric view would be drawn as shown in Figs. 7.21(a) and (b). Fig. 7.22(a) shows the F'V of the semi-circle whose surface is parallel to VP and Figs. 7.22(a) and (b) shows the isometric views of the semi-circle in two different directions.W Engineering Graphics (SPPU) Isometric Projections + If the view shown in Fig. 7.22(a) is the TV of a horizontal semi-circle, its isometric view would be drawn as shown in Figs. 7.23(a) and (b). 3. Isometric Construction of Quarter of a Circle : + Fig. 7.24(a) shows the FV of a plane parallel to VP. + To draw its isometric view follow the steps given below Step Upper two corners of the plane are rounded with quarter circles, hence enclose the plane in a rectangle ABCD. Step2: Draw the isometric view of the rectangle ABCD and from the upper two corners of the parallelogram, mark points p, q, r and s on respective sides at a distance equal to radius R of the ares. Step 3: At these points draw perpendiculars to the respective sides to intersect each other at points J and 2 Step 4: With Z and 2 as centres and Jp and 2s as radii draw the ares and complete the required view. @) Fig. 7.24 Note : Although arcs of the same radius, they are drawn with different radi in the isomettic view. 7.9 Construction of Isometric Solic + We have seen the isometric view of a cube. Since all the edges of cube are isometric lines hence these edges are shown by lines parallel to the three isometric axes. + But there are other solids also which contain inclined edges which in isometric view would be shown by non-isometric lines. Technorai ¥ Engineering Graphics (SPPU) \somotric Projections + The isometric view of solids containing inclined edges may be drawn by using any one of the following methods. 1. Box method 2. Offset: method 1. Box method : * This method is used when the non-isometrie lines or their ends lie in isometric planes. + Just as isometric views of plane figures are drawn by enclosing them within rectangles, solids are drawn by enclosing them within rectangular boxes. Initially the box is drawn in isometric. + The ends of the lines for the inclined edges are then located by measuring on or from the outlines of the box. 2. Offset method : © This method is used for objects in which neither non-isometric lines nor their ends lie in the isometric planes. + Perpendiculars are dropped from each end of the edge to a horizontal or a vertical reference plane. ‘The points at which the perpendiculars meet the plane, are located by drawing co-ordinates or offsets to the edges of the plane. * Out of above two methods box method is commonly used. Which ever method is used while drawing the isometric view of any solid, the following important points should be carefully noted. Considerations while constructing an isometric solid : Which ever method is used while drawing the isometric view of any solid, the following important points should be carefully noted, * ‘The isometric view should be drawn in such a way that maximum possible details of the solid are visible, + Atevery point for the corner of a solid, at least three lines for the edges must converge. Of these, at least two must be for visible edges. Lines for the hidden edges need not be shown, but it is advisable to check up every corner so that no line for a visible edge is left out. + Two lines (for visible edges) will never cross each other. + In the following section isometric construction of these solids are explained. 1. Prism 2. Pyramids and its frustum. 8. cylinder and semi-cylinder 4. Cone and its frustum 5. Spheres 6. Solids having irregular curves 7.9.1 Isometric Construction of Prism : + Fig. 7.25(a) shows the FV and TV of a vertical square prism having side of base 20 mm and axis length 40 mom, + To draw its isometric view follow the steps given below Step 1: Since axis of the prism is vertical hence faces of the prism will be horizontal. Draw the isometric view (rhombus ABCD) of the top face. (Refer Fig. 7.25(b)).. Step 2: Since longer edges of the prism is vertical therefore draw vertical lines AE, BF and CG of length equal to the length of the axis. Line DH should not be drawn, as that edge is hidden (Refer Fig. 7.25(0)).F ewanening Gries SPL 7 lene Pejctore Step 3: Draw lines HF and FG, thus completing the required isometric view. Lines GH and HE should not be drawn, as these edges are hidden. (Refer Fig. 7.25(b)) INote : Beginning may also bo made by drawing lines from point fon the horizontal ine and proceeding upward. + Ifaxis of the square prism is horizontal, the end faces of the prism will be vertical and its isometric views in different directions are shown in Figs. 7.25(c) and (d). 7.9.2 Isometric Construction of Pyramid and its Frustum : (1) Isometric construction of a pyramid : + Fig. 7.26(a) shows the projections of @ pentagonal pyramid. * To draw its isometric view follow the steps given below : Step 1: Enclose the base (in the TV) in an oblong. (Refer Fig. 7.26(2)) Step 2: Draw an offset op (ie. sp) on the line ab. (Refer Fig. 7.26(a)), Step: Draw the isometric view of the oblong and locate the corners of base in it. (Refer Fig. 7.26(b)) Step 4: Mark point P on the line AB such that AP = ap. Now draw a line PS parallel to 2-3 and at S draw a vertical line OS = 0's’ (Refer Fig. 7.26(b)) Step5: Join O with the corners of the base, thus completing the isometric view of the pyramid. (Refer Fig. 7.26(6)) + Ifaxis of the pyramid is in horizontal position its isometric view would be as shown in Fig. 7.26(c). WH reotennaalW Engineering Graphics (SPPU) wa Isometric Projections (2) Isometric construction of a frustum : + Fig. 7.27(a) shows the projections of a frastum of hexagonal pyramid. + Todraw its isometric view follow the steps given below : Step 1: Enclose the FV and the TV in rectangles, (Refer Fig. 7.27(a)) i Step 2: Draw the isometric view of the rectangular box. (Refer Fig. 7.27(b)) Step 3: Locate the six points of the base of the frustum on the sides of the bottom surface of the box. i (Refer Fig. 7.2700)) Step 4: Locate the six points of the top face of the frustum on the top surface of the box by usual method, (Refer Fig. 7.27(b)) Step 5: Join the corresponding top corners and base corners and complete the isometric view as shown in Fig. 7.2%(b). ers oes | ] 7.9.3 Isometric Construction of Cylinder and Semi-Cylinder : (4) Isometric construction of cylinder : I Method 1: | + Fig. 7.28(a) shows the projections of a vertical cylinder. + Todraw the isometric view of the cylinder follow the steps given below Step 1: Enclose the cylinder in a square prism, (Refer Fig. 7.28(a)) Step 2: Draw the isometric view of the prism. (Refer Fig. 7.28(b)) Step 3: In two rhombuses, draw the ellipses by four-centre method. (Refer Fig. 7.28(b)) Step 4: Draw two common tangents to the two ellipses. (Refer Fig. 7.28(b)) Step 5: Erase the inner half of the lower ellipses and complete the require view. (Refer Fig. 7.28(b)) * Ifthe axis of the cylinder is horizontal, its isometric view is shown in Fig. 7.28(c).W Engineering Graphics (SPPU) Isometric Projections Method 2: ‘Step 1: Enclose the cylinder in a square prism. (Refer Fig. 7.28(a)). Step 2: Draw the rhombus for the top face of the prism and in it, draw the ellipse by four-centre method. (Refer Fig. 7.29(a)), Step 3: Draw vertical lines of length equal to the length of axis from the centres C,, C) and C; to get centres C;, Cy and C, for the arcs of lower ellipse as shown in Fig. 7.29(a). Step 4: C), Cy and C; are the shifted centres for the lower ellipse. Draw the ares for the half ellipse. i (Refer Fig. 7.29(a)). i Step 5: Draw common tangents, thus completing the required isometric view. (Refer Fig. 7.29(a)). If the axis of the cylinder is horizontal, its isometrie view is shown in Fig. 7.29(b).i 8 ereneeen Grape (SFU) 720] lometi Protons (2) Isometric construction of semi-cylinde! @ + Fig. 7.80(a) shows the projection of a semi-cylinder. + To draw the isometric view of the semi-cylinder follow the steps given below : Step 1: Since front semi-circular face of the semi-cylinder is vertical therefore draw a rhombus of size 60 mmx 50 mm. (Refer Fig. 7.30(b)). Step 2: Construct the isometric semi-circle by four-centre method using only two centres C; and Cr as shown in Fig. 7.30(b). Step 3: By shifting the centros to C/ and radius. Step 4: Draw common tangents to two isometric semi-circles to got the required view. draw the visible portion of semi-cylinder with respective w @) {b) Fig. 7.91 TechnolIsometric Projections ¥ Enginooring Graphics (SPPU) + Fig. 7.31(@) shows the projection of a semi-circular slab and Figs. 7.31(b), (c), (@) and (e) shows its isometric views in different orientation of origin which can be drawn by following the steps as discussed in above example. Gii) + Fig. 7.32(a) shows the projections of a rectangular slab having upper two corners with quarter circles.°¥ Enginoering Graphics (SPPU) wa Isometric Projections . Figs. 7.32(b), (c) and (d) shows the isometric views of the rectangular slab in different orientations. © Figures are self explanatory. 7.9.4 Isometric Construction of Cone and its Frustum : (2) Isometric construction of a cone : Fi steps given below : Step 1: Draw the ellipse for the base circle and determine the position of apex by offset method. . 7.33(a) shows the projections of a vertical cone. To draw the isometric view of the cone follow the Step 2: Draw tangents to the ellipse from the apex. Brase the part of the ellipse between the tangent and complete the view as shown in Fig. 7.83(b). © Ifcone is horizontal Fig. 7.33(¢) would be its isometric view. (2) Isometric construction of frustum of a cone : . Fig. 7.34(a) shows the projection of a frustum of a cone. + Toobtain its isometric view follow the steps given below : Step 1: Draw the ellipse for the base circle. Step 2: Draw the axis by the offset method and around the top end of the axis draw the ellipse for the top face. Step 3: Draw common tangents, erase the hidden part of the lower ellipse and complete the view as shown in Fig. 7.34(b).W Engineering Graphios (SPPU) Isometric Projections 7.9.5 Construction of Isometric Spheres : ‘The orthographic view of a sphere seen from any direction is a circle of diameter equal to the diameter of the sphere. Hence the isometric projection of a sphere is also a circle of the same diameter. But the distance of the center of the sphere from its point of contact with the ground is equal to the isometric radius of the sphere, viz. CP. Itis, therefore, of the utmost importance to note that, isometric scale must invariably be used, while drawing isometric projections of solids in conjunction with spheres or having spherical parts. wo Let us assume a sphere of diameter 30 mm, To draw the isometric sphere follow the steps given below : Step 1: Construct the isometric scale and calculate the isometric radius r Step 2: Mark centre C with the help of isometric radius r. Step: With contre C and radius R = 30 mm, draw the circle which is the isometric view of the sphere.W cngrorne Grapes (SPP) wa koma Prectors @ Fig. 7.36(a) shows a sphere resting centrally on a top of a square block. To draw the isometric view of the combination follow the steps given below : Step 1: Draw the isometric projection (using isometric scale) of the square block and locate the centre p on its top surface. (Refer Fig. 7.36(b)). Step 2: Draw a vertical line at P and mark a point C on it, such that PC = the isometric radius of the sphere. With C as centre and radius equal to the radius of the sphere, draw a circle which will be the Step. isometric projection of the sphere. i 7.10 Construction of Isometric Solid Having Irregular Curve : ietsIsometric Projections 'W Engineering Graphics (SPPU) © Fig. 7.37(a) shows the FV and SV of a slab having irregular curve. * Figs. 7.87(b), (©) and (d) explain the procedure of construction. + Fig. 7.37(4) is the isometric view of the slab. 7.11_Solved Problems : Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view.Seniaieendg sraphes Pry) |||!) UBB a EE Te LE iomoth efojotios EEE Fig. shows FV and LHSV of an object. Draw isometric view. pete a 0. Ex) Fig. shows FV and LHSV of an object. Draw isometric view. an P24 Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. ae AAC MPEFEES EAI IR MTT ETE CEI EET PEE aeIsometric Projections WH Enainesring Graphics (SPPU) Fig. shows FV and TV of an object, Draw isometric view 2010} 20-4 Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. reer Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. p80 1525420 Soln.: 20°20, DECC CHIC HE Gn Sn 2S] dedi¥ Enginocring Graphics (SPPU) j 7-25 | lsematré Projection TEEQIEE Fig. shows FV and LHSV of an object. Draw isometric view. _peqepey i i | i ! !Weeraneeira Geos SPU) Isometi Prjectone i i [ReobSsIO: front.view aid end view of an object. Draw isometric view and show overall dimensions. j po EsGW Engineering Graphies (SPU)! 2) | 7-20 fl |! fpomilifc Projets TS Te er B 1 1 Fig, shows FV, TV and LHSV of an object. Draw isometric view. al (Rey) TAVARES TET TEEPE TEREST ER TA EPISTLE eeWeenathectita Gphics PPL) pf) | (AUP UES Hels, 2 Sh asimetie Piojeetions ihe Graphics: I i: TIGL MME TIPU EAA HT ATP EeW erence apes (SPU) wa isonet Preto Prob. 15: Fig.(a) shows Front View and Top View of an object. Draw Isometric View and show overal dimensions : Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. 8 ss ‘Soin. : fet 28 Wy ethatetst1H Engineering Graphics (SPPU) B lnometic Projections Fig. shows FV and RHSV of an object. Draw isometric view. ij i 1 i | ESERSGICSEerr oc¥ Engineering Graphics (SPPU} OS UBER TESST EXILE Fig. sho HET A TP OPCW AAAI AEA TT wi lil aaaWY Clgindecing Grapes (SPU) za lnomotie Projections Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. FETE EIEE LTC TBAT TTL BE A PTI TTP EFF TeaW tincong Saphis (6F0) 7 5] ie Proila Fig. shows FV and SV ofan object Brew somete Vow| 737 ‘sometric Projections view. and. top view. of & object, Draw, jsomatiic view and show, overall dimensions. Fig. shows FV and RHSV of an object. Draw isometric view. epee £ 5iHerb bedbblelbob, 8. 80 RBM Pb Ns bapa dly Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view j pees A FP TRUCE A AMHERST TASES SETBF Enainoorinalarepnies spy i EB Isometric Projections Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. HARMEN TMCV WEALD PEAT TS ee raneWEngineoring Graphics (SPPU) leomotc Projections Fig. shows FV and LHSV of an object. Draw isometric view. Fig, shows FV and LHSV ofan object. raw isometric view. rit ° Ey) Soln. :1 rinsing Grapes SPU) leet Preptore Soln. :W engroamr ape (5° wa lene Pj Prob.33: Fig. shows front view and right hand side view of an object. Draw Isometric view and show overal 7 ‘dimensi : 7 : Savers m 304 20-4 t a Lt 4 100 p15 20-415: % 8 FRONT VIEW LaS.v, EIAGIELE Fig. shows FV and SV of an object. Draw isometric view. Wy atermtsometric Projections WF Engineering Graphics (SPPU) Fig. shows FV and SV of an object. Draw isometric view. Fig. shows FV and SV of an object. Draw isometric view, WF ecteetcrorceeg rates (SPP) Fr toe Prtee [Prob.37: Fig. shows font view and op ofan obec. Drew isometic view and sho Ww overall di Soin. :i W engocera cases (5° wa lame Prijs Prob. 40: Fig. shows front view, top view, side view. Draw its isometric view by natural scale and-show “.. -everall dimensions... cee ene ETE ‘views Werteal Fv. sv. Soin. : 10 b-s3—| \A ——8 ro b—40—9, 6 Top VIEW Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. IS 4 i = Ev) cue & |g a5—|WF Engincoring Graphics (SPPU) j7--7| Isometic Projections (HEEEEE Fig. shows FV and RHSV of an object Draw isometric view. TechKneutedIsometric Projection W Enginesring Graphics (SPPU) (EEMEE Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. i : a EY) = A bal & \ Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. 10-4 70Wein Ghia SFFUY 9] \sorate Peiscon Prob. 46: Fig.(a) shows front view and end view of an object. Draw isometric view and show overall ‘dimensions. 7 : Fig(a) shows front view and end view of a bracket. Draw isometric view and show overall dimensions. SEEAE i {W Engineering Graphics (SPPU) B ___ WBometrie Projacions | Prob. 48: Fig.(a) shows Front View, Top view-and End View of a bracket, Dr j i “~-qverall diniensions: ©" eceints i Prob. 49 Fig. shows front view and end view of an object. Draw isometric view arid show overall dimensions. ISPPU - Dec. 13, 12 Marks}J Engineering Graphios (SPPU) |sometric Projections [Brob, 50... Fig. shoves front view and end view of an object. Draw isometric view and show. overall dimensions, a 7 Fi EEEi i W croreotie cao SOP F) indi rp Prob.52 Fig. shows front view, top view. Draw Its isometric view by natural scale_and Prob. 53 Fig (a) ‘shows front’ view’ and “end view ‘of a braéKet. Draw’ isomelidview and -ahow. dimensions. SPP (EPSi 1 NF Engineering Graphics (SPPU) f7-53] Isometric Projections ‘object. Draw, isometric view and show. overall SESE \d-side-view Of @ object. Draw isometric view and show overall % + EEEIsometric Projections W Engineering Graphics (SPPU) = ; $ 2. a 5 i : E 2 i Prob.56: Prob.57 : Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw an isometric view and show all thé overall dimensions ISPPU - May 19, 12 Marks io bw —tis tots WohiW Enainooring Graphics (SPPU) i | 4 |Prob. 69:. - Fig. shows front view and right hand side-view of an abject Draw Isometric view and show overall dimensions: deat See ksIsometric Projections ® Engineering Graphics (SPPU) BEES Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. WF TecttnccteaytW Enginsering Graphics (SPPU) i Isometric Projections (QEEMEEIFio. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view.Wenginoorng crores srry cn leomete Prjeetons Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw leometrc viewWzngineoring Graphics (SPPU) Isoristrc Projectoits ; Fig, shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view.WF Encinsoring Graphics (SPPU) 7-0 | Isometric Projector Prob. 68: Fig. shows the elevation and plan of an object by First Angle Method of projection. Draw it i cis. isometric projection taking origin at ‘0’. Construct isometric scale to.read 110 mm lerith. Give all dimerisions. SSeIED i i1B Enginsering Graphics (SPPU) 7-5 | lsometie Projections (Prob, 70: Fig. ed the Elevation and plan_of af object draw its isometric view about ‘0’ and. give ail i BSBERereiaan ME ee eeegunoetn einenW erorerng crates (SFU) 22] iso Proce Prob. 72: — Fig. shows front view and top view of an object. Draw Isometric view and show overall dimensions Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. 154-25 —p— 45Isometric Projections 1 Enginosring Grephics (PPL) Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. SPPU - May 09) ig. shows FV and TV. Draw isometric view. (Prob. 753 Fi‘8 Engineering Graphics (SPPU) | 7-64 Isometric Projection: Prob.76: _ Fig. shows the orthographic views of an object draw iis isometric view about 0" Tig ed HE Ti l-36 | — 110: i iW Engrotng Gaps SPP ma lama Pepesene ‘Prob. 78: _ Fig. show orthographic views of an object by First Angle Method of Projection. Draw its Isometric ‘VieWv-takingorigin at ‘O' and give ali dimensions’: :"W Enginaering Graphics (SPU) Bw ‘Prob. 80: The Fig. shows front view and left hand side view of a machine part, Draw its isometric. (cies, -lusing isometriescale,. os pu TE |INV Engineering Graphics (SPPU) Isometric Projections ‘Prob.82 Fig. shows front view and end view of a bracket. Draw isometric view an . SEs 'd show overall dimensions, PieceW Engineering Graphics (SPPU) j 7-53 tsometric Projections Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isomettio view.‘W Enginosring Graphics (SPPU) isometric Projections Prob. 87” Fig. shows Onhoar seat sisor ws of an object by First Angle Meth and give overall dimensions. _ a 1d of Projection. Draw itsi 7 WeEngineering Graphics (SPPU) {7-70 | leometric Projections Prob. 88: Fig. shows orthographic views of an object by first angle projection method, Draw its leometrio View i (as. taking ‘O" as origin and give only major dimensions. 200. = SEEN TEtS : Me 012, 4 HOLES. | ON PCD 70 ' | i) iWiramorecanciry matencie ‘Prob..90: . -; Fig. shows FV.and.TV ofan object. Draw isometric view. ErieWH Engincoring Graphics (SPPU) wa Isometric Projections Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. 7 ‘Prob. 93: Elevation and plan ot an object are shown in figure. Draw its Isometric view about ‘O’ and give: overalldmmonsions.‘ F Engineering Graphios (SPU) mi fe ey lsometro Projections (BESGEEE Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view.i 1 Enoncari Grapes SPP) a crn Projesone Prob. 86 Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. i WintenstWF Engnesting Graphics (SPPU) a ae cue Suis elaometne Pipjeotions Prob. 98: The Fig. shows élevation and end view of a machine part. Draw its isometrio view by using natoral ‘scale and show overall dimensions. EEEEEEe eT Fig. shows FV and SV of an object. Draw isometric view.eo remsceent Pol en eeen | Fig, shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. i 228 p82 i i TechknontedgeIsometic Projections WEnainoeting Graphics (SPPU) ao i i Fig, shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. arr GEDETER Fic. shows FV, TV and RHSV of an object. Draw isometric view. NB TeittalIsometric Projections WF Engincoring Graphics (SPPUy Fig. shows FV and RHSV of an object. Draw isometric view. 15, 15,15, 15,15,1 Enginesting Grophios (SPPU). a. CEES na Pislectiong, ‘(GEEIEIGEF io. shows FV and SV of an object. Draw isometric view. Fig. shows FV and SV of an object. Draw isometric view. 204-204i W cnc Gace (SPP im Ison Projection Fig, shows FV and SV of an object. Draw isomeirio viewt WF Engineering Graphics (SPPU) } 7-51 Isometric Projections QEEEELE Fig. shows FV and TV of an object. Draw isometric view. WH rataawtatysW Engineering Graphics (SPPU) j 722 | Isometric Projections i Exercise i Draw isometric view of following object. | i qT 30 EY) U | Falak whole TechKnowiedysIsometric Projections WF Engineering Graphics (SPPU)Isometric Projections 8 Engineering Graphics (SPPU) n {op-—0—}19-- EeW Enginoorng Grephics (SPPU) 000 For additional Solved Problems on this chapter refer our website https//tech| bool wrary/ts wwaload: WH entra gt