FIDES Guide 2004

Reliability Methodology
for Electronic Defense Systems
DGA - DM/STTC/CO/477

FIDES

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FOREWORD
FIDES methodology has been developped under the supervision of DGA (french MoD), STTC/CO
and CELAR. DGA reference for this document is: DM/STTC/CO/477.

This document has been written by:

AIRBUS France
Philippe Charpenel
Frédéric Relmy-Madinska

Eurocopter
Mathieu Glade

GIAT Industries
Sébastien Malé
Emmanuel Moreau

MBDA missile systems

Jean-Pierre Guerveno
Nicolas Guillet (project manager)
David Manteigas

Thales Airborne Systems

Michel Giraudeau

Thales Avionics
René Meister

Thales Research & Technology

Anne Lauriac
Daniel Périé

Thales Underwater Systems

Richard Digout

Contact
To contact us, write to:

[email protected]

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Contents

I Introduction to the FIDES Guide ............................................................... 5

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 6
2. Warning about the FIDES Methodology .............................................................. 7
3. Terminology ........................................................................................................... 8
3.1. Acronyms............................................................................................................................8
3.2. Definitions ...........................................................................................................................9
4. References ........................................................................................................... 10
5. Scope .................................................................................................................... 11
5.1. Application Domains .........................................................................................................11
5.2. Model Coverage ...............................................................................................................11
5.3. Nature of the Prediction....................................................................................................12
5.4. Prediction Confidence Rate..............................................................................................14
5.5. Items Covered ..................................................................................................................15

II Reliability Prediction Guide..................................................................... 19

1. Introduction to the Models.................................................................................. 20
1.1. Origin of the Data..............................................................................................................20
1.2. FIDES Approach...............................................................................................................21
1.3. General Model ..................................................................................................................22
1.4. Mission Profile and Time Unit...........................................................................................23
1.5. Equipment Failure Rates ..................................................................................................24
1.6. Physical and Technological Contributing Factors λphysical .................................................25
1.7. Process Contributing Factors ...........................................................................................28
2. Input Data ............................................................................................................. 31
2.1. Generic Input Data............................................................................................................31
2.2. Mission Profiles.................................................................................................................32

III Reliability Prediction Guide Calculation Sheets................................... 47

Electronic Components ............................................................................................. 48
Induced Factor .............................................................................................................................49
Active Integrated Circuits and Discrete Semiconductors: Part Manufacturing Factor.................54
Active Components: Thermal Resistance....................................................................................58
Integrated Circuits........................................................................................................................62
Discrete Semiconductors .............................................................................................................67
Optocouplers: Part Manufacturing Factor....................................................................................70
Optocouplers................................................................................................................................71
Passive Components: Part Manufacturing Factor .......................................................................73
Resistors ......................................................................................................................................74
Ceramic Capacitors .....................................................................................................................76
Aluminum Capacitors...................................................................................................................78
Tantalum Capacitors....................................................................................................................80
Magnetic Components: Inductors and Transformers ..................................................................82
Piezoelectric Parts: Oscillators and Quartz .................................................................................84
Hermetically Sealed Electromechanical Relays ..........................................................................86

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PCB and Connectors.................................................................................................. 88

Induced Factor .............................................................................................................................89
Part Manufacturing Factor ...........................................................................................................90
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) .........................................................................................................91
Connectors...................................................................................................................................93
Wired Boards .............................................................................................................. 95
Induced Factor .............................................................................................................................96
Part Manufacturing Factor ...........................................................................................................97
On-Board Electronic Functions ....................................................................................................98
Miscellaneous Subassemblies ................................................................................ 100
Induced Factor ...........................................................................................................................101
Part Manufacturing Factor .........................................................................................................102
LCD Screens (TFT, STN) ..........................................................................................................103
Hard Disks (EIDE, SCSI) ...........................................................................................................105
CRT Monitors .............................................................................................................................107

IV Reliability Process Control and Audit Guide ....................................... 109

1. Lifecycle ............................................................................................................. 110
2. The Process Factor............................................................................................ 111
3. Trade Recommendations - Reliability Control ................................................ 111
4. Calculating the Process Factor ΠProcess ........................................................... 112
4.1. Relative Influence of the Lifecycle Phases.....................................................................112
4.2. Level of Compliance with the Recommendations ..........................................................113
4.3. Calibration.......................................................................................................................114
4.4. Calculating the Audit Grade............................................................................................115
4.5. Calculating the Process Factor.......................................................................................116
5. Audit Guide ........................................................................................................ 117
5.1. Audit Procedure ..............................................................................................................117
5.2. Preparing the Audit .........................................................................................................117
5.3. Undertaking the Audit .....................................................................................................118
5.4. Processing the Collected Data .......................................................................................118
5.5. Drawing the Conclusions................................................................................................118
5.6. Presenting the Audit Results ..........................................................................................119
5.7. Qualification Rules..........................................................................................................119
5.8. Profile of the Audit Players .............................................................................................120

V Recommendations of the Reliability Process Control and Audit

Guide ....................................................................................................... 123
Recommendation Tables with Weightings............................................................. 124
Specification...............................................................................................................................125
Design ........................................................................................................................................127
Equipment Production................................................................................................................130
System Integration .....................................................................................................................137
Operation and Maintenance.......................................................................................................141
Support Activities .......................................................................................................................145
Detailed Recommendation Sheets .......................................................................... 150

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I
Introduction to the FIDES Guide

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1. Introduction
The FIDES Guide is a global methodology for reliability engineering in electronics. It
has two parts:
• A reliability prediction guide,
• A reliability process control and audit guide.

The FIDES Guide aims to enable a realistic assessment of the reliability of electronic
equipment, including systems operating in severe environments (defense systems,
aeronautics, industrial electronics, transport, etc.). The FIDES Guide also aims to
provide a concrete tool to develop and control this reliability.

Its key features are:

• Providing models both for electrical, electronic, and electromechanical
components, and for the PWAs or some subassemblies.
• Revealing and taking into consideration all technological and physical factors that
play an identified role in a product's reliability.
• Taking into precise consideration the mission profile.
• Taking into consideration the electrical, mechanical and thermal overstresses.
• Taking into consideration the failures linked to the development, production, field
operation and maintenance processes.
• The possibility of distinguishing several suppliers of a same component.

By identifying the factors contributing to reliability, whether technological, physical or

process-based, the FIDES Guide makes it possible to revise product definition and
intervene throughout the product lifecycle, to improve and control reliability.

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2. Warning about the FIDES Methodology

The consortium that developed the FIDES methodology is formed by French
industrialists from the fields of aeronautics and defense. This consortium was created
under the aegis of the Délégation Générale pour l'Armement (DGA, French armament
industry supervision agency).

The FIDES methodology is based on the physics of failures and supported by the
analysis of test data, field returns and existing modeling. It is therefore different from
the traditional methods developed mainly through statistical analysis of field returns.

This process yields predicted reliability results that are not influenced by the industrial
domains of the methodology's creators.

However, after fine-tuning the models, the methodology was calibrated on the basis of
the experience of the consortium members, particularly as regards the process factors.

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3. Terminology
3.1. Acronyms

COTS : Commercial Off-The-Shelf

CRT : Cathode Ray Tube
DGA : Délégation Générale pour l'Armement
EEE : Electrical, Electronic, Electromechanical
EIDE : Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronic
EOS : Electrical Overstress
ESD : Electro Static Discharge
FIT : Failure In Time (1 FIT equals 10-9 failures per hour)
Grms : G root mean square
LCD : Liquid Crystal Display
MoD : Ministry of Defence
MOS : Mechanical Overstress
PCB : Printed Circuit Board
PWA : Printed Wire Assembly
RH : Relative Humidity
SCSI : Small Computer System Interface
STN : SuperTwisted-Nematic
TCy : Thermal Cycling
TFT : Thin-Film Transistor
TOS : Thermal Overstress
TTF : Time to failure

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3.2. Definitions
Reliability
The ability for an item to perform a required function under given conditions for a given
time interval.
Reliability is usually expressed quantitatively through appropriate characteristics. In
some applications, one of these characteristics is an expression of this capability
through a probability, also called reliability.

Failure mechanism
Set of "cause-effect" relationships in a physical, chemical, or other process linking, the
cause at the root of the failure to the failure mode.

Failure mode
One of the possible states of an entity one of whose required functions fails.

Failure cause
The circumstances during design, manufacture or use which have led to a failure.

Factor contributing to reliability – Factor affecting reliability

Technological, environment, manufacturing process or other parameter affecting the
reliability of a component or system.

The logic underlying the above definitions is summarized in the diagram below:

Failure cause Failure mechanism Failure mode

The circumstances during Set of "cause-effect" One of the possible

design, manufacture or relationships of a physical, states of an entity
use which have led a chemical, or other process one of whose
failure linking the cause at the root required functions
of the failure to the failure fails
mode

Factor contributing to
reliability
Technological, environment,
manufacturing process or
other parameter affecting the
reliability of a component or
system

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4. References
Definition reference

IEC 60050 (191) A1 (1999-03)

Electro-technical vocabulary – Chapter 191: Reliability and safety engineering and
service quality

Reliability modeling

MIL-HDBK-217F (+ manual 1 and 2)

Reliability prediction of electronic equipment

UTE C 80-810
RELIABILITY DATA HANDBOOK: RDF 2000 – A universal model for reliability
prediction of electronic components, PCBs and equipment

IEC 62380 TR Ed.1 (2003)

Reliability Data Handbook - A universal model for reliability prediction of electronics
components, PCBs and equipment

IEC 1709
Electronic components – Reliability – Reference conditions for failure rates and
constraints influence models for conversion

PRISM® software tool - RAC Project A06839, March 17 1997

Denson, W.K. and S.K. Keene, “New System Reliability Assessment Methods”

SSB-1.003
EIA Engineering Bulletin - Acceleration Factors - November 1999 and September 2002

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5. Scope
5.1. Application Domains
The FIDES methodology applies to all domains using electronics:
• Military.
• Aeronautics.
• Navy.
• Automobile.
• Railways.
• Space.
• Industry.
• Production and distribution of electricity.
• Telecommunications.
• IT, home automation systems, electrical appliances.
• etc.

5.2. Model Coverage

The FIDES methodology models failures whose origins are intrinsic (item technology or
manufacturing and distribution quality) and extrinsic (equipment specification and
design, selection of the procurement route, equipment production and integration) to
the items studied.

The methodology takes the following into account:

• failures resulting from development or manufacture errors.
• overstresses (electrical, mechanical, thermal) linked to the application and not
listed as such by the user (the occurrence of the overstress remains hidden).

The methodology does not handle the following failures:

• software failures.
• unconfirmed failures.
• failures linked to unperformed preventive maintenance operations.
• failures linked to accidental aggressions when identified or acknowledged
(propagation of failures, use outside the specifications, improper handling: the
occurrence of the overstress is known).

The FIDES methodology covers non-operating phases, whether standby periods

between utilizations or actual storage.

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5.3. Nature of the Prediction

The FIDES methodology gives reliability predictions that are failure rates, noted λ.

Experimental observation shows that plotting the failure rates versus time usually gives
the curve below, called a "bathtub curve".

λ(t)

Normal life

Infant Maturity Wear

mortality out

Thus a component's lifetime can be divided into three periods:

• Infant mortality, precocious failures.
• Useful life, failure rates significantly constant.
• Wear out, wear failures.

During its infant mortality period, the failure rates decrease. A component's probability
of failure decreases over time. This is period in which failures are caused by process
implementation problems and environmental stress screening.
The useful life is represented by a constant failure rate. The probability of failure is
independent of the equipment's number of hours in operation (random failures). This
period, often non-existent for mechanical goods, is the reference period for electronics.
During the wear out period, the probability of failure increases with the number of hours
of operation: the older the equipment, the greater the chance of a failure. This type of
behavior is typical of systems subject to wear or other progressive degradation
corresponding to climbing failure rates.

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The FIDES evaluation model proposes a reliability prediction with constant failure
rates. The infant mortality and wear out periods are excluded from the prediction, for
the following reasons:

• Firstly, the infant mortality is representative of an equipment or system's end-of-

development phase. Controlling the rise in reliability in this phase is crucial to
achieve good reliability rapidly.

• The wear out period is also excluded from FIDES because it is in principle
sufficiently far away as regards the useful life of electronics systems as covered
by FIDES. However, it is essential to check during system design that this is the
case. For components whose lifetime is insufficient, approaches other than the
sole predicted reliability must be used to address this point, such as the definition
of preventive maintenance.

• It is true that at microscopic level very few failure mechanisms strictly meet a
"constant rate" type law. Nevertheless:
- Many cumulative failure mechanisms (increasing with time), have a
dispersion value that makes them similar to a constant for the periods
under consideration.
- The multiplicity and diversity of components, even for a single board, make
the accumulation close to a constant.
- The age differences between equipment of a single system or a pool
produces a constant rate for an observer of the system.

For these reasons, using a constant failure rate remains the most pertinent approach
for a system reliability prediction.

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5.4. Prediction Confidence Rate

The FIDES methodology is intended to predict realistic reliability levels, close to the
average values usually observed (by contrast with pessimistic or conservative values).

An essential question when predicting reliability is the degree of confidence in the

value. This question is all the more important that the users have no confidence in the
raw results produced by previous methodologies, and that reliability control
(quantification and engineering) has become essential for all projects.

One of the aims of the FIDES project is to build this confidence. However, obtaining an
exact prediction is not the sole purpose of the FIDES methodology: identifying and
controlling the factors affecting reliability may be considered even more important.

As a general rule, a prediction of reliability cannot be linked to a confidence interval, as

can be done when measuring failure rates from field returns. In the case of FIDES, it
might be possible to calculate a confidence interval for some basic failure rates, but it is
practically impossible to predict the confidence rate for all adjustment parameters, even
for known and widely used physical acceleration laws.

It is important to keep in mind that reliability belongs to the field of probability: in the
same way that it is impossible to predict what will be the life of a product, it is
impossible to predict exactly when a failure will occur, or why. The physics of failure is
used in some cases to give lifetime probabilities (Time To Failure) and this type of
prediction is complementary to the reliability prediction.

Note: Using values with several significant digits in the models does not imply the
precision of the expected results.

The prediction's representativeness increases with the number of components

considered. The predictions do not usually apply at item level. It is better to avoid
comparing reliability prediction and observed reliability below PWA level, and it is
better still to compare them at equipment level (assembly of PWAs) or above.

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5.5. Items Covered

The FIDES methodology covers items from elementary electronic components to
electronic modules or subassemblies with well-defined functions.
The FIDES coverage of component families is not fully exhaustive. However, it is
sufficient to allow a representative assessment of the reliability in almost all cases.

The methodology applies to COTS (for which it was originally developed) and also to
specific items whose technical characteristics match those described in this guide.

The COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) acronym designates all catalog-bought items,

available on the domestic or foreign market, with a supplier P/N, and for which the
customer has no input on the definition or production. This item may be modified, its
production or maintenance stopped with no possible opposition from the customer.
There may be only one or several suppliers for each item.

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5.5.1. Components
FIDES covers the following components:

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
MOS (silicon) digital, linear, mixed
MOS memory: SRAM, DRAM, Flash EEPROM, EEPROM, EPROM,
MOS programmable circuits (Silicon): CPLD, FPGA, PAL*
Bipolar circuits (silicon): LV mixed, linear
BICMOS circuits (silicon): LV mixed
DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTORS
Low power diodes (diodes with signal up to 1 A: PIN, Schottky, signal; rectifier diodes 1 to 3 A; Zener
diodes < 1.5 W)
Power diode (Rectifier diodes > 3A; Protection diodes > 5 kW; Thyristors, triacs > 3 A)
Si low-power transistors (Bipolar, JFET, MOS) < 1W
Si power transistors (Bipolar, JFET, MOS) > 1W; IGBT
Optocouplers
CAPACITORS AND THERMISTORS (CTN)
Ceramic capacitors type I and II
Solid tantalum capacitors
Wet tantalum capacitor
Aluminum capacitors (liquid electrolyte)
Aluminum capacitors (solid electrolyte)
Aluminum capacitors (polymer electrolyte)*
Plastic film capacitors*
Variable capacitors*
Thermistors*
RESISTORS AND POTENTIOMETERS
"Minimelf" common use (RC) high stability (RS) low power film resistor
Power film resistor
Low power wirewound precision resistor
Power wirewound resistor
Bulk metal foil resistors*
Resistive chips
CERMET adjustment potentiometer
Wirewound adjustment potentiometers*
Conductive plastic element precision potentiometers*
INDUCTORS AND TRANSFORMERS
Low current wirewound inductors
High current (or power) wirewound inductors
Multi-layer ceramic chip inductor
Low power (or low level) transformer
High power transformer
RELAYS
Hermetically sealed electromechanical relays
PCB and CONNECTORS
PCB
Connectors
PIEZOELECTRIC PARTS
Resonators
Crystal quartz oscillators

Families in italics and marked with an asterisk (*) shall be addressed subsequently.

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5.5.2. PWAs
The wired board model serves to make a macroscopic reliability evaluation of a board
without having recourse to component, PCB and connector models. It is intended on
the one hand for COTS boards and on the other, for the early phases of a project, two
situations in which the elements of detailed definition (parts lists, electrical diagrams,
etc.) are not available.

For this approach, given the integration and constant technological progress of
electrical components, a classification by board electronic technical function has been
used, rather than by PWA devoted to a function. Thus each board is broken down into
a sum of electronic functions.

The electronic functions covered are divided into 3 main families:

Digital electronic functions, comprising:

• CPU function.
• Simple or complex logic function.
• Volatile and non-volatile memory function.
• Clock function.
• Power supply monitoring function.
• Extension Bus interface function (buffer).
• Level adaptation function (line drivers): RS422, RS232, etc.
• Galvanic isolation function (optocoupling).
• Transistor switching function (outputs).
• Specific protocol interface function (transceiver + controller): PCI, ETHERNET,
ADC, LON, 1553, ARINC, DIGIBUS, etc.

Analog electronic functions, comprising:

• Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion functions.
• Transmission/reception, amplification, summing, integration, filtering functions.
• Relay switching function.

Electronic power functions, comprising:

• Power transmission function.
• Power supply function: linear regulation, DC/DC conversion (chopping).

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5.5.3. Miscellaneous Subassemblies

FIDES also covers the following other subassemblies:

• hard disks,
• CRT monitors,
• LCD screens,
• plasma screens*,
• DC/DC voltage converters*,
• power supply modules*.

Remark: Families in italics and marked with an asterisk (*) shall be addressed
subsequently.

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II
Reliability Prediction Guide

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1. Introduction to the Models

1.1. Origin of the Data
The data used to construct the models was taken from recent failure analysis
databases from the weapon systems and civil aeronautics domains and also supplied
by component and subassembly manufacturers.

The data was used to develop and calibrate the models according to three methods:

Method 1: using operating data (aeronautical and military) from failure mechanism
databases.

Method 2: using component and subassembly manufacturers' data (environmental

tests, technological data, etc.).

Method 3: using existing state-of-the-art reliability prediction models. This last method
is used when existing models can be adapted satisfactorily to the requirements of the
FIDES methodology.

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1.2. FIDES Approach

The FIDES reliability approach is based on three components: Technology, Process
and Use. These components are considered throughout the lifecycle, from product
specification through to the field operation and maintenance phase.

Technology

RELIABILITY

Process Use

Technology covers both the item itself and its integration in the equipment.
The Process considers all procedure and good practices from COTS product
specification to its replacement.
Use includes both the use constraints defined by the equipment manufacturer in the
design phase, and the operating constraints defined by the final user.

The models therefore consider a Technology with regard to Use constraints, through
an approach comprising failure mechanisms and associated contributing factors, and in
particular they weight the risk of failure through all process contributing factors that can
initiate, accelerate or reduce these mechanisms.

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1.3. General Model

The general FIDES model is based on the equation below:

λ=(∑Physical _contributi on )⋅(ΠPr ocess _contributi ons )

Where:
• ∑Physical_contribution is a chiefly additive term representing the physical and
technological contributions to reliability.
• ΠProcess _contributions is a multiplicative term representing the effects of the
development, production and operation processes on reliability.

In the practice, this equation becomes:

λ =λPhysical⋅Π Part _ manufactur ing⋅Π Pr ocess

Where:
• λPhysical is the physical contribution.
• ΠPart _manufacturing is the quality and technical control of the item's manufacture.
• ΠProcess is the quality and technical control of the processes of development,
manufacture and operation of the product containing the item.

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1.4. Mission Profile and Time Unit

The failure rates predicted by the FIDES methodology are hourly failure rates
expressed in calendar hours and based on the application of a yearly profile of use.

The failure rates of each phase are weighted by the phase's duration:

Phases
 Annual_ time phase−i 
λPhysical = ∑  8760
⋅λphase−i 
i  

A non-leap year has 8760 calendar hours. All models are presented with this value,
which may of course be adapted if the mission profiles considered are better described
over longer or shorter periods, but calculation over a year remains the general
recommendation.

The predicted failure rates are expressed in FIT (1 FIT equals 1 failure per 109 hours).

Remarks:
• These are therefore not failure rates expressed per hour of operation and for this
reason (among others), the failure rates predicted by the FIDES methodology
cannot be compared directly with results obtained using other approaches.
• To calculate a failure rate over a period other than one year (for instance, specific
mission phase), simply replace in the formulas the time-based weighting value,
set to 8760 hours (1 year), by the actual duration of the period considered (if the
period is too short to allow the constraints to be correctly taken into consideration,
thermal cycling in particular, this might entail taking special precautions).

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1.5. Equipment Failure Rates

The general FIDES model serves to calculate the failure rates of electronic equipment
before any considerations of redundancy or architecture.

The global failure rates of electronic equipment are obtained by adding the failure rates
of each of the items making it up.

λ equipment = ∑ λ 
 Item Item 

Or, expressed differently:

 ∑ λ Components 
 Components 
 
 + ∑ λ PCB 
 PCB 
λ equipment =  + ∑ λ PWA 
 PWA 
+ ∑ λ Other_subassys 
 Other_subassys 
 
 

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1.6. Physical and Technological Contributing Factors λphysical

The physical contribution can be subdivided into various sub-contributions, as shown
below:


λ Physical =  ∑ (λ0⋅Π accelerati on )⋅Πinduced
Physical _contributi ons 
Where:
• The term between square brackets is the contribution of the rated constraints.
• Πinduced is the contribution of induced factors (overstress) inherent to a field of
application.

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1.6.1. Rated Constraints

This element of the general model comprises the base failure rates assigned to each
item, the contribution of the characteristics of the technology used, and the acceleration
factors used to assign to the item the physical constraints it is subjected to during its
operational use.


λPhysical = ∑ (λ0⋅Πaccelerati on )⋅Πinduced
Physical _contributi ons 

Where:
• λ0 is the base failure rate.
• Πacceleration is an acceleration factor indicating sensitivity to the conditions of use.

An item's technological characteristics are taken into account:

• either directly in the choice of λ0.
• or using parameters in the expression of Πacceleration.

These factors, and the Πacceleration factor in particular, exist for each physical constraint.
A physical constraint is any rated constraint applied to the equipment during
operational use, including design aspects. The physical constraints are classified into
several families:

• Thermal: ΠThermal
• Electrical: ΠElectrical
• Thermal cycling: ΠTCy
• Mechanical: ΠMechanical
• Humidity: ΠRH
• Chemical: ΠChemical

The contribution of these physical constraints is additive, except in some families of

components for which the thermal and electrical contributions are combined:
ΠThermoelectrical.

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1.6.2. Overstress: Πinduced

The induced factors considered are of mechanical (MOS), electrical (EOS) and thermal
(TOS) origin.

The Πinduced factor is the contribution of overstresses not classified as such. It is

calculated for each phase of the mission profile.

It is as follows:

Πinduced−i =(Πplacement×Πapplication−i×Πruggedizing )
(
0.511×ln CSensitivity )

• ΠPlacement is the influence of the item's position in the equipment or system. The
placement here indicates the position of the item or the function in which it
participates (in particular, interface or not).

• ΠApplication is the influence of the operating environment of the application of the

product containing the item. For example, exposure to mechanical overstress is
in principle more important for the electronics of a mobile system than for a fixed
system.

• Πruggedizing is the influence of the policy of overstress integration in product

development.

• Csensitivity is the coefficient of sensitivity to overstress inherent in the technology of

the COTS

The Πinduced factor theoretically varies between 1 (best case) and 100. However, only
a limited part of this range is covered in the practice, the worst cases are never
encountered simultaneously.

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1.7. Process Contributing Factors

1.7.1. The ΠPart_manufacturing Factor

The ΠPart_manufacturing factor is representative of component quality. The assessment

method depends on the nature of the item considered (EEE electronic component,
boards, other subassemblies).

It is as follows:

δ .(1−Part _ Grade )− α1
ΠPart _manufactur ing =e 1

 (QA manufacturer +QA component +RA component )×ε 

where: Part _ Grade=  
 36

The evaluation method takes into account the manufacturer quality assurance
(QAmanufacturer) and component quality assurance (QAcomponent) criteria and also the
experience that the buyer of the item may have of his supplier (ε).
δ1 and α1 are correlating factors that determine the extent of the effects of
ΠPart_manufacturing on the item's reliability.
For active components, the ΠPart_manufacturing factor evaluation principle also takes into
account the qualification and periodic monitoring tests both on the unit and on the
active part. This data is in particular to be found in reliability reports and audit results
(component reliability assurance, RAcomponent).

The ΠPart_manufacturing factor varies from 0.5 (supplier above state-of-the-art) to 2 (worst
case).

If ΠPart_manufacturing is not calculated, a default value of 1.7 is proposed for active

components and 1.6 for other components, boards and miscellaneous subassemblies.
Using the default value may degrade the accuracy of the final results.

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1.7.2. The ΠProcess Factor

The ΠProcess factor is representative of the quality and technical control of the reliability
in the product lifecycle.

It is as follows:

ΠPr ocess = eδ2

(1− Pr ocess _ Grade )

Where Process_grade is a grade indicating process control, and δ2 a correlation factor

that determines the range of the ΠProcess factor

The evaluation method is based on the level of application of recommendations

covering the entire lifecycle. The product lifecycle can be broken down as follows:
1. Specification.
2. Design.
3. Equipment production (manufacture).
4. System integration (manufacture).
5. Field operation and maintenance.
These five phases that constitute a sequence in time are combined with a set of
transverse activities:
6. Support activities such as quality and Human Resources .

The ΠProcess factor varies from 1 (best process) to 8 (worst process).

If ΠProcess is not calculated, a default value of 4.0 is proposed.

Using the default value may degrade the accuracy of the final results.

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1.7.3. Remark Concerning Procurement

Item procurement corresponds to a phase in its life between exit from the factory where
the item was manufactured and the time of integration (e.g. mounting on a board) at
the equipment manufacturer's facilities. Its incidence on reliability is paramount and
close to that of ΠPart_manufacturing. It is known to depend on:
• the equipment manufacturer's buying policy,
• the component selection policy (upstream technological studies),
• the component storage, environmental stress screening, handling and inspection
policy.
These points are set forth in recommendations that depend on the lifecycle phases:
support, design, and equipment production. Procurement therefore is not involved,
neither as a specific factor nor as a complement, in the calculation of ΠPart_manufacturing. It
is taken into account in the calculation of ΠProcess.

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2. Input Data
2.1. Generic Input Data
Generically, the input data is:

Data about the environments and conditions of use of the product.

Typically:
• Operating temperature.
• Amplitude and frequency of thermal cycles.
• Vibration level.
• Relative humidity.
• Ambient pollution level.
• Exposure to overstress (type of application).
This data must be expressed for each phase of the product's lifecycle. The fineness of
the description of the product's profile of use within an operating system determines the
accuracy of the reliability assessment. Thus this step of the prediction analysis must be
carried out very carefully.

Product definition data.

Typically:
• Parts lists.
• Item technical or technological characteristics taken from the manufacturers' data
sheets.
• Component constraint or load levels (dissipated power, charge powered up, etc.).
• Local aggravations (or improvements) of temperature or another environmental
parameter.

Product lifecycle.
This data must be gathered through an audit of specification, product development,
production, field return and maintenance processes. The audit's rigor and depth must
obviously be adapted to the required level of reliability.

Data about the suppliers of items used in the product.

This data is provided by the item supplier and the knowledge the industrialist has of his
supplier.

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2.2. Mission Profiles

2.2.1. Mission Profile Description Rules
The mission profile description rules are presented through a case study. The example
of a civil aeronautics profile of use has been chosen.

1st step: profile of use breakdown into successive phases.

The analysis of the thermal profile is taken as the basis for the breakdown, but a
specific phase must be distinguished each time the environmental conditions change
significantly regarding the constraints encountered.

T ambient 12 HF/day; 3 flights/day

Gd 1 Flt Gd 2 Flt Gd 2 Flt Ave. flight time: 4 HF
55 °C
T amb ~0.1h taxiing/flight
15 °C

47 °C ~330 days' mission/year

40 °C

35 °C HF = hours' flight
33 °C

HO = hours in operation

20 °C Day/Night
Parking +19 °C
14 °C ∆10 °C

+9 °C
OFF
ON

~18 HO/day Non-operat./day

~365 day/yr

In the case shown above, 5 characteristic operating conditions will be distinguished

regarding the constraints associated with these phases.

Phase name Description Calendar time Details

(hours)
Ground-operating-1 System on the ground 660 330 days of missions x 2 h
after powerup
Ground-operating-2 System on the ground 1320 330 days of missions x
between flights 2 inter-flights x 2 hours
Ground-taxiing System upon 99 330 days of missions x
takeoff/landing 3 flights x 0.1 hour
Flight-operating System in flight 3861 330 days of missions x
3 flights x 4 hours (- taxiing)
Ground-dormant System at rest shut 2820 330 days of missions x
down 6 hours rest + 35 days

The times are expressed in hours. Total calendar time = 1 year = 8760 hours.

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2nd step: survey of the physical constraints associated with each phase.

Thermal constraint
This constraint is directly associated with the operating phases of the equipment
powered up.

The input data to include in the model is:

• The ambient temperature associated with the operating phase.
• The operating or non-operating status (the thermal constraint disappears in non-
operation).

Ambient Calendar time

Phase name Operation
temperature (°C) (hours)
Ground-operating-1 On 47 °C 660
Ground-operating-2 On 55 °C 1320
Ground-taxiing On 47 °C 99
Flight-operating On 40 °C 3861
Ground-dormant Off 14 °C 2820

To take into account the thermal constraint it is important to consider the local
temperature rises. As a general rule, the temperature to consider here is the
temperature of the milieu of the item studied, not the temperature of any outside
environment or the temperature of the item itself; when necessary, the models
specifically address the rise of the item's temperature relative to its milieu (in particular
for active components).

For reliability evaluations at component level, the ambient temperature to consider is

the ambient temperature around the PWA. For example, for a board integrated in a
piece of equipment, the value to use is the ambient temperature inside the equipment.
This temperature must as a general rule take into account temperature rises linked to
the thermal dissipation of the components.

For reliability evaluations at assembled board level, the same rule applies as for
components.

For reliability evaluations of subassemblies other than boards, the ambient temperature
of the milieu is used. The temperature rise information for subassemblies is usually not
directly accessible, so models have been designed to dispense with it.

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Thermal cycling constraint

This constraint is associated with the temperature cycles of the equipment either in
operation or dormant, taking into account the temperature variations linked to its
operation (in particular, ON/OFF) and those of the environment (e.g. day/night).

Input data to include in the model for each phase:

• Amplitude of the temperature cycle ∆T.
• Associated number of cycles over a year.
• Cycle duration θcycle. For cycles shorter than 2 hours, the cycle duration is a
reducing factor in the thermal cycling constraint.
• Cycle maximum temperature.

These factors are estimated according to the following rules:

• Cycle appreciation starts at an initial equipment guideline temperature; e.g.

equipment at rest (off).
• A cycle generally corresponds to a temperature difference ∆T relative to the
guideline temperature; the cycle time θcycle extends until the initial temperature is
reached once again.
Tmax
∆T

θcycle

Tmax
∆T

θcycle
• Other cycles may overlap with or be contained in a cycle; in this case, the
subcycle time must be subtracted from the time of the primary cycle.
t2 Tmax
t1 t3 t5
t4
∆T

θcycle = t1+t3+t5

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• In some special cases (low thermal amplitude), a cycle may be considered as a

temperature variation around an average temperature (e.g. case of day/night
cycling).
Tmax

∆T
θcycle

• In many cases, θcycle = Calendar time , but not always.

Number of annual cycles
• A cycle ∆T must correspond to an identified phenomenon generating the
constraint. E.g.: powerup, increasing the altitude, overheating linked to a system
state. A cycle must be considered as a whole and not divided into several
arbitrary subcycles that do not correspond to the actual time of a profile phase.
• A profile may comprise several identical cycles in succession. In this case, the
number of identical cycles is counted.

In the example, for simplification purposes three types of thermal cycling are chosen:
• Cycles linked to powerup and extending throughout operation.
• Cycles linked to equipment heating when the aircraft on the ground between
flights.
• Day/night thermal cycles.

Phase name Calendar ∆T No. of Cycle Maximum

time (°C) cycles duration temperature
/year (h) during cycling
Gd-operating-1 660 33° 330 14 47° (1)
Gd-operating-2 1320 15° 660 2 55° (2)
Ground-taxiing 99 0 55°
Flight-operating 3861 0 40°
Ground-dormant 2820 10° 117 24 19° (3)

(1) 330 = Number of days of mission per year; h = operating time – time between flights (per day).
(2) 660 = Number of intervals between flights x number of missions per year; 2h = duration of an interval
between flights on the same day.
(3) 117 = Time not in operation /24 h

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Mechanical constraint
This constraint is associated with the lifecycle phases where the equipment is
subjected to random vibrations.

The data to include in the mission profile description is:

• The level of random vibration expressed in Grms, in the relevant frequency range
for the product considered.

Phase name Random vibrations Calendar time

(Grms)
Ground-operating-1 0 660
Ground-operating-2 0 1320
Ground-taxiing 5 99
Flight-operating 0.6 3861
Ground-dormant 0 2820
Total of calendar times: 8760 hours = one year.

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Relative humidity constraint

This constraint is associated with the relative humidity in the product's atmosphere.

The input data to include in the model is:

• The phase ambient temperature (see the thermal constraint).
• The rate of relative humidity associated with the phase.
• The non-operating or operating status (the relative humidity constraint is
canceled in operation in most cases).

In estimating the rate of relative humidity, it is important to consider the level of relative
humidity actually seen by the components. E.g., it is necessary to consider the
equipment's hermeticity, the possibility of humidity being trapped in hermetically sealed
equipment or the role of desiccant measures that can significantly reduce the rate of
humidity inside a piece of equipment relative to the rate in the surrounding
environment.

Ambient
Rate of Calendar
Phase name Operation temperature
humidity (%) time
(°C)
Ground-operating-1 On 70 47 °C 660
Ground-operating-2 On 70 55 °C 1320
Ground-taxiing On 70 47 °C 99
Flight-operating On 60 40 °C 3861
Ground-dormant Off 60 14 °C 2820

Note: hours in operation + hours in storage = 8760 = 1 year whatever the mission profile.

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Chemical constraint
The chemical contribution to equipment reliability is expressed via four contributing
factors linked to equipment use.

• In its environment:
- Natural chemical contribution (mainly salinity, but also for example dust).
- Industrial chemical contribution (pollution).
• In its system:
- Chemical contribution due to the equipment's position in the system (local
pollution).
- Product protection level within the system (caution, this is not component
hermeticity).

In the case of a civil aeronautics profile of use, for equipment in the cabin, the result is
shown in the table below:

Phase name Calendar Saline Industrial Area of Product

time pollution pollution level application protection
level level
Negligible
Urban area Inhabited Hermetically
Low Uninhabitable
High Urban + heavy sealed
industry area Motor Non-hermetically
sealed
Ground- 660 Low Urban area Inhabited Non-
operating-1 hermetically
sealed
Ground- 1320 Low Urban area Inhabited Non-
operating-2 hermetically
sealed
Ground- 99 Low Negligible Inhabited Non-
taxiing hermetically
sealed
Flight- 3861 Low Negligible Inhabited Non-
operating hermetically
sealed
Ground- 2820 Low Urban area Inhabited Non-
dormant hermetically
sealed

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Induced constraint
The contribution of overstress depends on the phase of use.

Different criteria are used to appreciate the severity of a phase of use in terms of
exposure to overstress. Evaluating these criteria serves to calculate the Πapplication
parameter. The full method is explained in detail in the calculation sheets. The criteria
are:

• User type: Shows professionalism, compliance with procedures, weight of

operating constraints.
• User qualification: Shows the user or operator's skill in a given operating context.
• System mobility: Shows the unpredictable events linked to the movement
possibility of the system.
• Product handling: Shows the frequency of incorrect handling, shocks, falls, etc.
• Power supply type: Shows the level of electrical interference expected on the
power supplies and signals: powerups, power supply switching,
connection/disconnection.
• Exposure to human activity: Shows the exposure to unpredictable events linked
to human activity: shocks, change of destination, etc.
• Exposure to machine interference: Shows the unpredictable events linked to the
operation of machines, motors, actuators: shocks, overheating, electrical
interference, aggressive fluids.
• Exposure to the elements: Shows exposure to rain, hail, frost, sandstorms,
lightning, dust, etc.

In the case of a civil aeronautics profile of use, for equipment in the cargo
compartment:

Phase name Calendar time Πapplication

Ground-operating-1 660 4.8
Ground-operating-2 1320 2.0
Ground-taxiing 99 1.2
Flight-operating 3861 1.1
Ground-dormant 2820 3.3

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2.2.2. Examples of Typical Mission Profiles

Below are some examples of mission profiles for the following typical profiles of use.

• medium-range civil aeronautics.

• armed aircraft / fighter.
• armored tracked military vehicle.
• helicopter for military, broader public sector or rescue missions.
• helicopter for offshore or liaison missions.
• military portable radio.
• desktop PC.
The fineness of the description of the product's profile of use within an operating
system determines the accuracy of the reliability assessment. Thus this step of the
prediction analysis must be carried out very carefully. The typical profiles shown below
must be considered as base examples to develop further if necessary.

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Medium//long-range civil aeronautics profile of use, computer in the bay

Constraint Thermal and Humidity Thermal cycling Mechanical Chemical Induced
Phase name Calendar On/Off Ambient Rate of ∆T Number of Cycle Maximum Random Saline Industrial Area of Protection Π
time temperature humidity cycles duration temperature vibrations pollution pollution application level application
during cycling

(hours) (°C) (%) (°C) (/year) (hours) (°C) (Grms)

Non-
Ground-operating-1 797 On 47 30 33 330 2 47 - Low Urban Uninhabitable hermetically 4.8
sealed
Non-
Ground-operating-2 1193 On 55 30 15 647 1.5 55 - Low Urban Uninhabitable hermetically 2.0
sealed
Non-
Ground-taxiing 84 On 47 5 - - - - 5 Low Negligible Uninhabitable hermetically 1.2
sealed
Non-
Flight-operating 4083 On 40 5 - - - - 0.6 Low Negligible Uninhabitable hermetically 1.1
sealed
Non-
Ground-dormant 2603 Off 14 70 10 108 24 19 - Low Urban Uninhabitable hermetically 3.3
sealed

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Armed aircraft/ fighter profile of use, computer in the avionics bay

Constraint Thermal and Humidity Thermal cycling Mechanical Chemical Induced
Phase name Calendar On/Off Ambient Rate of ∆T Number of Cycle Maximum Random Saline Industrial Area of Protection Π
time temperature humidity cycles duration temperature vibrations pollution pollution application level application
during cycling

(hours) (°C) (%) (°C) (/year) (hours) (°C) (Grms)

Ground-operating 112 On 50 50 36 250 0.448 50 - Low Negligible Uninhabitable Non- 5.8

hermetically
sealed
Ground-taxiing 13 On 55 55 - - - 8 Low Negligible Uninhabitable Non- 4.9
hermetically
sealed
Flight-operating-1 83 On 65 40 15 250 0.2 65 8 Low Negligible Uninhabitable Non- 4.2
hermetically
sealed
Flight-operating-2 83 On -15 70 75 250 0.2 60 8 Low Negligible Uninhabitable Non- 3.9
hermetically
sealed
Flight-operating-3 83 On 25 60 40 250 0.2 65 8 Low Negligible Uninhabitable Non- 4.9
hermetically
sealed
Ground-maintenance 250 On 40 50 20 250 1 40 - Low Negligible Uninhabitable Non- 5.8
hermetically
sealed
Ground-dormant 8136 Off 14 70 10 343 24 19 - Low Negligible Uninhabitable Non- 4.2
hermetically
sealed

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Tracked armored military vehicle profile of use

Constraint Thermal and Humidity Thermal cycling Mechanical Chemical Induced
Phase name Calendar On/Off Ambient Rate of ∆T Number of Cycle Maximum Random Saline Industrial Area of Protection Π
time temperature humidity cycles duration temperature vibrations pollution pollution application level application
during cycling

(hours) (°C) (%) (°C) (/year) (hours) (°C) (Grms)

Fixed powered 152 On 50 40 36 48 5.06 50 0 Low Negligible Inhabited Non- 6.2

hermetically
sealed
Mobile powered 91 On 50 40 4 Low Negligible Inhabited Non- 6.7
hermetically
sealed
Mobile not powered 100 Off 14 70 0.5 Low Negligible Inhabited Non- 5.2
(transport logistics) hermetically
sealed
Fixed not powered 8417 Off 14 70 10 351 24 19 0 Low Negligible Inhabited Non- 7.5
hermetically
sealed

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Helicopter profile of use for military, broader public sector or rescue missions. Inhabitable area
Constraint Thermal and Humidity Thermal cycling Mechanical Chemical Induced
Phase name Calendar On/Off Ambient Rate of ∆T Number of Cycle Maximum Random Saline Industrial Area of Protection Π
time temperature humidity cycles duration temperature vibrations pollution pollution application level application
during cycling

(hours) (°C) (%) (°C) (/year) (hours) (°C) (Grms)

Ground-operating 100 On 60 50 15 724 0.14 65 - Low Negligible Habitable Non- 7.9

hermetically
sealed
Flight-operating-1 300 On 45 50 31 362 0.82 50 6 Low Negligible Habitable Non- 4.0
hermetically
sealed
Ground-dormant 8360 Off 14 70 10 348 24 19 - Low Negligible Habitable Non- 7.1
hermetically
sealed

Helicopter profile of use for offshore or liaison missions

Constraint Thermal and Humidity Thermal cycling Mechanical Chemical Induced
Phase name Calendar On/Off Ambient Rate of ∆T Number of Cycle Maximum Random Saline Industrial Area of Protection Π
time temperature humidity cycles duration temperature vibrations pollution pollution application level application
during cycling

(hours) (°C) (%) (°C) (/year) (hours) (°C) (Grms)

Ground-operating 400 On 60 50 15 2500 0.16 65 - Low Negligible Habitable Non- 1.9

hermetically
sealed
Flight-operating-1 1000 On 45 50 31 500 2 50 6 Low Negligible Habitable Non- 1.7
hermetically
sealed
Ground-dormant 7360 Off 14 70 10 306 24 19 - Low Negligible Habitable Non- 3.6
hermetically
sealed

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Profile of use for military portable radio (typical)

Constraint Thermal and Humidity Thermal cycling Mechanical Chemical Induced
Phase name Calendar On/Off Ambient Rate of ∆T Number of Cycle Maximum Random Saline Industrial Area of Protection Π
time temperature humidity cycles duration temperature vibrations pollution pollution application level application
during cycling

(hours) (°C) (%) (°C) (/year) (hours) (°C) (Grms)

Ground fixed 600 On 40 40 15 100 6 40 0.5 Low Negligible Inhabited Hermetically

5.7
sealed
Ground mobile 600 On 40 45 15 100 6 40 1.5 Low Negligible Inhabited Hermetically
6.2
sealed
Ground-dormant 1 3960 Off 11 70 8 165 24 15 - Low Negligible Inhabited Hermetically
4.3
sealed
Ground-dormant 2 3600 Off 11 70 8 200 18 15 - Low Negligible Inhabited Hermetically
5.0
sealed

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Profile of use for desktop PC

Constraint Thermal and Humidity Thermal cycling Mechanical Chemical Induced
Phase name Calendar On/Off Ambient Rate of ∆T Number of Cycle Maximum Random Saline Industrial Area of Protection Π
time temperature humidity cycles duration temperature vibrations pollution pollution application level application
during cycling

(hours) (°C) (%) (°C) (/year) (hours) (°C) (Grms)

Ground in operation 2920 On 55 40 35 180 6 55 0.3 Low Urban Inhabited Non- 3.1
hermetically
sealed
Ground dormant 5840 Off 20 70 5 243 24 25 - Low Urban Inhabited Non- 1.6
hermetically
sealed

FIDES Group
AIRBUS France - Eurocopter - GIAT Industries – MBDA missile systems - Thales Airborne Systems - Thales Avionics - Thales Research & Technology
Thales Underwater Systems

46
FIDES
FIDES Guide 2004

III
Reliability Prediction Guide

Calculation Sheets

FIDES Group
AIRBUS France - Eurocopter - GIAT Industries – MBDA missile systems - Thales Airborne Systems
Thales Avionics - Thales Research & Technology - Thales Underwater Systems

47
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components

Electronic Components

48
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Induced Factor

Induced Factor

Factors contributing to overstress

Π induced −i=(Π placement ×Π applicatio n−i×Π ruggedizin g )

(
0 .511×ln Csensitivit y )

The index i designates the phase considered.

Factors contributing to the Csensitivity factor

Relative sensitivity
(out of 10)
EOS MOS TOS Csensitivity
Active components
Integrated circuit 10 2 1 6.30
Discrete semiconductor circuit 8 2 1 5.20
Optocoupler 8 2 1 5.20
Passive components
"Minimelf" common use (RC) high stability (RS) low power film resistor 5 2 4 3.85
Power film resistor 2 3 1 2.25
Low power wirewound precision resistor 2 1 3 1.75
Power wirewound resistor 2 3 1 2.25
Cermet adjustment potentiometer 1 5 2 2.50
Resistive chip 5 4 6 4.75
SMD resistive grid 4 5 3 4.25
Ceramic capacitor with defined temperature coefficient (Type I) 7 6 1 6.05
Ceramic capacitor with non-defined temperature coefficient (Type II) 7 6 1 6.05
Solid tantalum capacitor 8 7 1 6.95
Liquid electrolyte, Aluminum electrolytic capacitor 7 7 1 6.40
Solid electrolyte, Aluminum electrolytic capacitor 7 7 1 6.40
Low current wirewound inductor 5 2 6 4.05
Power wirewound inductor 10 7 1 8.05
Multi-layer ceramic chip inductor 4 6 1 4.40
Low power (or low level) transformer 8 6 4 6.90
High power transformer 8 6 3 6.80
Quartz resonator (HCxx type through-hole mount component) 1 10 5 4.55
Quartz resonator (surface mount) 1 10 5 4.55
Crystal quartz oscillator (XO type through-hole mount component) 8 10 2 8.10
Crystal quartz oscillator (XO type MCSO surface-mounted component) 8 10 2 8.10
Electromechanical components
Hermetically sealed electromechanical relay 7 10 2 7.55

The relative sensitivities to EOS (Electrical OverStress), TOS (Thermal OverStress), MOS
(Mechanical OverStress) are not taken into account for the calculation. They are given for
information only.

Factors contributing to the ΠPlacement factor

Πplacement
Non-interface digital function 1.0
Interface digital function 1.6
Non-interface low level analog function 1.3
Interface low level analog function 2.0
Non-interface power analog function 1.6
Interface power analog function 2.5

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Induced Factor

Factors contributing to the Πapplication factor

∑ Wgrades k⋅Wos k
Πapplication = 661 ⋅k =Criteria
i

The Πapplication parameter is calculated by rating a series of criteria. Each criterion has a specific
effect on overstress (WOS):

Πapplication: Table 1
Application and
phase of use
Comments or Weight level
Criteria Description Levels
examples WOS
0 1 2

Type of user in Defines the capability to The strictest level must be

0: Industrialist
comply with procedures adopted for defence
the phase with regard to the weight
1: General public
systems 20
considered 2: Military
of operating constraints.
User skill level Defines the user or 0: Highly qualified In some phases the user
technician's qualification 1: Qualified to consider is the one in
in the phase or skill regarding an 2: Few qualifications or charge of maintenance or 10
considered operating context little experience upkeep
0: Few unpredictable Examples:
events: stable environment 0: airliner in cruise phase
Defines the unpredictable
1: Moderate level of 1: railway transport
events linked to the
System mobility system's degree of
unpredictable events 2: car 4
2: High level of
movement
unpredictable events: high
variability
0: No handling If maintenance possible on
Defines the possibility of 1: Handling without the product in the phase
Product
incorrect handling, movement or disassembly considered, adopt level 2 15
handling shocks, falls, etc. 2: Handling with
movement or disassembly
The grid type is system
Defines the expected level data that may change at
0: power supply
of electrical interference product level in some
undisturbed
on the electrical power cases
System power 1: power supply little
supplies, signals and
disturbed
Examples: 4
supply lines: powerup, power 0: Dedicated regulated
2: power supply subject to
source switching, power supply
disturbance
connection/disconnection 1: Public power grid
2: On-board power supply
Defines the exposure to 0: Uninhabitable area The product may be
Product unpredictable events 1: Activity possible in the exposed to human activity
exposure to resulting from human product's area even if not handled in 8
human activity activity: shock, change of 2: Normal activity in the normal conditions
destination, etc. product's area
Defines the unpredictable Examples
Product events linked to the 0: Office computer
operation of machines, 0: Null 1: Product in the hold of a
exposure to
motors, actuators: shocks, 1: Indirect exposure combat aircraft 3
machine overheating, electrical 2: High or direct exposure 2: Product in the engine
interference interference, pollutants, area
etc.
Product Defines the exposure to Examples:
0: Null
rain, hail, frost, 0: House
exposure to sandstorms, lightning,
1: Indirect exposure
1: Hold, station hallway 2
bad weather 2: Outdoors
dust, etc. 2: Car engine

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Induced Factor

Factors contributing to the Πapplication factor (cont'd)

Each criterion (type of user, system mobility, etc.) must receive a response to indicate a low,
medium or high level:
• It is important to determine the Πapplication for each phase of use. Exposure to overstress varies
considerably with the context. For instance, it is interesting to indicate increased exposure in
the maintenance phases (if any).
• Some criteria apply at product level (i.e. the electronic unit, equipment or subassembly
studied) and other at system level (i.e. the assembly in which the product is integrated, e.g.
an aircraft or car). It is important to remember this point of view when evaluating the criteria.

Each level -low, medium and high- is assigned a specific weight, defined in the table below:

Πapplication: Table 2
Grade Grade weighting (Wgrades)
0, low level 1
1, medium level 3.2
2, high level 10

Based on these tables and the replies to the criteria, Πapplication is obtained with the formula:

Πapplication = 66
1⋅
∑ Wgradesk⋅Wt k
k =Criteria

Where:
Wgradesk is the weight of the grades given to each criterion (Πapplication: Table 2).
WOSk is the weight of each criterion (Πapplication: Table 1).

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Induced Factor

Factors contributing to the ΠRuggedizing factor

To determine the ΠRuggedizing factor the following questionnaire must be filled in.

The replies and the proof provided by the audited person serve to set a level of compliance with
the recommendation (level N1 to N4):
• N1 = the recommendation is not applied → certain reliability hazards,
• N2 = the recommendation is only partly applied → potential reliability hazards,
• N3 = the recommendation is almost fully applied → few reliability hazards,
• N4 = the recommendation is fully applied and is the subject of a procedure → Reliability
control.

Level of
compliance
Recommendation Weight N1 N2 N3 N4
Write full procedures for all operation and maintenance activities 7
Provide training and manage operation and maintenance skill upkeep 7
Guarantee compliance with the product's procedures and the rules of each trade 7
through an appropriate followup system
Make a review of maintenance operations by the final user and process his 4
recommendations
Ensure the completeness of environment specifications. Specification 4
completeness checking criteria: analysis, testing, field return, compliance with
rules
Justify the compliance with the environment specifications 4
Carry out a product improvement process (e.g.: highly accelerated stress tests) 7
in order to limit product sensitivity to environmental constraints (interference,
environment, overstress)
Carry out a process analysis of the operation and maintenance activities 4
Compliance (by both supplier and supplied) with a power supply standard 4
(standard defining possible interference and possible variations type EN2282)
Carry out an analysis of failure cases that could result in fault propagation 4
Integrate maintenance and production environments in the product specification 4
environment
Study and handle the risk of product deterioration under test through failures of 4
the testing equipment. Criteria: risks analyzed during the test equipment and
tested unit design phases, implementation of appropriate prevention measures
Identify and handle any reasonable predictable abnormal use of the product 4
through the appropriate prevention measures
Identify and handle through the appropriate prevention measures any reasonably 4
predictable weather-related aggressions
Design electrical protection devices: 4
- identify the electrical protection devices
- guarantee their testability and maintainability
- integrate in the definition of the maintenance policy the case where these
devices exist
Compliance, both by the product and by the system hosting it, with a standard 3
concerning the conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Induced Factor

Factors contributing to the ΠRuggedizing factor (cont'd)

The grade for each level is as follows:

Level Grade
N1 0
N2 1
N3 2
N4 3

Each recommendation is weighted by a specific Recom_Weight.

The ΠRuggedizing factor is calculated as follows:

0.7×(1−recom−grade)
Πruggedizing= e
Recommenda tions
where: Recom _ grade = 1
225 ∑i Recom_weig ht i × Compliance _gradei
Where:
• Recom_weight is the weight associated with a recommendation
• Compliance_grade is the grade obtained for this recommendation (0, 1, 2 or 3).

Remarks:
• The Recom_grade factor varies from 0 (worst case: no recommendation applied) to 1 (best
case).
• The "225" factor is the score obtained giving the best grade to each recommendation. If one
(or more) recommendations are deemed inapplicable and not pertinent for a given project,
this total can be updated, as is done for the process factor calculation.

If ΠRuggedizing is not calculated, a default value of 1.7 is proposed. Using the default value may
degrade the accuracy of the final results.

53
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Active Integrated Circuits and Discrete Semiconductors: Part Manufacturing Factor

Active Integrated Circuits and Discrete Semiconductors: Part

Manufacturing Factor

Model associated with the ΠPart_manufacturing factor:

1.39.(1−Part _Grade)− 0.69

ΠPart_Manufacturing= e

where Part _Grade = 

(QAmanufacturer +QAcomponent +RAcomponent )×ε 
 36 

Model associated with the QAmanufacturer risk

Description of the manufacturer Quality Assurance level Position relative to QAmanufacturer risk
state of the art
TS16949 Above 3
Certified ISO 9000 version 2000 or MIL PRF 38535 Equivalent 2
Certified ISO 9000 version 1994 Below 1
No information or not certified ISO 9000 version 1994 Considerably below 0

Model associated with the QAcomponent risk

Description of the component Quality Assurance level Position relative to QAcomponent risk
state of the art
Qualified per AEC Q100,Q101, or JESD47 Above 3
Qualified per standards JESD22, JEP143 or QML and Equivalent
identification of "front-end" and "back-end" manufacture 2
sites
Manufacturer in-house qualification program and Below 1
unidentified manufacture sites
No information Considerably below 0

The QAcomponent parameter is a qualifier that mainly takes into account the qualification methodology
ignoring the severity of the tests defined in the applicable standards. The test severities are defined
by the RAcomponent factor

54
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Active Integrated Circuits and Discrete Semiconductors: Part Manufacturing Factor

Model associated with the RAcomponent risk for integrated circuits.

High Highly
Name of the Preconditioning Pressure Temperature
Temperature Temperature Accelerated
accelerated before TC, THB or Cooker Test Humidity Biased
Operating Life Cycling (TC) Stressed Tests
aging test HAST (PCT) (THB)
(HTOL) (HAST)

Reference EIA JESD-22- EIA JESD-22- EIA JESD-22- EIA JESD- EIA JESD-22- EIA JESD-22-
standards A108 A or A113A or A104 or 22-A102 or A110 or A101 or
equivalent equivalent equivalent equivalent equivalent equivalent
RAcomponent
Test results
risk
1000 cycles -
55 °C/+150 °C or
500 cycles -
1000h, 125 °C, 168 h at
65 °C/+150 °C 168 h at 168 h at
Very reliable Vmax, 121 °C/100
(1) Performed 231/0 or 130 °C/85%RH 130 °C/85%RH
level A 231/0 %RH 3
1000 cycles 231/0 231/0
1500/0* 231/0
–55 °C/125 °C
385/0

1000h, 125 °C, 96 h at

1000 cycles - 96 h at 96 h at
Very reliable Vmax, 121 °C/100
(1) Performed 55 °C/+125 °C, 130 °C/85%RH, 130 °C/85%RH,
level B 154/0 %RH, 2
154/0 154/0 154/0
900/0* 154/0

1000h, 125 °C, 96 h at

500 cycles 96 h at 130 °C 1000 h at
Vmax, 121 °C/100
Reliable (1) Performed –55 °C/+125 °C 85%HR, 85 °C/85%RH,
77/0 %RH, 1
154/0 77/0 154/0
231/0* 77/0

Dimensioning
Unreliable
below reliable Not performed Dimensioning below reliable level 0
level

Each box in the table gives a description of the test conditions with the expected result in the form
XXX/Y, where XXX is the number of parts under test and Y the number of faults (in practice, Y=0)

(1): Applicable to a product or a Front End process for a given unit

*: applicable to all Front End processes for a given unit.

If the levels are not the same for the various test types, the lowest one shall be selected.

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Active Integrated Circuits and Discrete Semiconductors: Part Manufacturing Factor

Model associated with the RAcomponent risk for discrete semiconductor components.

High High Intermittent Preconditioning Temperature Pressure High Humidity

Temperature Temperature Operating before TC, THB Cycling (TC) Cooker High
(2)
Name of the Reverse Bias Gate Bias Life or HAST Test (PCT) Temperature
accelerated (HTRB) (HTGB) Or Reverse Bias
3
aging test Power and (H TRB)
Temperature
(2)
Cycle
Reference
standards EIA JESD-22- EIA JESD- MIL-STD-750 EIA JESD-22- EIA JESD- EIA JESD- EIA JESD-22-
A108 A or 22-A108 A Method 1037 A113A or 22-A104 or 22-A102 or A101 or
equivalent or equivalent EIA JESD22 equivalent equivalent equivalent equivalent
A-105
RAcomponent
Test results
risk

Very reliable 1000h, 1000h, Ta=25 °C. 1000 cycles 2000 h at 168 h at
level A 125 °C, 80% 150 °C, 80% product - 85 °C/85% 130 °C/85%RH 3
at 100% of at 100% of polarized to 55 °C/+150 ° RH 231/0
rated voltage, rated voltage obtain ∆Tj Performed C or 154/0
(1) (1)
231/0 231/0 ≥100 °C 500 cycles
1500/0* 1500/0* (without -
reaching the 65 °C/+150 °
absolute C
maximum 231/0 or
ratings) 1000 cycles
(1)
231/0 –
1500/0* 55 °C/125 °
C
385/0

Very reliable 1000h, 1000h, Ta=25 °C. 1000 cycles 96 h at 2000 h at

level B 125 °C, 80% 150 °C, 80% product Performed – 121 °C/10 85 °C/85%RH 2
at 100% of at 100% of polarized to 55 °C/+125 ° 0%RH, 154/0
rated voltage, rated voltage obtain ∆Tj C, 154/0
(1) (1)
154/0 154/0 ≥100 °C 154/0
900/0* 900/0* (without
reaching the
absolute
maximum
ratings)
(1)
154/0
900/0*

Reliable 1000h, 1000h, Ta=25 °C. 500 cycles 96 h at 1000 h at

150 °C, 80% 150 °C, 80 to product Performed – 121 °C/10 85 °C/85%RH, 1
at 100% of 100% of polarized to 55 °C/+125 ° 0%RH, 154/0
rated voltage, rated obtain ∆Tj C, 154/0 77/0
(1)
77/0 voltage, ≥100 °C
(1)
231/0* 77/0 (without
231/0* reaching the
absolute
maximum
ratings),
(1)
77/0
231/0*
Unreliable
Dimensioning below reliable level Not performed Dimensioning below reliable level 0

Each box in the table gives a description of the test conditions with the expected result in the form
XXX/Y, where XXX is the number of parts under test and Y the number of faults (in practice Y=0)

(1): Applicable to a product or a Front End process for a given unit.

(2): Test conditions as defined in AEC-Q101.
*: applicable to all Front End processes for a given unit.

If the levels are not the same for the various test types, the lowest one shall be selected.

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Active Integrated Circuits and Discrete Semiconductors: Part Manufacturing Factor

Model associated with the ε experience factor:

The epsilon factor indicates the experience that the component buyer may have of his supplier.
This factor is therefore specific to each Industrialist. Its role as a multiplication factor in the model
reveals the importance of the knowledge of the suppliers in the reliability of components.

Description of the risk linked to using this manufacturer Value of ε

Known manufacturer - Mature processes for the product under consideration 4
Known manufacturer - Processes not analyzed or not mature for the product under 3
consideration
Unknown manufacturer (e.g. never audited or audited over 6 years ago) or low volume 2
production
Prior disqualification or field return problem 1

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Active Components: Thermal Resistance

Active Components: Thermal Resistance

For active components, the thermal constraint model uses the component junction temperature.
This requires calculating the rise in the junction temperature relative to the ambient temperature.
This evaluation is usually based on the power dissipated by the component and its thermal
resistance between the junction and the ambient temperature. The thermal resistance data
published by the suppliers must be used. If impossible, a thermal resistance evaluation method for
active components is proposed.

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Active Components: Thermal Resistance

Integrated circuits

−0.58 RJA _0m/s

RJA _0m/s =Ctype.Np .K RJA _2m/s =
1 .5

RJA_V = thermal resistance between junction and ambient temperature, relative to the airflow speed
V = 0 m/s or 2 m/s = airflow rate, depending on environmental convection (0 m/s = natural convection)
Ctype = Constant depending on the case type
Np = Number of pins in the case
K = Constant depending on the value of thermal conductivity in the board plane (kx=ky)

Note:

• Low Conductivity: k x〈 15 W
m .K
• High Conductivity: k x ≥15 W
m .K

Case Type Ctype Range Board thermal conductivity K

CerDIP/CDIP 320 8 < Np < 48 Low Conductivity 1.15

Power QFP (HQFP, RQFP, etc.) 340 160 < Np < 304 Unknown conductivity 0.94

PDIP 360 8 < Np < 68

PPGA 380 28 < Np < 447
PLCC 390 20 < Np < 84
SOIC 400 8 < Np < 32
SOJ 400 24 < Np < 44
CPGA 410 68 < Np < 655
SOP 410 8 < Np < 32
Power BGA-1.27mm (SBGA,
450 256 < Np < 956
TBGA, etc.)
J-CLCC 470 28 < Np < 84
CBGA 480 255 < Np < 1156
Cerpack 480 20 < Np < 56
TQFP, VQFP, LQFP 480 32 < Np < 208
PBGA-1.27mm 530 119 < Np < 729
Power BGA-1mm (SBGA, TBGA,
550 256 < Np < 1508
etc.)
SSOP 560 8 < Np < 64
CQFP 560 64 < Np < 256
PQFP 570 44 < Np < 304
TSSOP 650 8 < Np < 64
PBGA-1mm 670 100 < Np < 1156
PBGA-0.8mm 700 48 < Np < 484
TSOP 750 16 < Np < 56

For BGA cases, given the diversity of possible forms, it might be preferable to refer to the
manufacturer data.

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Active Components: Thermal Resistance

Discrete semiconductors
RJA = junction-to-ambient temperature thermal resistance (model for natural convection only, airflow = 0 m/s)
in °C/W
RJC = junction-case thermal resistance in °C/W
Np = Number of pins of the case
kx = Thermal conductivity in the board plane (kx = ky) in W/m.K

Low Conductivity: k x〈 15 W
m .K

& High Conductivity: k x ≥15 W

m .K

Low conductivity High conductivity

"Rja" with Rja with
Case type Equivalent names Np Rjc Rjc
V = 0 m/s V = 0 m/s
DO15 DO-204AC 2 60 5 42 4
DO27 DO-201AA 2 41 1 30 1
DO35 DO-204AH 2 378 134 241 123
DO41 DO-204AL 2 73 45 50 41
DO92 3 195 150 126 137
DO220 * 3 65 4 45 4
DPAK * TO-252AA, SC63, SOT428 4 97 4 71 4
D2PAK * TO-263, SC83A, SMD-220 4 58 1 40 1
IPACK * TO-251AA 3 96 3 50 3
I2PAK 3 63 1 44 1
ISOTOP * SOT227, TO-244, Half-Pak 4 35 1 26 1
F126 2 40 1 29 1
SIL SIL, ZIP (See manufacturer specification)
SIP SIL, ZIP (See manufacturer specification)
SOD6 DO-214AA, SMB-J 2 88 27 59 24
SOD15 DO-214AB, SMC-J 2 67 2 46 2
SOD80 Mini-MELF, DO213AA 2 568 172 361 157
SOD87 DO-214AC, SMA-J 2 110 41 73 37
SOD110 2 315 119 202 108
SOD123 2 337 130 216 119
SOD323 SC76 2 428 146 273 133
SOD523 SC79 2 93 31 62 28

(continued overleaf)

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Active Components: Thermal Resistance

Low conductivity High conductivity

"Rja" with Rja with
Case type Equivalent names Np Rjc Rjc
V = 0 m/s V = 0 m/s
SOT23 TO-236AB 3 443 130 360 100
SOT23 SC74A, SOT25 5 285 106 136 81
SOT23 SC74, SOT26, SOT457 6 212 110 133 80
SOT82 * TO225 3 100 8 67 7
SOT89 SC62, TO-243AA 4 142 100 125 91
SOT90B 6 500 160 318 146
SOT143 TO-253AA, SC61B 4 473 155 250 141
SOT223 SC73, TO261AA 4 84 21 57 19
SOT323 SC70 3 516 164 328 150
SOT343 SC82 4 215 88 139 80
SOT346 SC59, TO-236AA 3 500 160 318 146
SOT353 SC70-5, SC88A 5 358 144 229 138
SOT363 SC70-6, SC88 6 553 164 351 150
TO18 TO-71, TO-72, SOT31, SOT18 3 475 150 302 137
TO39 SOT5 3 219 58 142 53
TO92 SOT54, SC43, TO226AA 3 180 66 117 60
TO126 SOT32, TO-225AA 3 95 3 64 3
TO218 * ISOWATT218 3 40 1 29 1
TO220 * TO220-5, ISOWATT220, TO220XX 3 58 4 40 4
TO247 * Max247, Super247, SOT429 3 47 1 34 1

Note:
1. The data in italics are orders of magnitude resulting from regression analyses based on averages
per case type.
There are no standardized tests to measure the thermal resistance of discrete semiconductor cases;
the thermal performance of these components therefore depends solely on the manufacturer.
This data in italics is given as an indication; for the cases concerned, it is highly recommended to
refer to the manufacturer data contained in the data sheets.

2. *: For power cases (type TO218, DPAK, ISOTOP, etc.), thermal resistance "RJA" must be applied
only if the case is directly mounted on the board; otherwise, when the case is for instance screwed
onto a metal structure or if it has a heat sink, it is better to apply thermal resistance "RJC".

3. If DeltaT_component is very high (DeltaT = RJA.Prated> 150 °C), it is better to look for the conditions
of thermal measurements in the specification and to apply the thermal resistance value "RJA"
supplied by the manufacturer, if it is smaller than that given by FIDES; otherwise, thermal resistance
"RJC" should be applied (as it provides for a better metallization below the component).

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits
General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

∑i (t8760 )i.(λ0 .ΠTherm.+λ0TCyCasing .ΠTCyCasing +λ0TCySolder_ joint s .ΠTCySolder_ joints +λ0RH .ΠRH +λ0mech.Πmech)i.ΠInduced−i
Phases
λ Physical = annual
TH

Base failure rates associated with the cases

The base failure rates for the various physical constraints are given by the equation:

−a b
λ0_Restriction =e ⋅Np

Where:
• a and b are constants that vary with case type and number of pins, as shown in the table below.
• Np is the number of pins of the case.

λ0TCy_Solder
λ0RH λ0TCy_Case joints λ0 mechanical
Usual name Description Np
(FIT) (FIT) (FIT) (FIT)
a b a b a b a b
PDIP, TO116 Plastic Dual In line 8 to 68 5.88 0.94 9.85 1.35 8.24 1.35 12.85 1.35
Package
CERDIP, CDIP Ceramic Dual-In-Line 8 to 20 λ0RH=0 6.775.16 1.35 1.35 8.38 1.35
Package 24 to 48 4.47 1.35 7.69 1.35
PQFP Plastic Quad Flatpack, 44 to 240 11.16 1.76 12.41 1.46 10.80 1.46 14.71 1.46
L lead 244 to 304 10.11 1.46 14.02 1.46
SQFP Plastic Shrink 32 to 120 7.75 1.13 8.57 0.73 6.96 0.73 11.57 0.73
TQFP, VQFP, (thickness) Quad 128 to 208 5.57 0.73 10.18 0.73
LQFP Flatpack, L lead
Plastic Thin Quad
Flatpack, L lead
Power QFP Plastic Quad Flatpack 160 to 240 14.17 2.41 15.11 1.96 13.50 1.96 17.41 1.96
(RQFP, HQFP, with heat sink, L lead 244 to 304 12.81 1.96 16.72 1.96
PowerQuad,
EdQuad, etc.)
CERPACK 20 to 56 λ0RH=0 12.41 1.46 10.80 1.46 14.02 1.46
CQFP, Cerquad Ceramic Quad Flat 64 to 132 λ0RH=0 12.41 1.46 10.80 1.46 14.02 1.46
Pack 172 to 256 9.19 1.46 12.41 1.46
PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip 20 to 52 9.36 1.74 18.52 3.15 16.91 3.15 21.11 3.15
Carrier J-Lead 68 to 84 15.52 3.15 19.72 3.15
J-CLCC Ceramic Leadless 20 λ0RH=0 18.52 3.15 14.96 3.15 18.18 3.15
(and Leaded) Chip 32 14.83 3.15 18.05 3.15
Carrier 44 14.71 3.15 17.93 3.15
52 14.71 3.15 17.93 3.15
68 14.61 3.15 17.83 3.15

(continued overleaf)

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Integrated Circuits

λ0TCy_Solder
λ0RH λ0TCy_Case joints λ0 mechanical
Usual name Description Np
(FIT) (FIT) (FIT) (FIT)
a b a b a b a b
SOJ Plastic Small Outlines 24 to 44 4.31 0.86 8.36 1.39 6.75 1.39 11.36 1.39
J-Lead
SO, SOP, SOL, Plastic Small Outlines, 8 to 14 8.23 1.17 13.36 2.18 11.75 2.18 16.36 2.18
SOIC, SOW L lead 16 to 18 11.06 2.18 15.66 2.18
20 to 28 10.36 2.18 14.97 2.18
32 10.14 2.18 14.75 2.18
TSOP I Thin Small Outlines, 5 to 16 6.21 0.97 9.05 0.76 7.44 0.76 12.05 0.76
TSOP II leads on small edges, 28 to 32 6.05 0.76 10.66 0.76
L lead 40 to 44 5.83 0.76 10.44 0.76
Thin Small Outlines, 54 to 56 5.36 0.76 9.97 0.76
leads on long edges, L
lead
SSOP, VSOP, Plastic Shrink (pitch) 8 to 10 2.36 0 4.22 0 2.61 0 7.22 0
QSOP Small Outlines, L lead 16 to 64 11.95 2.23 16.28 2.60 14.67 2.60 19.28 2.60

TSSOP, MSOP, Thin Shrink Small 8 to 28 7 1.01 13.02 1.84 11.41 1.84 16.02 1.84
µSO, µMAX, Outlines, L lead 32 to 48 10.72 1.84 15.32 1.84
TVSOP 56 10.02 1.84 14.63 1.84
64 9.62 1.84 14.22 1.84
PBGA, CSP 0.8 mm Plastic Ball Grid Array 48 to 484 9.7 1.50 12.13 1.49 9.13 1.49 12.82 1.49
with solder ball pitch = 144 to 208 8.57 1.49 12.26 1.49
0.8 mm and 0.75 mm
PBGA 1.00 mm Plastic Ball Grid Array 74 to 1156 6.2 0.81 10.89 1.00 7.67 1.00 11.36 1.00
with solder ball pitch = 160 to 381 7.49 1.00 11.18 1.00
1.0 mm 672 7.20 1.00 10.89 1.00
PBGA 1.27mm Plastic Ball Grid Array, 119 to 352 6.87 0.90 10.36 0.93 7.36 0.93 11.05 0.93
with solder ball pitch = 388 to 432 7.14 0.93 10.83 0.93
1.27 mm 503 to 729 6.67 0.93 10.36 0.93
Power BGA (TBGA Tape BGA, 256 to 352 9.44 1.31 15.73 1.68 12.73 1.68 16.42 1.68
SBGA, etc.) PBGA with heat sink, die 360 to 956 12.33 1.68 16.02 1.68
top down
pitch=1.27 mm
Super BGA,
PBGA with heat sink, die
top down
Pitch=1.27 mm
CBGA Ceramic Plastic Ball Grid 255 to 1156 11.78 1.72 15.37 1.87 11.56 1.87 14.56 1.87
Array
DBGA Dimpled BGA 255 to 1156 11.78 1.72 15.37 1.87 12.15 1.87 15.15 1.87

CI CGA Ceramic Land GA + 255 to 1156 11.78 1.72 15.37 1.87 11.81 1.87 14.81 1.87
interposer, Ceramic
column GA
CPGA Ceramic Pin Grid Array 68 to 250 λ0RH=0 8.07 1.87 5.77 0.93 8.76 0.93
255 to 655 4.85 0.93 7.85 0.93

Note:
• For hermetically sealed cases, the failure rate due to a damp atmosphere is null (λ0RH=0).

• The base failure rates for solder joints were estimated based on assumptions concerning the
Printed Circuit Board type (the selected type is FR4), the CTE difference between PCB and
component, the pin material, the CQFP pin camber, the substrate type of CBGA, Flex BGA,
PBGA. These parameters affect reliability but cannot usually be addressed in a predicted
reliability study.

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Integrated Circuits

Variations of λ0RH by case type and number of pins

Np

1 10 100 1000
1.00000
Pow erQFP PBGA0.8
PBGA1.27
SOJ PBGA1.0

Pow erBGA 0.10000

PQFP

Lambda_0
PDIP TQFP

SSOP
PLCC 0.01000
TSOP

TSSOP

SOIC
0.00100

Variations of λ0Tcy_case by case type and number of pins

Np

1 10 100 1000
0.10000
CPGA
PBGA0.8
SOJ
Pow erQFP
PQFP 0.01000
PBGA1.0
CERDIP PBGA1.27
CBGA
Lambda_0

TQFP
PDIP Pow erBGA
0.00100
TSOP

PLCC
TSSOP 0.00010
SOIC SSOP

0.00001

64
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Integrated Circuits

Base failure rates associated with the chip

Type λ0TH (FIT)

SILICIUM MOS Digital circuit 0.056

Linear circuit 0.270
Mixed circuit 0.11
SRAM 0.067
DRAM 0.091
FLASH EEPROM 0.025
EEPROM 0.026
EPROM 0.056
CPLD (EEPROM) 0.291
FPGA (SRAM) 0.129
FPGA (Antifuse) 0.396
BIPOLAR SILICON Linear Circuit 0.059
Mixed LV Circuit 0.34
PAL (bipolar) 0.26
BICMOS SILICON Digital Circuit 0.05
LV Circuit 0.17

Mixed = digital / linear technology

65
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Integrated Circuits

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

RHambient : humidity rate associated with a phase (%)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
Grms : vibration level associated with each phase de random vibrations (Grms)

Application data

TJ_component : component junction temperature during an operating phase (°C)

TJ_component = Tambient + RJA _V . Prated
Prated : specific power dissipated by the component (W)

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermal_ 
11604 × 0 . 7 ×  1 −
 293 (
1
T j − component

+ 273 )
In an operating phase : e i

In a non-operating phase : ΠThermal = 0

ΠTCy
1
3
4  1 1 
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆ Tcycling  1414 × 313 − (Tmax − cycling + 273 )i
  ×  ×  ×e
Case
 tannual i  2 i  20 i
ΠTCy
1
3
1 .9  1 1 
1414 ×  −
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆T   313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i

  ×  × cycling  ×e
Solder joints
 tannual   2  20
i i  i
ΠMech
1 .5
 G RMS 
 
 0 .5 
 i
ΠRH  RHambient 
4 .4

11604 ×0 .9×  1 −
(
1 
)
 293 Tboard _ ambient + 273  i
 70  ×e
 i

In an operating phase : Π RH = 0

66
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Discrete Semiconductors

Discrete Semiconductors

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

∑i (t8760 )i.(λ0 .ΠTherm.+λ0TCyCasing .ΠTCyCasing +λ0TCySolder_ joint s .ΠTCySolder_ joint s +λ0RH .ΠRH +λ0mech.Πmech)i.ΠInduced−i
Phases
λ Physical= annual
TH

Base failure rates associated with the cases

λ0RH λ0Tcy_Case λ0Tcy_Solder joints λ0 Mechanical

Case Equivalent Names Description
(FIT) (FIT) (FIT) (FIT)
CB417
CB429
DO13 DO202AA
DO15 DO204AC
DO27 DO201AA
DO35 DO204AH
Through hole, small
DO41 DO204AL 0.0310 0.00110 0.0055 0.00011
signal, plastic
DO92
F126
SIL, SIP SIL, SIP, ZIP
TO92 SOT54, SC43, TO226AA
TO126 SOT32, TO225AA
TO202
SOT23-3 TO236AB
SOT23-5 SC74A, SOT25
SOT23-6 SC74, SOT26, SOT457
SOT143 TO253AA, SC61B
SOT323 SC70
SMD, small signal,
SOT346 SC59, TO236AA 0.0055 0.00057 0.00285 0.000057
L-lead, plastic
SOT353 SC70-5, SC88A
SOT363 SC70-6, SC88
SOD123
SOD323 SC76
SOD523 SC79
SOT223 SC73, TO261AA
SOT243 SMD, medium
power, small
SOT343 SC82 0.0126 0.00091 0.00455 0.000091
heatsink, L-lead,
SOT89 SC62, TO243AA plastic
SOT194
TO218 ISOWATT218
TO220 TO220-5, ISOWATT220, TO220XX
TO247 Max247, Super247, SOT429
Through hole,
ISOWATT 0.0589 0.00303 0.01515 0.0003
power, plastic
DO220
IPACK TO251AA
SOT82 TO225

(continued overleaf)

67
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Discrete Semiconductors

λ0RH λ0Tcy_Case λ0Tcy_Solder joints λ0 Mechanical

Case Equivalent Names Description
(FIT) (FIT) (FIT) (FIT)
SOD6 DO214AA, SMB-J
SMD, small signal,
SOD15 DO214AB, SMC-J 0.0124 0.00091 0.00455 0.00009
C-lead, plastic
SOD87 DO214AC, SMA-J
DPAK TO252AA, SC63, SOT428 SMD, power, large
D2PAK TO263, SC83A, SMD220 heatsink, L-lead, 0.0335 0.00413 0.02065 0.00041
D3PAK TO268 plastic
SMD, high power,
ISOTOP SOT227, TO244, Half-Pak 0.99 0.03333 0.16665 0.0033
screw, plastic
SOD80 Mini-MELF, DO213AA SMD, Hermetically
0 0.00781 0.03905 0.00078
SOD87 MELF, DO213AB sealed glass
TO18 TO71, TO72, SOT31, SOT18
Through hole,
TO39 SOT5 0 0.0101 0.0505 0.00101
metal
TO52
Thin Shrink Small
TSSOP 8 –
Outlines, L lead, 0.0266 0.00085 0.00425 0.000425
Discrete
plastic
Thin Small
TSOP 6 – Outlines, leads on
0.0321 0.00116 0.0058 0.00058
Discrete long edges, L lead,
plastic
Plastic Small
SO 8 -
Outlines, L lead, 0.0193 0.00117 0.00585 0.000585
Discrete
plastic

Note:
• For hermetically sealed cases, the failure rate due to a damp atmosphere is null.

Base failure rates associated with the chip

Low power diodes Power diodes

λ0TH (FIT) λ0TH (FIT)
Diodes, signal up to 1 A 0.0315 Rectifier diodes > 3A 0.0590
(PIN, Schottky, signal)
Rectifier diodes 1 to 3 A 0.0380 Protection diodes > 5 kW 0.329
(10 µs/100 µs peak)
Zener diodes up to 1.5 W 0.0380 Thyristors, triacs > 3 A 0.192

Low power transistor Power transistor

λ0TH (FIT) λ0TH (FIT)
Silicon, junction < 5W 0.0170 Silicon junction > 5 W 0.0938
Silicon JFET < 5W 0.0146 Silicon MOS > 5 W 0.0102
Silicon MOS < 5W 0.0172 IGBT 0.249

68
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Discrete Semiconductors

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

RHambient : humidity rate associated with a phase (%)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)

Application data

TJ_component : component junction temperature during an operating phase (°C)

TJ_component = Tambient + RJA . Prated
Prated : specific component power (W)

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermal 
11604 × 0 . 7 ×  1 −
 293
1
T j − component (

+ 273 )
In an operating phase : e i

In a non-operating phase : ΠThermal = 0

ΠTCy
1
3
4  1 1 
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆ Tcycling  1414 × 313 − (Tmax − cycling + 273 )i
  ×  ×  ×e
Case
 tannual i  2 i  20 i
ΠTCy
1
3
1 .9  1 1 
1414 ×  −
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆ Tcycling   313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i

  ×  ×  ×e
Solder joints
 tannual i  2 i  20 i
ΠMech
1 .5
 G RMS 
 
 0 .5 
 i
ΠRH
 
4 .4 11604 × 0 . 9 ×  1 − 1
 RH ambient   293 (Tboard + 273 )
 ×e
_ ambient

i

 70 i

In an operating phase : Π RH = 0

69
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Optocouplers: Part Manufacturing Factor

Optocouplers: Part Manufacturing Factor

Model associated with the ΠPart_manufacturing factor

1.39.(1−Part _Grade)−0.69
ΠPart_Manufacturing=e

Where: Part _Grade=

(QAmanufacturer +QAcomponent )×ε 
 24 

Model associated with the QAmanufacturer risk

This factor is calculated as for active integrated circuits and discrete semiconductors.

Model associated with the QAcomponent risk

This factor is calculated as for active integrated circuits and discrete semiconductors.
Model associated with the ε experience factor:
This factor is calculated as for active integrated circuits and discrete semiconductors.

70
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Optocouplers

Optocouplers

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

 λ0TH−El.ΠTh−El.+ 
 
 λ0TCyCasing.ΠTCyCasing + 
Phases  
λPhysical= ∑  tannual−phase  . (λ0TCySolder _ joints +λ0TCyChips )ΠTCySolder _ joints +  .ΠInduced−i
i  8760 i  
 (λ0Casing _Mech+λ0Chip_Mech ).ΠMech+ 
 
 λ0RH.ΠRH i

Base failure rates associated with the component

Activation
Component description λ0_TH-EL λ0 TCY_chips λ0 Chips_MECH
energy (eV)
Optocoupler with phototransistor 0.7 0.062 0.004 0.002

Optocoupler with photodiode 0.7 0.31 0.02 0.01

When there are N optocouplers in the same package, the λ0_TH-EL, λ0TCY_chips, and λ0 Chips_MECH must
be multiplied by N .

The values of λ0 Tcy Units, λ0 Tcy Solder joints, λ0 Unit_mech and λ0 RH are given in the base failure rates tables
associated with the packages of integrated circuits or discrete semiconductors.

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Optocouplers

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

RHambient : humidity rate associated with a phase (%)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)

Application data

TJ_component : component junction temperature during an operating phase (°C)

TJ_component = Tambient + RJA . Prated
Prated : specific component power (W)

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermal_ 
11604 × 0 . 7 ×  1 −
 293 (
1
T j − component

+ 273  )
In an operating phase : e i

In a non-operating phase : ΠThermal = 0

ΠTCy
1
3
4  1 1 
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆T  1414 ×  313 − (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i
  ×  × cycling  ×e
Case
 t annual i  2 i  20 i
ΠTCy
1
3
1 .9  1 1 
1414 ×  −
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆ Tcycling   313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i

  ×  ×  ×e
Solder joints
 tannual i  2 i  20 i
ΠMech
1 .5
 G RMS 
 
 0 .5 
 i
ΠRH  RHambient 
4 .4

11604 ×0 .9×  1 −
(
1 
 )
 293 Tboard _ ambient + 273  i
 70  × e
 i

In an operating phase : Π RH = 0

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Passive Components: Part Manufacturing Factor

Passive Components: Part Manufacturing Factor

Model associated with the ΠPart_manufacturing factor

1.39.(1−Part _Grade)−0.69
ΠPart_Manufacturing=e

Where: Part _Grade=

(QAmanufacturer +QAcomponent )×ε 
 24 

Factor QAmanufacturer

This factor is calculated as for active integrated circuits and discrete semiconductors.

Model associated with the QAcomponent risk

Description of the component Quality Assurance level Position relative to QAcomponent risk
state of the art
Qualified per standards CECC, ESA, MIL and AEC Q200 and Above 3
identification of manufacture sites and site certification level
Manufacturer in-house qualification program and unidentified Equivalent 1
manufacture sites
No information Below 0

Experience factor ε:
This factor is calculated as for active integrated circuits and discrete semiconductors.

73
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Resistors

Resistors

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

∑  8760 .(Π +ΠTCy +ΠMechanical+ΠRH)i.ΠInduced−i

Phases
tannual
λPhysical=λ0_Resistor. Thermoelectrical
i i

Base failure rates associated with the component

Component description λ0-Resistor A γTH-EL γTCy γMech γRH

(FIT) (°C)
"Minimelf" common use (RC) high stability (RS) low 0.1 85 0.04 0.89 0.01 0.06
power film resistor
Power film resistor 0.4 130 0.04 0.89 0.01 0.06
Low power wirewound precision resistor 0.3 30 0.02 0.96 0.01 0.01
Power wirewound resistor 0.4 130 0.01 0.97 0.01 0.01
Cermet adjustment trimmer 0.3 65 0.42 0.35 0.22 0.01
Resistive chip 0.01 70 0.01 0.97 0.01 0.01

General rule for resistor networks:

Take the failure rates for a component of the type under consideration and multiply it by the square
root of the number of such components in the network; e.g.:

Component description λ0-Resistor A γTH-EL γTCy γMech γRH

(FIT) (°C)
SMD resistive grid 0.01× Number of resistors 70 0.01 0.97 0.01 0.01

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

RHambient : humidity rate associated with a phase (%)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : vibration level associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Application data

Papplied : power dissipated by the component in the application (W)

Technical characteristics data

Prated : maximum power that the component can dissipate, specified by the supplier (W)

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Resistors

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermoelect In an operating phase


:

 
rical 11604 × 0 . 15 ×  1 − 1 
 293  T + 273 + A ×
P _ applied  
 
board _ ambient
P _ rated   i
γ TH −EL ×e

In a non-operating phase : ΠThermoelectrical = 0

ΠTCy
1
3
1 .9  1 1 
1414 ×  −
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆T   313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i

γ TCy ×  ×  × cycing  ×e
 t annual i  2 i  20 i

ΠMechanical
1 .5

G 
γ Mech ×  RMS 
 0 . 5 i

ΠRH  RHambient 
4 .4

11604 ×0 .9× 1 − 1 
 293 (Tboard _ ambient + 273 ) i

γRH×  ×e
 70 i

In an operating phase : Π RH = 0

75
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Ceramic Capacitors

Ceramic Capacitors

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

∑  8760 .(Π +ΠTCy +ΠMechanical)i.ΠInduced−i

Phases
tannual
λPhysical=λ0_Capacitor. Thermoelectrical
i i

Base failure rates associated with the component

λ0-Capacitor Activation
Component description Sreference γTH-EL γTCy γMech
(FIT) energy (eV)
Ceramic capacitor with defined temperature 0.03 0.1 0.3 0.70 0.28 0.02
coefficient (Type I) with a low CV product
Ceramic capacitor with defined temperature 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.71 0.28 0.01
coefficient (Type I) with a medium CV product
Ceramic capacitor with defined temperature 0.50 0.1 0.3 0.71 0.28 0.01
coefficient (Type I) with a high CV product
Ceramic capacitor with non-defined temperature 0.08 0.1 0.3 0.70 0.28 0.02
coefficient (Type II) with a low CV product
Ceramic capacitor with non-defined temperature 0.15 0.1 0.3 0.71 0.28 0.01
coefficient (Type II) with a medium CV product
Ceramic capacitor with non-defined temperature 2.34 0.1 0.3 0.46 0.53 0.01
coefficient (Type II) with a high CV product

CV product
Type I Type II
Low CV product Less than 1.0 10-9 V.F Less than 1.0 10-7 V.F
Medium CV product Between 1.0 10-9 V.F and 1.0 10-7 V.F Between 1.0 10-7 V.F and 1.0 10-5 V.F
High CV product Greater than 1.0 10-7 V.F Greater than 1.0 10-5 V.F

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Ceramic Capacitors

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each operating phase over a year (hours)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : stress associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Application data

Vapplied : voltage applied to the component in the application (V)

Technical characteristics data

Vrated : maximum voltage applicable to the component specified by the supplier (V)

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermoelect In an operating phase :

3
 
γ TH −EL × × Vapplied  e
1 11604 ×Ea ×  1 − 1
rical  293 (Tboard _ ambient + 273 ) i
 Sreference Vrated i
In a non-operating phase : ΠThermoelectrical = 0
ΠTCy
1
3
1 .9  1 1 
1414 ×  −
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆T   313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i

γ TCy ×  ×  × cycling  ×e
 t annual i  2 i  20 i

ΠMechanical
1 .5
G 
γ Mech ×  RMS 
 0 . 5 i

77
FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Aluminum Capacitors

Aluminum Capacitors

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

∑  8760 .(Π +ΠTCy +ΠMechanical )i.ΠInduced−i

Phases
 tannual 
λPhysical=λ0_Capacitor. Thermoelec trical
i i

Base failure rates associated with the component

Activation
Component description λ0-Capacitor (FIT) energy (eV)
Sreference γTH-EL γTCy γMech

Liquid electrolyte aluminum capacitor 0.21 0.4 0.5 0.85 0.14 0.01

Solid electrolyte aluminum capacitor 0.4 0.4 0.55 0.85 0.14 0.01

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Aluminum Capacitors

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each operating phase over a year (hours)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : stress associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Application data

Vapplied : voltage applied to the component in the application (V)

Technical characteristics data

Vrated : maximum voltage applicable to the component specified by the supplier (V)

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermoelect In an operating phase :

3  1 1 
11604 ×Ea ×  −
 1 × Vapplied  e  293 (Tboard _ ambient + 273 ) i

rical
γ TH −EL ×
 Sreference Vrated i
In a non-operating phase : ΠThermoelectrical = 0
ΠTCy
1
3
1 .9  1 1 
1414 ×  −
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆T   313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i

γ TCy ×  ×  × cycling  ×e
 t annual i  2 i  20 i

ΠMechanical
1 .5
G 
γ Mech ×  RMS 
 0 . 5 i

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Tantalum Capacitors

Tantalum Capacitors

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

∑  8760 .(Π +ΠTCy +ΠMechanical )i.ΠInduced−i

Phases
 tannual 
λPhysical=λ0_Capacitor. Thermoelec trical
i i

Base failure rates associated with the component

Remarks:
- For wet tantalum capacitors, by default take a Silver case and hermetically sealed.
- For solid tantalum capacitors, by default take a SMD packaging.

Wet tantalum capacitor

Activation
Component description λ0-Capacitor (FIT) Sreference γTH-EL γTcy γMech
energy (eV)

Wet tantalum capacitor

Silver case, elastomer sealed 0.77 0.15 0.6 0.87 0.01 0.12

Wet tantalum capacitor

Silver case, hermetically sealed 0.33 0.15 0.6 0.81 0.01 0.18
Wet tantalum capacitor
Tantalum case, hermetically 0.05 0.15 0.6 0.88 0.04 0.08
sealed

Solid electrolyte Tantalum capacitor

Activation
Component description λ0-Capacitor (FIT) Sreference γTH-EL γTcy γMech
energy (eV)
Solid tantalum capacitor 1.09 0.15 0.4 0.86 0.12 0.02
drop packaging
Solid tantalum capacitor 0.54 0.15 0.4 0.84 0.14 0.02
SMD packaging
Solid tantalum capacitor 0.25 0.15 0.4 0.94 0.04 0.02
Axial metal packaging

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Tantalum Capacitors

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each operating phase over a year (hours)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : stress associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Application data

Vapplied : voltage applied to the component in the application (V)

Technical characteristics data

Vrated : maximum voltage applicable to the component specified by the supplier (V)

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermoelect In an operating phase :

3  1 1 
11604 ×Ea ×  −
 1 × Vapplied  e  293 (Tboard _ ambient + 273 ) i

rical
γ TH −EL ×
 Sreference Vrated i
In a non-operating phase : ΠThermoelectrical = 0
ΠTCy
1
3
1 .9  1 1 
1414 ×  −
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆T   313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i

γ TCy ×  ×  × cycling  ×e
 t annual i  2 i  20 i

ΠMechanical
1 .5
G 
γ Mech ×  RMS 
 0 . 5 i

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Magnetic Components: Inductors and Transformers

Magnetic Components: Inductors and Transformers

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

∑  8760 .(Π +ΠTCy+ΠMechanical)i.ΠInduced−i

Phases
 tannual 
λPhysical=λ0_Magnetic. Thermoelectrical
i i

Base failure rates associated with the component

λ0-Magnetic Activation energy

Component description (FIT) Ea (eV) γTH-EL γTCy γMech ∆T (°C)
Low current (or low level) wirewound inductor 0.025 0.15 0.01 0.73 0.26 10
Power wirewound inductor 0.05 0.15 0.09 0.79 0.12 30
Multi-layer ceramic chip inductor 0.05 0.15 0.71 0.28 0.01 10
Low power (or low level) transformer 0.125 0.15 0.01 0.73 0.26 10
High power transformer 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.69 0.16 30

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Magnetic Components: Inductors and Transformers

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : stress associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Application data

∆T : component temperature rise relative to the ambient temperature. The table above gives
typical ∆T values to use if a better estimate is not available.

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermoelect In an operating phase


:

11604 ×Ea ×  1 − 1
 293 (Tboard + ∆ T + 273 )
rical
γ TH − EL × e
_ ambient i

In a non-operating phase : ΠThermoelectrical = 0

ΠTCy
1
3
1 .9  1 1 
1414 ×  −
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆T   313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i

γ TCy ×  ×  × cycling  ×e
 t annual i  2 i  20 i

ΠMechanical
1 .5

 G RMS 
γ Mech ×  

 0 .5 i

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Piezoelectric Parts: Oscillators and Quartz

Piezoelectric Parts: Oscillators and Quartz

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

∑  8760 .(Π +ΠTCy +ΠMechanical+ΠRH)i.ΠInduced−i

Phases
tannual
λPhysical=λ0_Piezoelectric. Thermoelectrical
i i

Base failure rates associated with the component

λ0-Piezoelectric γTH-EL γTCy γMech γRH

Component description (FIT)
Quartz resonator (case type HCxx through-hole mount component) 0.85 0.07 0.88 0.04 0.01
Quartz resonator (surface mount) 0.85 0 0.82 0 0.18
Crystal quartz oscillator (XO case, through-hole mount component) 3.5 0.67 0.3 0.03 0
Crystal quartz oscillator (XO case, MCSO surface-mounted) 3.5 0.18 0.7 0.1 0.02

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

RHambient : humidity rate associated with a phase (%)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C))
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : vibration level associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Application data

Ioutput : current supplied by the component in the application (A)

Technical characteristics data

Imax_output : maximum current that the component can supply in operation (A)

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Piezoelectric Parts: Oscillators and Quartz

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermoelect In an operating phase :

rical
γ TH −EL ×Π rating _ TH −i×Π rating _ EL −i

Description of conditions of use : Value of Πrating_TH

Tboard_ambient < (Tambient-max manufacturer – 40 °C) 1
Tboard_ambient ≥ (Tambient-max manufacturer – 40 °C) 5

Description of conditions of use : Value of Πrating_EL

Quartz resonator: 1
Oscillator : Ioutput < 0.8 x Imax_output 1
Oscillator : Ioutput ≥ 0.8 x Imax_output 5

In a non-operating phase : ΠThermoelectrical = 0

ΠTCy
1
3
1 .9  1 1 
1414 ×  −
 12 .Nannual _ cy   min( θcy,2 )   ∆T   313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i

γ TCy ×  ×  × cycling  ×e
 t annual   2   20 i
i i

ΠMechanical
1 .5
 G RMS 
γ Mech ×  

 0 .5 i

ΠRH (
γRH × RHambient
70
)
4 .4

i

11604 ×0 .9×  1 −
×e
1 
 293 (Tboard _ ambient + 273 )  i

In an operating phase : Π RH = 0

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Hermetically Sealed Electromechanical Relays

Hermetically Sealed Electromechanical Relays

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

∑  8760 .(Π +Πelectrical+ΠTCy +ΠMechanical)i.Πinducedi

Phases
tannual
λPhysical=1× Thermal
i i

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : vibration level associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Application data

Vcontact : Contacts voltage(V)

Icontact : Contacts current (A)
Ubob : Coil voltage (V)

Technical characteristics data

Vrated : Rated contacts voltage (V)

Irated : Rated contacts current (A)
Urated : Rated coil voltage (V)
N switch : Number of active switch-type "reset" or "latch" contacts
N inverter : Number of active inverter-type "reset" and "latch" contacts
Ncontact : Number of active switch-type and inverter-type contacts: Ncontact = N inverter + N switch

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FIDES Guide 2004
Electronic Components/Hermetically Sealed Electromechanical Relays

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermal In a non-operating phase : ΠThermal = 0

In an operating phase :
11604 × 0 . 25  1 − 1 
0 . 32 ×Π Th_Cutoff ×Π Contact type_Th ×e  293 Tboard _ ambient + 273  × (N switch +1.8 ×Ninverter )

Technological attribute: ΠTh_Cutoff Technological attribute: ΠTh_Contact type

Cutoff power Contact type
Cutoff power < 2A 1.8 Golden contact 1.5
Cutoff power ≥ 2A 1.2 Silver contact 1

ΠElectrical In a non-operating phase : Π electrical = 0

In an operating phase :

0 . 60 ×Π El _ cutoff ×Π El _ Actuation ×  Vcontact
 Vrated
( ) ×(I I
m1
contact
rated
)m2
× Urated
 U winding
 ×NContacts



Vcontact I contact
If ≤1 then m1 =3 If ≤1 then m2 =3
Vrated I rated
Vcontact I contact
If >1 then m1 =8.8 If >1 then m2 =5.9
Vrated I rated

Number of actuations/h Π El_Actuations Technological attribute: ΠEl_Cutoff

Cutoff power
<1 1 Cutoff power < 2A 1.5

Cutoff power ≥ 2A 1.2

(No_of_actu ations/h )
≥1

ΠTCy
1
1 .9
min( θcy,2 )   ∆ Tcycling  1414 ×  1 − 
0 .02× 12 .Nannual _ cy  ×
3
1
 ×  ×e  313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 ) i
 tannual i  2 i  20 i
ΠMechanical 0 . 06 ×Π Mech _ Cutoff ×Π Mech _ Actuations ×(ΠContact type_Mech 1+Π Contact type_Mech 2 )×(G0RMS
.5
) 1 .5

Number of actuations/h Π Mech_Actuations Technological attribute: ΠMech_Cutoff

Cutoff power
<1 1 Cutoff power < 2A 3

Cutoff power ≥ 2A 1
(No_of_actu ations/h )
≥1

Number of switch-type Number of inverter-type

"standby" or "work" ΠContact type-Mech 1 "standby" or "work" ΠContact type-Mech 2
active contacts active contacts
No contacts of this type No contacts of this type
1 0 1 0
2 1 2 1.8
3 1.5 3 3
4 2 4 4.3
2.5 6 5.5
8

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FIDES Guide 2004
PCB and Connectors

PCB and Connectors

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FIDES Guide 2004
PCB and Connectors/Induced Factor

Induced Factor

Factors contributing to overstress

0.511×ln(Csensitivity )
Πinduced−i=(Πplacement−i×Πapplication−i×Πruggedizing)

The index i designates the phase considered.

Factors contributing to the Πplacement and Csensitivity factors

Relative sensitivity
(out of 10)
EOS MOS TOS Csensitivity Πplacement
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) 4 10 8 6.5 1
Connectors 1 10 3 4.4 1

The relative sensitivities to EOS (Electrical OverStress), TOS (Thermal OverStress), MOS
(Mechanical OverStress) are not taken into account. They are given for information only.

Factors contributing to the Πapplication factor

The contribution is calculated as for the other components.

Factors contributing to the Πruggedizing factor

The contribution is calculated as for the other components.

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FIDES Guide 2004
PCB and Connectors/Part Manufacturing Factor

Part Manufacturing Factor

Model associated with the ΠPart_manufacturing factor

ΠPart_Manufacturing =e 1.39.(1−Part_Grade)−0.69

Where: Part _Grade=

(QAmanufacturer +QAsubassembly )×ε 
 24 

Factor QAmanufacturer

Description of the manufacturer Quality Assurance level Position relative to QAmanufacturer risk
state of the art
Certified ISO 9000 version 2000, Qualifas* Above 3
Certified ISO 9000 version 1994 Equivalent 1
No information or not certified ISO 9000 version 1994 Below 0

Model associated with the QAsubassembly risk

Description of the subassembly Quality Assurance level Position relative to QAsubassembly risk
state of the art
Performance of severe environment resistance tests and Above 3
Accelerated Stress Tests
Known manufacturer in-house qualification/environmental Equivalent 1
stress screening procedure
No information Below 0

Experience factor ε:
This factor is calculated as for active integrated circuits and discrete semiconductors.

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FIDES Guide 2004
PCB and Connectors/Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

(t8760 )(Π
phases
λPhysical=λ0PCB. ∑i annual )
TCy +ΠMechanical+ΠRH+ΠChemical i.ΠInduced−i
i

Technical characteristics data

Base failure rates:

λ0PCB=5.10 .(N layers )2. Nmount

−3 1
2 e
( )
. a.(Tboard _ambient −110).ΠClass.ΠPCB _Techno
Description of technological factors:

Nlayer : Number of layers of the PCB

Nmount : Number of mounting points (surface-mounted + through-hole)

Temperature range considered Value of a

TPCB < 110 °C 0
TPCB > 110 °C 0.2

Routing class identification Value of ΠClass

Class1 1
Class 2 2
Class 3 3
Class 4 4
Class 5 5
Class 6 6

PCB technology identification Value of ΠPCB_Techno

Via 0.25
Blind via 0.5
Micro-via technology 1
Pad on via technology 2.5

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

RHambient : humidity rate associated with a phase (%)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : stress associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

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FIDES Guide 2004
PCB and Connectors/Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠTCy
1
1.9 
min(θcy,2)   ∆Tcycling
0.6× 12.Nannual_cy  ×
3
1414× 1 − 1
 ×  ×e  313 (Tmax−cycling+273) i
 tannual i  2 i  20 i
1.5
0.2× GRMS 
ΠMechanical  0.5 i
ΠRH (
0 . 18 × RH ambient
40
)4 .4

i
 1 1 
×e11604 ×0 .8× 293 − (Tboard _ ambient + 273 )i

ΠChemical 0.02×ΠSal−i×ΠIndus−i×ΠAreas−i×ΠProt−i
Saline pollution level Πsal Industrial pollution level Πindus
Low 1 Uninhabited area 1
High 2 Urban area 1.5
Urban + heavy industry area 2

Area of application ΠArea System protection level ΠProt

Inhabited 1 Hermetically sealed 0
Uninhabitable 2 Non-hermetically sealed 1
Motor 4

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PCB and Connectors/Connectors

Connectors
General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

λPhysical =λ0 _ Connector ⋅

Phases
∑i (t8760 ).(Π
annual
i
)
Thermal +Π TCy +ΠMech +ΠRH +Π Chemical i.ΠInduced −i

λ0 _Connector =λType⋅Πreport ⋅Πcontact ⋅ΠCycle

Technical characteristics data

Model for a connector half pair

Connector type

Connector type λtype

Round and rectangular connectors 0.5
Coaxial connectors 0.7
Connectors for PCBs (and equivalent) 1
Component supports 1

Mount type

Mount type Πmount

Insertion (press fit) 1
Soldered (through-hole 6
mount component)
Soldered (SMD) 10
Wrapping (braid) 3
Wrapping (wire) 2

Number of contacts

ΠContact =(NContact )0.5

Where Ncontact is the number of connector contacts.

Connection frequency

ΠCycles=0.2×(Nannual_cycles)
0.25

Where Nannual_cycles is the number of cycles (a cycle is one connection plus one disconnection) per
year. If Nannual_cycles < 1 per year let Πcycles = 0.2.

Insert temperature rise

Gauge 32 30 28 24 22 20 18 16 12
a 3.256 2.856 2.286 1.345 0.989 0.64 0.429 0.274 0.1

∆Tinsert = a x Icontact1.85

Where Icontact is the average current across a pin (in amperes).

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PCB and Connectors/Connectors

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

RHambient : humidity rate associated with a phase (%)
Note: The RH of connectors at the interface of a piece of equipment may differ from that of other items.
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over a year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : vibration level associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Application data

∆T : Insert temperature rise

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermal In an operating phase


11604 × 0 . 1×  1 −
:
1 
0 . 58 × e  293 (Tboard _ ambient + ∆ T + 273 ) i

In a non-operating phase : Π thermal = 0

ΠTcy
1
1 ,9  
0 .04× 12 .Nannual _ cy  × min( θcy,2 )  × ∆ Tcycling  ×e
3
1414 ×  1 − 1
    313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 )  i
 t annual i  2 i  20 i
1 .5
0 . 05 ×  G RMS 
ΠMechanical  0 .5 i

ΠRH (
0 . 13 × RH ambient
70
)
4 .4

i
×e
11604 × 0 . 8×  1 − 1 
 293 (Tboard _ ambient + 273 ) i

ΠChemical 0 . 20 × Π Sal − i× Π Indus − i× Π Area − i× Π Pr ot − i

Saline pollution level Πsal Industrial pollution level Πindus

Low 1 Uninhabited area 1
High 2 Urban area 1.5
Urban + heavy industry area 2

Area of application ΠArea System protection level ΠProt

Inhabited 1 Hermetically sealed 0
Uninhabitable 2 Non-hermetically sealed 1
Motor 4

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FIDES Guide 2004
Wired Boards

Wired Boards

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FIDES Guide 2004
Wired Boards/Induced Factor

Induced Factor

Factors contributing to overstress

0.511×ln(Csensitivity )
Πinduced−i=(Πplacement−i×Πapplication−i×Πruggedizing)

The index i designates the phase considered.

Factors contributing to the Πplacement and Csensitivity factors

Digital functions Πplacement Csensitivity

Complex function CPU (> 16 bits), DSP 1.0 6.14
Simple function CPU (8-16 bits) 1.0 6.14
Complex function logic (EPLD, FPGA) 1.0 6.14
Simple function logic (PAL, counter, glue) 1.0 6.14
Memory function SRAM/DRAM 1.0 6.14
Memory function EPROM / EEPROM / FLASH 1.0 6.14
Clock function 1.0 6.33
Power supply monitoring function 1.0 6.14
Extension Bus interface function (buffer) 1.6 5.81
Level adaptation function (Line drivers): RS422, RS232, etc. 1.6 5.81
Galvanic isolation function (optocoupling) 1.6 7.55
Transistor switching function (input/output) 1.6 4.87
Specific protocol interface function (Transceiver+Controller): PCI, ETHERNET, ADC, LON, 1.6 5.81
1553, ARINC, DIGIBUS, etc.

Analog functions Πplacement Csensitivity

Conversion function, analog-to-digital 2.0 6.14
Conversion function digital-to-analog 2.0 6.14
Reception, amplification, summing, integration, filtering function 2.0 5.04
Transmission, amplification function 2.0 4.87
Relay switching function 2.0 7.55
Power transmission function 1.6 4.87
Power supply function: linear regulation 2.5 4.87
Power supply function: chopping DC/DC conv. < 25 W 2.5 6.07
Power supply function: chopping DC/DC conv. 25-100 W 2.5 6.87

Factors contributing to the Πapplication factor

The contribution is calculated as for the components.

Factors contributing to the Πruggedizing factor

The contribution is calculated as for the components.

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FIDES Guide 2004
Wired Boards/Part Manufacturing Factor

Part Manufacturing Factor

Model associated with the Π Part_manufacturing factor

ΠPart _Manufactur ing=e1.39.(1−Part _Grade)−0.69

Where: Part _Grade=

(QAmanufacturer +QAsubassembly )×ε 
 24 

Factor QAmanufacturer

Description of the manufacturer Quality Assurance level Position relative to QAmanufacturer risk
state of the art
Certified ISO 9000 version 2000, Qualifas* Above 3
Certified ISO 9000 version 1994 Equivalent 1
No information or not certified ISO 9000 version 1994 Below 0

Model associated with the QAsubassembly risk

Description of the subassembly Quality Assurance level Position relative to QAsubassembly risk
state of the art
Performance of severe environment resistance tests and Above
Accelerated Stress Tests 3
Known manufacturer in-house qualification/environmental Equivalent 1
stress screening procedure
No information Below 0

Experience factor ε:
This factor is calculated as for active integrated circuits and discrete semiconductors.

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FIDES Guide 2004
Wired Boards/On-Board Electronic Functions

On-Board Electronic Functions

General model associated with the family

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

λPhysical =
Functions
∑(
j
λ0function j×
Phases
) ∑
i
( )( )
tannual . Π Thermal +Π TCy +ΠMechanical +ΠRH +ΠChemical .ΠInduced −i
8760 i i

Base failure rates

Digital functions λ0-function

(Fit)
Complex function CPU (> 16 bits), DSP 3.09
Simple function CPU (8-16 bits) 1.55
Complex function logic (EPLD, FPGA) 3.09
Simple function logic (PAL, counter, glue) 1.55
Memory function SRAM/DRAM 5.87
Memory function EPROM / EEPROM / FLASH 4.33
Clock function 1.20
Power supply monitoring function 1.24
Extension Bus interface function (buffer) 1.07
Level adaptation function (Line drivers): RS422, RS232, etc. 1.07
Galvanic isolation function (optocoupling) 0.46
Transistor switching function (input/output) 0.54
Specific protocol interface function (Transceiver+Controller): PCI, ETHERNET, ADC, LON,1553, ARINC, 2.14
DIGIBUS, etc.

Analog functions λ0-function

(Fit)
Conversion function, analog-to-digital. 1.14
Conversion function digital-to-analog. 1.63
Reception, protection, amplification, summing, integration, filtering function. 3.62
Transmission, amplification function. 3.13
Relay switching function. 2.32
Power transmission function. 6.43
Power supply function: linear regulation. 1.87
Power supply function: chopping DC/DC conv. < 25 W 2.55
Power supply function: chopping DC/DC conv. 25-100 W 4.25

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

RHambient : humidity rate associated with a phase (%)
Tboard_ambient : average board temperature during a phase (°C)
∆Tcycling : variation amplitude associated with a cycling phase (°C)
Tmax-cycling : maximum board temperature during a cycling phase (°C)
N annual cy. : number of cycles associated with each cycling phase over one year (cycles)
θcy : cycle duration (hours)
GRMS : stress associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

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Wired Boards/On-Board Electronic Functions

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermal In an operating phase


11604 × 0 . 95 ×  1 −
:
1 
0 . 303 ×e  293 (Tboard _ ambient + 273 ) i

In a non-operating phase : Π thermal = 0

ΠTCy
1
 4 .6 
min( θcy,2 )   ∆ Tcycling 
0 .427 × 12 .Nannual _ cy  ×
3
1414 ×  1 − 1

t 2  × 20  ×e  313 (Tmax − cycling + 273 )  i

 annual i  i  i
2 .8
0 . 074 ×  G RMS 
ΠMechanical  0 .5 i

ΠRH (
0 . 012 × RH ambient
70
)
4 .4

i
×e

11604 × 0 . 8×  1 − 1 
 293 (Tboard _ ambient + 273 ) i

In an operating phase : Π RH = 0
ΠChemical 0 . 184 × Π Sal − i× Π Indus − i× Π Area − i× Π Pr ot − i

Saline pollution level Πsal Industrial pollution level Πindus

Low 1 Uninhabited area 1
High 2 Urban area 1.5
Urban + heavy industry area 2

Area of application ΠArea System protection level ΠProt

Inhabited 1 Hermetically sealed 0
Uninhabitable 2 Non-hermetically sealed 1
Motor 4

Caution: To check the type and number of functions on the board, the preliminary design
documents or the manufacturer's functional diagram must be used.
In all cases, refer only to hardware description items (no software or testability description).

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Miscellaneous Subassemblies

Miscellaneous Subassemblies

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Miscellaneous Subassemblies/Induced Factor

Induced Factor

Factors contributing to overstress

Πinduced−i =(Πplacement×Πapplication−i ×Πruggedizing )0.511×ln(Csensitivity )

The index i designates the phase considered.

Factors contributing to the Csensitivity factor

EOS MOS TOS Csensitivity

TFT 7 2 1 2.40
LCD screens
STN 3 2 1 1.80
Protection against shocks/vibrations 2 6 2 4.00
Normal use Qualification for shocks/vibrations 2 8 2 5.00
No special protection or qualification 2 10 2 6.00
Protection against shocks/vibrations 2 6 5 5.05
Hard disks Intensive use, ventilated Qualification for shocks/vibrations 2 8 5 6.05
No special protection or qualification 2 10 5 7.05
Protection against shocks/vibrations 2 6 8 6.10
Intensive use, not
Qualification for shocks/vibrations 2 8 8 7.10
ventilated
No special protection or qualification 2 10 8 8.10
CRT screens 2 5 1 3.15

Factors contributing to the Πplacement factor

EOS MOS TOS Πplacement

Portable 3 5 1 1.6
LCD screens
Fixed 2 1 1 1.0
External or removable 5 10 2 2.5
Hard disks
Fixed 2 6 2 1.8
CRT screens 1 4 1 1.4

The EOS, MOS and TOS sensitivities are only given as an example.

Factors contributing to the Πapplication factor

The contribution is calculated as for the components.

Factors contributing to the Πruggedizing factor

The contribution is calculated as for the components.

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Miscellaneous Subassemblies/Part Manufacturing Factor

Part Manufacturing Factor

Model associated with the Πpart_manufacturing factor

ΠPart_Manufacturing=e1.39.(1−Part _Grade)−0.69

Where: Part _Grade=

(QAmanufacturer +QAsubassembly )×ε 
 24 

Model associated with the QAmanufacturer risk

This factor is calculated as for wired boards.

Model associated with the QAsubassembly risk

This factor is calculated as for wired boards.

Experience factor ε:
This factor is calculated as for active integrated circuits and discrete semiconductors.

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Miscellaneous Subassemblies/LCD Screens (TFT, STN)

LCD Screens (TFT, STN)

General model associated with the family: L Caution: limited lifetime

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

λPhysical=
Phases
∑i (t8760 ).(λ
annual
i
)
Thermal_Screen.ΠThermal+λMechanical_Screen.ΠMechanical i.ΠInduced−i

Failure rates associated with the subassembly

Subassembly description λMechanical_Screen λThermal_Screen (FIT) Activation energy

(eV)
(FIT)
P
LCD screens TFT
130 . D
1 .1
690.e 120 0.7
P
LCD screens STN
11 . D
2 .5
350.e 11 0.5

Technical characteristics data

D: Screen size, diagonal (inches): 6"< DTFT < 70" and 6"< DSTN < 17"

P: Power (Watts): PTFT < 300W and PSTN < 40 W

0.18.D
Remark: If P unknown, for 6" < D < 20", let: P(D)=2.4.e

Lifetime in operation: in the absence of manufacturer data, let DDV = 20000 hours

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Miscellaneous Subassemblies/LCD Screens (TFT, STN)

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

Tambient : average ambient temperature associated with a phase (°C)
GRMS : stress associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermal In an operating phase :

 1 1 
e11604 ×Ea ×  293 − (Tambient + 273 ) i
In a non-operating phase : Π thermal = 0
1.5
 GRMS 
ΠMechanical  0.5 i

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Miscellaneous Subassemblies/Hard Disks (EIDE, SCSI)

Hard Disks (EIDE, SCSI)

General model associated with the family: L Caution: limited lifetime

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

λPhysical =
Phases
∑i (t8760 ).(λ
annual

i
)
Thermal _Hard _ disk.Π Thermal +λMechanical _Hard _ disk.ΠMechanical i.ΠInduced −i

Failure rates associated with the subassembly

Subassembly description λ Mechanical_hard disk (FIT) λ Thermal_hard disk (FIT)

EIDE hard disk

Π S.[120−60.ln(Ft)]

( )
Π S.5.1+ Ta 

5 .0 

9 .6 

SCSI hard disk

Π S.[60−29.ln(Ft)]

( )
Π S.2.6+ Ta 
 11 
5 .0 

Description of technological factors

Ft: Hard disk format (inches): 1" < Ft < 5.25"

Ta: Average access time (ms): Ta < 20 ms

Calculating the ΠS solicitation factor

ΠS(Pc,Dc)= Pc.Dc+3
Pc+3

Technical factor data

Dc: Duty Cycle defined by:

 
 ∑Access_ time+∑Read_time+∑Write_ time
Dc=  a b c 
Time_in_use

Pc: Disk platter count

(2)
Remark: if Pc unknown, let: Pc=integer 1+Nh where Nh: Number of heads.
Lifetime in operation: see manufacturer data

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Miscellaneous Subassemblies/Hard Disks (EIDE, SCSI)

Mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

Tambient : average ambient temperature associated with a phase (°C)
GRMS : stress associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermal In an operating phase :

× 0 . 785 ×  1 − 1 
e11604  293 (Tambient + 273 ) i

In a non-operating phase : Π thermal = 0

2 .5
 G RMS 
ΠMechanical  0 .5 i

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Miscellaneous Subassemblies/CRT Monitors

CRT Monitors

General model associated with the family L Caution: limited lifetime

λ=λPhysical.ΠPart.ΠProcess where:

λPhysical=
Phases
∑i (t8760).(λ
annual
i
)
Thermal_Moni.ΠThermal+λMechanical_Moni.ΠMechanical+λHR_Moni.ΠHR i.ΠInduced−i

Failure rates associated with the subassembly:

λ Mechanical_Moni (FIT) λ Thermal_Moni (FIT) λ HR_Moni (FIT)

(560+e ) Wt−11
4.0

32+ ( )
P + 510 
2.5  D−15 
 440+e 1.2 
 29 Rh   

Description of technological factors

Wt : Monitor weight without unit (kg): P < 40 kg

D : Screen size, diagonal (inches): D < 25"
Rh : Max horizontal refresh rate (kHz): 30 kHz < Fh < 150 kHz
P : Max power in operation (Watts): P < 200 W

1.72
Remark: If P unknown, let: P(D)=0.78.D

Lifetime in operation: in the absence of manufacturer data, let DDV = 20000 hours

Necessary mission profile data

tannual : time associated with each phase over a year (hours)

Tambient : average ambient temperature associated with a phase (°C)
RHambient : humidity rate associated with a phase (%)
GRMS : stress associated with each random vibration phase (Grms)

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Miscellaneous Subassemblies/CRT Monitors

Factors contributing to physical stresses

ΠThermal In an operating phase :

 1 1 
e11604 ×0 . 35 ×  293 − (Tambient + 273 ) i

In a non-operating phase : Π thermal = 0

1 .5
 G RMS 
ΠMechanical  0 . 5 i

ΠRH (
Π Pr ot × RH ambient
70
)
4 .4

i
×e

11604 ×0 . 8×  1 − 1 
 293 (Tambient + 273 ) i

Subassembly protection level: Value of ΠProt

Hermetically sealed 0
Non-hermetically sealed 1

In an operating phase : Π RH = 0

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IV
Reliability Process Control and Audit Guide

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1. Lifecycle
The table below details the full lifecycle of a product used to build its reliability. The
FIDES methodology covers evaluation and reliability control throughout this lifecycle.

Phases Main activities

1 SPECIFICATION 1.1 Specification of requirements by the instructing parties
1.2 Formalization of system requirements
1.3 Definition of the architecture
1.4 Attribution of system requirements
1.5 Formalization of subassembly requirements
2 DESIGN 2.1 Feasibility/Preliminary design
2.2 Detailed design
2.3 Testing and fine-tuning
2.4 Qualification
2.5 Preparation for production
2.6 Preparation of Logistic Support
3 EQUIPMENT 3.1 Reception/Input check
PRODUCTION
3.2 Storage
3.3 Assembling of subassemblies
3.4 Testing (subassemblies)
3.5 Equipment integration
3.6 Environmental stress screening (subassemblies, equipment)
3.7 Acceptance
3.8 Equipment delivery
4 SYSTEM 4.1 Reception/Input check
INTEGRATION
4.2 Storage
4.3 System assembly
4.4 System testing
4.5 Environmental stress screening (System)
4.6 System acceptance
4.7 System delivery
5 FIELD OPERATION 5.1 Transfer to the user
& MAINTENANCE
5.2 Operational use
5.3 Sustained readiness support
6 SUPPORT 6.1 Management of subcontractors
6.2 Management of reliability, procurements, incidents
6.3 Management of the quality system, resources

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2. The Process Factor

The process factor is indicated by ΠProcess in the guide evaluation part.
The values are assigned by answering questionnaires about the product development,
manufacture and operation processes. The questionnaire replying procedure is
described in the audit guide.

3. Trade Recommendations - Reliability Control

A set of reliability recommendations is given in each phase or activity of the lifecycle.
The recommendations are either global and may concern all phases (in which case
they are associated with the SUPPORT phase), or specific and acknowledged as
affecting reliability during particular activities in one or more phases of the lifecycle.

Applying these recommendations makes it possible to implement reliability control

actions (Reliability Engineering) and assess the reliability assurance level for each
phase of the process. The reliability control procedure consists in using the results of a
preliminary assessment to control those activities that affect the results.

The recommendations of the Process Reliability guide mainly concern the procedures
and organization throughout the lifecycle. The Process Reliability guide does not aim to
give technology recommendations concerning the use of components, boards or
subassembly in electronic equipment.

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4. Calculating the Process Factor ΠProcess

The Πprocess is based on a grade (Process_Grade) indicating process quality,
established following an audit of the lifecycle's different phases.

4.1. Relative Influence of the Lifecycle Phases

The lifecycle is divided into 6 phases:
• Specification
• Design
• Production
• System integration
• Field operation and maintenance
• Support activities

Each of these phases has a specific effect on product reliability. To quantify this value,
each phase is assigned a scale factor to determine its relative weight. If known, the
distribution corresponding to the audited Industrialist may be used.

The distribution by default is as follows:

PHASE Phase contribution (%)

Specification 8
Design 16
Production 24
System integration 12
Field operation and maintenance 20
Support activities 20
Total: 100

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4.2. Level of Compliance with the Recommendations

The audit is carried out by phases, through questions (concerning the
recommendations) that assess the way in which the activities have been carried out.
The answers and proof provided by the audited person set a level of compliance with
the recommendation (level N1 to N4):
• N1 = the recommendation is not applied → certain reliability hazards,
• N2 = the recommendation is only partly applied → potential reliability hazards,
• N3 = the recommendation is almost fully applied → few reliability hazards,
• N4 = the recommendation is fully applied → no particular reliability hazard.

The grade for each level is as follows:

Level Grade
N1 0
N2 1
N3 2
N4 3

Each recommendation is weighted by a specific Recom_weight; e.g.:

• 1 → the recommendation associated with the question has little effect on reliability,
• 10 or more → the recommendation associated with the question has a strong
effect on reliability.

The appended implementation tables list for each phase the recommendations (with
the associated audit question) and their specific Recom_weight. Each
recommendation has an associated sheet containing a precise description of the
recommendation and the compliance criteria for each of the four levels of compliance.

Multiplying a recommendation's grade by its weight gives a number of Raw Points; for
recommendation i:
Recom_weighti x Compliance_Leveli = Raw_Pointsi

These points are then weighted by the scale_factor (determined below) of phase j
before being added by phase:
Weighted_Pointsi = Raw_Pointsi x Scale_Factorj

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4.3. Calibration
This step neutralizes the questions about activities that do not apply for the
product/process considered (case of "not applicable questions" in the calculation
tables).

The first step of the calculation therefore consists in determining the max weighted
grade per phase.

The Max_Grade of a phase is a "perfect" audit with level of compliance N4 to all

applicable questions:
Recom_weighti x 3 = Max_Pointsi

and adding the Max_Points for all recommendations (i=1 to n) of the entire phase j:
n
Max_grade j =Max_Points _Phase j =∑Max_Pointsi
i =1

Proceeding in the same way for the 6 phases, the maximum number of points possible
for the selected process is obtained:
6
Max_Points _Process =∑Max_Points _Phase j
j =1
The scale factor (scale_factor) of each phase includes the relative influence (against
all phases of the process) of the phase considered on the reliability, starting from a
known distribution.

The scale factor is calculated for each phase j (j = specification, design, etc.):
Max_Points_Process
Scale_factor j =Contribution_phase j ×
Max_Points_Phase j
The Max_Weighted_Grade is thus calculated for phase j as:

Max_Weighted_Gradej = Max_Gradej x Scale Factorj

The Max_Weighted_Grade_Process is calculated by adding the 6 Max_Weighted_Gradej:

6
Max_Grade_ Process =∑Max_Weighted_Grade j
j =1

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4.4. Calculating the Audit Grade

This step consists in performing the FIDES audit itself on personnel intervening at the
different phases of the process, and defining the level of compliance according to the
proof provided. The procedure to apply is given in the Audit Guide.

The process is carried out phase by phase, answering each question. The question's
level of compliance, graded 0, 1, 2 or 3, multiplied by the recommendation's weight
gives the Raw_Points for the question:
Recom_weighti x Compliance_Level (0, 1, 2, 3)i = Raw_Pointsi

These points are then weighted by the scale factor for phase j:
Weighted_Pointsi = Raw_Pointsi x Scale_Factorj

The Audit_Grade for phase j is the sum of all Weighted_Points of the selected
recommendations for the phase in question:
n
Audit_Grad e j =∑Weighted_P ointsi
i =1

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4.5. Calculating the Process Factor

The formula to calculate the process factor is:

(1−Pr ocess _Grade )

ΠProcess =eδ2
The δ2 factor determines the process factor range. It has been set at 2.079, making the
process factor range from 1 to 8.

The Process_grade is calculated using the phase Audit_Grade obtained before:

6
∑
j =1
Audit_Grade j
Process_Grade =
Max_Grade_Process

The Process_grade varies between 0 and 1:

• 0 is a process with incorrect answers to the audit questions;
→ ΠPr ocess =8
• 1 is a "perfect" process with correct answers to all audit questions;
→ ΠPr ocess =1

Note: a Process_Gradej can be calculated for each phase j to determine the phase
quality level:
Audit_Grade j
Process_Gr ade j =
Max_Weighted_Grade j

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5. Audit Guide
The guide is used to audit a company. The audit procedure is generic, in order to give
a degree of freedom relative to the company.

The FIDES methodology identifies a list of recommendations whose application favors

the construction of a system's reliability. This set of recommendations has been
expressed as a set of questions.

A company's answers to these questions serve to:

• measure its capability to build reliable systems,
• quantify the process factors used in the calculation models,
• identify actions for improvement.

5.1. Audit Procedure

To perform an audit, the auditor must:
• Prepare the audit.
• Undertake the audit.
• Gather the proof.
• Process the collected data.
• Draw the conclusions.
• Write an audit report.
• Present the audit results.

5.2. Preparing the Audit

Preparing an audit consists in:

• Identifying the scope of the audit (full, partial, for a program applicable to
certification, information sought, duration, etc.).
• Identifying the audit's context.
• Identifying the correct targets (FIDES targets specified in the table below).
• Identifying the nature and scope of the audit.
• Establishing an audit plan (timetable with deadlines, summons, preparation of
data-gathering documents, preparation of output document templates,
involvement of the audit requesting party and the organization to audit,
calculation of maximum possible scores for the audit in hand, exposition of the
rules, etc.).
• Validating the audit plan (by the external or internal audit requesting party and by
the representative of the audited company).
• Starting to implement the audit plan (sending the summons).
• Notifying within a sufficient deadline the audited person of the contents of the
audit, knowing that proof not supplied shall be considered as lacking.

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5.3. Undertaking the Audit

Undertaking the audit consists in:
• Presenting the audit (reminder of its goals, scope, rules).
• Asking the questions (if applicable, asking any additional questions needed to
determine the level achieved for the criterion).
• Noting the replies of the audited targets beside each question.
• Gathering any proof immediately to append it to the report.
• Classify the proof gathered during the audit.
• Include any additional proof.

During the audit, if not done in the audit preparation phase, the auditor will mark in the
appropriate place any irrelevant questions (i.e. whose process activities do not apply):
this operation will help recalculate the maximum score expected for the audit in hand.

5.4. Processing the Collected Data

Processing the data consists in assessing, for each recommendation, the audited
entity's position relative to the criteria, using the answers to the questions, the
supporting proof supplied with the answers, and the weighting associated with each
recommendation.

The result of the processing:

• determines the level of reliability associated with the audited entity,
• determines the value of the process factor (ΠProcess) to use,
• identifies, if applicable, any improvement ways for the audited entity.

5.5. Drawing the Conclusions

The conclusions will provide:

• a reminder of the purpose of the audit,

• the decision concerning the qualification,
• the coefficients to use in the FIDES models.

The auditor will draft a report summarizing the context, the analysis of the results and
the conclusions of the audit.

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5.6. Presenting the Audit Results

The auditor will present the audit results to the instructing party and the audited party at
the end of the audit. This presentation will address:
• the purpose of the audit,
• the audit plan and its implementation,
• the audit results,
• any identified improvement ways,
• the conclusions (final or partial, e.g.: at the end of the day).

Subsequently the report will be written and handed to the instructing party.

5.7. Qualification Rules

The auditor must have calculated the maximum possible score for the audit in hand.

The minimum possible score retained corresponds to a process meeting none of the
FIDES criteria. The FIDES methodology does not have a fixed rule setting the
minimum acceptable score for the FIDES methodology to be considered applicable.
Such rules can only result from the practical use of the methodology in the industry.

Based on the answers to the questions and the evaluation of the answers against
criteria, taking into account the weighting factors, the auditor will calculate the score
obtained by the audited organization.

Depending on the position of this score relative to the maximum possible score, the
audited entity may be qualified as having:

1. a "very high reliability" level (score within the top quarter of the range between
the minimum and maximum possible),
2. a "high reliability" level (score within the second highest quarter of the range
between the minimum and maximum possible),
3. a "reliable" level (score within the second lowest quarter of the range between the
minimum and maximum possible),
4. an "unreliable" level (score within the lowest quarter of the range between the
minimum and maximum possible).

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5.8. Profile of the Audit Players

5.8.1. Auditor Profile
The auditors must:
• Be engineers, executives or technicians with at least 5 years' experience.
• Know the ISO 9000 standards Version 2000.
• Have the skills and theoretical and practical experience in the field of reliability.
• Be trained to conduct audits.

These requirements must be supplemented by a thorough knowledge of the FIDES

methodology.

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5.8.2. Profile of the Audited Parties

Given the diversity of organizations that may be audited, the audited parties may have
widely varying profiles.
Nevertheless, they shall belong to the population of eighteen targets identified by
FIDES. In the case of a partial audit, the audited parties may only represent a
subassembly of these targets.

No. Target population Description

1 Purchasing - People in charge of the process guideline (creation,
implementation) and purchasing documents.
- Project buyer: in charge of the Technical Clauses/Costs
negotiation and of meeting the commitments.
2 Engineering - Analysis or production of the specification of requirements, the
department/Design technical specifications, and justification and traceability files.
- Setting up of design, evaluation, approval, validation teams.
Management of schedules, reviews, indicators (costs, quality,
etc.).
3 Customer (instructing - In charge of the specification of RAMS requirements and
party) related specifications (profiles of use, analysis guidelines, etc.).
4 Head office - In charge of the management of the overall site resources
(design, production, industrialization).
5 Document management - Saving/archival and consultation (making available) the
archived documentation (definition files, specifications,
purchasing files, etc.).
- Project documentation manager
6 Operation - In charge of utilization: compliance with recommendations,
operating documentation, user training.
- Final users
7 Indus./Prod./Integr.: - Traceability of products and
Methods and quality production/industrialization/integration files (Industrialization
management manager).
- Quality control of workplace services, fluids and environment.
- Guideline (creation, implementation), checks, etc.
8 Indus./Prod./Integr.: Site - Control of inspection resources (workshop manager).
and resources
- Control of test and inspection procedures and reports.
management
9 Indus./Prod./Integr.: - Testing (resources, schedules, etc.).
operators
(continued overleaf)

FIDES Group
AIRBUS France - Eurocopter - GIAT Industries – MBDA missile systems - Thales Airborne Systems
Thales Avionics - Thales Research & Technology - Thales Underwater Systems

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No. Target population Description

10 Maintenance - Compliance with maintenance resources and procedures, with
recommendations, and processing of anomalies (sustained
readiness support).
- In charge of dispensing maintenance (maintenance technician).
11 Handling/Logistics
- Transport/handling/packaging/storage procedures and clauses.

12 Project - Management and specification/creation of supplier or in-house

clauses:
- Synthesis of reliability and safety engineering, logistic support,
obsolescence, qualification, Quality, handling / packaging /
storage etc., production, customer support, etc. activities
- Risk management (technical, planning, non-conformity).
13 Quality Process description and implementation:
- Product traceability for design, production, delivery and
clientele.
- Assurance of the implementation of and compliance with trade
guidelines and QA.
- Monitoring of process for handling anomalies or non-
conformities.
14 Human Resources - Adapting the load/qualification/human resources and fruition of
knowledge and experience.
15 Customer Support - Processing customer complaints customers and anomalies or
non-conformities.
16 Components
Service/Supplier
- Guideline (creation, implementation) for inspections and
Qualifications/Technology
qualification (functional, technical) of procured items.
watch
survey/Procurement
17 Logistic support - Project player for the implementation of support analyses
- Guideline (creation, implementation) for logistic support
process (process description, analysis and substantiation tests,
qualification tests)
18 Reliability and safety - Project driver for the implementation of the RAMS/guideline
engineering (resources, means), project monitoring (indicators,
specifications, risk management, RAMS feasibility, etc.) and
increasing RAMS awareness in other entities
- Guideline (creation, implementation, production).

FIDES Group
AIRBUS France - Eurocopter - GIAT Industries – MBDA missile systems - Thales Airborne Systems
Thales Avionics - Thales Research & Technology - Thales Underwater Systems

122
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FIDES Guide 2004

V
Recommendations of the Reliability Process Control
and Audit Guide

1. Recommendation Tables with Weightings.

2. Detailed Recommendation Sheets.

FIDES Group
AIRBUS France - Eurocopter - GIAT Industries – MBDA missile systems - Thales Airborne Systems
Thales Avionics - Thales Research & Technology - Thales Underwater Systems

123
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings

Recommendation Tables with Weightings

124
FIDES Guide 2004
Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Specification

Specification
Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is there a financing item for the Assign the resources in 2 10.7
reliability studies? terms of personnel and
Have the needs been identified in means to the reliability
terms of means and personnel? studies

Are the overall reliability Allocate the reliability 3 10.4

requirements allocated to the requirements to the
subassemblies? subassemblies
What allocation method was used?

Is there a description and a Completely describe the 31 12.4

characterization of the environment in which the
environment in which the system is system is going to the
going to be stored, transported, used and maintained
used and maintained?

What is considered to be a system Define what a system 34 10.3

failure? failure is
How is the demonstration of the Define the method used 35 9.8
system's reliability being for demonstrating the
considered? system's reliability in the
operational phase

Has the System's utilization profile Define the System's 38 9.9

been defined for which the utilization profile for which
reliability performances are the Reliability
expected? performances are
expected

What is the context associated Indicate the context 46 8.1

with a System's reliability associated with a System's
requirements? Reliability requirements

Is the feedback put to good use for Make the best possible 80 8.5
maintaining a good level of use of feedback
confidence in the upholding of the
reliability performances?

Is the reliability requirement Formulate the reliability 85 8.2

expressed in quantitative terms? requirement quantitatively

Have the technical risks impacting Formally identify the 103 12.4
reliability been identified? technical risks impacting
reliability

125
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Specification

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Has a type of time measurement Identify the type of time 95 6.6
been identified (operating hours, measurement for the
flight hours, cycles, etc.) for the reliability performances
reliability performances?

Have the customer's requirements Identify the customer 97 7.3

been identified, documented and requirements
traced?

Are the technological state of the Negotiate the reliability 144 10.7
art and the cost/performance requirements with the
optimization taken into account in customer
the system's design at the time of
the reliability requirement
negotiations with the customer?
Is a system design review Organize a system design 147 10.3
organized where the reliability review where the
aspects are examined? Reliability aspects are
examined
Are the reliability requirements Organize a review of the 148 7.8
examined in a system system requirements
requirements review where the reliability
aspects are examined
Does the Operating Dependability Take part in the system's 150 12.6
discipline take part in the system's functional and detailed
functional and detailed design? design

How is the system's maintenance Take the system's 164 5.8

policy (requested by the customer) maintenance policy
taken into account? (customer request) into
account
Has a System reliability plan been Draw up a System 170 7.6
drawn up? reliability plan
What process is implemented to Process the problems 195 8.3
ensure: the collection of technical
events, the writing up of problem
reports and the measurement of
improving reliability?
How are equipment changes
managed?

126
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Design

Design
Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
What steps have been taken to Adopt the steps so that the 45 5.8
ensure that the personnel has the personnel has the
knowledge of the test means and knowledge of the test
of the standards and of how to means and of the
interpret the measurements? standards and of how to
interpret the
measurements
Is the viewpoint of the various Ensure the involvement at 105 16.7
disciplines involved in engineering each step of a person
taken into account? responsible for support,
industrialization,
purchasing, development
and RAMS (concurrent
engineering)
Are the subassembly's technical Ensure the completeness 27 7.8
data available for the development of the information on the
of the production test? subassembly to establish
(complete) the
Subassembly Test Manual

Is there a list of substantiating A document substantiating 57 8.0

items? the reliability preliminary
technical studies must be
made available
Is there a discipline procedures Know-how capitalization 65 13.8
management system in place? must be made available
through discipline
procedures

Is there a skill procedures Put in place and manage a 66 24.5

management system in place? nominative table of skills
required per activity
Is there a preferential list of COTS Establish and maintain a 67 8.0
items? preferential list of COTS
items

Is the most made of feedback to Existence of a database 62 24.2

improve future designs? capitalizing on the
feedback

Is there a database capitalizing on Existence of a database 63 10.6

the reliability assessment studies? capitalizing on the
reliability assessment
studies
Is there a database on the design Existence of a database 64 7.8
history and substantiation? on the design history and
the design substantiations

127
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Design

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Have the means been identified Identify and implement the 93 7.3
and implemented for protecting means for protecting
subassemblies during certain subassemblies
equipment production activities?

Have the technical risks impacting Formally identify the 103 21.0
reliability been identified? technical risks impacting
reliability

What is the process for Involve the reliability 32 7.5

constructing the reliability of the discipline in the design of
systems put in place in the the equipment
company?

Is it verified that test coverage is Maximize test coverage on 193 6.0

maximal and that it is based on the the basis of the
specification? specification and
Is there a substantiating substantiation for the
document? prototype tests

Are there procedures in place for Implement design 76 27.1

verifying the design? verifications

Is there a maintenance concept? Implement a maintenance 56 5.4

concept as part of
logistical support

Is a system design review Organize a system design 147 12.1

organized where the reliability review where the reliability
aspects are examined? aspects are examined

Is there a reliability management Write up a management 58 17.7

plan identifying the key skills plan where the key skills
(specialists)? (specialists) are identified

Is there a list of discipline Write up a list of discipline 61 7.7

recommendations on the handling recommendations on the
and storage operations on the handling and storage
customer's premises? operations on the user's
premises
Is there an acceptance Write up an acceptance 191 7.8
specification for the production specification
tests?

128
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Design

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is there a product/supplier Make sure that there is a 68 7.6
qualification procedure? product/supplier
qualification procedure

Is there a definition of the test Make sure that there is a 192 6.0
points and an application of the definition of the production
recommendations for the in- test points and that the test
production tests? recommendations are
applied
Is there a procedure for qualifying Make sure that there is a 69 7.2
the products and manufacturing product/process
process? qualification procedure

Are new components qualified Make sure that the 71 7.2

before being used? manufacturing of the new
component is qualified

Is there an analysis documentation Make sure that there is an 74 7.5

for assessing the reliability? analysis documentation for
assessing the reliability

Are there design rules in place for Make sure that there are 77 12.7
adapting the choice of a design rules for adapting
component for a given level of the choice of a component
reliability? for a given level of
reliability

Is there a formalized tool for Make sure that the 78 7.7

calculating reliability? forecast reliability
Is there a formalized reliabilitycalculation is carried out
book (MIL, adjusted MIL, RDF, using an acknowledged
personal REX)? tool (MIL, adjusted MIL,
RDF, personal REX)
Are the choices relative to test Take into account the self- 30 10.2
coverage documented? test reliability/complexity
balance on the coverage
of the tests

Are validated and recognized Utilization of validated and 197 13.5

means of modeling used? recognized means of
modeling

129
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Equipment Production

Equipment Production
Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is a final test of the equipment Improve the equipment 6 6.0
performed? Do test result non- final test seen in Design
conformities give rise to and Specification to
processing: at the level of the increase the test coverage
equipment; at the level of the and draw up a test
process? assessment
Are the test results recorded?
Is there monitoring of the Ensure monitoring of the 18 9.9
inspection parameters during the inspection parameters
varnishing activity? during the varnishing
activity

Is corrective maintenance carried Ensure corrective 19 6.9 -

out as soon as a problem appears maintenance is carried out
on the production resources or on as soon as a problem
the subassemblies produced? appears on the production
resources or on the
subassemblies produced

Is preventive maintenance Ensure preventive 20 4.0 -

provided to correct drifts in the maintenance to correct
production resources' parameters? drifts in the production
resources' parameters
Is there a periodic verification of Perform a periodic 22 4.1 -
the programming means to ensure verification of the
that the software loading operation programming means to
is carried out correctly? ensure that the software
loading operation is carried
out correctly
Is there a systematic audit of the Systematically audit the 23 4.1 -
final test operators' skills? operators to monitor there
skills

Is the production and handling of Automate handling to limit 24 6.5 -

boards automated? the possible degradations
of the boards

Is there management of the data Check and maintain (by 29 2.8 -

loaded into the programmable updating) the data loaded
means of production? into the programmable
means of production

Is the check of board varnishing Delegate the general 42 4.4 -

performed by a person other than inspection of the board
the varnishing operator? varnishing operation in
order to optimize filtering
before pursuing the
process

130
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Equipment Production

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is the post-varnishing drying Have experienced 43 5.6 -
activity entrusted to experienced personnel in place for the
personnel? post-varnishing board
drying activity

Are the instructions (protocol and Give the instructions 47 7.4 -

special instructions to be (protocol and special
observed) given to the operators? instructions to be
observed) to the operators

Are temperature profile recordings Perform temperature 49 6.9 -

made for each of the brazing profile recordings for each
system's programs? of the brazing system's
programs to ensure that
the article is not aggressed
How is it ensured that the means Eliminate any possibility of 50 7.2 -
of production are suited to the ambiguity relative to the
articles to be produced? use of a tool so as not to
have a mismatch between
the means of production
and the subassembly to
which it is applied

How are the technical events or Record (on a Problem 52 7.6 -

problem reports recorded? Sheet) the problems that
must lead to the
application of corrective
and / or preventive actions

How are the priorities managed Manage the priorities to be 90 3.1 -

according to the end-of-dossier complied with according to
dates? the end-of-dossier dates

Have the means for protecting Identify and implement the 93 7.3 -
subassemblies during certain means for protecting the
equipment production activities subassemblies
been identified and implemented?

Is the measurement of the Measure the 127 5.8 -

contamination of brazing baths by contamination of brazing
sample-taking (so as not to exceed baths by sample-taking
the contamination rates during this (frequency to be defined)
activity) effectively carried out? so as not to exceed the
contamination rate during
this activity
Is self-checking to filter out human Put in place a self- 131 5.3 -
errors (that could reduce the checking system to filter
reliability of the subassembly) out human errors that
carried out? could reduce the reliability
of the subassembly

131
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Equipment Production

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Are there indicators in place Put in place indicators 132 6.0 -
making it possible to check that making it possible to check
there will be a good solder at the that there will be a good
time of COTS item die bonding? solder at the time of COTS
item die bonding

Have you put in place specific Put in place specific 208 26.0 -
counter-ESD protections for counter-ESD protections
subassemblies during handling for subassemblies during
and storage? handling and storage

Are there periodic verifications in Put periodic verifications in 133 4.9

place enabling the follow up of the place enabling the follow
tools used to check the means of up of the tools used to
production? check the means of
production
Are there adequate protections in Put adequate protections 134 6.0
place to ensure that the in place to ensure that the
subassemblies are not degraded subassemblies are not
when they are cleaned? degraded when they are
cleaned
Is there a "filtering" by the Put in place a "filtering" by 135 6.0
logisticians at the time of entry into the logisticians at the time
the stores with exclusion of of entry into the stores
nonconforming articles? (exclusion of
nonconforming articles)
Is there a self-test of the test tools Put in place a self-test of 136 5.1
making it possible to detect any the test tools making it
problems before utilization on the possible to detect any
subassembly? problems

Is a cross-check performed to Put in place a cross-check 137 5.6

optimize the final check of the to optimize the final check
varnishing of the subassemblies? of the varnishing of
subassemblies

Is there a check of the equipment Put in place a check of the 138 4.5
production process by SPC card equipment production
(Statistical Process Control)? process by SPC card
(Statistical Process
Control)
Is there a detailed description of Put in place a detailed 139 5.8
the varnishing protocol? description of the
varnishing protocol

132
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Equipment Production

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is there a labeling system in place Put in place a labeling 140 6.4
making it possible to identify and system making it possible
withdraw expired consumables? to identify and withdraw
expired consumables

Is there real-time processing of the Put in place real-time 141 4.7

test follow-up indicators to prevent processing of the test
degradation of the article as soon follow-up indicators to
as a problem appears? prevent degradation of the
article as soon as a
problem appears
Is there a preventive maintenance Put in place a preventive 142 5.9
system (in the framework of maintenance system (in
metrology) preventing any the framework of
possibility of the article being metrology) preventing any
aggressed? possibility of the article
being aggressed
Is a check of the drift and Only validate and 143 6.1
malfunctioning (by means of authorize oven operation
probes or other monitoring by checking any drift or
systems) used to validate or malfunctioning (by means
authorize oven operation? of probes or other
monitoring systems)

Are high and low safeties Possess high and low 157 5.7
connected to the control and safeties connected to the
monitoring systems (systematic control and monitoring
cycle shutdown and analysis by a systems (systematic cycle
technician before restarting) shutdown and analysis by
provided for? a technician before
restarting)
Is there a qualification plan for Have in place a 162 6.5
removing the varnishing masking qualification plan for
used so as not to reduce the removing the varnishing
reliability of the subassembly? masking used so as not to
reduce the reliability of the
subassembly

Is there an inspection step (even Put in place an inspection 168 6.5

visual) on the correct application of step (even visual) on the
the masking installation activity correct application of the
before varnishing? masking installation
activity before varnishing

Is there a preventive maintenance Put in place a preventive 169 4.7

procedure making it possible to maintenance procedure
detect any possible problems, making it possible to
before a means of production is detect any problems,
used on a subassembly? before a means of
production is used on a
subassembly

133
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Equipment Production

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is there a rest period between Respect a rest period 171 6.4
each screen printing operation so between each screen
as not to overstress the article? printing operation so as
not to overstress the article
Are the maintenance plans relative Revise and make robust 173 6.7
to the means of production for the maintenance plans
eliminating any possibility of relative to the means of
degradation on the COTS production to eliminate any
connections revised and made possibility of degradation
robust? on the COTS item
connections

Is the efficiency of the final Ensure the efficiency of 174 5.2

inspection of varnishing quality the final inspection of
checked by a strict application of varnishing quality through
the inspection procedure? a strict application of the
inspection procedure
Is varnish preparation (dosing) Control varnish 175 5.9
controlled by means of a qualified preparation (dosing) by
procedure and verification means of a qualified
measurements? procedure and verification
measurements

Is operator awareness promoted Promote operator 178 4.4

and are ways in place for awareness and examine
examining how to perform real- ways for ensuring the real-
time updating of their skills? time updating of their skills

Is it checked that there is Make sure that there is 179 5.9

maintenance of the means maintenance of the means
available and that this and that this maintenance
maintenance is subject to follow- is subject to follow-up
up?
Is it checked that the operator has Make sure that the 180 8.5
received the appropriate training operator has received the
(qualification) for the activity? appropriate training
(qualification) for the
activity

134
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Equipment Production

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is it checked that the procedure for Make sure that the 181 5.1
implementing the means is procedure for
known? implementing the means is
known

Is it checked that the software Make sure that the 182 6.7
loaded is the right one and is the software loaded is the right
identification of its version kept? one and keep the
identification of its version

Are the means made secure (oven Secure the means (oven 183 6.6
T°) by means of direct monitoring T°) through direct
using probes and recordings to monitoring using probes
avoid overstress? and recordings to avoid
overstress

Is personnel awareness promoted Promote personnel 187 5.9

relative to performing a visual awareness relative to
inspection of the boards after performing a visual
placement and before re-fusion? inspection of the boards
after placement and before
re-fusion

Is operator awareness promoted Promote operator 188 5.9

relative to the verification of the awareness relative to the
verification of the quality of
quality of the soldering flux deposit
(implementation of a check, which the soldering flux deposit
must be indicated in the article's (implementation of a
follow-up sheet)? check, which must be
indicated in the article's
follow-up sheet)
What process is implemented to Process the problems 195 8.3
ensure: the collection of technical
events, the writing up of problem
reports and the measurement of
growing reliability?
How are equipment changes
managed?

Is the putting in place of stock Ensure inventories are put 201 5.5
inventories ensured with in place with automation of
automation of reminders? reminders (exclusion of
nonconforming articles)

135
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Equipment Production

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is it checked, by means of an Check by means of an 205 6.1
inspection operation (bar code inspection operation (bar
reading, reading of the S/N) that code reading, reading of
you have the right piece of the S/N) that you have the
equipment before starting the test? right piece of equipment
before starting the test
Is it checked that the test coverage Check that the test 206 5.2
for the burn-in is correctly coverage for the burn-in is
formalized? correctly formalized

136
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / System Integration

System Integration
Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Have the handling and transport Ensure handling 7 8.8
operations been defined?

What process is implemented to Ensure the implementation 8 15.4

ensure: the collection of technical of the corrective actions
events, the writing up of problem
reports and the measurement of
improving reliability?
How are equipment changes
managed?
Do the procedures relative to the Ensure the implementation 9 15.6
preventive actions include: the of the preventive actions
utilization of appropriate sources of
information? The determining of
appropriate steps? The triggering
of preventive actions and the
application of means of control?
Does the supplier control the Ensure preservation 11 12.3
packing, preservation and marking
processes to ensure conformity
with the specified requirements? Is
there a list of the equipment
requiring preservation?
Are there designated storage Ensure storage 12 10.8
areas or rooms? Are they used to
prevent any damage to or
deterioration of the product? Are
appropriate measures taken to
authorize reception in and shipping
from these areas?
How is product traceability Ensure product traceability 13 16.5
ensured?

Does the supplier take steps to Ensure the delivery 14 17.5

maintain the quality of the product conditions
after the final inspections and
tests? When contractually
specified, is this maintenance
extended to include delivery to the
destination?
Is there a risk that a product that Ensure the inspections 15 7.2
has not satisfied the inspections and tests during the phase
and tests specified for a given
phase might go on to the next
phase without any corrective
action?

137
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / System Integration

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Have all the final inspections and Perform the final 16 7.9
tests been carried out in conformity inspections and tests
with the quality plan and/or the
written procedures?

Is an incoming product submitted Carry out the inspections 17 6.7

to appropriate inspections and and tests specific to
tests before being put into use? acceptance
Is a policy implemented with a Implement a control policy 21 13.1
view to identifying, assessing and for the risks associated
managing the potential risks with nonconformities
associated with nonconformities,
not only on the products but also
on all of the design, planning,
manufacturing, assembly
processes, etc?

Is the description of the accepted Define the degree of 37 10.3

nonconformity or of the repairs nonconformity
carried out recorded to indicate the
product's real condition?
Have the means required for the Define the means required 40 11.6
inspections and tests on the for the inspections and
product been defined? tests on the product

Are there documents making it Have available the 44 8.8

possible to perform an incoming documents making it
check on supplies? possible to perform the
incoming check on
supplies

Are there written procedures for Establish procedures for 53 10.6

verifying the conformity of the verifying the conformity of
products with respect to the the products with respect
specified requirements? to the specified
requirements

Is the responsibility relative to the Examine and process the 55 13.6

investigation and the decision to nonconformities
process a nonconforming product
defined?

Is there documentation for the Identify the documentation 94 12.2

special processes? for the special processes
Is this documentation kept up to
date?

138
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / System Integration

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Have the means concerning the Identify the means 99 13.1
special processes been identified? concerning the special
processes

Are the human resources Identify the human 101 11.7

concerning the special processes resources concerning the
managed? special processes

How is the appropriateness of the Control the 112 9.6

inspection, measuring and test appropriateness of the
equipment controlled with respect inspection, measuring and
to the requirements? test equipment with
respect to the
requirements

How is the environment of the Control the environment of 113 7.9

inspection, measuring and test the inspection, measuring
equipment controlled? and test equipment

How is the workplace environment Control the workplace 114 9.6

controlled? environment

Is documentation control correctly Control the documentation 117 12.2

ensured?
Does it take into account all the
changes made to equipment?

How is the control of the product Control the product 107 9.3
inspection and test documentation inspection and test
ensured? documentation

How is the control of the Control the production 108 10.5

production equipment, the tools equipment, the tools and
and the programs of the NC the programs of the
machines ensured? programmable machines

How is the control of changes to Control the changes made 123 13.9
processes ensured? to processes

How is the control of handling, Control the handling, 109 6.5

storage, conditioning, preservation storage, conditioning,
and delivery operations ensured? preservation and delivery
operations

139
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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / System Integration

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
How is the control of special Control the special 124 14.4
processes ensured? processes

How is the control of the Control the workplace's 110 10.1

workplace's services and fluids services and fluids
ensured?

Have you put in place specific Put in place specific 208 18.4
counter-ESD protections for counter-ESD protections
subassemblies during handling for subassemblies during
and storage? handling and storage
Are records made and kept Have the inspection and 160 5.3
providing the proof that the product test records in your
has undergone the inspections possession
and/or tests in conformity with the
defined criteria?
Do the records make it possible to
identify the person who performed
the inspections?
Is there an inspection dossier Have an inspection dossier 161 5.7
grouping together all the in your possession
acceptance criteria, the sequential
list of inspection and test
operations, the documents
recording the results of
inspections, the list of specific and
non-specific inspection
instruments?

Is there documentation specific to Have the documentation 163 11.1

the nonconformity? specific to the
nonconformity in your
possession
Is the conformity of purchased Check the conformity of 202 8.6
products checked? purchased products

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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Operation and Maintenance

Operation and Maintenance

Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Have the handling and transport Ensure handling 7 9.9
procedures been defined?

What process is implemented to Ensure the implementation 8 17.5

ensure: the collection of technical of the corrective actions
events, the writing up of problem
reports and the measurement of
improving reliability?
How are equipment changes
managed?
Do the procedures relative to the Ensure the implementation 9 17.7
preventive actions include: the of the preventive actions
utilization of appropriate sources of
information? The determining of
appropriate steps?

Does the supplier control the Ensure preservation 11 13.8

packing, preservation and marking
processes to ensure conformity
with the specified requirements?
Are there designated storage Ensure storage 12 15.6
areas or rooms? Are they used to
prevent any damage to or
deterioration of the product?

How is product traceability Ensure product traceability 13 9.2

ensured?

Is there any risk that a product that Ensure the inspections 15 11.2
has not satisfied the inspections and tests during the phase
and tests specified for a given
phase might go on to the next
phase without any corrective
action?

Have all the final inspections and Perform the final 16 10.4
tests been carried out in conformity inspections and tests
with the quality plan and/or the
written procedures?

Is a policy implemented with a Implement a control policy 21 16.3

view to identifying, assessing and for the risks associated
managing the potential risks with nonconformities
associated with nonconformities,
not only on the products but also
on all of the design, planning,
manufacturing, assembly,
inspection processes, etc?

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Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is the description of the accepted Define the degree of 37 12.8
nonconformity or of the repairs nonconformity
carried out recorded to indicate the
product's real condition?
Have the means required for the Define the means required 40 14.3
inspections and tests on the for the inspections and
product been defined? tests on the product
Are there documents making it Have available the 44 9.9
possible to perform an incoming documents making it
check on supplies? possible to perform the
incoming check on
supplies

Are there written procedures for Establish procedures for 53 6.8

verifying the conformity of the verifying the conformity of
products with respect to the the products with respect
specified requirements? to the specified
requirements

Is the responsibility relative to the Examine and process the 55 17.0

investigation and the decision to nonconformities
process a nonconforming product
defined?

Is there documentation for the Identify the documentation 94 12.2

special processes? for the special processes
Is this documentation kept up to
date?

Have the means concerning the Identify the means 99 13.1

special processes been identified? concerning the special
processes

Is there management of the human Identify the human 101 13.7

resources concerning the special resources concerning the
processes? special processes

How is the appropriateness of the Control the 112 11.3

inspection, measuring and test appropriateness of the
equipment controlled with respect inspection, measuring and
to the requirements? test equipment with
respect to the
requirements
How is the environment of the Control the environment of 113 11.7
inspection, measuring and test the inspection, measuring
equipment controlled? and test equipment

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Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
How is the workplace environment Control the workplace 114 10.8
controlled? environment

Is documentation control correctly Control the documentation 117 5.6

ensured?
Does it take into account all the
changes made to equipment?

How is the control of product Control product testability 119 17.6

testability and maintainability and maintainability
ensured?

How is the control of the Control the production 108 11.3

production equipment, the tools equipment, the tools and
and the programs of the NC the programs of the
machines ensured? programmable machines

How is the control of changes to Control the changes made 123 13.9
processes ensured? to processes

How is the control of handling, Control the handling, 109 11.3

storage, conditioning, preservation storage, conditioning,
and delivery operations ensured? preservation and delivery
operations

How is the control of special Control the special 124 15.2

processes ensured? processes

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Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
How is the control of the Control the workplace's 110 12.2
workplace's services and fluids services and fluids
ensured?

Have you put in place specific Put in place specific 208 17.4
counter-ESD protections for counter-ESD protections
subassemblies during handling for subassemblies during
and storage? handling and storage

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Recommendation Tables with Weightings / Support Activities

Support Activities
Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is there an inspection dossier Have an inspection dossier 161 5.7
grouping together all the in your possession
acceptance criteria, the sequential
list of inspection and test
operations, the documents
recording the results of
inspections, the list of specific and
non-specific inspection
instruments?

Is there documentation specific to Have the documentation 163 13.9

the nonconformity? specific to the
nonconformity in your
possession

Are the conclusions of the Allocate the infrastructures 4 7.4

reliability studies in terms of the required for the correct
infrastructures required in accomplishment of the
production and integration taken production operations
into account?

Does the company have reliability Continually improve the 5 6.6

engineering improvement targets? company's Engineering
Are there indicators relative to the Reliability
actual situation with respect to
these targets?
Is there a system in place for Collect the customer's 26 7.9
collecting the customer's remarks remarks relative to the
relative to the system's reliability in system's reliability in
operational functioning? operational functioning

Are there improvement targets for Describe the system's 33 6.3

the system's reliability construction reliability improvement
process? process and the
associated targets

Is the company certified IS0 9001 Launch the company 51 6.5

V2000 ? quality certification process

Is the training of the people Train the personnel 83 7.5

involved in reliability suited to the concerned by Reliability or
criticality of the reliability employ personnel qualified
performances expected for the in terms of Reliability
system?

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Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Are the technical data required for Provide the resources 87 8.3
the reliability studies accessible? necessary for the
Are the necessary tools available? Reliability studies
Have the necessary time and
financing been provided for?

Is there management of the Configuration manage the 88 5.4

reliability study documents? Reliability study
documents

Have the risks linked to the Identify the Reliability risks 102 7.2
reliability of the products been with at the subcontractors'
identified with the subcontractors? facilities
What process has been put in Involve the reliability 32 7.5
place in the company to construct discipline in the design of
systems' reliability? the equipment

Is the topic of reliability present in Integrate reliability in the 104 7.4

the company's quality policy? company's quality policy

How is the control of the Control the monitoring and 121 7.8
monitoring and measuring devices, measuring devices, and
and the metrology of the the metrology of the
measuring apparatuses and measuring apparatuses
industrial resources ensured? and industrial resources

Are reliability measurements Measure the reliability of 128 8.0

effectively performed on the the systems in operation
systems in operation?

Has a reliability studies manager Appoint a reliability studies 145 8.5

been appointed? manager

Are periodic meetings organized Organize periodic 146 5.7

with the subcontractor on the meetings with the
subject of reliability? Subcontractor on the
subject of reliability

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Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Are the reliability criteria taken into Take part in the functional 28 8.8
account in the systems' and detailed design of the
architecture, in the choice of COTS system
items, in the packaging?

Are the tasks relative to reliability Plan the accomplishment 151 6.3
taken into account in the projects' of the tasks including
timetables? those relative to reliability

Is the communication process with Plan the communication 152 4.1

the subcontractor organized? process with the
subcontractor

Are the reliability activities, Plan the reliability activities 154 9.1
including reliability improvement, including reliability
organized? improvement

Are the reliability studies Plan the reliability studies 155 7.3
scheduled?

Are measures taken to preserve Preserve the system's 165 8.1

the reliability of the system in reliability in production
production?

Are periodic consultations planned Plan periodic consultations 166 7.3

with the customers for the with the customers linked
reliability aspects? to the Reliability aspects

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Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Are the COTS items used selected Select the COTS items 185 12.9
with respect to reliability criteria? used

Are the suppliers of the COTS Select the suppliers of the 186 10.8
items selected with respect to COTS items
reliability criteria?

Are the subcontractor's corrective Follow up and control the 190 7.2
actions relative to reliability Subcontractor's corrective
followed up? actions relative to the
Reliability of the products

Is the reliability aspect covered in Cover the reliability aspect 194 5.6
the management review? at the management review

What process is implemented to Process the problems 195 8.3

ensure: the collection of technical
events, the writing up of problem
reports and the measurement of
growing reliability?
How are equipment changes
managed?

Are statistical methods used that Use statistical methods 198 6.0
are suited to the analysis of the that are suited to the
feedback? analysis of the feedback

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Application
Recommendation level
Reference weighting Raw Weighted
Audit question Recommendation
No. L1 L2 L3 L4 points points
Mark => 0 1 2 3
Is a FRACAS (Failure Reporting, Use a FRACAS (Failure 199 8.0
Analysis and Corrective Action Reporting, Analysis and
System) type system used in the Corrective Action System)
company? type system in the
company

Is the subcontractor's reliability Validate the 200 7.7

management baseline validated? subcontractor's reliability
management baseline

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Mark : 8.1
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 2
Recommendation : Assign the resources in terms of personnel and
means to the reliability studies
Financing is allocated to the project's Reliability Manager. This is the subject of a separate item
(at the accounting level) in project management. The personnel and the means required for the
satisfactory accomplishment of the Reliability studies are placed at the disposal of the system's
reliability manager.

Level 1 criterion: No specific resources are allocated to the reliability studies: integrated with the
other studies where the specific allocation is not formalized
Level 2 criterion: The resources allocated to the reliability studies are identified at the level of
project management and are formalized in a document.
Level 3 criterion: The resources allocated to the reliability studies are identified at the level of
project management and are formalized in a validated plan.
Level 4 criterion: The resources allocated to the reliability studies are identified at the level of
project management and are formalized in a validated plan. Proof of the real
availability of the resources is established.

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Mark : 6.7
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 3
Recommendation : Allocate the reliability requirements to the
subassemblies
The Operating dependability (Reliability) discipline takes part in the allocation of the requirements
to the subassemblies.
Level 1 criterion: There is not or will not be any allocation of reliability requirements to the
subassemblies
Level 2 criterion: People in charge of reliability engineering have defined (or taken part in) the
allocation of the reliability requirements to the subassemblies. There is no
validated document certifying this allocation
Level 3 criterion: People in charge of reliability engineering have defined or taken part in the
allocation of the reliability requirements to the subassemblies. There are
validated documents certifying this participation.
Level 4 criterion: People in charge of reliability engineering have defined or taken part in the
allocation of the reliability requirements to the subassemblies. There are
validated documents certifying this participation. This allocation is based on
earlier data relative to similar equipment (technology, utilization environment)

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Mark : 8
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 31
Recommendation : Completely describe the environment in which the
system is going to be used and maintained
Describe the environment in which the system is going to be stored, transported, used and
maintained:

Describe the mean and maximum quantitative values concerning the following characteristics:

Temperature
Humidity
Impacts
Vibrations
Pressure
Penetration/abrasion
Ambient light
Assembly position
Weather (wind, rain, snow)
Operators' level of qualification

Level 1 criterion: The system's environment is not or practically not known, no formal
assumption has been established by the manufacturer
Level 2 criterion: The system's environment is partially known (the applicable parameters
defined in the recommendation are partially known) but there is no document
listing these parameters and the complementary assumptions
Level 3 criterion: The system's environment is partially known (the applicable parameters
defined in the recommendation are partially known). These complementary
assumptions have been made by the manufacturer and formalized in a
document
Level 4 criterion: The system's environment is perfectly known (the applicable parameters
defined in the recommendation are known). A document lists all of these
parameters

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Mark : 7.8
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 34
Recommendation : Define what a system failure is
Define precisely what will be considered to be a system failure (possibilities of acceptable
degraded modes).
Level 1 criterion: No description of a system failure was defined at the time of the call to tender
(or of the contract). The customer has not provided any list of the feared
events.
The customer has not defined any degraded mode.
The manufacturer has not defined these elements for its study.
Level 2 criterion: The description of the system failure and/or the list of feared events, and/or
of the system's degraded modes have been established by the manufacturer
without any formal validation by the customer.
Level 3 criterion: The description of the system failure and/or the list of feared events, and/or
of the system's degraded modes have been established by the manufacturer
with a formal validation by the customer.
Level 4 criterion: The system failures are perfectly identified by the call to tender (or contract).
The list of feared events has been provided in the call to tender (or contract).
The degraded modes are also described in the call to tender (or contract).

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Mark : 7,4
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 35
Recommendation : Define the method used for demonstrating the
system's reliability in the operational phase
Define the method used to demonstrate the system's reliability (this method must be accepted
by the customer).
Clearly describe the method adopted for demonstrating the conformity of the system with respect
to the specified reliability:
- taking account of the real mission profile
- neutralization of the early life period
- level of confidence used for the measurement (e.g. > upper limit at 60%)
- define the attributable failures. The following causes can be assigned for example:
e.g. in the following classification of the origin of the technical events, classes C, E, F, V1 can
be assigned and accounted for in the MTBF
C : Random failure of a component
E : Incomplete study (or defective design)
F : Non-standard manufacturing (or production defect)
M : Over-harsh handling (or non-compliance with the user and maintenance documentation)
O : Specific check (correct operation verification)
P : Preventive maintenance
R : Application of a retrofit
S : Consequence of another failure (or secondary failure)
V : Equipment aging (1 Unforeseen wear, 2 life limits exceeded)
X : Utilization outside of the specifications
Y : Abnormal technical events (or non-confirmed problem)
? Unknown origin or cause
- Measuring method: e.g. number of flight hours / number of attributable failures

As a general rule the conformity with a requirement can be verified using one of the following four
methods depending on its nature :
Inspection (I) : Visual or dimensional verification of the system's component parts. The verification
is based on the human senses (sight, feel) or uses simple measuring and manipulation methods.
No stimulus is required. Passive means such as a ruler, microscope, gauge, etc. can be used.
· Analysis (A) : Verification relying on analytical proof obtained by calculation, without any
intervention on the system's components. The techniques used are: modeling, simulation and
prediction. E.g. calculation of the forecast reliability.
· Demonstration (D) : Verification of the characteristics observable on the system's components in
operation, without using physical measurements. Examples:
demonstration of a startup sequence, of the functioning of a safety system, of the operation of a
built-in test
· Test (T) : Verification of the measurable characteristics, whether directly or indirectly accessible.
Standard or specific test equipment is usually required.
E.g. operational reliability measurement.

Level 1 criterion: No request for a demonstration of the system's reliability is stipulated in the
call to tender (or contract).
Level 2 criterion: A request for a demonstration of the reliability is made without any stipulation
of the measurement method in the call to tender (or contract).
Level 3 criterion: A request for a demonstration of the reliability is made in the call to tender (or
contract), the description of the method to be used only corresponds partially

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to the recommendation.

Level 4 criterion: The method for demonstrating the system's reliability is defined perfectly in
the call to tender or contract (according to the content of the
recommendation)

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Mark : 7,5
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 38
Recommendation : Define the System's utilization profile for which
the Reliability performances are expected
Indicate the System's utilization profile (breakdown into operational scenarios for which the
Reliability performances are expected).

Indicate the system's successive utilization phases (environment / phase duration pair)

The description must at least cover the following phases:

- Storage (System not in operation, protected environment, only a slight temperature variation,

controlled hygrometry, etc.)

- Non operation (System possibly in its operational environment)

- Ground operation
- Operational functioning in Harsh environment (e.g. FLIGHT, Naval, etc.)

Level 1 criterion: The system's utilization profile is not indicated in the call to tender.
Level 2 criterion: The system's utilization profile is not indicated in the call to tender, but has
been completely or partially defined by the manufacturer without customer
validation.
Level 3 criterion: The utilization profile indicated in the call to tender (contract) partially
satisfies the recommendation, or has been partially defined by the
manufacturer and formally validated by the customer.
Level 4 criterion: The utilization profile indicated in the call to tender (contract) satisfies the
recommendation or has been completely defined by the manufacturer and
formally validated by the customer.

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Mark : 8,1
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 46
Recommendation : Indicate the context associated with
a System's Reliability requirements
The following essential points must be taken into account in the formulation of a reliability
specification's requirements:

1) Quantitative formulation of the reliability requirements

2) Complete description of the environment in which the system is going to be stored,
transported, used and maintained
3) The System's utilization profile for which the Reliability performances are expected
4) Clear identification of the type of time measurements (operating hours, flight hours, cycles,
etc.)
5) Clear definition of what constitutes a failure
6) Clear description of the method adopted for demonstrating the conformity of the system with
the specified reliability
7) Associate penalties with the non-compliance with the reliability requirements

Level 1 criterion: The recommendation has not been taken into account by the customer and
the necessary information (according to the recommendation) has not been
provided.
Level 2 criterion: Partial identification of the customer's reliability requirements such as they
are requested by the recommendation.
Level 3 criterion: Complete and contractual identification of the customer's reliability
requirements such as they are requested by the recommendation.
Level 4 criterion: Complete identification in the customer's call to tender (or contract) of the
reliability requirements such as they are requested by the recommendation.

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Mark : 8,5
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 80
Recommendation : Make the best possible use of feedback
Make the best possible use of feedback obtained from similar systems used in similar
environments so as to give a high degree of confidence in the upholding of the reliability
performances

Feedback is also used to calibrate the forecast reliability methods (e.g. utilization of an adjusted
MIL-HDBK-217).

This studies require a great deal of time to collect the operational data and record the problems
encountered with the greatest care.

The input data are as follows:

- the recordings of the problems observed in the system,
- the system's utilization conditions (mission profile, operational environment, length of utilization),
- the analysis of the cause of the failure (attributable to the manufacturer).

The output data are as follows:

- the operational reliability.

This operational reliability can be extrapolated to different environments and mission profiles by
means of models provided by system engineering.

Level 1 criterion: No feedback is available (measurement of the operational reliability on

previous projects).
Level 2 criterion: Feedback exists, but is not used, or formalized in any documents.
Level 3 criterion: The manufacturer's feedback is used and formalized in a document. This
feedback corresponds exactly to the technologies currently used.
Adjustment coefficients have been defined.
Level 4 criterion: The manufacturer's feedback is used and formalized in a document. This
feedback corresponds to the technologies currently used or formal similarity
studies have been carried out and formalized to assess the differences
(document).
Adjustment coefficients have been defined, and are regularly updated.

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Mark : 8,2
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 85
Recommendation : Formulate the reliability requirement quantitatively
1) For the specification of the reliability performances (which must be quantitative), at least one of
the following three types of specifications must be used.
A) The MTBF: which is a definition suited to repairable systems which have a long service life
and/or whose missions are of a short duration with respect to their MTBF. This specified MTBF
does not give any assurance on the level of reliability achieved during its initial period of
utilization, except if the assumption of an exponential distribution of the failures can be proved.
B) The probability of survival for a given period of time. This specification is used when a high
level of reliability is required throughout the duration of the mission.
C) The probability of success independently from time for "one shoot" cases, such as the flight of
a missile. It can also be used for cyclic utilization devices such as launchers.

These quantitative values shall be expressed as mean values (design targets) or as acceptable
minimum values, below which the customer will find that the system is absolutely unsatisfactory
with respect to its operational requirements.

Level 1 criterion: No assumption with respect to the system's environment has been described
in the call to tender or contract, but the manufacturer has put forward
assumptions.
Level 2 criterion: One of the three types of performance specification (according to the
recommendation) is included in the call to tender (or contract).
No assumption with respect to the system's environment has been described
in the call to tender or contract, but the manufacturer has put forward
assumptions.
Level 3 criterion: One of the three types of performance specification (according to the
recommendation) is included in the call to tender (or contract).
Not all of the assumptions relative to the system's environment are
completely described, but the manufacturer has put forward assumptions
and has had them validated by the customer.
Level 4 criterion: One of the three types of performance specification (according to the
recommendation) is included in the call to tender (or contract).
All of the characteristics relative to the system's environment are also
completely described.

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Mark : 7,1
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 103
Recommendation : Formally identify the technical risks impacting
reliability
Formally identify the requirements and the critical factors linked to reliability. This information
will be used by the risk management procedure. Trace and manage the risks. Existence of an
action plan.
Level 1 criterion: There is no risk management with respect to the reliability performances.
Level 2 criterion: An initial analysis of the risks linked to obtaining the reliability performances
has been carried out, but risk management has not been formalized or is
incomplete.
Level 3 criterion: An initial analysis of the risks linked to obtaining the reliability performances
has been carried out. It is formalized, but risk management is not maintained
over time: cooperation has been put in place between the equipment
manufacturer and the system integrator to assess the risks linked to the
product's environment.
Level 4 criterion: The risks linked to obtaining the reliability performances have been perfectly
identified.
The manufacturer has a procedure for managing these risks and it is
followed up. Cooperation has been put in place between the equipment
manufacturer and the system integrator to assess the risks linked to the
environment of product n.
A risk sheet has been written up for each risk, and is kept up to date.
In particular, this sheet presents quantitative approaches relative to the risk's
probability, its severity (cost, timetable, performance), the solutions proposed
for reducing the risk, and the cost of the solutions.

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Mark : 6.6
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 95
Recommendation : Identify the type of time measurement for the
reliability performances
Identify the type of time measurement for the reliability performances (Operating hours, Flight
hours, cycles, etc.)
Level 1 criterion: The type of time measurement is not completely described in the call to
tender or contract and the manufacturer has not provided this information.
Level 2 criterion: The type of time measurement is not completely described in the call to
tender or contract but the manufacturer has completed these data with
assumptions without having had them validated by the customer.
Level 3 criterion: The type of time measurement is not completely described in the call to
tender or contract but the manufacturer has completed these data with
assumptions that have been validated by the customer.
Level 4 criterion: The type of time measurement is completely described in the call to tender or
contract.

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Mark : 7.3
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 97
Recommendation : Identify the customer requirements
The customer's original requirements must be identified, documented and traced with respect to
the input documents.
Level 1 criterion: The customer requirements linked to reliability have not been identified.
Level 2 criterion: The customer requirements linked to reliability have been identified, listed in
a document without a revision index, the traceability of the changes made to
these requirements is not ensured (no substantiation or recording in a
document).
Level 3 criterion: The customer requirements linked to reliability have been identified, listed in
a document (e.g. reliability plan) without a revision index, the traceability of
the changes made to these requirements is not ensured (no substantiation or
recording in a document).
Level 4 criterion: The customer requirements linked to reliability have been identified, listed in
a document and kept up to date (successive versions if justified) with their
revision index, the traceability of the changes made to these requirements is
ensured (substantiation and recording in a document).

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Mark : 6.9
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 144
Recommendation : Negotiate the reliability requirements
with the customer
The reliability requirements must be negotiated to take into account the technological state of
the art and the cost/performance optimization of the system's design and of the reliability
studies.

For an initial objective requested by the customer, a prime contractor study will be carried out to
assess the cost of obtaining the reliability performances and to propose alternatives so as to
optimize the cost of obtaining the reliability performances.

The results of the negotiations shall be included in the final offer remitted to the customer

Level 1 criterion: No negotiation, fixed requirements.

Level 2 criterion: Informal negotiations, or after the contract has been signed.
Level 3 criterion: Negotiations with the customer leading to an optimization of the
costs/performances for obtaining the reliability performances.
Level 4 criterion: Negotiations with the customer leading to an optimization of the costs /
performance for obtaining the reliability performances, existence of an official
document describing these negotiations.

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Mark : 7.8
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 147
Recommendation : Organize a system design review where the
design aspects are examined
Organize a system design review. Check that the system reliability requirements are met.
The following shall be defined:
- the reliability allocations
- the utilization conditions (mission profile)

Level 1 criterion: No system design review.

Level 2 criterion: Organization of a system design review where the reliability aspects are
examined incompletely or examined by people who are not reliability
specialists.
Level 3 criterion: Organization of a system design review where the reliability aspects are
examined completely, by reliability specialists.
Level 4 criterion: Organization of a system design review where the reliability aspects are
examined completely, by reliability specialists. A directive imposes this
review.

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Mark : 7.8
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 148
Recommendation : Organize a review of the system requirements where
the reliability aspects are examined
Organize a review of the system requirements, check that all the reliability requirements have
been identified and that there is an understanding between customer and supplier. It must be
possible to validate, achieve and check these requirements (conformity means).
Level 1 criterion: No system requirements review has been, nor will be, organized for the
project.

Level 2 criterion: An informal system requirements review has been put in place (or is planned
as the project progresses). There is no record available of the participation in
this review of the people in charge of reliability engineering.
Level 3 criterion: A system requirements review has been put in place (or is planned as the
project progresses). The people in charge of reliability engineering have
been consulted to take part in the review or in the validation of the
documents, and records of this participation exist.
Level 4 criterion: A formal system requirements review has been put in place (or is planned as
the project progresses). These requirements can be validated, achieved and
verified (conformity means). The people in charge of reliability engineering
have been consulted to take part in the review or in the validation of the
documents (records of this participation exist).

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Mark : 8.1
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 150
Recommendation : Take part in the system's functional and
detailed design
The Operating dependability (Reliability) discipline takes part in the system's functional and
detailed design.
Level 1 criterion: No one in charge of reliability engineering takes part in the system's
functional and detailed design.
Level 2 criterion: People in charge of reliability engineering are partially involved (incomplete
service in the sense of the recommendation) in the system's functional and
detailed design, there is no document certifying this participation.
Level 3 criterion: People in charge of reliability engineering are completely involved (complete
service in the sense of the recommendation) in the system's functional and
detailed design, there is no document certifying this participation.
Level 4 criterion: People in charge of reliability engineering are completely involved in the
system's functional and detailed design, there are documents formalizing
and certifying this participation.

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Mark : 5.8
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 164
Recommendation : Take the system's maintenance policy
(customer request) into account
The maintenance policy requested by the customer must be taken into account in this activity in
order to preserve the reliability of the system over time.
Level 1 criterion: The system's maintenance policy has not been defined.
Level 2 criterion: The maintenance policy has been defined without taking into account the
reliability aspects.
Level 3 criterion: The maintenance policy has been defined taking into account the reliability
aspects (identification and follow-up of the critical elements)
Level 4 criterion: The system's maintenance policy making it possible to preserve the system's
reliability over time is perfectly defined and is covered by a document.
Participation of reliability specialists in the definition of the maintenance
policy (identification and follow-up of the critical elements).

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Mark : 7.6
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 170
Recommendation : Draw up a System reliability plan
A System Reliability plan is written. The following content is proposed: (see WP3 methodological
guide).
Level 1 criterion: No reliability plan has been drawn up (or officially validated).
Level 2 criterion: The reliability plan has been drawn up but does not completely meet the
requirements of the recommendation.
Level 3 criterion: The reliability plan has been drawn up in conformity with the
recommendation. This document, drawn up at the outset, is not updated
(ever).
Level 4 criterion: The reliability plan has been drawn up in conformity with the
recommendation. This document is maintained throughout the project
according to the events that are liable to make it change.

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Mark : 8.3
Phase : 1 SPECIFICATION
N° : 195
Recommendation : Process the problems
Put in place a system for processing problems liable to occur throughout the FIDES life cycle.

This system is intended to:

- Record the circumstances in which the problem occurred, and the P/N of the defective article.
- Propose a remedial action
- Analyze the causes of the problem
- Propose corrective/preventive actions
- Check the effectiveness of the corrective/preventive actions

This system includes processing making it possible to:

- quickly find the identical problems that have been observed previously,
- draw up statistics,
- be used for feedback purposes.

Level 1 criterion: No problem processing system has been put in place.

Level 2 criterion: A problem processing system has been put in place by the manufacturer, it
partially meets the requirements of the recommendation. It is not completely
applied to the project.
Level 3 criterion: A problem processing system has been put in place by the manufacturer, it
partially meets the requirements of the recommendation. It is completely
applied to the project.
Level 4 criterion: A problem processing system has been put in place by the manufacturer, it
completely meets the requirements of the recommendation. It is completely
applied to the project.

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Mark : 4,4
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 45
Recommendation : Adopt the steps so that the personnel has the
knowledge of the test means and of the standards
and of how to interpret the measurements
Steps must be taken to ensure that the personnel masters the test resources and standards,
and the interpretation of the measurements: training provided and followed up.
Level 1 criterion: No steps taken.
Level 2 criterion: Training in place but no follow-up, no individualization of training courses.
Level 3 criterion: Training in place, with individual follow-up.
Level 4 criterion: Training in place, with individual follow-up and updating.
Knowledge assessment by an external organization.

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Mark : 5.5
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 105
Recommendation : Ensure the involvement at each step of a person
responsible for support, industrialization, purchasing,
development and RAMS (concurrent engineering)
Ensure the involvement at each step of a person responsible for support, industrialization,
purchasing, development and RAMS. Make sure that the baseline used imposes concurrent
engineering:
The company's organization is based on permanent specialists of the function.
Level 1 criterion: The baseline does not impose concurrent engineering.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of a general instruction that does not stipulate the methods. No
formal organization.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of a general instruction imposing concurrent engineering but which
is not suited to the company's organization : the positions responsible for
support, industrialization, purchasing, development and RAMS are assigned
independently from their disciplines.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of a procedure imposing concurrent engineering. The company's
organization is based on permanent specialists of the function.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 27
Recommendation : Ensure the completeness of the information on the
subassembly to establish (complete)
the Subassembly Test Manual
Have available the technical data for the subassembly with a view to developing the production
test.
Level 1 criterion: No technical data for the subassembly relative to the test.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of non-validated data that is partially usable.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of validated data that is partially usable.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of complete data that has been validated and is usable.

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Mark : 6.1
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 57
Recommendation : Availability of a document substantiating the reliability
preliminary technical studies
Make sure that all the data substantiating the requirement are available and have been validated
in a reliability preliminary studies document. A directive imposes the writing of this document
Level 1 criterion: No substantiating document.
Level 2 criterion: An informal substantiating document exists.
Level 3 criterion: A formalized and identified document exists in the substantiating dossier, it
ensures completeness with respect to the needs.
Level 4 criterion: A formalized and identified document exists in the substantiating dossier, it
ensures completeness with respect to the needs. A directive imposes the
writing of this document.

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Mark : 4.8
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 65
Recommendation : Availability of know-how capitalization
through discipline procedures
A system of capitalization of know-how and of the technical standards through discipline
procedures must be available and these procedures must be managed and followed up
according to the technical changes.
Level 1 criterion: No discipline procedures.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of incomplete rules, that are not updated.
Level 3 criterion: Complete rules, updated, not managed or validated.
Level 4 criterion: Procedure formalizing the rules and their follow-up and application
management.

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Mark : 4.5
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 66
Recommendation : Put in place and manage a nominative table
of skills required per activity
Make sure that the skills required for an activity are assigned by name in a skills table that is
regularly reviewed and periodically check the appropriateness of the training with respect to the
activities.
Level 1 criterion: No follow-up of the appropriateness of the training.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of a skills table, not followed up at the level of training.
Level 3 criterion: Regular updating of the training tables, but no periodic verification of the
appropriateness of the training with respect to the activities.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of a skills table with periodically updated training follow-up.
Regular assessment of the appropriateness of the training with respect to the
company's objectives.

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Mark : 8
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 67
Recommendation : Establish and maintain a preferential list of COTS items
Establish and maintain a preferential list of COTS items taking into account the reliability
characteristics.
Level 1 criterion: No preferential list of COTS items.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of a preferential list of COTS items, that is not formalized or
validated.
It only contains the technical characteristics.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of a preferential list of COTS items, that is managed and
formalized with standardization objectives. Validated by purchasing, methods
and technical services. It only contains the technical characteristics.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of a preferential list of COTS items, that is managed and
formalized with standardization objectives. Validated by purchasing, methods
and technical services. It contains not only the technical characteristics but
also information on the components' reliability and failure modes.

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Mark : 7.8
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 62
Recommendation : Existence of a database capitalizing on the feedback

Make sure that there exists a methodology for:

- gathering,
- updating,
- and making the most of technical events
for the capitalization of feedback with a view to improving the reliability of future designs.

Make sure that the most is made of past experiences in concrete terms at the level of the
designers:
existence of a capitalization methodology.

Level 1 criterion: No capitalization methodology.

Level 2 criterion: Methodology initialized but not updated.
Level 3 criterion: Methodology updated but not usable/used (due to a lack of information for
example).
Level 4 criterion: Methodology updated, usable and used.

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Mark : 8
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 63
Recommendation : Existence of a database capitalizing on the
reliability assessment studies
Make sure that there is a centralized management of the reliability assessment studies making it
possible to re-use past calculations with the constraints:
- clearly identified basic assumptions,
- extractable and reusable data.

Level 1 criterion: No database.

Level 2 criterion: Existence of a database but which is not centralized or configuration-
managed.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of a non-centralized database but which is configuration-managed
and updated.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of a database that is centralized, configuration-managed, updated,
extractable and usable.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 64
Recommendation : Existence of a database on the design history
and the design substantiations
Make sure that the design traceability and substantiation is ensured with a view to controlling the
designs and the changes.
Existence of a methodology enabling access to this information within the Design Office.

Level 1 criterion: No database, nor any personal knowledge on the experts' behalf.
Level 2 criterion: No explicit database but personal knowledge and experience of the experts.
Level 3 criterion: Formalization of the knowledge and of the substantiation history of the
designs in a database but without updating and configuration management
procedures.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of database updating and management procedures.

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Mark : 7.3
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 93
Recommendation : Identify and implement the means of
protecting subassemblies
Draw up a list of the means of protection and implement them so as not to reduce the reliability
of the subassembly.
Level 1 criterion: No particular means of protection have been identified.
Level 2 criterion: The means of protection have been identified, but are only partially applied in
the different activities.
Level 3 criterion: The means of protection have been identified and there application has been
verified.
Level 4 criterion: The means of protection have been identified subsequent to a periodic
analysis of the problems observed and their application has been verified.

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Mark : 7.1
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 103
Recommendation : Formally identify the technical risks
impacting reliability
Formally identify the requirements and the critical factors linked to reliability. This information
will be used by the risk management procedure. Trace and manage these risks. Existence of an
action plan.
Level 1 criterion: No risk management is carried out with respect to the reliability
performances.
Level 2 criterion: An initial analysis of the risks linked to obtaining the reliability performances
has been done, but risk management is not formalized or is incomplete.
Level 3 criterion: An initial analysis of the risks linked to obtaining the reliability performances
has been done. This is formalized, but risk management is not maintained
over time: cooperation between the equipment manufacturer and the
systems integrator has been put in place to assess the risks linked to the
product's environment.
Level 4 criterion: The risks linked to obtaining the reliability performances have been perfectly
identified.
The manufacturer has a procedure for managing all these risks and follows it
up. Cooperation between the equipment manufacturer and the systems
integrator has been put in place to assess the risks linked to the environment
of product n
A risk sheet is drawn up for each risk, and is kept up to date.
In particular, this sheet presents the quantitative approaches concerning the
risk's probability, seriousness (cost, timetable, performance), solutions
proposed for reducing the risk, and the cost of the solutions.

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Mark : 7.5
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 32
Recommendation : Involve the reliability discipline in the
design of the equipment
The reliability discipline must be involved in the design phase at the earliest possible stage with
authority concerning the choice to redesign equipment if the goals are not met. (Act on the
redesign of the architecture, the choice of components, suppliers, etc.)

Level 1 criterion: No involvement of the reliability discipline.

Level 2 criterion: Insufficient involvement: no allocation at the origin. Poorly defined utilization
profile. Late involvement, remittal of the dossier at the time of the Detailed
Designed Review (DDR) at the latest.
Level 3 criterion: Involvement right from the detailed design phase with complete assessment
of the reliability.
Level 4 criterion: The reliability discipline is involved in the preliminary design phase with
authority concerning the choice to redesign equipment if the goals are not
met. (Act on the redesign of the architecture, the choice of components,
suppliers, etc.)

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Mark : 6
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 193
Recommendation : Maximize test coverage on the basis of the
specification and substantiation for the prototype tests
Make sure that test coverage is maximal and that it is based on the specification. Substantiation
of the coverage in a document.
Level 1 criterion: No substantiation plan on the coverage of the prototype tests.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of a substantiation plan but no design substantiation dossier
(DSD).
Level 3 criterion: Existence of a substantiation dossier making it possible to ensure that each
subsystem has been covered by a specification.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of a substantiation dossier making it possible to ensure that each
subsystem has been covered by a specification and a validation.

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Mark : 7.6
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 76
Recommendation : Implement design verifications
Implement design verifications: these procedures must be based on re-readings, the approval
circuit and reviews with a view to ensuring that the orientation actions and the selected
elements are correct.
Level 1 criterion: No design verification procedures.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of non-formalized verification procedures.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of formal verification procedures.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of formal verification procedures which are revised periodically,
integrating peer reviews.

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Mark : 5.4
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 56
Recommendation : Implement a maintenance concept as part of
logistical support
Make sure that the maintenance concept is formalized and validated by the customer. Example
of documents to be presented in response to the requirements of the concept:
- integrated logistical support plan,
- aptitude for logistical support dossier

Level 1 criterion: No support requirements planned. End-customer's organization not taken

into account.
Level 2 criterion: Support requirements exist but they are only partially formalized: one-off or
even incoherent. Not related to the equipment: the manufacturer does not
have any integrated logistical support organization.
Level 3 criterion: Formalized support requirements. Response to the formalized requirements
but which are not validated and are considered to be secondary:
requirements only partially substantiated or not achieved.
Level 4 criterion: Formalized support requirements: maintenance concept. The manufacturer
has a project organization for meeting the requirements of the customers in
the form of a logistical support plan. The support requirements are taken into
account right from the design phase, broken down to the equipment level,
substantiated and validated in an aptitude for logistical support dossier. The
elements of the support system (documents, training, spare part kits, tooling
and test resources, etc,) exist and are coherent and validated.

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Mark : 7.8
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 147
Recommendation : Organize a system design review where the
Reliability aspects are examined
Organize a system design review. Check that the system reliability requirements are met.
The following shall be defined:
- the reliability allocations,
- the utilization conditions (mission profile)

Level 1 criterion: No system design review.

Level 2 criterion: Organization of a system design review where the reliability aspects are
examined incompletely or are examined by people who are not reliability
specialists.
Level 3 criterion: Organization of a system design review where the reliability aspects are
examined completely by reliability specialists.
Level 4 criterion: Organization of a system design review where the reliability aspects are
examined completely by reliability specialists. A directive imposes this
review.

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Mark : 4.8
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 58
Recommendation : Write up a management plan where the
key skills (specialists) are identified
Make sure that the adjustments to the baseline are detailed in the management plan. Make sure
that the skills are committed to the project in the management plan and that there is a schedule.
Level 1 criterion: No management plan, or timetable describing the tasks to be performed. No
organization in place.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of an incomplete management plan: it does not detail any
adjustments that may have been made to the baseline, the timetable
describing the tasks to be performed and the organization put in place are
imprecise: incompatible with the available resources.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of an incomplete management plan: it does not detail any
adjustments that may have been made to the baseline, the timetable
describing the tasks to be performed and the organization put in place are
precise but have not been validated.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of a complete management plan: detailing all the adjustments that
may have been made to the baseline; the timetable describing the tasks to
be performed and the organization put in place are precise and have been
validated: good match with the company's work load.

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Mark : 5.8
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 61
Recommendation : Write up a list of discipline recommendations
on the handling and storage operations
on the user's premises
At Logistical Support: ensure that there is a list of discipline recommendations on the handling
and storage operations on the user's premises and that it is applied. This list must be enhanced
by feedback.
Level 1 criterion: No list of recommendations nor any procedures for processing feedback.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of a non-formalized and non-managed list of recommendations.
Feedback not systematically processed.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of a formalized list of recommendations, not necessarily applicable
to the project (not referenced to the project) and not validated. Feedback
formalized in a database that is not managed and not broadly used in the
design phase.
Level 4 criterion: Formalized and validated list of recommendations referenced to the project.
Formalized and validated feedback referenced to the project, that can be
used and serving as design input data to improve reliability.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 191
Recommendation : Write up an acceptance specification
Make sure that there is an acceptance specification and check its pertinence.
The acceptance specification is written up on the basis of a test-oriented equipment dossier
describing the adjacent units, presenting a functional description, and the inputs/outputs.
Level 1 criterion: No acceptance specification.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of an acceptance specification but drawn up in production
independently from the development teams.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of an acceptance specification drawn up during development
integrating the configuration follow-up but not validated or traced.
Level 4 criterion: The acceptance specification is suited to the product (proof of application
traceability to the product and its configuration) and has been validated.

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Mark : 7.6
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 68
Recommendation : Make sure that there is a product/supplier
qualification procedure
Make sure that the suppliers are qualified and follow up the following aspects:
- sustainability
- quality follow-up
Level 1 criterion: The suppliers are not qualified.
Level 2 criterion: A partial qualification of the suppliers is carried out in an informal way.

Level 3 criterion: The company baseline requires that a supplier qualification is carried out
according to the reliability criterion (and/or manufacturing quality), this is
effective and based on the analysis of the data provided by the suppliers.
Level 4 criterion: The company baseline requires that the suppliers should be selected
according to the reliability criterion (and/or manufacturing quality), this is
effective and based on the formal activities: (interview with the suppliers,
analysis of earlier services, audits, ISO certification).

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Mark : 6
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 192
Recommendation : Make sure that there is a definition of the production
test points and that the
test recommendations are applied
Make sure that the test operation constraints, detailed by the test manager, are integrated in the
design of the product by the developer.
Existence of a precise test methodology.
Level 1 criterion: Production does not have any information on the method for applying the test
to the product.
Level 2 criterion: The production manager is aware of how the test operations will be carried
out and took part in drawing up the test recommendations.
Level 3 criterion: The production manager is aware of how the test operations will be carried
out and took part in drawing up the test recommendations.
Existence of a validated list of recommendations explaining how the tests are
performed but without any guarantee that they will be applied.
Level 4 criterion: The production managers take part in defining the production test. Existence
of a validated list of recommendations explaining how the tests are
performed with proof of application of the recommendations.

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Mark : 7.2
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 69
Recommendation : Make sure that there is a
product/process qualification procedure
For the manufacturing processes, make sure that there is a product/process qualification
procedure.
Level 1 criterion: No product/process qualification procedure.
Level 2 criterion: The manufacturing processes have been made to match the product in an
informal way. This is neither traced nor validated.
Level 3 criterion: The manufacturing processes have been made to match the product in a
formal way, but have not been validated.
Level 4 criterion: The company baseline imposes a product/process qualification procedure.

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Mark : 7.2
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 71
Recommendation : Make sure that the manufacturing of a new
component is qualified
Make sure that there is a qualification procedure for assessing the risks linked to the utilization
of the new-technology component (by extrapolation of its utilization to a similar environment for
example).
Level 1 criterion: No procedure.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of informal rules.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of a procedure.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of a procedure that is managed and follows the technological
changes.
Validated by the competent technical services.

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Mark : 7.5
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 74
Recommendation : Make sure that there is an analysis documentation
for assessing the reliability
Make sure that there is a documentation of the project substantiating and detailing the reliability
data.
Level 1 criterion: No data traced.
Level 2 criterion: The design dossier (DD) includes studies but they are not updated (coherent
with the rest of the dossier) or validated.
Level 3 criterion: The design dossier includes up-to-date studies, but they have not been
validated.
Level 4 criterion: The design dossier includes up-to-date studies and has been validated.

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Mark : 7.3
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 77
Recommendation : Make sure that there are design rules
for adapting the choice of a component
for a given level of reliability
Make sure tha t there is a design methodology requiring the designers to apply rules with a view
to improving reliability. Make sure that the application of the rules is verified.
Level 1 criterion: No reliability-oriented design rules.
Level 2 criterion: Existence of rules but they are not formalized (or updated or validated), or
retranscribed, or validated.
Level 3 criterion: Existence of formalized rules, which are updated but not validated.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of formalized, updated and validated rules.

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Mark : 7.7
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 78
Recommendation : Make sure that the forecast reliability calculation
is carried out using an acknowledged tool
(MIL, adjusted MIL, RDF, personal REX)
Make sure that the forecast reliability calculation is carried out using an acknowledged tool
associated with the selected calculation methodology (MIL, adjusted MIL, RDF, personal REX).
Level 1 criterion: Origin of the reliability calculations not controlled. Tool not acknowledged.
Level 2 criterion: Origin of the calculations traced but not pertinent.
Level 3 criterion: Origin pertinent but not validated. Tool acknowledged.
Level 4 criterion: Existence of a selection and validation procedure for the tools used.

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Mark : 6.6
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 30
Recommendation : Take into account the self-test reliability/complexity
balance on the coverage of the tests
With a view to ensuring efficient coverage, make a trade-off between the complexity of the self-
test and its reliability. Ask for a presentation on the subject.
Level 1 criterion: No documents presented substantiating the test coverage.
Level 2 criterion: Reliability calculation carried out without taking into account the self-test or
equipment in a non-stabilized version.
Level 3 criterion: Reliability calculation carried out taking into account the self-test or
equipment in a stabilized version, but not validated.
Level 4 criterion: The reliability calculation is carried out on equipment in a stabilized version,
and has been substantiated and validated.

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Mark : 6.6
Phase : 2 DESIGN
N° : 197
Recommendation : Utilization of validated and recognized
means of modeling
Utilization of validated and recognized means of modeling.
Demonstrate the follow-up and updating of the tools.
Level 1 criterion: The modeling means are neither validated or recognized.
Level 2 criterion: The modeling means are recognized and have been validated, but are not
followed up.
Level 3 criterion: The modeling means are recognized and have been validated, are followed
up but there is no one assigned to the management of the tools.
Level 4 criterion: The modeling means are recognized, have been validated and are followed
up. Follow-up management.

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Mark : 6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 6
Recommendation : Improve the equipment final test seen in Design
and Specification to increase the test coverage
and draw up a test assessment
The final test of the equipment and more particularly the level of coverage achieved by that test
must be studied and defined with respect to the equipment's Specification and Design.
This test must check the equipment according to the procedures of a System Testability Manual
while:

Orienting towards a processing in the case of a nonconformity,

Recording the results in the manual to ensure test follow-up.

Level 1 criterion: No revision of the predefined test coverage rate is carried out.
Level 2 criterion: An equipment test assessment may be carried out with a view to revising
and improving the predefined coverage rate. However, there is no document
formally describing the related actions.
Level 3 criterion: The final equipment tests are regularly revised even after the specification
and design phases. The goal is to increase the predefined test coverage.
Documents describe the procedure to be adopted.
Level 4 criterion: The final equipment tests are regularly revised even after the specification
and design phases. The goal is to increase the predefined test coverage.
Documents describe the procedure to be adopted. These have been
validated by an authority that is independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 18
Recommendation : Ensure monitoring of the inspection parameters
during the varnishing activity
The subassembly varnishing activity, which must lead to an immunity with respect to a certain
number of stresses that could reduce the reliability of the subassembly, must be carried out with
a permanent inspection relative, in particular, to the monitoring of the main parameters, that is to
say:

The humidity rate,

The temperature,
The quality of the varnish's components,
The varnish's deposit thickness,
Furthermore the viscosity of the varnish must be checked at least once daily.

Level 1 criterion: None of the inspection parameters are monitored during the varnishing
activity.
Level 2 criterion: The varnishing activity is monitored by supervising a certain number of the
stipulated parameters at the stipulated frequency, but these are not subject
to a documented formal follow-up or have not been the subject of a study
indicating their criticality for the subassembly's reliability.
Level 3 criterion: The varnishing activity is monitored by supervising all the stipulated
parameters at the stipulated frequency. These parameters are followed up
and are the result of a critical analysis of the varnishing activity with respect
to the reliability of the subassembly. But this criticality plan was drawn up
without being validated by an independent authority.
Level 4 criterion: The varnishing activity is monitored by supervising all the stipulated
parameters at the stipulated frequency. These parameters are followed-up
and are the result of a critical analysis of the varnishing activity with respect
to the reliability of the subassembly. This criticality plan was drawn up and
then validated (parameters followed up and implemented) by an independent
authority.

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Mark : 6.9
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 19
Recommendation : Ensure corrective maintenance is carried out as soon
as a problem appears on the production means or on the
subassemblies produced
The maintenance procedures relative to the corrective actions in equipment production must
include:
- the effective processing of complaints and nonconformity reports relative to the
subassemblies,
- the search for the causes of the nonconformities relative to the process and the recording of

the results of that search,

- the determination of the corrective actions required to eliminate the causes of nonconformities,
- the application of control means for ensuring that the corrective action is implemented and that
it produces the required effect.

Level 1 criterion: There is no corrective maintenance subsequent to the appearance of a

problem on a means of equipment production or on a subassembly.

Level 2 criterion: Corrective actions are carried out directly at the place where the problem
was detected without any corrective maintenance plan being put in place.
Level 3 criterion: Real maintenance procedures relative to the corrective actions are
implemented, they are the subject of a corrective maintenance plan that is
formalized but not validated by an authority independent from the operating
entity.

Level 4 criterion: Real maintenance procedures relative to the corrective actions are
implemented, they are the subject of a corrective maintenance plan that is
formalized and has been validated by an authority independent from the
operating entity.

202
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Mark : 4
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 20
Recommendation : Ensure preventive maintenance to correct
drifts in the production resources' parameters
According to the preventive maintenance plan that has been defined and subsequent to its
implementation, a correction is made by:
- adjusting the baselines relative to the means of production,
- replacement of the consumables,
- replacement of parts that are worn and therefore potentially defective (probes and inspection
tools).

Level 1 criterion: There is no preventive maintenance for correcting any possible drift in the
equipment production means.
Level 2 criterion: Preventive actions are carried out directly at the place where the problem is
likely to be detected without any formal preventive maintenance plan being
put in place.
Level 3 criterion: Real maintenance procedures relative to the preventive actions are
implemented, they are subject to a formalized preventive maintenance plan
that has not been validated by an authority independent from the operating
entity.

Level 4 criterion: Real maintenance procedures relative to the preventive actions are
implemented, they are subject to a formalized preventive maintenance plan
that has been validated by an authority independent from the operating
entity.

203
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Mark : 4.1
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 22
Recommendation : Perform a periodic verification of the programming
means to ensure that the software loading operation
is carried out correctly
This verification is less cumbersome than a scheduled preventive maintenance action, and
comes under the responsibility of the user of the means concerned (this is part of the operator's
training). The purpose is to ensure that the operation will be correctly accomplished and that it will
deliver the expected result (by the right software being loaded or a correct configuring operation).
The frequency of the verifications (to be defined) may be systematic before each utilization or
after a given number of time the means are used.

Level 1 criterion: There is no periodic verification of the programming means that are used to
load the software.
Level 2 criterion: A certain number of verifications of the production means are carried out.
These verifications are succinct and do not necessarily take into account all
the software loading rules. There is no clear formalization of the
accomplishment or of the limits of these verifications.
Level 3 criterion: The planning of the verifications has been subject to a study, this plan is
respected and all the points checked (and the way this was done) are
covered by a written document.
Level 4 criterion: A strict planning of the verifications has been subject to a study, this plan is
respected and all the points checked (and the way this was done) are
covered by a written document. This document was drawn up taking into
account all of the software loading process and has been validated by an
authority independent from the operating entity.

204
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Mark : 4.1
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 23
Recommendation : Systematically audit the operators to
monitor their skills
This filter makes it possible to ensure that the last verification milestone, that is to say the final
test, is performed by competent personnel and, above all, whose skills are subject to monitoring
guaranteeing that the latest requirements are taken into account.
The audit ensures that the operator's mastery of critical procedures and points are reviewed, to
provide absolute confidence in the implementation of the final test.

Level 1 criterion: No audit ensuring the monitoring of the operators' skills is performed.
Level 2 criterion: The equivalent of an audit ensuring the monitoring of the skills of the
operators whose function is to perform the equipment final test is carried out
but is not formalized.
Level 3 criterion: An audit ensuring the monitoring of the skills of the operators whose function
is to perform the equipment final test is carried out according to an identified
formalism, but it has not been validated by an authority independent from the
operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: An audit ensuring the monitoring of the skills of the operators whose function
is to perform the equipment final test is carried out according to an identified
formalism. This audit has been validated by an authority independent from
the operating entity.

205
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 6.5
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 24
Recommendation : Automate handling to limit the
possible degradations of the boards
Every effort must be made to keep the subassembly handling operations to a minimum during
the production phase in order to limit the risks of mechanical impacts and other overstresses.
Furthermore, the automation of the handling operations between activities during the complete
equipment production phase must make it possible to avoid a great number of failures caused by
human interventions.

Level 1 criterion: None of the subassembly handling operations are automated.

Level 2 criterion: A certain number of the subassembly handling operations are automated.
Level 3 criterion: The subassembly handling operations are automated. The degree of
automation has been the subject of a feasibility and result study.
The whole procedure is formalized although the study has not been validated
by an authority independent from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: The subassembly handling operations are automated. The degree of
automation has been the subject of a feasibility and result study.
The whole procedure is formalized and has been validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.

206
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Mark : 2.8
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 29
Recommendation : Check and maintain (by updating) the
data loaded into the
programmable means of production
In the framework of task automation, for a reliable accomplishment of the activities it is essential
to specifically follow and maintain (update) the references (coordinates, batch numbers, etc.)
loaded into the production tools.
Level 1 criterion: There is no check on the updating of the programming data in the
programmable means of production.
Level 2 criterion: A check and/or updating of the parameters loaded into the programmable
means of production is carried out but there is no formalization of the actions
to be performed to guarantee this updating.
Level 3 criterion: A check and updating of the data programmed into the means of production
is performed, according to an identified formalism (document, verification
procedures, updating procedure).
Level 4 criterion: A check and updating of the data programmed into the means of production
is performed, according to an identified formalism (document, verification
procedures, updating procedure). All of the documents have been validated
by an authority independent from the operating entity.

207
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Mark : 4.4
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 42
Recommendation : Delegate the general inspection of the board
varnishing operation in order to optimize
filtering before pursuing the process
The delegation of the general inspection ensures a good degree of objectivity making it possible
to better filter out any errors that could have been made during one of the processes
implemented for varnishing subassemblies that is critical for reliability.
The information on the follow-up sheet ensures the traceability of all the operations and
interventions performed during this varnishing.

Level 1 criterion: There is no general inspection at the end of varnishing.

Level 2 criterion: A person other than the operator in charge of varnishing ensures a general
inspection of this operation but this inspection is not based on any formal
document describing the procedure.
Level 3 criterion: A person other than the operator in charge of varnishing ensures a general
inspection of this operation. This inspection is carried out according to a
procedure formalized but this document has not been validated by an
independent authority.
Level 4 criterion: A person other than the operator in charge of varnishing ensures a general
inspection of this operation. This inspection is carried out according to a
procedure formalized by a document that has been validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.

208
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Mark : 5.6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 43
Recommendation : Have experienced personnel in place for the
post-varnishing board drying activity
The specific subassembly drying task during the varnishing activity requires a know-how on the
operator's behalf, who must therefore be experienced to avoid overstressing the subassemblies.
Indeed, reduced reliability due to too high a temperature, too long an application or to imperfect
drying, may be the cause of serious degradations during the rest of the process.

Level 1 criterion: Board drying is not carried out by experienced personnel.

Level 2 criterion: The operators performing the board drying operation are experienced. Their
experience is based on activities that are very similar to board drying but
they have not been the subject of specific training.
Level 3 criterion: The operators performing the board drying operation are experienced. It has
been possible to determine their experience by means of formal documents
that have not been validated by an independent authority.
Level 4 criterion: The operators performing the board drying operation are experienced. Their
experience is based on similar drying activities. It has been possible to
determine this capitalization of experience by means of formal documents
that have been validated by an independent authority.

209
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Mark : 5.6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 47
Recommendation : Give the instructions (protocol and special
instructions to be obeyed) to the operators
A workstation sheet or any other means of information describing the actions to be performed
and the various instructions and protocols to be implemented must be provided to the operators.
Level 1 criterion: There are no instructions for the operators.
Level 2 criterion: A certain number of instructions are made available at the workstation, but
they are not necessarily given to the operator.
Level 3 criterion: The instructions relative to the activity to be performed exist and are
formalized in documents (workstation sheets, protocols, etc.). They are given
to each operator in charge of performing an activity. These documents have
not been validated by an authority independent from the operating entity.

Level 4 criterion: The instructions relative to the activity to be performed exist and are
formalized in documents (workstation sheets, protocols, etc.). They are given
to each operator in charge of performing an activity. These documents have
been validated beforehand by an authority independent from the operating
entity.

210
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Mark : 6.9
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 49
Recommendation : Perform temperature profile recordings for
each of the brazing system's programs to
ensure that the article is not aggressed
Take readings of the temperature profiles for each of the brazing system's programs to make it
possible to know precisely what levels have been applied (amplitude and duration so as to
verify that the desired range is complied with during the accomplishment of the activity).

Level 1 criterion: No readings are taken during the accomplishment of the program.
Level 2 criterion: A certain number of readings taken during the accomplishment of the
program can be used to trace the levels applied to the subassembly. These
readings are taken episodically and do not comply with any precise
formalism.
Level 3 criterion: Readings are taken making it possible to know precisely what levels were
applied to the subassemblies. They are taken according to a predefined
formalism (document indicating the protocol, the frequency, etc.) but have
not been validated by an authority independent from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: Readings making it possible to know precisely what levels were applied to
the subassemblies are taken. They are taken according to a predefined
formalism (document indicating the protocol, the frequency, etc.) and these
documents have been validated by an authority independent from the
operating entity.

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Mark : 7.2
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 50
Recommendation : Eliminate any possibility of ambiguity relative to the
use of a tool so as not to have a mismatch
between the means of production and the subassembly
to which it is applied
The description of the actions to be performed when applying a production tool to a
subassembly must be sufficiently explicit to prevent any interpretation by the operator that would
result in the accidental use of an inappropriate means.
It must be ensured that the reliability of subassemblies will not be altered by the unsuitability of
the tools used.

Level 1 criterion: There is no explicit description ensuring that there will not be any mismatch
between the means of production and the subassembly.
Level 2 criterion: A certain number of criteria to be verified to ensure the appropriateness of
the means with respect to the subassembly exist, but they are not formally
identified in a document.
Level 3 criterion: A certain number of criteria to be verified to ensure the appropriateness of
the means with respect to the subassembly exist. They have been formally
identified in a document which has not been validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: Each means of production is accompanied by a description of the set of
parameters to be checked before being used on a subassembly.
This description is sufficiently explicit to ensure that the means identified is
suited to the subassembly. The set of parameters to be checked is
formalized in a document which has been validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 7.6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 52
Recommendation : Record (on a Problem Sheet) the problems
that must lead to the application of corrective
and/or preventive actions
The recording on a Problem Sheet type document makes it possible to follow up any
malfunctioning.
This problem sheet is one of the main documents enabling the implementation of preventives
and/or corrective maintenance actions.
This fits into a traceability system enabling the management of nonconformities (products and
means).

Level 1 criterion: There is no record or traceability of the problems encountered during

equipment production.
Level 2 criterion: The critical points are identified and can be transmitted to initiate corrective
actions, but there is no formalization.
Level 3 criterion: Each problem relative to equipment production, whatever its nature, is
identified, recorded in a document provided for that purpose and can
therefore be used for preventive and corrective maintenance. However, there
has not been any validation of this form of capitalization.
Level 4 criterion: Each problem relative to equipment production, whatever its nature, is
identified, recorded in a document provided for that purpose according to a
predefined formalism. This and more particularly the way of recording the
information for reuse during preventive and corrective maintenance, has
been validated by an authority independent from the operating entity.

213
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Mark : 3.1
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 90
Recommendation : Manage the priorities to be complied
with according to the end-of-dossier dates
The production of the various subassemblies and their integration is carried out on the basis of
scheduled tasks that can correspond to simultaneous activities. The priorities must be managed
in order to ensure that only a minimum number of subassemblies have to be stored (any delay
in the production routing of a piece of equipment is equated with storage, and additional
handling of the subassemblies) and therefore limit the possibilities of the parts' reliability being
degraded.

Level 1 criterion: There is no prioritization in the production of equipment.

Level 2 criterion: According to the equipment production schedule, a certain priority is given to
the subassemblies so as to minimize the handling and storage operations.
These priorities are not covered by formal documents.
Level 3 criterion: A real priority management system has been put in place according to the
end-of-dossier dates. This schedule is based on formal documents but they
have not been validated by an authority independent from the operating
entity.
Level 4 criterion: A real priority management system has been put in place according to the
end-of-dossier dates. This schedule is based on formal documents that have
been validated by an authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 7.3
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 93
Recommendation : Identify and implement the means for
protecting the subassemblies
List and implement the means of protection required to ensure that the reliability of the
subassembly is not reduced.
Level 1 criterion: No particular means of protection have been identified.
Level 2 criterion: The means of protection have been identified, but they are only partially
applied in the various activities.
Level 3 criterion: The means of protection have been identified and their application verified.
Level 4 criterion: The means of protection have been identified subsequent to a periodic
analysis of the problems observed and their application is verified.

215
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Mark : 5.8
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 127
Recommendation : Measure the contamination of baths by sample-taking
(frequency to be defined) so as not to exceed
the contamination rate during this activity
Measure the contamination of the baths by sample-taking (frequency to be defined) so as not to
exceed the contamination rate authorized during this activity.
Any excess contamination will increase the risks of the solder's reliability being reduced.
Level 1 criterion: There is no measurement of the solder bath's contamination rate.
Level 2 criterion: Measurements of the solder bath's contamination rates are carried out.
These measurements are carried out at random and are not subject to any
formalization.
Level 3 criterion: Measurements of the solder bath's contamination rates are carried out.
These measurements are carried out according to a protocol and an
identified frequency. All of these points which must be complied with are
described in a document, but it has not been validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: Measurements of the solder bath's contamination rates are carried out.
These measurements are carried out according to a protocol and an
identified frequency. All of these points which must be complied with are
described in a document that has been validated by an authority independent
from the operating entity.

216
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Mark : 5.3
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 131
Recommendation : Put in place a self-checking system to filter out
human errors that could reduce
the reliability of the subassembly
Put in place a self-checking system to filter out human errors that could reduce the reliability of
the subassembly.
Level 1 criterion: No self-check of the task performed has been put in place.
Level 2 criterion: There is a self-check procedure at the end of the activity, but it does not
correspond to any formal document.
Level 3 criterion: There is a self-check procedure at the end of the activity. It is carried out
according to a predefined protocol formalized by a document.
Level 4 criterion: There is a self-check procedure at the end of the activity. It is carried out
according to a protocol that has been validated by an authority independent
from the operating entity. This protocol is formalized by a document.

217
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Mark : 6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 132
Recommendation : Put in place indicators making it possible to check
that there will be a good solder at the time of
COTS item die bonding
There must not be any possibility of the reliability being reduced by nonconforming solders
(missing, excess or off-center) at the time of electronic component die bonding activities.
Indicators (quantity removed, appearance after die bonding, etc) must be identified and their
follow-up must be put in place (check by the operator, etc.) in order to detect all these causes of
reduced subassembly reliability.

Level 1 criterion: There are no indicators making it possible to check good soldering at the
time of die bonding.
Level 2 criterion: Indicators making it possible to ensure that the solders put in place are
correct. They are not, however, based on a formal study or do not meet any
formally expressed criteria.
Level 3 criterion: Indicators making it possible to ensure that the solders put in place are
correct. They are based on a document giving their level of information,
however this document has not been validated by an independent authority.
Level 4 criterion: Indicators making it possible to ensure that the solders put in place are
correct. They are based on a document giving their level of information and
the protocol to be applied. Furthermore, these documents have been
validated by an authority independent from the operating entity.

218
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Mark : 8
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 208
Recommendation : Put in place counter-ESD protections for
subassemblies during handling and storage
Put in place counter-ESD protections for the subassemblies during handling and storage.
Level 1 criterion: Counter-ESD protection is not covered.
Level 2 criterion: The counter-ESD protection is subject to non-formalized rules and practices.
Level 3 criterion: The counter-ESD protection is subject to validated procedures defining
recognized practices for protecting the subassemblies.
Level 4 criterion: The counter-ESD protection is subject to validated procedures whose follow-
up control is effective.

219
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Mark : 4.9
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 133
Recommendation : Put periodic verifications in place
enabling the follow-up of the tools
used to check the means of production
A certain number of parameters relative to the production means are provided by the verification
tools (probes, sensors, detectors, etc.).
A follow-up of these verification tools is required periodically (frequency to be defined) to ensure
the reliability of the measurements performed.
The difference between the stress really applied by the means of production and the
measurement of that stress must be minimal and perfectly measurable.

Level 1 criterion: There is no periodic verification for following up the tools used to check the
means of production.
Level 2 criterion: The tools and instruments used to check the means of production are
verified on a one-off basis but without following a formal verification plan.

Level 3 criterion: The tools and instruments used to check the means of production are
verified periodically. These verifications (frequency and procedures) are
formalized by documents but these latter are not subject to a validation by an
authority independent from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: The tools and instruments used to check the means of production are
checked periodically. These verifications (frequency and procedures) are
formalized by documents and these latter are validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity

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Mark : 6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 134
Recommendation : Put adequate protections in place to ensure that
the subassemblies are not degraded
when they are cleaned
Put adequate protections in place, if necessary, so as not to degrade the article during this
activity.
Since the purpose of these protections is to isolate part of the subassembly, their efficiency after
accomplishment of the activity must be appreciable (checks, measurements).

Level 1 criterion: No specific protection is used when cleaning the subassemblies.

Level 2 criterion: A certain number of protections are put in place at the time of the
subassembly cleaning activity. These protections may be specific to certain
boards but are not covered by formal documents.
Level 3 criterion: A certain number of protections are put in place at the time of the
subassembly cleaning activity. The identification of the protections according
to the types of subassembly and the adequate procedures to be applied are
formalized in one or more documents.
Level 4 criterion: A certain number of protections are put in place at the time of the
subassembly cleaning activity. The identification of the protections according
to the types of subassembly and the adequate procedures to be applied are
formalized in one or more documents which have been validated by an
authority independent from the operating entity.

221
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Mark : 6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 135
Recommendation : Put in place a "filtering" by the logisticians at the time
of entry into the stores
(exclusion of nonconforming articles)
A so-called "filtering" step must be identified and must be implemented before any definitive
entry of articles into the stores.
The logisticians must therefore ensure that any problem that has not been detected until then will
not enable a nonconforming article, which could therefore potentially reduce reliability during the
rest of the process, to enter the stores.

Level 1 criterion: There is no filtering by the logisticians before articles enter the stores.

Level 2 criterion: Certain parameters are monitored at the time of entry into the stores but they
are not subject to any formalization.
Level 3 criterion: A real filtering of the articles is performed by each logistician before they
enter the stores. This filtering is formally described (parameters, special
points, etc.) by means of a set of documents. However, no authority
independent from the logisticians has validated these documents.
Level 4 criterion: A real filtering of the articles is performed by each logistician before they
enter the stores. This filtering is formally described (parameters, special
points, etc.) by means of a set of documents. The pertinence of the
information contained in these documents, and the way it is implemented,
are subject to validation by an authority independent from the operating
entity.

222
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Mark : 5.1
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 136
Recommendation : Put in place a self-test of the test tools making it
possible to detect any problems
Put in place a self-test of the testers making it possible to detect any problems.
It must not be possible to perform any test if the self-test is not conclusive or if a traced
concession (authorization to perform the test but with marking and signed follow-up sheet that
cannot be separated from the article) does not accompany the article thus tested.

Level 1 criterion: No self-test is performed on the testers.

Level 2 criterion: A self-test of the testers is performed. This self-test is performed without any
formal document or study that determines its efficiency and the limits.

Level 3 criterion: A self-test of the testers is performed. This self-test is covered by documents
making it possible to know the degree of efficiency and the procedure. But
these documents are not subject to any validation by an authority
independent from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: A self-test of the testers is performed. This self-test is covered by documents
making it possible to know the degree of efficiency and the procedure.
Furthermore these documents have been validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.

223
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Mark : 5.6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 137
Recommendation : Put in place a cross-check to optimize the
final check of the varnishing of subassemblies
This cross-check ensures a filtering out of nonconformities before the subassembly continues
through the equipment production process.
The final check activity is the last stage at which an error, caused by unreliable varnishing and
which could reduce the subassembly's reliability, can be identified.

Level 1 criterion: There is no cross-check at the level of the final check of the varnishing.
Level 2 criterion: A cross-check is performed at the time of the final check of the subassembly
varnishing activity. However this inspection method is not covered by a
documented formal description.
Level 3 criterion: A cross-check is performed at the time of the final check of the subassembly
varnishing activity. The effectiveness of this method has been measured and
the procedure and the scope of the check are formally described in
documents.
Level 4 criterion: A cross-check is performed at the time of the final check of the subassembly
varnishing activity. The effectiveness of this method has been measured and
the procedure and the scope of the check are formally described in validated
documents.

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Mark : 4.5
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 138
Recommendation : Put in place a check of the equipment production
process by SPC card (Statistical
Process Control)
The utilization of statistical process control by drawing up SPC (Statistical Process Control)
cards will make it possible to check the correct accomplishment of certain activities at precise
moments in the equipment production phase.
The activities that are checked in this way are those where there is the greatest probability
(statistical) of having a nonconformity that would reduce the reliability of the subassembly.

Level 1 criterion: There is no process control in production using SPC cards.

Level 2 criterion: A means of process control in equipment production using SPC cards or a
similar method exists, but it is not formally described in a document.
Level 3 criterion: A means of process control in equipment production with SPC cards is used.
This statistical control is formalized and its effectiveness is known with
respect to the process to be checked.
Level 4 criterion: A means of process control in equipment production with SPC cards is used.
This statistical control is formalized and its effectiveness is known with
respect to the process to be checked. The means has been validated by an
authority independent from the operating entity.

225
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Mark : 5.8
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 139
Recommendation : Put in place a detailed description of the
varnishing protocol
The special nature of the varnishing activity requires a precise description of the protocol and
actions to be performed in parallel to ensure reliable accomplishments of the task.
Level 1 criterion: There is no description of the varnishing procedure for the operator.
Level 2 criterion: The various actions to be performed to accomplish board varnishing are
known and are available via various documents. However, these documents
are too broadly dispersed to provide the operator with a view of the clearly
expressed protocol.
Level 3 criterion: The various actions and operations to be performed to accomplish board
varnishing are covered by document formalizing the protocol to be applied.
This document has not, however, been validated by an authority independent
from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: The various actions and operations to be performed to accomplish board
varnishing are covered by a document formalizing the protocol to be applied.
Furthermore, this document has been read and validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.

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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 6.4
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 140
Recommendation : Put in place a labeling system making it possible
to identify and withdraw expired consumables
Since the unintentional use of expired consumables (which are no longer reliable) may have a
negative impact on the quality and therefore on the reliability of the equipment, a certain number
of methods appropriate for the preservation, identification and, if necessary, the withdrawal of
the incriminated consumables must be implemented.
The systematic reading of the labels identifying each product, and giving all the information
relative to its expiry, before the product is used, makes it possible to reduce the risks of using
products that will degrade the equipment's reliability.

Level 1 criterion: There is no labeling or sign indicating the expiry dates of the consumables.
Level 2 criterion: The consumables are identified by a label or another means but there is no
formal document indicating what information must be provided on these
labels.
Level 3 criterion: The consumables are correctly identified by a label.
All of the information required for this identification is formally described in
documents, but they have not been subject to any validation by an authority
independent from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: The consumables are correctly identified by a label.
All of the information required for this identification is formally described in
documents, which have been validated by an authority independent from the
operating entity.

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Mark : 4.7
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 141
Recommendation : Put in place real-time processing of the test follow-up
indicators to prevent degradation of the
article as soon as a problem appears
This involves monitoring of the test follow-up indicators to make it possible to intervene
immediately, with:
- a definition of the tolerances outside of which it is considered that there is a problem
- an alarm as soon as a problem is detected
- a suspension of the activity in progress so as not to stress the subassembly
- a compulsory intervention and correction of the problem before there is any possibility of
resuming and pursuing the activity.

Level 1 criterion: There is no real-time processing of the test follow-up indicators.

Level 2 criterion: There are a certain number of indicators that are used to identify any
problem that has occurred during the test. These indicators are not subject to
any formal plan.
Level 3 criterion: All of the test follow-up indicators are processed in real time. Documents
formalize the way that these indicators are to be processed. However, these
data have not been validated by an authority independent from the operating
entity.
Level 4 criterion: All of the test follow-up indicators are processed in real time. Documents
formalize the way that these indicators are to be processed. Furthermore,
these documents have been validated by an authority independent from the
operating entity.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 142
Recommendation : Put in place a preventive maintenance system (in the
framework of metrology) preventing any possibility
of the article being aggressed
This maintenance by metrological follow-up of the production tool parameters must make it
possible to overcome the risk of reliability of an element being degraded due to the aggression
of the subassembly (overstress). Furthermore, the application of parameters that do not
correspond exactly to those stipulated (too low a temperature, etc.) does not make it possible to
guarantee the reliable nature of the operation.

Level 1 criterion: No preventive maintenance measures by metrological follow-up have been

put in place.
Level 2 criterion: A certain number of metrology actions, that can be equated with preventive
maintenance, are carried out.
Level 3 criterion: A real metrological follow-up is included in the preventive maintenance plan
which is applied. One or more documents formalize these actions even if
they have not been the subject of a validation by an organization
independent from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: A real metrological follow-up is included in the preventive maintenance plan
which is applied. One or more documents formalize these actions and this
preventive maintenance plan has been validated by an organization
independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 6.1
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 143
Recommendation : Only validate and authorize oven operation by
checking any drift or malfunctioning
(by means of probes or other monitoring systems)
The activity must be carried out under a permanent monitoring of a certain number of
fundamental parameters and it must be possible to identify whether, during the activity, the
subassembly has undergone any overstress or been the victim of a malfunctioning.
Level 1 criterion: There is no particular verification conditioning the operation of the ovens.

Level 2 criterion: There are a certain number of malfunction indicators on the ovens. They can
provide information to the operator wishing to bake a subassembly.
However, there is no formal document that serves as baseline to pronounce
any operating authorization.
Level 3 criterion: A real monitoring of any drift and of the malfunction indicators is carried out
by the operator. There are documents that serve as baseline to authorize
oven operation, even if they have not been the subject of any validation by
an authority independent from the operating entity.

Level 4 criterion: A real monitoring of any drift and of the malfunction indicators is carried out
by the operator. There are documents that serve as baseline to authorize
oven operation. These documents have been validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 157
Recommendation : Possess high and low safeties connected to the
control and monitoring systems (systematic
shutdown and analysis by a technician
before restarting)
Possess high and low safeties connected to the control and monitoring systems (systematic
shutdown of the cycle and analysis by a technician before restarting).
Level 1 criterion: There is no control parameter value resulting in the systematic shutdown of
the activity when this value is reached.
Level 2 criterion: The control and monitoring means can cause an interruption of the activity.
However, there are no documents indicating the values beyond which there
must be a systematic shutdown.
Level 3 criterion: There are high and low safeties on the control and monitoring means. They
are formally identified in a document specific to each system.
Level 4 criterion: There are high and low safeties on the control and monitoring means. They
are formally identified in a document specific to each system. Furthermore,
these documents and shutdown procedures have been validated by an
authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 6.5
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 162
Recommendation : Have in place a qualification plan for the method
of removing the varnishing masking used
so as not to reduce the reliability of the subassembly
Have in place a qualification plan for the method used to remove the masking used so as not to
reduce the reliability of the subassembly.
Indeed, the risks of humidity penetrating and thus degrading the reliability of the subassembly are
great if certain precautions are not taken by the operator.

Level 1 criterion: There is no plan specific to the method used for removing the masking.
Level 2 criterion: The masking is removed according to a particular method but there is no
formal document describing it.
Level 3 criterion: A plan for qualifying the method of removing the masking after varnishing of
the subassemblies is applied by the operators. This plan is formally
explained by means of specific documents.
Level 4 criterion: A plan for qualifying the method of removing the masking after varnishing of
the subassemblies is applied by the operators. This plan is formally
explained by means of specific documents which have been validated by an
authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 6.5
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 168
Recommendation : Put in place an inspection step (even visual) of the
correct application of the masking installation activity
before varnishing
Put in place an inspection step (even visual) of the correct application of masking installation for
varnishing.
Level 1 criterion: There is no particular visual inspection for the installation of the masking
before varnishing.
Level 2 criterion: An inspection specific to the installation of masking for varnishing is carried
out, however there is no document describing the procedure to be applied for
this inspection.
Level 3 criterion: An inspection step specific to the installation of masking for varnishing is
carried out. This particular inspection is subject to a correctly formalized
procedure. These documents have not, however, been validated by an
independent authority.
Level 4 criterion: An inspection step specific to the installation of masking for varnishing is
carried out. This particular inspection is subject to a correctly formalized
procedure. These documents have been validated by an independent
authority.

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Mark : 4.7
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 169
Recommendation : Put in place a preventive maintenance procedure
making it possible to detect any problems,
before a means of production is used on a subassembly
Put in place (by implementing a plan based on a maintenance strategy) a preventive
maintenance procedure making it possible to detect any problems before utilization on the
article.
This maintenance must be covered by a maintenance plan indicating the periodicity, parameters
to be checked, critical levels, margins, etc.

Level 1 criterion: There is no preventive maintenance plan at the level of equipment production.
Level 2 criterion: A certain number of parameters have to be checked in the framework of
preventive maintenance. These points are not exhaustive and are not covered
by a formal document.
Level 3 criterion: There is preventive maintenance on the means of equipment production. This
is detailed in a documented maintenance plan.
This plan has not been validated as a whole.
Level 4 criterion: There is preventive maintenance on the means of equipment production. This
is detailed in a documented maintenance plan which has been validated by an
authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 6.4
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 171
Recommendation : Respect a rest period between each screen printing
operation so as not to overstress the article
A rest period between each screen printing operation must be left for the thermalization of the
board so as not to overstress the article.
There must be a procedure specifying this requirement and describing the method.
Level 1 criterion: There is no particular rest period left between the various die bonding
operations on a subassembly.
Level 2 criterion: A certain number of measures are implemented at the time of component die
bonding to comply with the rest period between two screen printing
operations so as not to reduce the reliability of the subassembly. These
actions are not, however, formalized by any documents.
Level 3 criterion: There is a document explicitly describing the times and actions to be
respected at the level of die bonding components to the board. This
document has not, however, been validated by an authority independent
from the operating entity.

Level 4 criterion: There is a document explicitly describing the times and actions to be
respected at the level of die bonding components to the board. Furthermore,
this document has been validated by an authority independent from the
operating entity.

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Mark : 6,7
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 173
Recommendation : Revise and make robust the maintenance plans
relative to the means of production to eliminate any possibility
of degradation on the COTS item connections

The set of preventive and corrective maintenance operations for maintaining the condition of the
production means and tools, must be the subject of a plan that is revised periodically in order to
prevent any utilization of a tool whose parameters may have changed (drift, etc.) and could
therefore cause damage (physical deformations of a COTS item's connections) at the time of
the placement operations.

Level 1 criterion: There is no revision and recording of the maintenance plan relative to the
means of production specifically concerning the handling of COTS.
Level 2 criterion: The maintenance plans for the means of production are revised but there is
no document describing the frequency of these revisions, nor the particular
points liable to change.
Level 3 criterion: There is a documentation describing the points to be revised and made
robust in terms of maintenance of the means of production. The frequency of
these revisions and all of the actions aiming to reduce the possibilities of
degradations due to the drift of parameters has not, however, been the
subject of validation by an authority independent from the operating entity.
Level 4 criterion: There is a documentation describing the points to be revised and made
robust in terms of maintenance of the means of production. The frequency of
these revisions and all of the actions aiming to eliminate the possibilities of
degradations due to the drift of parameters has been validated by an
authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 5.2
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 174
Recommendation : Ensure the efficiency of the final inspection of
varnishing quality through a strict application of the
inspection procedure
Ensure the efficiency of the final inspection of varnishing quality through a strict application of
the inspection procedure. This ultimate inspection must be performed to check that the
subassembly has passed each basic step and its associated inspection (verification of the
various validations of the documents associated with the subassembly) in compliance with a
formalized procedure.

Level 1 criterion: There is no procedure describing this final inspection.

Level 2 criterion: The final inspection of all the varnishing activities is carried out by reviewing
a certain number of points considered critical, even if a document is not
formally applied to perform these actions.
Level 3 criterion: The final inspection of all the varnishing activities is carried out by reviewing
a certain number of points considered critical. The various actions to be
performed are subject to a documented procedure.
Level 4 criterion: The final inspection of all the varnishing activities is carried out by reviewing
a certain number of points considered critical. The various actions to be
performed are subject to a documented procedure. Furthermore, this
document has been validated by an authority independent from the operating
entity.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 175
Recommendation : Control varnish preparation (dosing)
by means of a qualified procedure
and verification measurements
Control varnish preparation (dosing) by means of a qualified procedure and measurements
making it possible to check this before utilization.
Level 1 criterion: No qualified procedure or check for verifying the quality of the varnish
prepared.
Level 2 criterion: The preparation of the varnish is controlled by the verification of a certain
number of points. However, there is no document formalizing this verification.
Level 3 criterion: The preparation of the varnish is controlled by the verification of a certain
number of points. These points and the procedure to be applied are
formalized in a document.
Level 4 criterion: The preparation of the varnish is controlled by the verification of a certain
number of points. These points and the procedure to be applied are
formalized in a document which has been validated by an independent
authority.

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Mark : 4.4
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 178
Recommendation : Promote operator awareness and examine ways for
ensuring the real-time updating of their skills
Promote operator awareness for the final test activities and examine how to ensure real-time
updating of their skills.
Level 1 criterion: There is no plan in place for promoting awareness and bringing the
operators' knowledge up to standard.
Level 2 criterion: Promotion of the operators' awareness of particular activities and the one-off
updating of their skills is ensured. However, there is no document formalizing
these actions.
Level 3 criterion: Promotion of the operators' awareness of particular activities and the one-off
updating of their skills according to the needs is ensured. These actions are
covered by documents carefully describing the actions to be performed. But
these documents have not been validated.
Level 4 criterion: Promotion of the operators' awareness of particular activities and the one-off
updating of their skills according to the needs is ensured. These actions are
covered by documents carefully describing the actions to be performed and
these documents have been validated by an authority independent from the
operating entity.

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Mark : 4.5
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 179
Recommendation : Make sure that there is maintenance of the means
and that this maintenance is subject to follow-up
Make sure that there is maintenance of the means of production and that this maintenance is
subject to follow-up, ensuring in particular that the latest nonconformities are taken into account.
Level 1 criterion: There is no follow-up of the maintenance of the means of production.
Level 2 criterion: The means of production are subject to maintenance and this maintenance is
followed up. However, there is no formal documented maintenance plan
indicating the frequency of this maintenance and its compulsory application
points.
Level 3 criterion: A real maintenance of the means of production is in place. It is subject to
follow-up based on a plan indicating all the compulsory application points
and the frequency of the various actions.
Level 4 criterion: A real maintenance of the means of production is in place. It is subject to
follow-up based on a plan indicating all the compulsory application points
and the frequency of the various actions. Furthermore, these documents
have been validated by an authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 5.5
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 180
Recommendation : Make sure that the operator has received the
appropriate training (qualification) for the activity
Make sure that the operator has received appropriate training (qualification) for the activity.

Level 1 criterion: There is no verification of the appropriateness of the training provided to an

operator for a workstation.
Level 2 criterion: There is a verification making it possible to ensure that the operator who has
to perform the task has actually received appropriate training beforehand.
Level 3 criterion: There is a verification making it possible to ensure that the operator who has
to perform the identified task has actually received appropriate training
beforehand. This verification complies with a formal procedure for a complete
review of the various points.
Level 4 criterion: There is a verification making it possible to ensure that the operator who has
to perform the identified task has actually received appropriate training
beforehand. This verification complies with a formal procedure for a complete
review of the various points. The procedure has been validated by an
authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 5.1
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 181
Recommendation : Make sure that the procedure for implementing
the means is known
Make sure that the procedure for implementing the means at an equipment production
workstation is known by the person who is to perform the task.
Level 1 criterion: There is no procedure or the operator does not have access to it at the
workstation.

Level 2 criterion: A procedure explicitly describing the implementation of the means of

production at the workstation exists. However, the operator can implement
the means without any assurance that he is aware of that procedure. The
format proposed is not suited to ensuring that he is systematically made
aware of it.

Level 3 criterion: A procedure explicitly describing the implementation of the means of

production at the workstation exists. It is formalized in such a way as to
oblige the operator to take cognizance of it before implementing the means
(visual warning when the means is put into operation, etc).
Level 4 criterion: A procedure explicitly describing the implementation of the means of
production at the workstation exists. It is formalized in such a way as to
oblige the operator to take cognizance of it before implementing the means
(visual warning when the means is put into operation, etc.). Furthermore, this
formalism has been validated by an authority independent from the operating
entity.

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Mark : 6.7
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 182
Recommendation : Make sure that the software loaded is the right
one and keep the identification of its version
Make sure that the software loaded is the right one and, more particularly, that it actually
corresponds to the latest version to be used in the subassembly.
This identification information must, in addition, be the subject of traceability through the rest of
the process.

Level 1 criterion: There is no identification of the software loaded.

Level 2 criterion: After loading of the software in a hardware subassembly, an identifier of the
software loaded is provided, ensuring that it is conform to the subassembly.
However, there is no document describing precisely the format or the
recording of this identifier.
Level 3 criterion: Each time a software is loaded, the operator has the version of the software
to be used. An identifier of the version used is provided after the operation.
Level 4 criterion: Each time a software is loaded, the operator has the version of the software
to be used. An identifier of the version used is provided after the operation.
A cross-check is formalized.

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Mark : 6.6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 183
Recommendation : Secure the means (oven T°) through direct
monitoring using probes and recordings
to avoid overstress
It must be possible to detect and quantify (moment of occurrence, stress level with respect to
the required parameters) any overstress.
It must be possible to visualize this detection in real time and not only at the end of the activity
so that it is possible to intervene during the application, thus reducing the overstress on the
subassembly and therefore limit its degradation.

Level 1 criterion: There is no particular safety.

Level 2 criterion: There are monitoring systems or other indicators in place making it possible
to know whether the parameters to be applied by the means to the
subassembly have been respected. However there is no study or formal
document covering these special monitoring actions.
Level 3 criterion: There are monitoring systems or other indicators in place making it possible
to know whether the parameters to be applied by the means to the
subassembly have been respected. There are documents formalizing the
level of coverage and the putting in place of these direct monitoring systems.
Level 4 criterion: There are monitoring systems or other indicators in place making it possible
to know whether the parameters to be applied by the means to the
subassembly have been respected. There are documents formalizing the
level of coverage and the putting in place of these direct monitoring systems.
The monitoring plan thus drawn up has been validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 187
Recommendation : Promote personnel awareness relative to
performing a visual verification after
placement and before re-fusion
With a view to reducing the number of problems that are not detected at the time of inspections
relying on human factors (visual inspection in this case), it is important to promote the
awareness of the personnel in charge of this activity in order to reduce as much as possible the
risk linked to human factors or to the non-detection of a problem.

Level 1 criterion: There is no particular verification performed after the placement of the
components and before re-fusion.
Level 2 criterion: A verification of the correct accomplishment of the placement activity before
re-fusion can be performed by the operator. This verification is not, however,
described formally.
Level 3 criterion: A verification of the correct accomplishment of the placement activity before
re-fusion is performed by the operator. This verification is carried out in
accordance with a procedure (from the mentioning of a simple visual
inspection through to the description of the points to be checked
systematically).
Level 4 criterion: A verification of the correct accomplishment of the placement activity before
re-fusion is performed by the operator. This verification is carried out in
accordance with a procedure (from the mentioning of a simple visual
inspection through to the description of the points to be checked
systematically). Furthermore, this procedure has been validated by an
authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 188
Recommendation : Promote operator awareness relative to the verification
of the quality of the soldering flux deposit
(implementation of a check which must be indicated
in the article's follow-up sheet)
Promote operator awareness relative to the verification of the quality of the soldering flux deposit.
Since this operation requires a special verification at the end of its accomplishment, the putting in
place of an electronic bar code reading as verification phase must enable a satisfactory follow-up
of this verification and the performance of this verification must be recorded in the article's follow-
up sheet.

Level 1 criterion: There is no particular verification performed for checking the correct deposit
of the solder flux.
Level 2 criterion: A verification of the satisfactory accomplishment of the solder flux depositing
activity (quantity, appearance, etc.) is performed by the operator. This
verification is not, however, formally described.
Level 3 criterion: A verification of the satisfactory accomplishment of the solder flux depositing
activity (quantity, appearance, etc.) is performed by the operator. This
verification is carried out according to a procedure enabling traceability (bar
code reading of the manufacturing follow-up sheet for example).
Level 4 criterion: A verification of the satisfactory accomplishment of the solder flux depositing
activity (quantity, appearance, etc.) is performed by the operator. This
verification is carried out according to a procedure enabling traceability (bar
code reading of the manufacturing follow-up sheet for example).
Furthermore, these means of verification and there putting in place has been
validated by an authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 8.3
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 195
Recommendation : Process the problems
Put in place a system for processing the problems that could cover the whole FIDES life cycle.

This system is designed to:

Record the circumstances under which the problem occurred
The P/N of the defective article
Propose a remedial action
Analyze the causes of the problem
Propose corrective/preventive actions
Check the effectiveness of the corrective/preventive actions

This system includes processing making it possible to:

- quickly find any identical problems that have been detected previously
- draw up statistics
- and which can be used for feedback purposes.

Level 1 criterion: There is no problem processing system in place

Level 2 criterion: A problem processing system has been put in place by the manufacturer,
and it partially meets the requirements of the recommendation. It is not
completely applied to the project.
Level 3 criterion: A problem processing system has been put in place by the manufacturer,
and it partially meets the requirements of the recommendation. It is applied
completely to the project.
Level 4 criterion: A problem processing system has been put in place by the manufacturer,
and it completely meets the requirements of the recommendation. It is
applied completely to the project.

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Mark : 5.5
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 201
Recommendation : Ensure inventories are put in place with
automation of reminders (exclusion of
nonconforming articles)
The putting in place of inventories with the assurance of reminders being issued in the case of
non-validation of the periodic verification (to be defined) of the stock makes it possible to increase
the overall reliability by ensuring the exclusion of any part that does not meet the following
criteria:
- expiry
- correct designation or identification
- correct geographical location at the time of storage.

Level 1 criterion: No inventory or automatic inventory reminder is performed.

Level 2 criterion: A certain number of inventories are performed. The frequency of these
inventories is not, however, the subject of any formal plan.
Level 3 criterion: Regular inventories are performed. In the case of non-compliance with the
date of an inventory a reminder is systematically issued through to validation
of a new inventory. There are documents formalizing the actions to be
performed as well as the various follow-up forms that have to be updated.
Level 4 criterion: Regular inventories are performed. In the case of non-compliance with the
date of an inventory a reminder is systematically issued through to validation
of a new inventory. There are documents formalizing the actions to be
performed as well as the various follow-up forms that have to be updated.
The whole system has been validated by an authority independent from the
operating entity.

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Mark : 4.6
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 205
Recommendation : Check by means of an inspection operation
(bar code reading, reading of S/N) that you have
the right piece of equipment before starting the test
Check by means of an inspection operation (bar code reading, reading of the S/N) that you
have the right piece of equipment before starting the test.
Level 1 criterion: No verification is performed to ensure that the right piece of equipment is
going to be submitted to the test to be performed.
Level 2 criterion: A verification is performed on the type of equipment with respect to the test
to be performed. This verification is not formally described.
Level 3 criterion: A systematic verification is performed by identifying the equipment to be
tested. This is based on a documented procedure indicating the procedure to
be applied (bar code reading of an identifier, etc.).
Level 4 criterion: A systematic verification is performed by identifying the equipment to be
tested. This is based on a documented procedure indicating the procedure to
be applied (bar code reading of an identifier, etc.). This means of verification
has been validated by an authority independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 5.2
Phase : 3 EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION
N° : 206
Recommendation : Check that the test coverage for
the burn-in is correctly formalized
Check that the test coverage for the burn-in is correctly formalized.

Level 1 criterion: There is no verification of the test coverage rate during the burn-in phase.
Level 2 criterion: The test coverage rate during burn-in was verified when it was put in place.
No further verification has been performed with respect to any possible
changes (new technologies, etc.) .
Level 3 criterion: The test coverage rate during burn-in is verified. There is a document
describing the changes requiring a verification as well as the procedure to be
implemented.
Level 4 criterion: The test coverage rate during burn-in is verified. There is a document
describing the changes requiring a verification as well as the procedure to be
implemented. This whole document has been validated by an authority
independent from the operating entity.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 7
Recommendation : Ensure handling
Are there product handling methods and means in place for preventing the product from being
damaged or deteriorated?
· Define and specify the transport procedures.
· Individualize the means of handling

Level 1 criterion: The handling methods have not been defined, there are no specific means
for avoiding deteriorating the product when it is being handled.
Level 2 criterion: General handling constraints have been defined, but they are not specific to
a piece of equipment.
Level 3 criterion: Handling methods specific to a piece of equipment have been defined,
specific means are available for avoiding any deterioration during handling.
There is no verification of their application
Level 4 criterion: The product handling procedures are specifically defined, and associated
means are provided to avoid any deterioration of the product when it is being
handled. Verifications are performed to ensure these methods are applied.

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Mark : 6.7
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 8
Recommendation : Ensure the implementation of the corrective actions
Do the procedures relative to the corrective actions include the following?
- the effective processing of customer complaints and nonconformity reports relative to the

product.

- the search for the causes of the nonconformity with respect to the product, process and quality
system and the recording of the results of that search.
- the determining of the corrective actions required to eliminate the causes of nonconformities.
- the application of the control means for ensuring that the corrective action is implemented and
produces the required effect.

Level 1 criterion: There are no procedures relative to corrective actions

Level 2 criterion: Corrective actions are implemented in the event of customer complaints or
nonconformity reports, but they are not formalized.
Level 3 criterion: The procedures relative to the corrective actions include:
- the effective processing of customer complaints and of nonconformity reports relative to the product.

- the search for the causes of nonconformities relative to the product,

process and quality system and the recording of the results of this search.
- the determining of the corrective actions required to eliminate the causes
of nonconformities. These procedures do not define the application of the
control means for ensuring that the corrective action is implemented and
that it produces the required effect
Level 4 criterion: The procedures relative to the corrective actions include:
- the effective processing of customer complaints and of nonconformity reports relative to the product.

- the search for the causes of nonconformities relative to the product,

process and quality system and the recording of the results of this search.
- the determining of the corrective actions required to eliminate the causes
of nonconformities.
- the application of the control means to ensure that the corrective action is
implemented and that it produces the required effect.

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Mark : 6.8
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 9
Recommendation : Ensure the implementation of the preventive actions
Do the procedures relative to the preventive actions include the following?
- the utilization of appropriate sources of information such as processes and operations

affecting the quality of the product, concessions, audit results, quality-related records,

maintenance reports and customer complaints, in such a way as to detect, analyze and

eliminate the potential causes of nonconformities.

- the determining of appropriate steps for processing any problems requiring a preventive
action.
- the triggering of preventive actions and the application of control means for ensuring that they
produce the required effect.
- the assurance that the pertinent information relative to the actions implemented is submitted to
the management review.

Level 1 criterion: No procedure relative to preventive actions is implemented.

Level 2 criterion: The procedures relative to the preventive actions include:
- the utilization of appropriate sources of information such as processes
and operations affecting the quality of the product, concessions, audit
results, quality-related records, maintenance reports and customer
complaints, in such a way as to detect, analyze and eliminate the potential
causes of nonconformities.
- the determining of appropriate steps for processing any problems
requiring a preventive action.
The application of means making it possible to ensure that the preventive
actions produce the required effect is not ensured.
Level 3 criterion: The procedures relative to the preventive actions include:
- the utilization of appropriate sources of information such as processes
and operations affecting the quality of the product, concessions, audit
results, quality-related records, maintenance reports and customer
complaints, in such a way as to detect, analyze and eliminate the potential
causes of nonconformities.
- the determining of appropriate steps for processing any problems
requiring a preventive action.
- the triggering of preventive actions and the application of control means
for ensuring that they produce the required effect.
- the assurance that the pertinent information relative to the actions
implemented is not valid.

Level 4 criterion: The procedures relative to the preventive actions include:

- the utilization of appropriate sources of information such as processes
and operations affecting the quality of the product, concessions, audit
results, quality-related records, maintenance reports and customer
complaints, in such a way as to detect, analyze and eliminate the potential
causes of nonconformities.

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- the determining of appropriate steps for processing any problems

requiring a preventive action.
- the triggering of preventive actions and the application of control means
for ensuring that they produce the required effect.
- the assurance that the pertinent information relative to the actions implemented is submitted to the management review.

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Mark : 6
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 11
Recommendation : Ensure preservation
Are the packing, preservation and marking processes controlled to ensure conformity with the
specified requirements?
· Define a list of equipment requiring preservation.
· Propose a means of managing the specific means of preservation per product (dates,

modes, duration, etc.).

· Periodically check the quality of the means of preservation.

· Use means of preservation that are appropriate and specific to the products.

Level 1 criterion: The preservation of the equipment is not defined, the materials used for this
preservation are used according to their availability.
The information on the preservation dates, management modes and checks
to be performed is not filled in.
Level 2 criterion: Standard preservation is used for the equipment.
The preservation information is filled in.
No specific checks are performed on the preservation.
Level 3 criterion: Preservation specific to the product is provided for, with the associated
documentations.
No specific checks are performed on the preservation.
Level 4 criterion: Preservation specific to the product is provided for, with the associated
documentations.
A regular specific check of the preservations is provided for.
There is a procedure for regularly verifying the application of the periodic
checks.

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Mark : 6.2
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 12
Recommendation : Ensure storage
Are designated storage areas or premises used to prevent any damage or deterioration of the
product?
· Are appropriate measures taken to authorize reception in these areas and shipping from
them?
· Is the condition of the product in stock assessed at appropriate intervals in order to detect any
deterioration?
· Manage and check the storage area atmospheres.
· Individualize the positioning in storage.
· Manage the periodic interventions making it possible to maintain the product's characteristics
in storage (powering up, etc.).

Level 1 criterion: The equipment storage areas are not specific, the storage environment is not
taken into account.
Level 2 criterion: The equipment storage areas are not specific, the storage environment is
controlled and suited to the stored products.
Level 3 criterion: The equipment storage areas are specific.
The storage environment is controlled and suited to the stored products.
The storage positions are individualized.
The periodic interventions making it possible to maintain the product's
characteristics are performed.
Level 4 criterion: The equipment storage areas are specific.
The storage environment is controlled and suited to the stored products.
The storage positions are individualized.
The periodic interventions making it possible to maintain the product's
characteristics are performed.
The condition of the products in store is regularly checked, the stock is
verified and the storage conditions are regularly optimized.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 13
Recommendation : Ensure product traceability
When traceability is required, the system implemented must make it possible to: maintain the
product's identification throughout the life cycle, know the history (design dossier + changes)
and the destination (deliveries, scrapping) of all the products manufactured from the same batch
of raw materials or from the same manufacturing batch, find the identity of an assembly's
component parts and of the components of the next higher assembly, find the sequential
documentation relative to the production (manufacturing, assembly, inspection) of any given
product (e.g. configuration follow-up sheet with recording of the operations performed and of
any problems observed).

The traceability system must make it possible to know the configuration of the product ready to
be delivered, including any deviations between the real condition and the stipulated condition.

Level 1 criterion: No traceability of the product during its life cycle, the product is identified in a
unique way by its marking.
Level 2 criterion: There is traceability making it possible to identify the product but it does not
make it possible to know its origin or its history.
Level 3 criterion: There is traceability making it possible to identify the product and know its
history (Design Dossier + changes), however it does not make it possible to
know what documentation is associated with its life cycle (e.g. no
configuration follow-up sheet with recording of the operations performed and
of the problems observed).
Level 4 criterion: There is traceability making it possible to identify the product and know its
history (Design Dossier + changes), including the components – e.g. Date
Code.
It makes it possible to know what documentation is associated with its life
cycle (e.g. configuration follow-up sheet with recording of the operations
performed and of the problems observed).
Exhaustive application of the recommendation.

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Mark : 6.1
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 14
Recommendation : Ensure the delivery conditions
Does the supplier take steps to protect the quality of the product after the inspections and final
inspections?
· when that is specified contractually, is this protection extended to include delivery to
destination?
· does the supplier ensure, at the time of delivery, the presence of the accompanying

documentation relative to the product such as specified in the order and that it is protected

against loss and deterioration?

Level 1 criterion: The usual means for protecting the product at the time of delivery are not
used.
Level 2 criterion: Means of protecting the product's quality at the time of delivery to the
customer are used. The supplier does not ensure the presence of the
accompanying documents.
Level 3 criterion: Means of protecting the product's quality at the time of delivery to the
customer are used. The supplier ensures the presence of the accompanying
documents, but does not protect them against loss or deterioration.
Level 4 criterion: The supplier takes measures to protect the quality of the product at the time
of delivery to destination.
It ensures the presence of the accompanying documentation relative to the
product such as specified in the order and that it is protected against loss
and deterioration

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Mark : 7.2
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 15
Recommendation : Ensure the inspections and tests during the phase
The product must be inspected during the phase and be subject to tests in accordance with the
quality plan and/or the written procedures.

The product must remain blocked until the required inspections and tests have been completed
or until the required reports have been received and checked.

Level 1 criterion: No inspection or tests during the phase.

Level 2 criterion: Inspections are performed during the phase, but they are not formalized in
the form of written procedures or of a quality plan.
Level 3 criterion: Inspections are performed during the phase, and they are formalized in the
form of written procedures or of a quality plan. The completeness of these
inspections and tests is not always effective.
Level 4 criterion: Inspections are performed during the phase, and they are formalized in the
form of written procedures or of a quality plan. The completeness of these
inspections and tests is effective.

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Mark : 7.9
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 16
Recommendation : Perform the final inspections and tests
Perform all the final inspections and tests in accordance with the quality plan and/or the written
procedures.
· Do the quality plan and/or the procedures for the final inspections and tests require that all the
specified inspections and tests, including those specified for acceptance of the product, should
be performed and be conform with the requirements?
· Is it checked before delivery that:
- all the activities specified in the quality plan and/or the written procedures have been
satisfactorily accomplished?
- the data and the associated documentation are available and have been accepted?

Level 1 criterion: No final inspection or tests.

Level 2 criterion: Final inspections and tests are performed, but they are not described in strict
procedures or in a quality plan.
Level 3 criterion: Final inspections and tests are performed, and they are described in strict
procedures or in a quality plan. The application of these inspections and
tests is not verified and validated.
Level 4 criterion: Final inspections and tests are performed in accordance with the quality plan
and/or written procedures.
· The quality plan and/or the procedures for the final inspections and tests
require that all the specified inspections and tests, including those
specified for acceptance of the product or during its manufacture, should
be performed and that all the results should be conform to the
requirements.
· It is verified before delivery that:
- all the activities specified in the quality plan and/or the written
procedures have been satisfactorily accomplished.
- the data and the associated documentation are available (document of
the follow-up sheet type which records the configuration, the
operations performed and the problems observed) and have been
accepted.

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Mark : 6.7
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 17
Recommendation : Carry out the inspections and tests
specific to acceptance
Make sure that the incoming product is not used or implemented as long as it has not been
inspected or as long as its conformity with the specified requirements has not been verified in
another way.
· The verification of conformity with the specified requirements must be carried out in
accordance with the quality plan and/or with the written procedures;
· The inspections performed on the subcontractors' premises and the proof of conformity

provided must be taken into account to determine the importance and nature of the inspections

to be performed at the time of reception;

· When, for reasons of urgency, the incoming product is released before it has been checked, it
must be identified and this release recorded.

Level 1 criterion: No acceptance inspection or tests.

Level 2 criterion: Inspections and tests are performed on reception, but there is no description
of the procedures specific to these actions.
Level 3 criterion: The verification of the conformity with the specified requirements is carried
out in accordance with a quality plan and/or written procedures. There is no
follow-up of the products that have entered without any inspection in the
case of urgency.
Level 4 criterion: The verification of the conformity with the specified requirements is carried
out in accordance with a quality plan and/or written procedures.
The inspections performed on the subcontractors' premises and the proof of
conformity provided are taken into account to determine the importance and
nature of the inspections to be performed at the time of reception.
When, for reasons of urgency, the incoming product is released before it has
been checked, it is identified and this release is recorded.

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Mark : 7.5
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 21
Recommendation : Implement a control policy for the risks
associated with nonconformities
Is a policy implemented with a view to identifying, assessing and managing the potential risks
associated with nonconformities, not only for the products but also for all the design, scheduling,
manufacturing, assembly, inspection processes, etc?

Does this policy take into account the potential risks associated with human factors?

Level 1 criterion: There is no policy implemented with a view to assessing the risks of
nonconformity.
Level 2 criterion: A policy is applied with a view to identifying, assessing and managing the
potential risks associated with nonconformities, only on the products, but not
on all the design, scheduling, manufacturing, assembly, inspection
processes, etc.
Level 3 criterion: A policy is applied with a view to identifying, assessing and managing the
potential risks associated with nonconformities, not only on the products, but
also on all the design, scheduling, manufacturing, assembly, inspection
processes, etc.

This policy does not take into account the potential risks associated with
human factors.
Level 4 criterion: A policy is applied with a view to identifying, assessing and managing the
potential risks associated with nonconformities, not only on the products, but
also on all the design, scheduling, manufacturing, assembly, inspection
processes, etc.

This policy takes into account the potential risks associated with human
factors.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 37
Recommendation : Define the degree of nonconformity
Is the description of the accepted nonconformity or of the repairs performed recorded to indicate
the product's real condition?

· Are written procedures kept up to date defining the following at least?

- The processes for classifying the nonconformities and the control of the utilization of
nonconforming components in the finished products.
- The formal authorization process and the area of application for the personnel authorizing
the utilization of replacement materials and/or nonconforming products (concession
procedures).
- The process for controlling scrapped parts.

Level 1 criterion: There is no indication of the product's degree of nonconformity.

Level 2 criterion: The indication of the products' degree of nonconformity is only implemented
as an indication, its goal is not to take the decision concerning the utilization
of nonconforming material.
Level 3 criterion: The description of the accepted nonconformity or of the repairs performed is
recorded to indicate the product's real condition.
There are written procedures defining the process for classifying the
nonconformities and the control of the utilization of nonconforming
components in the finished products.
The process for authorizing the personnel to use replacement materials
and/or nonconforming products is not formalized.
Level 4 criterion: The description of the accepted nonconformity or of the repairs performed is
recorded to indicate the product's real condition.
There are written procedures defining:
- the process for classifying nonconformities and for controlling the
utilization of nonconforming components in the finished products.
- the formal authorization process and the area of application for the
personnel authorizing the utilization of replacement materials and/or
nonconforming products.
- the process for controlling scrapped parts.

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Mark : 7.5
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 40
Recommendation : Define the means required for the inspections
and tests on the product
The procedures for inspecting and testing the product must specify the resources (human,
material), the methods to be implemented, the acceptance criteria, and the methods to be used
to record the results.

These procedures must also define the training and, if necessary, specify the qualifications
required of the operators.

Level 1 criterion: There are no specified product inspection or test procedures.

There is no description of the acceptance methods and criteria.
Level 2 criterion: The product inspection and test procedures are specified.
The acceptance methods and criteria are described.
The results are not kept.
Level 3 criterion: The product inspection and test procedures are specified. The acceptance
methods and criteria are described. The results are not recorded or used for
feedback purposes. The procedures also describe the operators' training and
qualification.
Level 4 criterion: The product inspection and test procedures are specified.
The acceptance methods and criteria are described.
The results are recorded and used for feedback purposes.
The procedures also describe the operators' training and qualification.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 44
Recommendation : Have available the documents making it possible
to perform the incoming check on supplies
Where applicable, the purchasing documents must include the following:
- the type, category and any other precise identification,
- the title or any another formal identification and the edition applicable to the specifications,
drawings, requirements, in terms of processes, inspection instructions and other pertinent
technical data,
- the title, identifier and edition of the quality system standard to be applied, the purchasing

documents reviewed and approved before distribution concerning their appropriateness with

respect to the requirements.

Where applicable, the documented procurement requirements must include the following:
- the customer's tests, examinations, inspections and acceptance conditions and all related
instructions or requirements,
- the requirements relative to the specimens (production method, number, storage conditions)
for the inspections, investigations or audits, the requirements relative to the notification of
problems, to design changes and the approval of their processing.
The customer requirements must be made clear to the suppliers.

Level 1 criterion: No documentation specific to the incoming check of supplies.

Level 2 criterion: The only documents enabling the incoming check of supplies are the
product's identification documents.
Level 3 criterion: The purchasing documents include a precise identification, the applicable
edition of the specifications, drawings, requirements in terms of processes,
inspection instructions and other pertinent technical data, the title, identifier
and edition of the quality system standard to be applied, the purchasing
documents reviewed and approved before distribution concerning their
appropriateness with respect to the requirements.
Level 4 criterion: The purchasing documents include a precise identification, the applicable
edition of the specifications, drawings, requirements in terms of processes,
inspection instructions and other pertinent technical data, the title, identifier
and edition of the quality system standard to be applied, the purchasing
documents reviewed and approved before distribution concerning their
appropriateness with respect to the requirements.
The documented procurement requirements also include the following:
- the customer's tests, examinations, inspections and acceptance conditions and all related instructions or requirements,

- the requirements relative to the specimens (production method, number,

storage conditions) for the inspections, investigations or audits, the
requirements relative to the notification of problems, to design changes
and the approval of their processing.
The customer requirements are notified to the suppliers

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Mark : 6.8
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 53
Recommendation : Establish procedures for verifying the conformity of
the products with respect to the specified requirements
Establish written procedures to ensure that the purchased product is conform to the specified
requirements.

Define the procurement terms and conditions and the responsibilities of all the people involved.

Check the application of the procedures.

Level 1 criterion: No product conformity procedures with respect to the specified requirements.
Nothing formal.
Level 2 criterion: Generic procedures (all products) are defined to ensure the conformity of the
purchased product.
Formal proof exists: e.g. note.
Level 3 criterion: Procedures specific to the product are defined in a validated plan for
ensuring the conformity of the purchased product. The procurement terms
and conditions and the responsibilities of the people involved are not
described.
Level 4 criterion: Procedures specific to the product are defined in a validated plan for
ensuring the conformity of the purchased product. The procurement terms
and conditions and the responsibilities of the people involved are described.
There is proof of the assessment of these procedures.

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Mark : 7.8
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 55
Recommendation : Examine and process the nonconformities
Is the responsibility relative to the examination and the decision to process nonconforming
product defined?
· Is the nonconforming product examined according to written procedures?
· Do these procedures indicate that the nonconforming product can be:
- reworked to meet the specified requirements?
- accepted with a concession with or without a repair?
- declassified for other applications?
- rejected or scrapped?
· If so required by the contract, is the proposal to use or repair the nonconforming product

submitted to the customer or its representative?

· Is the repaired and/or reworked product inspected again in conformity with the requirements

of the quality plan and/or of the written procedures?

Level 1 criterion: Nonconforming product is not examined.

Level 2 criterion: Nonconforming product is examined and described but these actions are
performed without written procedures.
Level 3 criterion: Nonconforming product is examined and described according to written
procedures, but these procedures do not provide for modifications of the
product or acceptance without any modifications.
Level 4 criterion: Nonconforming product is examined and described according to written
procedures.
· These procedures indicate that the product may be:
- reworked to meet the specified requirements.

- accepted under a concession with or without repair.

- declassified for other applications.
- rejected or scrapped.
· If so required by the contract, the proposal to use or repair the
nonconforming product is submitted to the customer or its representative.
· the repaired and/or reworked product is inspected again in conformity with
the requirements of the quality plan and/or of the written procedures.

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Mark : 5.6
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 94
Recommendation : Identify the documentation for the special processes
Are the records concerning the processes, equipment and personnel kept up to date?
Level 1 criterion: There is no documentation concerning the special processes.
Level 2 criterion: The associated documentation only concerns the processes, the associated
equipment and human resources are not taken into account.
Level 3 criterion: The records concern the processes, equipment and personnel associated
with the special processes, but these procedures are not kept up to date.
Level 4 criterion: Records concerning the processes, equipment and personnel are kept up to
date.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 99
Recommendation : Identify the means concerning the special processes
Have the qualification requirements for the process's operations, including the associated
equipment and personnel, been specified?
Level 1 criterion: The means concerning the special processes have not been formally
identified.
Level 2 criterion: There are documents identifying the technical means dedicated to the
special processes. The equipment and personnel associated with these
processes have not been defined.
Level 3 criterion: The qualification requirements for the process's operations, including the
associated equipment and personnel, have been specified.
Level 4 criterion: The qualification requirements for the process's operations, including the
associated equipment and personnel, have been specified. The documents
identifying these requirements are regularly updated.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 101
Recommendation : Identify the human resources concerning the
special processes
Are the special processes performed by qualified operators and/or are they subject to continual
monitoring and a control of the process's parameters to guarantee the conformity with the
stipulated requirements?
Level 1 criterion: The special processes are not associated with qualified human resources.
Level 2 criterion: The special processes are performed by operators who have been trained
but their skills are not subject to regular verification.
Level 3 criterion: The special processes are performed by qualified operators or are subject to
continual monitoring.
Level 4 criterion: The special processes are performed by qualified operators and are subject
to continual monitoring.

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Mark : 5.5
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 112
Recommendation : Control the appropriateness of the inspection,
measuring and test equipment
with respect to the requirements
Is the inspection, measuring and test equipment used in such a way as to ensure that the
measurement uncertainty is known and compatible with the required capability in terms of
measuring?

Are the test software or the comparison baselines used as the means of inspection verified
before being put into service to demonstrate that they are capable of checking that the product is
acceptable?

Level 1 criterion: There is no procedure defining the appropriateness of the inspection,

measuring and test equipment with respect to the requirements.
Level 2 criterion: There are procedures defining the appropriateness of the inspection,
measuring and test equipment with respect to the requirements. There is no
check to ensure that they are taken into account.
Level 3 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment are used in such a way as to
ensure that the measurement uncertainty is known and is compatible with
the required capability in terms of measuring. The inspection equipment is
not subject to a verification before being put into service.
Level 4 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment are used in such a way as to
ensure that the measurement uncertainty is known and is compatible with
the required capability in terms of measuring.
The test software or the comparison baselines used as the means of
inspection are verified before being put into service to demonstrate that they
are capable of checking that the product is acceptable.
Systematic verification before utilization is industrially impossible but
metrological procedures are used (validation period and definition of the
class of instruments in the test procedure). The class is defined at an earlier
stage.

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Mark : 5.1
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 113
Recommendation : Control the environment of the inspection,
measuring and test equipment
Do the handling, preservation and storage of the inspection and measuring equipment make it
possible to ensure that the exactness and aptitude for use are maintained?
Is the inspection, measuring and test equipment, including the test benches and test software,
protected against any manipulations that would invalidate the calibration settings?

Level 1 criterion: The environment of the inspection, measuring and test equipment is not
taken into account.
Level 2 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment is protected against any
aggressions that could deteriorate it.
Level 3 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment is protected against any
aggressions that could deteriorate it; it is also protected against any
manipulations that would invalidate the calibration settings. The handling,
preservation and storage of the inspection equipment are not, however,
defined by strict procedures.
Level 4 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment is protected against any
aggressions that could deteriorate it; it is also protected against any
manipulations that would invalidate the calibration settings. The handling,
preservation and storage of the inspection equipment are defined by strict
procedures.

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Mark : 4.7
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 114
Recommendation : Control the workplace environment
When the workplace environment is important for the quality of the product, appropriate limits
must be specified, controlled and verified (workshop layout, workstation ergonomics, etc).
Level 1 criterion: The workplace environment is not taken into account for the processing of
the equipment. The layout of the workshops is not carried out according to
the products being processed.
Level 2 criterion: The workstations are specific to the equipment, and the working environment
is controlled.
Level 3 criterion: The workstations are specific to the equipment.
The working environment is controlled and checked.
Level 4 criterion: The workstations are suited to the specific needs of the equipment.
The working environment is controlled and checked.
The layout of the workshops makes it possible to optimize maintenance

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Mark : 5.6
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 117
Recommendation : Control the documentation
Store and preserve the product and process documentation placed at the disposal of the
workshop.
Regularly draw up an inventory of the documentation.
Periodically update the documentation.
Train a workshop personnel entity in the area of technical documentation management.

Possess technical documentation relative to the products.

Possess documentation specific to the maintenance inspections and tests.
Associate this product technical documentation with the processes implemented.
When the documents are supplied, analyze the validity of this product documentation.

Possess process control documentation.

Specify technical documentations for each process.
Make this process documentation available and usable.

Possess documentation specific to the inspection and tests.

Level 1 criterion: No documentation specific to the products or processes, there are no means
in place for making specific documentation available.
Level 2 criterion: The documentation specific to the products or processes exists, however its
updating is not always effective, the validity of the documents is not
analyzed.
Level 3 criterion: The documentation specific to the products or processes exists, its updating
is periodic and planned, the validity of the documents used is not analyzed.
Level 4 criterion: The documentation specific to the products or processes exists, its updating
is periodic and planned, the validity of the documents used is analyzed.

Precise procedures for storing and preserving the documentation are

implemented.

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Mark : 6
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 107
Recommendation : Control the product inspection
and test documentation
It is necessary to establish and keep up to date written inspection and test procedures in order
to verify that the requirements specified for the product are complied with.
Level 1 criterion: No documentation concerning the inspections and tests performed on the
product.
Level 2 criterion: The documentation concerning the product inspections and tests are limited
to the test program: it contains the reference to the specifications of the
equipment to be tested, the references of the equipment to be tested, the
traceability of the test program, the framework of the test, the functions to be
tested.
There is no formalism concerning the test report.
Level 3 criterion: The documentation includes a program, and a test report which, besides the
information on the test itself, contains all of the results with a list of the
problems outstanding at the end of the test.
Level 4 criterion: The documentation includes a program, the test report, the specifications of
the test means and the definition of the test means.

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Mark : 5.5
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 108
Recommendation : Control the production equipment, the tools
and the programmable machines
Make sure that for all the production equipment, tools and programs, there are written procedures
describing the following activities:
- validation before utilization,
- maintenance,
- periodic check according to written procedures,

Level 1 criterion: The tools are not subject to any check or validation before being used.

Level 2 criterion: The tools are subject to checks before being used, but these checks are not
all formalized.
Level 3 criterion: The periodic check of the tools is subject to validation, there are formal
procedures identifying the periodic checks to be performed.
Level 4 criterion: The periodic check of the tools is subject to validation, there are formal
procedures identifying the periodic actions and checks to be performed.
There are formal procedures describing tool maintenance.

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Mark : 6.4
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 123
Recommendation : Control the changes made to processes
A clear designation of the people authorized to approve changes to process must exist.

Changes requiring customer acceptance must be identified before being applied.

Any change concerning the processes, production equipment, tools and programs, must be
documented and must generate a procedure for controlling its implementation.

Is a check performed to verify that the results of the process changes produce the required effect
and that these changes do not alter the quality of the product?

Level 1 criterion: Changes are made to processes without being recorded; these modifications
are not subject to any authorization.
Level 2 criterion: Changes made to processes are recorded and are subject to authorization.
These changes are not documented, they do not generate any procedure for
controlling their implementation.
Level 3 criterion: Changes made to processes are recorded, the people authorized to approve
the changes made to production processes are clearly designated.
Changes requiring customer acceptance are identified before any
application.
All changes concerning the processes, the production equipment, tools and
programs, are documented and generate a procedure for controlling its
implementation.
However, it is not systematically verified that the results of changes made to
processes produce the required effect or that these changes do not alter the
quality of the product.
Level 4 criterion: Changes made to processes are recorded, the people authorized to approve
the changes made to production processes are clearly designated.
Changes requiring customer acceptance are identified before any
application.
All changes concerning the processes, the production equipment, tools and
programs, are documented and generate a procedure for controlling its
implementation.
It is systematically verified that the results of changes made to processes
produce the required effect and that these changes do not alter the quality of
the product.

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Mark : 6.5
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 109
Recommendation : Control the handling, storage, conditioning,
preservation and delivery operations
There must be a procedure taking into account, at the various steps of the phase and, if
applicable, in conformity with the manufacturer's recommendations and/or the applicable
regulation, the requirements for:
- cleaning
- preventing, detecting and removing foreign matter
- handling suited to sensitive products
- marking and labeling, including the safety marking
- controlling shelf lives and stock rotations
- dangerous materials

· Establish specific procedures for managing perishable articles

· Eliminate all expired or unidentified products
· Propose criteria for assessing and analyzing the quality of the storage conditions
· List and analyze the defects linked to non-quality in storage

Level 1 criterion: The handling, storage, conditioning, preservation and delivery conditions are
not codified, the accomplishment of these operations is not perfectly
controlled.
Level 2 criterion: The handling, storage, conditioning, preservation and delivery conditions are
codified, they give rise to procedures that can be adapted to all of the
equipment.
The accomplishment of these operations is not specific to one item of
equipment.
Level 3 criterion: The handling, storage, conditioning, preservation and delivery conditions are
codified, they give rise to procedures specific to the equipment.
Level 4 criterion: The handling, storage, conditioning, preservation and delivery conditions are
codified, they give rise to procedures specific to the equipment.
Considerations such as expiry, sensitivity of products to stress, the
dangerousness of products are also codified and implemented.

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Mark : 6.6
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 124
Recommendation : Control the special processes
When the production operations involve special processes:
- are the special processes to be implemented identified?
- has the supplier checked that all the special process parameters (e.g. materials, personnel,

procedures and software) produce the appropriate results?

- has the supplier identified and documented the significant operations and the parameters of
the process to be controlled in production?
- during the production phase, are all the modifications made to these operations and
parameters subject to a proposal justifying the modification and guaranteeing that it does not
introduce any negative effect on the result of the process?
- has the supplier checked the special processes by making one or more standard parts under
the conditions defined for the production phase?
- are the special processes or is the subcontracting of the special process qualified before being
used?
- does the supplier keep up to date qualified special processes?

Level 1 criterion: The special processes are not identified.

Level 2 criterion: The special processes are identified. The parameters of these processes
(materials, personnel, procedures and software) are assessed. These
processes are not documented, or defined by strict procedures.
Level 3 criterion: The special processes are identified. The parameters of these processes
(materials, personnel, procedures and software) are assessed.
- the significant operations and the parameters of the process to be controlled in production have been identified and
documented.

- during the production phase, all the modifications made to these

operations and parameters are subject to a proposal justifying the
modification and guaranteeing that it does not introduce any negative
effect on the result of the process.
- the special processes have not been verified by making one or more
standard parts under given conditions.

Level 4 criterion: The special processes are identified.

- it is verified that all the parameters of the special processes (e.g. materials, personnel, procedures and software) produce the
appropriate results.
- the significant operations and the parameters of the process to be controlled in production have been identified and
documented.

- during the production phase, all the modifications made to these

operations and parameters are subject to a proposal justifying the
modification and guaranteeing that it does not introduce any negative
effect on the result of the process.
- the special processes have been verified by making one or more standard
parts under given conditions.
- the special processes or the subcontracting of the special process are
qualified before being used.

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Mark : 5.3
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 110
Recommendation : Control the workplace's services and fluids
When they have an influence on the quality and reliability of the product, the services and
supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and chemical products used must be
controlled and verified regularly to ensure that their effect on the process is constant.

Level 1 criterion: The services and supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and
chemical products are not subject to any verification
Level 2 criterion: The services and supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and
chemical products are checked on a one-off basis and when a problem is
detected (see ISO 14000).
Level 3 criterion: The services and supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and
chemical products used are controlled and checked periodically to ensure
that their effect on the process is constant.
Level 4 criterion: The services and supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and
chemical products used are controlled and checked continuously to ensure
that their effect on the process is constant.

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Mark : 8
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 208
Recommendation : Put in place counter-ESD protections for
subassemblies during handling and storage
Put in place counter-ESD protections for the subassemblies during handling and storage.
Level 1 criterion: Counter-ESD protection is not covered.
Level 2 criterion: The counter-ESD protection is subject to non-formalized rules and practices.
Level 3 criterion: The counter-ESD protection is subject to validated procedures defining
recognized practices for protecting the subassemblies.
Level 4 criterion: The counter-ESD protection is subject to validated procedures whose follow-
up control is effective.

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Mark : 5.3
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 160
Recommendation : Have the inspection and test records
in your possession
Are records established and kept that provide the proof that the product has undergone the
inspections and/or tests in conformity with the criteria that have been defined?
· do the records make it possible to identify the person who performed the inspections and
authorized the product's release?
· do the test records indicate the measured values when they are required by the specification
or the acceptance plan?
· If so specified, can the supplier demonstrate product qualification?

Level 1 criterion: There are no records of the inspections and tests.

Level 2 criterion: Records of the inspections and tests are established but are not kept.
Level 3 criterion: Records of the inspections and tests are established and kept but they do
not make it possible to identify the inspection source (people, machine)
Level 4 criterion: There are records proving that the product has undergone the inspections
and/or the tests in conformity with the criteria that have been defined.
The records make it possible to identify the person who performed the
inspections and authorized the product's release.
The test records indicate the values measured when they are required by the
specification or the acceptance plan.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 161
Recommendation : Have an inspection dossier in your possession
The inspection dossier must contain:
- the acceptance or refusal criteria,
- a sequential list of inspection and test operations to be performed,
- the documents for recording the results of the inspections,
- a list of the specific and non-specific inspection instruments,
- the documents associated with the specific inspection instruments making it possible to
design, produce, validate, manage, use and maintain them.

Level 1 criterion: No inspection dossier.

Level 2 criterion: The inspection dossier is limited to the definition of the acceptance or refusal
criteria.
Level 3 criterion: The inspection dossier defines the acceptance or refusal criteria, along with
the list of operations to be performed. It proposes documents for recording
the inspection results.
Level 4 criterion: The inspection dossier contains:
- the definition of the acceptance or refusal criteria.

- the sequential list of inspection and test operations to be performed.

- the documents for recording the results of the inspections,
- the list of the specific and non-specific inspection instruments,
- the documents associated with the specific inspection instruments making
it possible to design, produce, validate, manage, use and maintain them.

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Mark : 6.4
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 163
Recommendation : Have the documentation specific to the
non-conformity in your possession
The nonconformity documents must give:
- the product's identification,
- the description of the nonconformity,
- the cause of the nonconformity,
- the actions taken to avoid the recurrence of the nonconformity,
- the reworking or repairs if necessary,
- the inspection of the characteristics affected by the reworking or repairs,
- the final decision.

Level 1 criterion: There is no documentation specific to the nonconformity.

Level 2 criterion: The documentation specific to the nonconformity only serves to identify the
nonconforming product.
Level 3 criterion: The nonconformity documents give the product's identification, the
description of the nonconformity, and the cause of the nonconformity.
However the actions are not formalized to avoid the recurrence of the
nonconformity, the reworking or repairs if necessary and the check of the
characteristics affected by the reworking or repairs,
Level 4 criterion: The nonconformity documents give the product's identification, the
description of the nonconformity, and the cause of the nonconformity.
Actions are formalized to avoid the recurrence of the nonconformity, the
reworking or repairs if necessary and the check of the characteristics
affected by the reworking or repairs is performed.

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Mark : 6.5
Phase : 4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION
N° : 202
Recommendation : Check the conformity of purchased products
Implement measures for verifying purchased products, such as :
- examination of the required documentation,
- inspection and audit of the purchase source,
- examination of the products at the delivery.

Level 1 criterion: The conformity of the purchased products is not checked.

Level 2 criterion: The conformity of the purchased products is only checked by examining the
required documentation.
Level 3 criterion: The conformity of the purchased products is only checked by examining the
products at delivery and by examining the required documentation.
Level 4 criterion: The conformity of the purchased products is checked by examining the
products at delivery, examining the required documentation and by
inspecting and auditing the purchase source.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 7
Recommendation : Ensure handling
Are there methods and means for handling the product that prevent it from being damaged or
deteriorated?
· Define and specify the transport procedures.
· Individualize the handling modes.

Level 1 criterion: The handling methods have not been defined, there are no specific means
for preventing deterioration when the product is handled.
Level 2 criterion: General handling constraints have been defined, they are not specific to a
piece of equipment.
Level 3 criterion: Handling methods specific to a piece of equipment have been defined, and
specific means are made available to prevent any deterioration during the
handling operations.
There is no verification of their application
Level 4 criterion: Product handling procedures have been specifically defined, associated
means are in place to make it possible to avoid any deterioration of the
product when it is being handled. Verifications of the application of these
methods are performed.

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Mark : 6.7
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 8
Recommendation : Ensure the implementation of the corrective actions
Do the procedures relative to the corrective actions include the following?
- Effective processing of customer complaints and of product nonconformity reports.
- The search for the causes of nonconformities relative to the product, process and quality

system and the recording of the results of that search.

- The determination of the corrective actions necessary for eliminating the causes of
nonconformities.
- The application of the means of control for ensuring that the corrective action is implemented
and that it produces the required effect.

Level 1 criterion: There are no procedures relative to the corrective actions.

Level 2 criterion: Corrective actions are implemented relative to customer complaints or
nonconformity reports, but they are not formalized.
Level 3 criterion: The procedures relative to the corrective actions include:
- the effective processing of customer complaints and of product
nonconformity reports.
- the search for the causes of nonconformities relative to the product,
process and quality system and the recording of the results of that search.
- the determination of the corrective actions necessary for eliminating the
causes of nonconformities. These procedures do not define the
application of the means of control for ensuring that the corrective action
is implemented and produces the required effect.

Level 4 criterion: The procedures relative to the corrective actions include:

- the effective processing of customer complaints and of product
nonconformity reports.
- the search for the causes of nonconformities relative to the product,
process and quality system and the recording of the results of that search.
- the determination of the corrective actions necessary for eliminating the
causes of nonconformities.
- the application of the means of control to ensure that the corrective action
is implemented and that it produces the required effect.

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Mark : 6.8
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 9
Recommendation : Ensure the implementation of the preventive actions
Do the procedures relative to the preventive actions include the following?:
- The utilization of appropriate sources of information such as the processes and operations

affecting the quality of the product, concessions, audit results, quality-related records,

maintenance reports and customer complaints, to make it possible to detect, analyze and

eliminate the potential causes of nonconformities.

- The determination of appropriate steps for processing any problem requiring a preventive
action.
- The triggering of preventive actions and the application of the means of control to ensure that
they produce the required effect.
- The assurance that pertinent information relative to the actions implemented is submitted to
the management review.

Level 1 criterion: No procedure relative to the preventive actions is implemented.

Level 2 criterion: The procedures relative to the preventive actions include:
- The utilization of appropriate sources of information such as the
processes and operations affecting the quality of the product,
concessions, audit results, quality-related records, maintenance reports
and customer complaints, to make it possible to detect, analyze and
eliminate the potential causes of nonconformities.
- The determination of appropriate steps for processing any problem
requiring a preventive action.
- The application of means making it possible to ensure that the preventive
actions produce their effect is not ensured.
Level 3 criterion: The procedures relative to the preventive actions include:
- The utilization of appropriate sources of information such as the
processes and operations affecting the quality of the product,
concessions, audit results, quality-related records, maintenance reports
and customer complaints, to make it possible to detect, analyze and
eliminate the potential causes of nonconformities.
- The determination of appropriate steps for processing any problem
requiring a preventive action.
- The triggering of preventive actions and the application of the means of
control to ensure that they produce the required effect.
- The assurance that pertinent information relative to the actions
implemented is not valid.
Level 4 criterion: The procedures relative to the preventive actions include:
- The utilization of appropriate sources of information such as the
processes and operations affecting the quality of the product,
concessions, audit results, quality-related records, maintenance reports
and customer complaints, to make it possible to detect, analyze and
eliminate the potential causes of nonconformities.
- The determination of appropriate steps for processing any problem

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requiring a preventive action.

- The triggering of preventive actions and the application of the means of
control to ensure that they produce the required effect.
- The assurance that pertinent information relative to the actions
implemented is submitted to the management review.

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Mark : 6
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 11
Recommendation : Ensure preservation
Are the packing, preservation and marking processes controlled to ensure conformity with the
specified requirements?
· Draw up a list of equipment requiring preservation.
· Propose a means of managing the specific preservations by product (dates, modes, duration,
etc.).
· Periodically check the quality of the preservations.
· Use appropriate preservation that is specific to the products.

Level 1 criterion: The preservation of the equipment is not defined, the materials used for this
preservation are used according to their availability.
The information on the preservation dates, management methods,
inspections to be performed is not provided.
Level 2 criterion: Standard means of preservation are used for the equipment.
Information relative to the preservation is not provided.
There are no specific verifications performed on the preservations.
Level 3 criterion: Specific preservation is provided for the product and there is associated
documentation.
There are no specific verifications performed on the preservations.
Level 4 criterion: Specific preservation is provided for the product and there is associated
documentation.
Regular specific verifications are performed on the preservations.
There is a procedure for regularly checking the application of the periodic
verifications.

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Mark : 6.2
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 12
Recommendation : Ensure storage
Are designated storage areas or premises used to prevent any damage or deterioration of the
product?
· Are appropriate measures taken to authorize reception in these areas and shipping from
them?
· Is the condition of the product in stock assessed at appropriate intervals in order to detect any
deterioration?
· Manage and check the storage area atmospheres.
· Individualize the positioning in storage.
· Manage the periodic interventions making it possible to maintain the product's characteristics
in storage (powering up, etc.).

Level 1 criterion: The equipment storage areas are not specific, the storage environment is not
taken into account.
Level 2 criterion: The equipment storage areas are not specific, the storage environment is
controlled and suited to the stored products.
Level 3 criterion: The equipment storage areas are specific.
The storage environment is controlled and suited to the stored products.
The storage positions are individualized.
The periodic interventions making it possible to maintain the product's
characteristics are performed.
Level 4 criterion: The equipment storage areas are specific.
The storage environment is controlled and suited to the stored products.
The storage positions are individualized.
The periodic interventions making it possible to maintain the product's
characteristics are performed.
The condition of the products in store is regularly checked, the stock is
verified and the storage conditions are regularly optimized.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 13
Recommendation : Ensure product traceability
When traceability is required, the system implemented must make it possible to: maintain the
product's identification throughout the life cycle, know the history (design dossier + changes)
and the destination (deliveries, scrapping) of all the products manufactured from the same batch
of raw materials or from the same manufacturing batch, find the identity of an assembly's
component parts and of the components of the next higher assembly, find the sequential
documentation relative to the production (manufacturing, assembly, inspection) of any given
product (e.g. configuration follow-up sheet with recording of the operations performed and of
any problems observed).

The traceability system must make it possible to know the configuration of the product ready to
be delivered, including any deviations between the real condition and the stipulated condition.

Level 1 criterion: No traceability of the product during its life cycle, the product is identified in a
unique way by its marking.
Level 2 criterion: There is traceability making it possible to identify the product but it does not
make it possible to know its origin or history.
Level 3 criterion: There is traceability making it possible to identify the product and know its
history (Design Dossier + changes), however it does not make it possible to
know what documentation is associated with its life cycle (e.g. no
configuration follow-up sheet with recording of the operations performed and
of the problems observed).
Level 4 criterion: There is traceability making it possible to identify the product and know its
history (Design Dossier + changes), including the components – e.g. Date
Code.
It makes it possible to know what documentation is associated with its life
cycle (e.g. configuration follow-up sheet with recording of the operations
performed and of the problems observed).
Exhaustive application of the recommendation.

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Mark : 7.2
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 15
Recommendation : Ensure the inspections and tests during the phase
The product must be inspected during the phase and be subject to tests in accordance with the
quality plan and/or the written procedures.

The product must remain blocked until the required inspections and tests have been completed
or until the required reports have been received and checked.

Level 1 criterion: No inspection or tests during the phase.

Level 2 criterion: Inspections are performed during the phase, but they are not formalized in
the form of written procedures or of a quality plan.
Level 3 criterion: Inspections are performed during the phase, and they are formalized in the
form of written procedures or of a quality plan. The completeness of these
inspections and tests is not always effective.
Level 4 criterion: Inspections are performed during the phase, and they are formalized in the
form of written procedures or of a quality plan. The completeness of these
inspections and tests is effective.

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Mark : 7.9
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 16
Recommendation : Perform the final inspections and tests
Perform all the final inspections and tests in accordance with the quality plan and/or the written
procedures
· Do the quality plan and/or the procedures for the final inspections and tests require that all the
specified inspections and tests, including those specified for acceptance of the product, should
be performed and be conform with the requirements?
· Is it checked before delivery that:
- all the activities specified in the quality plan and/or the written procedures have been
satisfactorily accomplished?
- the data and the associated documentation are available and have been accepted?

Level 1 criterion: No final inspection or tests.

Level 2 criterion: Final inspections and tests are performed, but they are not described in strict
procedures or in a quality plan.
Level 3 criterion: Final inspections and tests are performed, and they are described in strict
procedures or in a quality plan. The application of these inspections and
tests is not verified and validated.
Level 4 criterion: Final inspections and tests are performed in accordance with the quality plan
and/or written procedures.
· The quality plan and/or the procedures for the final inspections and tests
require that all the specified inspections and tests, including those
specified for acceptance of the product or during its manufacture, should
be performed and that all the results should be conform to the
requirements.
· It is verified before delivery that:
- all the activities specified in the quality plan and/or the written
procedures have been satisfactorily accomplished.
- the data and the associated documentation are available (document of
the follow-up sheet type which records the configuration, the
operations performed and the problems observed) and have been
accepted.

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Mark : 7.5
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 21
Recommendation : Implement a control policy for the risks
associated with nonconformities
Is a policy implemented with a view to identifying, assessing and managing the potential risks
associated with nonconformities, not only for the products but also for all the design, scheduling,
manufacturing, assembly, inspection processes, etc?

Does this policy take into account the potential risks associated with human factors?

Level 1 criterion: There is no policy implemented with a view to assessing the risks of
nonconformity.
Level 2 criterion: A policy is applied with a view to identifying, assessing and managing the
potential risks associated with nonconformities, on the products only, but not
on all the design, scheduling, manufacturing, assembly, inspection
processes, etc.
Level 3 criterion: A policy is applied with a view to identifying, assessing and managing the
potential risks associated with nonconformities, not only on the products, but
also on all the design, scheduling, manufacturing, assembly, inspection
processes, etc.

This policy does not take into account the potential risks associated with
human factors.
Level 4 criterion: A policy is applied with a view to identifying, assessing and managing the
potential risks associated with nonconformities, not only on the products, but
also on all the design, scheduling, manufacturing, assembly, inspection
processes, etc.

This policy takes into account the potential risks associated with human
factors.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 37
Recommendation : Define the degree of nonconformity
Is the description of the accepted nonconformity or of the repairs performed recorded to indicate
the product's real condition?

· Are written procedures kept up to date defining the following at least?

- The processes for classifying the nonconformities and the control of the utilization of
nonconforming components in the finished products.
- The formal authorization process and the area of application for the personnel authorizing
the utilization of replacement materials and/or nonconforming products (concession
procedures).
- The process for controlling scrapped parts.

Level 1 criterion: There is no indication of the product's degree of nonconformity.

Level 2 criterion: The indication of the products' degree of nonconformity is only implemented
as an indication, its goal is not to take the decision concerning the utilization
of nonconforming material.
Level 3 criterion: The description of the accepted nonconformity or of the repairs performed is
recorded to indicate the product's real condition.
There are written procedures defining the process for classifying the
nonconformities and the control of the utilization of nonconforming
components in the finished products.
The process for authorizing the personnel to use replacement materials
and/or nonconforming products is not formalized.
Level 4 criterion: The description of the accepted nonconformity or of the repairs performed is
recorded to indicate the product's real condition.
There are written procedures defining:
- the process for classifying nonconformities and for controlling the
utilization of nonconforming components in the finished products.
- the formal authorization process and the area of application for the
personnel authorizing the utilization of replacement materials and/or
nonconforming products.
- the process for controlling scrapped parts.

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Mark : 7.5
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 40
Recommendation : Define the means required for the inspections
and tests on the product
The procedures for inspecting and testing the product must specify the resources (human,
material), the methods to be implemented, the acceptance criteria, and the methods to be used
to record the results.

These procedures must also define the training and, if necessary, specify the qualifications
required of the operators.

Level 1 criterion: There are no specified product inspection or test procedures.

There is no description of the acceptance methods and criteria.
Level 2 criterion: The product inspection and test procedures are specified.
The acceptance methods and criteria are described.
The results are not kept.
Level 3 criterion: The product inspection and test procedures are specified. The acceptance
methods and criteria are described. The results are not recorded or used for
feedback purposes. The procedures also describe the operators' training and
qualification.
Level 4 criterion: The product inspection and test procedures are specified.
The acceptance methods and criteria are described.
The results are recorded and used for feedback purposes.
The procedures also describe the operators' training and qualification.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 44
Recommendation : Have available the documents making it possible
to perform the incoming check on supplies
Where applicable, the purchasing documents must include the following:
- the type, category and any other precise identification,
- the title or any another formal identification and the edition applicable to the specifications,
drawings, requirements, in terms of processes, inspection instructions and other pertinent
technical data,
- the title, identifier and edition of the quality system standard to be applied, the purchasing
documents reviewed and approved before distribution concerning their appropriateness with
respect to the requirements.

Where applicable, the documented procurement requirements must include the following:
- the customer's tests, examinations, inspections and acceptance conditions and all related

instructions or requirements,

- the requirements relative to the specimens (production method, number, storage conditions)
for the inspections, investigations or audits, the requirements relative to the notification of
problems, to design changes and the approval of their processing.
The customer requirements must be made clear to the suppliers.

Level 1 criterion: No documentation specific to the incoming check of supplies.

Level 2 criterion: The only documents enabling the incoming check of supplies are the
product's identification documents.
Level 3 criterion: The purchasing documents include a precise identification, the applicable
edition of the specifications, drawings, requirements in terms of processes,
inspection instructions and other pertinent technical data, the title, identifier
and edition of the quality system standard to be applied, the purchasing
documents reviewed and approved before distribution concerning their
appropriateness with respect to the requirements.
Level 4 criterion: The purchasing documents include a precise identification, the applicable
edition of the specifications, drawings, requirements in terms of processes,
inspection instructions and other pertinent technical data, the title, identifier
and edition of the quality system standard to be applied, the purchasing
documents reviewed and approved before distribution concerning their
appropriateness with respect to the requirements.
The documented procurement requirements also include the following:
- the customer's tests, examinations, inspections and acceptance conditions and all related instructions or requirements,

- the requirements relative to the specimens (production method, number,

storage conditions) for the inspections, investigations or audits, the
requirements relative to the notification of problems, to design changes
and the approval of their processing.
The customer requirements are notified to the suppliers

298
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Mark : 6.8
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 53
Recommendation : Establish procedures for verifying the conformity of
the products with respect to the specified requirements
Establish written procedures to ensure that the purchased product is conform to the specified
requirements.

Define the procurement terms and conditions and the responsibilities of all the people involved.

Check the application of the procedures.

Level 1 criterion: No product conformity procedures with respect to the specified requirements.
Nothing formal.
Level 2 criterion: Generic procedures (all products) are defined to ensure the conformity of the
purchased product.
Formal proof exists: e.g. note.
Level 3 criterion: Procedures specific to the product are defined in a validated plan for
ensuring the conformity of the purchased product. The procurement terms
and conditions and the responsibilities of the people involved are not
described.
Level 4 criterion: Procedures specific to the product are defined in a validated plan for
ensuring the conformity of the purchased product. The procurement terms
and conditions and the responsibilities of the people involved are described.
There is proof of the assessment of these procedures.

299
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 7.8
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 55
Recommendation : Examine and process the nonconformities
Is the responsibility relative to the examination and the decision to process nonconforming
product defined?
· Is the nonconforming product examined according to written procedures?
· Do these procedures indicate that the nonconforming product can be:
- reworked to meet the specified requirements?
- accepted with a concession with or without a repair?
- declassified for other applications?
- rejected or scrapped?
· If so required by the contract, is the proposal to use or repair the nonconforming product

submitted to the customer or its representative?

· Is the repaired and/or reworked product inspected again in conformity with the requirements

of the quality plan and/or of the written procedures?

Level 1 criterion: Nonconforming product is not examined.

Level 2 criterion: Nonconforming product is examined and described but these actions are
performed without written procedures.
Level 3 criterion: Nonconforming product is examined and described according to written
procedures, but these procedures do not provide for modifications of the
product or acceptance without any modifications.
Level 4 criterion: Nonconforming product is examined and described according to written
procedures.
· These procedures indicate that the product may be:
- reworked to meet the specified requirements.

- accepted under a concession with or without repair.

- declassified for other applications.
- rejected or scrapped.
· If so required by the contract, the proposal to use or repair the
nonconforming product is submitted to the customer or its representative.
· The repaired and/or reworked product is inspected again in conformity
with the requirements of the quality plan and/or of the written procedures.

300
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 5.6
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 94
Recommendation : Identify the documentation for the special processes
Are the records concerning the processes, equipment and personnel kept up to date?
Level 1 criterion: There is no documentation concerning the special processes.
Level 2 criterion: The associated documentation only concerns the processes, the associated
equipment and human resources are not taken into account.
Level 3 criterion: The records concern the processes, equipment and personnel associated
with the special processes, but these procedures are not kept up to date.
Level 4 criterion: Records concerning the processes, equipment and personnel are kept up to
date.

301
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 5.7
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 99
Recommendation : Identify the means concerning the special processes
Have the qualification requirements for the process's operations, including the associated
equipment and personnel, been specified?
Level 1 criterion: The means concerning the special processes have not been formally
identified.
Level 2 criterion: There are documents identifying the technical means dedicated to the
special processes. The equipment and personnel associated with these
processes have not been defined.
Level 3 criterion: The qualification requirements for the process's operations, including the
associated equipment and personnel, have been specified.
Level 4 criterion: The qualification requirements for the process's operations, including the
associated equipment and personnel, have been specified. The documents
identifying these requirements are regularly updated.

302
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 5.7
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 101
Recommendation : Identify the human resources concerning the
special processes
Are the special processes performed by qualified operators and/or are they subject to continual
monitoring and a control of the process's parameters to guarantee the conformity with the
stipulated requirements?
Level 1 criterion: The special processes are not associated with qualified human resources.
Level 2 criterion: The special processes are performed by operators who have been trained
but their skills are not subject to regular verification.
Level 3 criterion: The special processes are performed by qualified operators or are subject to
continual monitoring.
Level 4 criterion: The special processes are performed by qualified operators and are subject
to continual monitoring.

303
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 5.5
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 112
Recommendation : Control the appropriateness of the inspection,
measuring and test equipment
with respect to the requirements
Is the inspection, measuring and test equipment used in such a way as to ensure that the
measurement uncertainty is known and compatible with the required capability in terms of
measuring?

Are the test software or the comparison baselines used as the means inspection verified before
being put into service to demonstrate that they are capable of checking that the product is
acceptable?

Level 1 criterion: There is no procedure defining the appropriateness of the inspection,

measuring and test equipment with respect to the requirements.
Level 2 criterion: There are procedures defining the appropriateness of the inspection,
measuring and test equipment with respect to the requirements. There is no
check to ensure that they are taken into account.
Level 3 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment are used in such a way as to
ensure that the measurement uncertainty is known and is compatible with
the required capability in terms of measuring. The inspection equipment is
not subject to a verification before being put into service.
Level 4 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment are used in such a way as to
ensure that the measurement uncertainty is known and is compatible with
the required capability in terms of measuring.
The test software or the comparison baselines used as the means of
inspection are verified before being put into service to demonstrate that they
are capable of checking that the product is acceptable.
Systematic verification before utilization is industrially impossible but
metrological procedures are used (validation period and definition of the
class of instruments in the test procedure). The class is defined at an earlier
stage.

304
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 5.1
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 113
Recommendation : Control the environment of the inspection,
measuring and test equipment
Do the handling, preservation and storage of the inspection and measuring equipment make it
possible to ensure that the exactness and aptitude for use are maintained?
Is the inspection, measuring and test equipment, including the test benches and test software,
protected against any manipulations that would invalidate the calibration settings?

Level 1 criterion: The environment of the inspection, measuring and test equipment is not
taken into account.
Level 2 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment is protected against any
aggressions that could deteriorate it.
Level 3 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment is protected against any
aggressions that could deteriorate it; it is also protected against any
manipulations that would invalidate the calibration settings. The handling,
preservation and storage of the inspection equipment are not, however,
defined by strict procedures.
Level 4 criterion: The inspection, measuring and test equipment is protected against any
aggressions that could deteriorate it; it is also protected against any
manipulations that would invalidate the calibration settings. The handling,
preservation and storage of the inspection equipment are defined by strict
procedures.

305
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 4.7
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 114
Recommendation : Control the workplace environment
When the workplace environment is important for the quality of the product, appropriate limits
must be specified, controlled and verified (workshop layout, workstation ergonomics, etc).
Level 1 criterion: The workplace environment is not taken into account for the processing of
the equipment. The layout of the workshops is not carried out according to
the products being processed.
Level 2 criterion: The workstations are specific to the equipment, and the working environment
is controlled.
Level 3 criterion: The workstations are specific to the equipment.
The working environment is controlled and checked.
Level 4 criterion: The workstations are suited to the specific needs of the equipment.
The working environment is controlled and checked.
The layout of the workshops makes it possible to optimize maintenance

306
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 5.6
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 117
Recommendation : Control the documentation
Store and preserve the product and process documentation placed at the disposal of the
workshop.
Regularly draw up an inventory of the documentation.
Periodically update the documentation.
Train a workshop personnel entity in the area of technical documentation management.

Possess technical documentation relative to the products.

Possess documentation specific to the maintenance inspections and tests.
Associate this product technical documentation with the processes implemented.
When the documents are supplied, analyze the validity of this product documentation.

Possess process control documentation.

Specify technical documentations for each process.
Make this process documentation available and usable.

Possess documentation specific to the inspection and tests.

Level 1 criterion: No documentation specific to the products or processes, there is no means

in place for making specific documentation available.
Level 2 criterion: The documentation specific to the products or processes exists, however its
updating is not always effective, the validity of the documents is not
analyzed.
Level 3 criterion: The documentation specific to the products or processes exists, its updating
is periodic and planned, the validity of the documents used is not analyzed.
Level 4 criterion: The documentation specific to the products or processes exists, its updating
is periodic and planned, the validity of the documents used is analyzed.

Precise procedures for storing and preserving the documentation are

implemented.

307
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 6.5
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 119
Recommendation : Control product testability and maintainability
Control the capability of the products to detect their own failures, control the means for detecting
failures, facilitate maintenance
Level 1 criterion: No built-in tests, maintenance is implemented when a system failure occurs.
Level 2 criterion: On-board surveillance by means of indicator lights and alarms.
Level 3 criterion: Built-in tests: P Bit, C bit, I Bit (Power up built-in test, Continuous built-in test,
Interrupt Built-in test).
Level 4 criterion: Built-in tests and complementary testability using a system maintenance PC
(or other test means according to the type of product).

308
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 5.5
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 108
Recommendation : Control the production equipment, the tools
and the programmable machines
Make sure that for all the production equipment, tools and programs, there are written procedures
describing the following activities:
- validation before utilization,
- maintenance,
- periodic check according to written procedures,

Level 1 criterion: The tools are not subject to any check or validation before being used.

Level 2 criterion: The tools are subject to checks before being used, but these checks are not
all formalized.
Level 3 criterion: The periodic check of the tools is subject to validation, there are formal
procedures identifying the periodic checks to be performed.
Level 4 criterion: The periodic check of the tools is subject to validation, there are formal
procedures identifying the periodic actions and checks to be performed.
There are formal procedures describing tool maintenance.

309
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 6.4
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 123
Recommendation : Control the changes made to processes
A clear designation of the people authorized to approve changes to process must exist.

Changes requiring customer acceptance must be identified before being applied.

Any change concerning the processes, the production equipment, tools and programs, must be
documented and must generate a procedure for controlling its implementation.

Is a check performed to verify that the results of the process changes produce the required effect
and that these changes do not alter the quality of the product?

Level 1 criterion: Changes are made to processes without being recorded; these modifications
are not subject to any authorization.
Level 2 criterion: Changes made to processes are recorded and are subject to authorization.
These changes are not documented, they do not generate any procedure for
controlling their implementation.
Level 3 criterion: Changes made to processes are recorded, the people authorized to approve
the changes made to production processes are clearly designated.
Changes requiring customer acceptance are identified before any
application.
All changes concerning the processes, production equipment, tools and
programs, are documented and generate a procedure for controlling its
implementation.
However, it is not systematically verified that the results of changes made to
processes produce the required effect or that these changes do not alter the
quality of the product.
Level 4 criterion: Changes made to processes are recorded, the people authorized to approve
the changes made to production processes are clearly designated.
Changes requiring customer acceptance are identified before any
application.
All changes concerning the processes, production equipment, tools and
programs, are documented and generate a procedure for controlling its
implementation.
It is systematically verified that the results of changes made to processes
produce the required effect and that these changes do not alter the quality of
the product.

310
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 6.5
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 109
Recommendation : Control the handling, storage, conditioning,
preservation and delivery operations
There must be a procedure taking into account, at the various steps of the phase and, if
applicable, in conformity with the manufacturer's recommendations and/or the applicable
regulation, the requirements for:
- cleaning
- preventing, detecting and removing foreign matter
- handling suited to sensitive products
- marking and labeling, including the safety marking
- controlling shelf lives and stock rotations
- dangerous materials

· Establish specific procedures for managing perishable articles

· Eliminate all expired or unidentified products
· Propose criteria for assessing and analyzing the quality of the storage conditions
· List and analyze the defects linked to non-quality in storage

Level 1 criterion: The handling, storage, conditioning, preservation and delivery conditions are
not codified, the accomplishment of these operations is not perfectly
controlled.
Level 2 criterion: The handling, storage, conditioning, preservation and delivery conditions are
codified, they give rise to procedures that can be adapted to all of the
equipment.
The accomplishment of these operations is not specific to one item of
equipment.
Level 3 criterion: The handling, storage, conditioning, preservation and delivery conditions are
codified, they give rise to procedures specific to the equipment.
Level 4 criterion: The handling, storage, conditioning, preservation and delivery conditions are
codified, they give rise to procedures specific to the equipment.
Considerations such as expiry, sensitivity of products to stress, the
dangerousness of products are also codified and implemented.

311
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Mark : 6.6
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 124
Recommendation : Control the special processes
When the production operations involve special processes:
- are the special processes to be implemented identified?
- has the supplier checked that all the special process parameters (e.g. materials, personnel,

procedures and software) produce the appropriate results?

- has the supplier identified and documented the significant operations and the parameters of
the process to be controlled in production?
- during the production phase, are all the modifications made to these operations and
parameters subject to a proposal justifying the modification and guaranteeing that it does not
introduce any negative effect on the result of the process?
- has the supplier checked the special processes by making one or more standard parts under
the conditions defined for the production phase?
- are the special processes or is the subcontracting of the special process qualified before being
used?
- does the supplier keep up to date qualified special processes?

Level 1 criterion: The special processes are not identified.

Level 2 criterion: The special processes are identified. The parameters of these processes
(materials, personnel, procedures and software) are assessed. These
processes are not documented, or defined by strict procedures.
Level 3 criterion: The special processes are identified. The parameters of these processes
(materials, personnel, procedures and software) are assessed.
- the significant operations and the parameters of the process to be controlled in production have been identified and
documented.

- during the production phase, all the modifications made to these

operations and parameters are subject to a proposal justifying the
modification and guaranteeing that it does not introduce any negative
effect on the result of the process.
- the special processes have not been verified by making one or more
standard parts under given conditions.

Level 4 criterion: The special processes are identified.

- it is verified that all the parameters of the special processes (e.g. materials, personnel, procedures and software) produce the
appropriate results.
- the significant operations and the parameters of the process to be controlled in production have been identified and
documented.

- during the production phase, all the modifications made to these

operations and parameters are subject to a proposal justifying the
modification and guaranteeing that it does not introduce any negative
effect on the result of the process.
- the special processes have been verified by making one or more standard
parts under given conditions.
- the special processes or the subcontracting of the special process are
qualified before being used.

312
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Mark : 5.3
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 110
Recommendation : Control the workplace's services and fluids
When they have an influence on the quality and reliability of the product, the services and
supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and chemical products used must be
controlled and verified regularly to ensure that their effect on the process is constant.

Level 1 criterion: The services and supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and
chemical products are not subject to any verification
Level 2 criterion: The services and supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and
chemical products are checked on a one-off basis and when a problem is
detected (see ISO 14000).
Level 3 criterion: The services and supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and
chemical products used are controlled and checked periodically to ensure
that their effect on the process is constant.
Level 4 criterion: The services and supplies such as the water, compressed air, electricity and
chemical products used are controlled and checked continuously to ensure
that their effect on the process is constant.

313
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 8
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 208
Recommendation : Put in place counter-ESD protections for
subassemblies during handling and storage
Put in place counter-ESD protections for the subassemblies during handling and storage.
Level 1 criterion: Counter-ESD protection is not covered.
Level 2 criterion: The counter-ESD protection is subject to non-formalized rules and practices.
Level 3 criterion: The counter-ESD protection is subject to validated procedures defining
recognized practices for protecting the subassemblies.
Level 4 criterion: The counter-ESD protection is subject to validated procedures whose follow-
up control is effective.

314
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 5.7
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 161
Recommendation : Have an inspection dossier in your possession
The inspection dossier must contain:
- the acceptance or refusal criteria,
- a sequential list of inspection and test operations to be performed,
- the documents for recording the results of the inspections,
- a list of the specific and non-specific inspection instruments,
- the documents associated with the specific inspection instruments making it possible to
design, produce, validate, manage, use and maintain them.

Level 1 criterion: No inspection dossier.

Level 2 criterion: The inspection dossier is limited to the definition of the acceptance or refusal
criteria.
Level 3 criterion: The inspection dossier defines the acceptance or refusal criteria, along with
the list of operations to be performed. It proposes documents for recording
the inspection results.
Level 4 criterion: The inspection dossier contains:
- the definition of the acceptance or refusal criteria.

- the sequential list of inspection and test operations to be performed.

- the documents for recording the results of the inspections,
- the list of the specific and non-specific inspection instruments,
- the documents associated with the specific inspection instruments making
it possible to design, produce, validate, manage, use and maintain them.

315
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 6.4
Phase : 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
N° : 163
Recommendation : Have the documentation specific to the
non-conformity in your possession
The nonconformity documents must give:
- the product's identification,
- the description of the nonconformity,
- the cause of the nonconformity,
- the actions taken to avoid the recurrence of the nonconformity,
- the reworking or repairs if necessary,
- the inspection of the characteristics affected by the reworking or repairs,
- the final decision.

Level 1 criterion: There is no documentation specific to the nonconformity.

Level 2 criterion: The documentation specific to the nonconformity only serves to identify the
nonconforming product.
Level 3 criterion: The nonconformity documents give the product's identification, the
description of the nonconformity, and the cause of the nonconformity.
However the actions are not formalized to avoid the recurrence of the
nonconformity, the reworking or repairs if necessary and the check of the
characteristics affected by the reworking or repairs,
Level 4 criterion: The nonconformity documents give the product's identification, the
description of the nonconformity, the cause of the nonconformity.
Actions are formalized to avoid the recurrence of the nonconformity, the
reworking or repairs if necessary and the check of the characteristics
affected by the reworking or repairs is performed.

316
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Mark : 5.6
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 4
Recommendation : Allocate the infrastructures required for the
correct accomplishment of the production operations
Allocate the infrastructures required for the production and integration operations to obtain the
level of reliability stipulated by the reliability studies performed at the time of system design (no
degradation of reliability during these phases). Accomplishment of the Process FMECA.
Example: making available suitable power networks, clean rooms, ergonomic buildings
(Application of the 5S methods). Improvement of the environment may consist of:
Increasing the surface areas (to facilitate handling)
Improving the lighting
Reducing operator fatigue
Imposing storage and cleanliness standards
Improving the quality of the tools
Promoting the personnel's awareness of reliability

Level 1 criterion: No assessment of the impact has been carried out, there are no specific
systems for protecting the products.
Level 2 criterion: Some product protection systems have been put in place (storage premises),
partial personnel awareness.
Level 3 criterion: The workshops are fitted with structures making it possible to protect against
the risks of the equipment being degraded by unsuitable infrastructures
(example: electrostatic discharges), the personnel has been trained for their
utilization.
Level 4 criterion: The workshops are fitted with structures making it possible to protect against
the risks of the equipment being degraded by unsuitable infrastructures
(example: electrostatic discharges), the personnel has been trained for their
utilization.
Formal studies have been carried out with a view to preserving the product in
production (e.g. Process FMECA).

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Mark : 6.6
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 5
Recommendation : Continually improve the company's
Engineering Reliability
Put in place Engineering Reliability indicators. Set the company's Engineering Reliability
improvement targets; audit the company's Reliability Engineering (ensure that the reliability
specialists take advanced training courses, communicate at reliability congresses).
Level 1 criterion: No Reliability Engineering indicators have been put in place. No Reliability
discipline actions are performed.
Level 2 criterion: No Reliability Engineering indicators have been put in place, the company's
baseline system includes documents linked to Reliability Engineering:
Directives and guides regularly updated.
Level 3 criterion: Some indicators have been put in place (upholding of the performances,
performances of the provisional methods, etc.), the company's baseline
system includes documents linked to Reliability Engineering: Directives and
guides regularly updated.
Level 4 criterion: Indicators have been put in place, the company's baseline system includes
documents linked to Reliability Engineering: Directives and guides regularly
updated. The company's Reliability Engineering improvement targets have
been set; the company's Reliability Engineering is audited regularly
(advanced training of the personnel, presentations to reliability congresses).

318
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Mark : 7.9
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 26
Recommendation : Collect the customer's remarks relative to the
reliability of the system in operational functioning
Collect from the customers and users of the system the information relative to the system's
reliability in an operational environment and implement the associated action plans.
Level 1 criterion: No information relative to the customer's perception of the product's reliability
is available.
Level 2 criterion: Some information relative to the customer's perception of the product's
reliability is available.
Level 3 criterion: Customer satisfaction surveys have been carried out where the reliability
aspect is examined.
Level 4 criterion: Customer satisfaction surveys have been carried out where the reliability
aspect is examined, action plans aiming to improve the reliability have been
implemented, the results have been noted by the customer.

319
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Mark : 6.3
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 33
Recommendation : Describe the system's reliability improvement
process and the associated targets
Set the company's Reliability Engineering improvement targets annually.

Level 1 criterion: There is no process for constructing reliability in the company.

Level 2 criterion: The reliability construction process has been described.
Level 3 criterion: The reliability construction process has been described, improvement actions
have been defined informally.
Level 4 criterion: The reliability construction process has been described, and it is maintained
and applied completely. Annual improvement targets are set, action plans
have been defined, and an assessment of the results obtained is drawn up.

320
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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 6.5
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 51
Recommendation : Launch the company quality certification process
Certify the company's quality system per ISO 9000 V2000

Level 1 criterion: The manufacturer has not put in place a quality system.
Level 2 criterion: The manufacturer has put in place a quality system but it is not covered by a
quality certification standard, e.g. ISO 9000.
Level 3 criterion: The manufacturer has put in place a quality system which is covered by a
quality certification standard, e.g. ISO 9000 V2000.
Level 4 criterion: The manufacturer has put in place a quality system which is covered by a
quality certification standard, e.g. ISO 9000 V2000. It regularly performs an
internal audit of its reliability activity (at least annually) to define improvement
actions.

321
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Mark : 7.5
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 83
Recommendation : Train the personnel concerned by Reliability or
employ personnel qualified in terms of Reliability
Train the personnel concerned by reliability, from awareness through to advanced expertise for
the reliability managers, according to the criticality of the reliability performances expected for
the system.
Promotion of the production personnel's awareness of the non-degradation of the products.

Level 1 criterion: The reliability specialist has not received any specific training (initial or
continuous training).
Level 2 criterion: There are no awareness promotion activities in the company, but the
personnel responsible for the reliability studies have received training.
Level 3 criterion: The personnel in the company concerned by reliability have been made
aware of reliability (e.g. promotion of the production personnel's awareness
of the non-degradation of the products)
The personnel responsible for the reliability studies have received training
and are experienced.
Level 4 criterion: The personnel in the company concerned by reliability have been made
aware of reliability (e.g. promotion of the production personnel's awareness
of the non-degradation of the products).
The personnel is experienced, discipline activities are organized in the
company. The personnel take part in reliability congresses and present
papers.

322
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Mark : 8.3
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 87
Recommendation : Provide the resources necessary
for the Reliability studies
Allocate the necessary resources (material means, access to the technical data, and time
required to perform the reliability studies).
Level 1 criterion: There is no clear allocation of means to the reliability activities.
Level 2 criterion: There are means allocated to the reliability activities, but in an insufficient
way (skilled personnel, appropriate tools, too short a time for performing the
studies).
Level 3 criterion: The means (human and material) are allocated in a satisfactory way to the
reliability activity,
Level 4 criterion: The means (human and material) are allocated in a satisfactory way to the
reliability activity, these means are described in a project management plan.

323
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Mark : 5.4
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 88
Recommendation : Configuration manage the
Reliability study documents
Control of the documentation linked to the reliability studies: recording, backing up, archiving,
validating the documents and managing their configuration.
Level 1 criterion: The reliability documents are not configuration managed.
Level 2 criterion: Certain documents are configuration managed.
Level 3 criterion: The assumptions linked to the forecast calculations are detailed in the
documents. The documentation linked to the reliability studies is controlled,
but not systematically: recording, backing up, archiving, validating, managing
the configuration of the documents not performed systematically.
Level 4 criterion: The assumptions linked to the forecast calculations are detailed in the
documents. The documentation linked to the reliability studies is controlled:
recording, backing up, archiving, validating, managing the configuration of
the documents. The forecast reliability study documents are accessible more
than 5 years after being drawn up (for comparative forecast/operational
studies).

324
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Mark : 7.2
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 102
Recommendation : Identify the Reliability risks at the
subcontractors' facilities
Before signing the contract (with the subcontractor), identify the risks linked to the reliability of
the subcontracted product.
Level 1 criterion: No analysis of the reliability-related risks is carried out with the subcontractor
before signing the contract (no specific provisions).
Level 2 criterion: No analysis of the reliability-related risks is carried out with the subcontractor
before signing the contract, but the risks are identified during the project.
There is no management of these risks.
Level 3 criterion: The analysis of the reliability-related risks was carried out before the contract
was signed and was the subject of a formal document. There is no
management of these risks.
Level 4 criterion: The analysis of the reliability-related risks was carried out before the contract
was signed and was the subject of a formal document. The risks identified
are covered by risk sheets which are regularly updated.

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Mark : 7.5
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 32
Recommendation : Involve the reliability discipline
in the design of the equipment
The reliability discipline must be involved in the design phase at the earliest possible stage with
authority to choose to redesign equipment in the event of the targets not being met. (Act on the
redesign of the architecture, choice of components, of suppliers, etc.)

Level 1 criterion: No involvement of the reliability discipline.

Level 2 criterion: Insufficient involvement: no allocation at the outset. Poorly defined job
description. Late involvement, remittal of the dossier to the Detailed Design
Review (DDR) at the latest.
Level 3 criterion: Involvement from the moment of the detailed design phase with complete
assessment of the reliability.
Level 4 criterion: The reliability discipline is involved in the preliminary design phase with
authority to choose to redesign equipment in the event of the targets not
being met. (Act on the redesign of the architecture, choice of components, of
suppliers, etc.)

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Mark : 7.4
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 104
Recommendation : Integrate reliability in the company's quality policy
Integrate the Reliability theme in the company's quality policy and explain this policy to the
levels concerned by Reliability Engineering.
Level 1 criterion: The quality policy does not take reliability into account.
Level 2 criterion: Reliability is mentioned indirectly in the goals of the quality policy.
Level 3 criterion: Reliability is mentioned in the company's quality policy
Level 4 criterion: Reliability is one of the key issues in the quality policy.

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Mark : 5.9
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 121
Recommendation : Control the monitoring and measuring devices,
and the metrology of the measuring apparatuses
and industrial resources
Control the monitoring and measuring devices, and the metrology of the measuring apparatuses
and industrial resources. Control the verification, calibration and benchmarking of the measuring
apparatuses and test benches used by the company. The measuring apparatuses are linked to
the national standards.

Level 1 criterion: There is no procedure for verifying, calibrating and benchmarking the
measuring apparatuses and tests benches in the company.
Level 2 criterion: There is a procedure for verifying, calibrating and benchmarking the
measuring apparatuses and tests benches in the company, but it is not
complied with.
Level 3 criterion: There is a procedure for verifying, calibrating and benchmarking the
measuring apparatuses and tests benches in the company, and it is applied.
Level 4 criterion: The verification, calibration and benchmarking of the measuring apparatuses
and test benches used by the company is controlled (accreditation,
certification, etc.). The measuring apparatuses are linked to the national
standards.

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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 8
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 128
Recommendation : Measure the reliability of the systems in operation
Measure the operational reliability of the systems in operation (follow-up of technical events,
analysis of the causes of failures, allocation of responsibility for the failures, recording of the
system's real utilization profile, assessment of the reliability, analysis of these measurements
and taking into account of the result for new system studies).

Level 1 criterion: No assessment of the reliability by analysis of the operational feedback.

Level 2 criterion: Observation and gathering of information concerning the equipment failure
rates, the only feedback concerns an assessment of the reliability.
Level 3 criterion: Feedback for assessment of the reliability data, analysis of the causes of
failures, allocation of responsibility for the failures, recording of the system's
real utilization profile.
Feedback serves as records, no utilization for quantification of the reliability
of new projects.
Level 4 criterion: Feedback for assessment of the reliability data, analysis of the causes of
failures, allocation of responsibility for the failures, recording of the system's
real utilization profile.
Analysis of these measurements and taking into account of the results for
new system studies.

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Mark : 8.5
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 145
Recommendation : Appoint a reliability studies manager
For each project, appoint a reliability manager who will be the guarantor of the system's
reliability targets being met. This person will have to report on study progress, and on any
problems encountered.
Level 1 criterion: There is no identified reliability studies manager.
Level 2 criterion: There is a reliability studies manager in practice, but there are no records
available concerning his/her appointment.
Level 3 criterion: A reliability studies manager has been appointed, but he/she does not report
to anyone on the progress made with the reliability studies.
Level 4 criterion: A reliability studies manager has been appointed, this person has been
trained and has the required experience in the area. He/she reports regularly
on study progress at the time of meetings or by means of reports.

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Mark : 5.7
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 146
Recommendation : Organize periodic meetings with the
Subcontractor on the subject of reliability
Organize periodic meetings with the subcontractor to systematically examine the reliability
aspects of the subcontracted product.
Level 1 criterion: Periodic meetings with the subcontractor at which the reliability aspects of
the subcontracted product are systematically examined are neither planned
nor held.
Level 2 criterion: Although they are not planned, meetings are held with the subcontractor at
which the reliability aspects are examined.
Level 3 criterion: Periodic meetings with the subcontractor where the reliability aspects are
examined are provided for in the business plans. But they are held randomly.
Level 4 criterion: Periodic meetings with the subcontractor where the reliability aspects are
examined are provided for in the business plans. They are held in conformity
with the plan / timetable.

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Mark : 8.8
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 28
Recommendation : Take part in the functional and detailed design
of the system
Use reliability engineering to optimize the architecture of systems, and the choice of COTS
items, while limiting the physical stress of the COTS items to the strict necessary.
Level 1 criterion: There is no reliability engineering participation in the design of the system.
Level 2 criterion: The participation of reliability engineering during the design of the system is
random and/or partial, systems engineering is only involved for assessing the
reliability.
Level 3 criterion: Reliability engineering takes part in the upstream system architecture tasks,
the company's baseline system describes this participation, which can be
demonstrated.
Level 4 criterion: Reliability engineering takes part in the upstream system architecture tasks,
the company's baseline system describes this participation, which can be
demonstrated. Use the recommendations of the FIDES reliability
construction guide.

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Mark : 6.3
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 151
Recommendation : Plan the accomplishment of the tasks
including those relative to reliability
Integrate the information relative to the systems engineering tasks in the project's various
timetables.
Level 1 criterion: The reliability tasks are not planned.
Level 2 criterion: The reliability tasks to be performed are identified but are not described in a
plan.
Level 3 criterion: The reliability tasks are described and are subject to a timetable.
Level 4 criterion: The reliability tasks are described and are subject to a timetable which is
linked to the company's other timetables.

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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 4.1
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 152
Recommendation : Plan the communication process with the
subcontractor
Integrate in the project's management plan the means of "communication on the reliability
aspects" with the subcontractor: frequency and nature of the meetings, permanent agenda,
content of the reports, reliability aspects of the communications.
Level 1 criterion: There is no reliability-related communication with the subcontractor.

Level 2 criterion: There is communication with the subcontractor relative to the reliability
aspects.

Level 3 criterion: The provisions relative to communication with the subcontractor on the
reliability aspects are described in a project management plan, but only a
partial application of these provisions can be demonstrated.
Level 4 criterion: The provisions relative to communication with the subcontractor on the
reliability aspects are described in a project management plan, and are
applied (proof of this application).

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Mark : 6.9
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 154
Recommendation : Plan the reliability activities including
reliability improvement
Plan the activities relative to improving reliability in the reliability plan. Describe the activities
(fundamental) linked to improving reliability in plans, and implement those plans while keeping
records of the actions.
Level 1 criterion: No activity linked to improving product reliability has been planned or
accomplished.
Level 2 criterion: There are activities linked to improving reliability but they do not appear in
any specific plans.
Level 3 criterion: Activities linked to improving reliability (fundamental) are described in plans
and are partially accomplished.
Level 4 criterion: Activities (fundamental) linked to improving reliability are described in plans
and are accomplished fully. Records are kept of these actions.

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Mark : 7.3
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 155
Recommendation : Plan the reliability studies
Plan the reliability studies to guarantee that the system's reliability targets are met and to ensure
synchronization between the reliability studies and the system design.
Level 1 criterion: No reliability study plans are drawn up.
Level 2 criterion: Although they are stipulated in a plan, the reliability studies do not appear in
a timetable.
Level 3 criterion: The reliability studies appear in a timetable.
Level 4 criterion: The reliability studies are included in all the projects' study timetables. This
studies are monitored.

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Mark : 8.1
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 165
Recommendation : Preserve the system's reliability in production
Preserve the system's reliability in production: analyze the potential degradations that could occur
during the production operations; integration in the design phase (e.g. Process FMECA).
Level 1 criterion: No analysis of the potential degradations that could occur during the
production operations is carried out.
Level 2 criterion: Some one-off analysis is performed on the degradation that has occurred
during production operations, in order to remedy the faults that have been
detected.
Level 3 criterion: A process FMECA has been carried out at least once to assess and reduce
the risks of product reliability being degraded.
Level 4 criterion: A process FMECA is carried out systematically to assess and reduce the
risks of reliability being degraded on new products or ranges of products.

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Mark : 7.3
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 166
Recommendation : Plan periodic consultations with the customers
linked to the Reliability aspects
Regularly consult the customers on the operational reliability aspects and take into account
these remarks for the design of new systems.
Level 1 criterion: No feedback from the customers on their perception of the reliability of the
products is available.
Level 2 criterion: Feedback from the customers concerning reliability is available, but it is only
rarely used.
Level 3 criterion: Feedback from the customers concerning reliability is available and is used
to improve the design, development and production of the product.
Level 4 criterion: The company regularly consults its customers on the reliability of its products
(formal interviews or surveys by means of questionnaires). This feedback is
used and is subject to an action plan whose results are sent to the customer.
The effectiveness of this process can be demonstrated by the customer's
degree of satisfaction.

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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 8.3
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 185
Recommendation : Select the COTS items used
Select the COTS items used, analyze the market, assess the reliability of the COTS items.

Level 1 criterion: No selection of the COTS items is made.

Level 2 criterion: A selection of the COTS items is made according to the reliability (or
manufacturing quality) criterion in an informal way.
Level 3 criterion: The company's baseline stipulates that the COTS items must be selected
according to the reliability (and/or manufacturing quality) criterion without
indicating how. This is effective but is only based on manufacturer data.
Level 4 criterion: The company's baseline stipulates that the COTS items must be selected
according to the reliability (and/or manufacturing quality) criterion. This is
effective and is based on in-depth analysis: (analysis of the manufacturing
data, audit of the manufacturers, assessment of the technologies used, etc.).

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Mark : 8.2
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 186
Recommendation : Select the suppliers of the COTS items
Select the suppliers of the COTS items, analyze the market. Assessment of how the COTS
items' reliability is taken into account.
Level 1 criterion: The suppliers of COTS items are not selected.
Level 2 criterion: A partial selection of COTS items is carried out in an informal way.
Level 3 criterion: The company's baseline stipulates that the COTS item suppliers must be
selected according to the reliability (and/or manufacturing quality) criterion.
This is effective but is only based on manufacturer data.
Level 4 criterion: The company's baseline stipulates that the COTS item suppliers must be
selected according to the reliability (and/or manufacturing quality) criterion.
This is effective and is based on formal activities: (interview with the
suppliers, analysis of work accomplished previously, audit, ISO certification).

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Mark : 7.2
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 190
Recommendation : Follow up and control the Subcontractor's corrective
actions relative to the Reliability of the products
Follow up and control (plan, record) the subcontractor's corrective actions relative to the
reliability of the product.
Level 1 criterion: No system has been put in place for following up the corrective actions that
the Subcontractor is asked to perform.
Level 2 criterion: The follow-up of the corrective actions requested by the manufacturer is
partially seen at the time of meetings with the subcontractor.
Level 3 criterion: A system for the periodic follow-up of the corrective actions that the
Subcontractor is asked to perform has been put in place, but it is not fully or
satisfactorily controlled.
Level 4 criterion: A system for the periodic follow-up of the corrective actions that the
Subcontractor is asked to perform has been put in place and there is proof
demonstrating that this follow-up is effective.

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Detailed Recommendation Sheets

Mark : 5.6
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 194
Recommendation : Cover the reliability aspect at the management review
Cover the theme of systems reliability in the agenda of the Management Reviews (progress
target, action plan, measurement of the targets being met, and assessment of systems reliability
with the customers).
Level 1 criterion: Product reliability is not examined by the Management Reviews.
Level 2 criterion: Product reliability is mentioned irregularly at the time of the Management
Reviews.
Level 3 criterion: Product reliability is systematically examined at the time of the Management
Reviews.
Level 4 criterion: Product reliability is systematically examined at the time of the Management
Reviews, progress targets are defined, the meeting of these targets is
assessed.

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Mark : 8.3
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 195
Recommendation : Process the problems
Put in place a system for processing the problems liable to cover the whole FIDES life cycle.

This system is designed to:

- record the circumstances in which the problem occurred,
- record the P/N of the defective article,
- propose a remedial action,
- analyze the causes of the problem,
- propose corrective/preventive actions,
- check the effectiveness of the corrective/preventive actions.

This system includes processing making it possible to:

- quickly find identical problems that have been observed previously,
- draw up statistics,
- and be used for feedback.

Level 1 criterion: No problem processing system has been put in place.

Level 2 criterion: A problem processing system has been put in place by the manufacturer, it
partially meets the requirements of the recommendation. It is not completely
applied to the project.
Level 3 criterion: A problem processing system has been put in place by the manufacturer, it
partially meets the requirements of the recommendation. It is completely
applied to the project.
Level 4 criterion: A problem processing system has been put in place by the manufacturer, it
completely meets the requirements of the recommendation. It is completely
applied to the project.

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Mark : 6
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 198
Recommendation : Use statistical methods that are suited to
the analysis of the feedback
Use statistical methods that are suited to the analysis of the feedback.

Level 1 criterion: The feedback is neither observed or recorded.

Level 2 criterion: The feedback is recorded, but it is not analyzed or is analyzed with
inappropriate and non-formalized statistical methods.
Level 3 criterion: The feedback is recorded and is analyzed using suitable, but non-formalized
methods (no generalized methods).
Level 4 criterion: The feedback is recorded and is analyzed using pertinent statistical methods
and is issued to the users.

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Mark : 8
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 199
Recommendation : Use a FRACAS (Failure Reporting, Analysis
and Corrective Action System)
type system in the company
Use a FRACAS (Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System) type problem
processing system that identifies and records the following in a database: the problems, the
description of the problems, the remedial actions implemented, the search for the causes of the
problem, the corrective or preventive actions decided on, and the measurement of the
effectiveness of these actions.

Level 1 criterion: There is no system in the company for processing the problems.
Level 2 criterion: A problems processing system exists but it is not described, and it is only
partially applied.
Level 3 criterion: A FRACAS (Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System) type
problems processing system which identifies and records in a database the
problems, the description of the problems, the remedial actions implemented,
the search for the causes of the problem, the corrective or preventive actions
decided on, and the measurement of the effectiveness of these actions has
been put in place in the company and functions in a partial or incomplete
way.
Level 4 criterion: A FRACAS (Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System) type
problems processing system which identifies and records in a database the
problems, the description of the problems, the remedial actions implemented,
the search for the causes of the problem, the corrective or preventive actions
decided on, and the measurement of the effectiveness of these actions has
been put in place in the company and functions perfectly (indicators are
available, regular analysis for the assessment report, the benefits of the
system put in place are visible).

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Mark : 7.7
Phase : 6 SUPPORT PROCESS ACTIVITIES
N° : 200
Recommendation : Validate the subcontractor's reliability
management baseline
Check that the contract's reliability requirements are effectively taken into account by the
subcontractor and that its project baseline effectively takes them into account.
Level 1 criterion: Although the contractual requirements concerning Reliability are applicable,
they have not been sent to the subcontractor.
Level 2 criterion: The manufacturer transmits to the subcontractor the contractual or internal
requirements linked to reliability, but the subcontractor has not written any
document guaranteeing the application of these requirements.
Level 3 criterion: A reliability management baseline has been established (management plan
or reliability plan) by the subcontractor, it includes the original requirements
of the prime contractor. The application of this baseline is not checked by the
manufacturer.
Level 4 criterion: A reliability management baseline has been established (management plan
or reliability plan) by the subcontractor, it includes the original requirements
of the prime contractor. The application of this baseline is validated by the
manufacturer (progress meeting, audit, etc.).

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