INTRODUCTION OF MATRICES
DEFINITION 1
A rectangular arrangement of mxn numbers, in m rows and n columns and enclosed
with in a bracket is called a matrix. We shall denote matrices by capital letters as A, B, C etc.
Remark: A matrix is not just a collection of elements but every element has assigned a
definite position in a particular row and column.
2.2. SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRICES
SQUARE MATRIX
A matrix in which numbers of rows are equal to number of columns is called a square
matrix.
Example:
DIAGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix A= is called a diagonal matrix if each of its non-diagonal element
is zero.
That is and at least one element .
Example:
IDENTITY MATRIX
A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are equal to 1 is called identity matrix and
denoted by .
That is
Example:
UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix said to be an Upper triangular matrix if .
Example:
LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix said to be a Lower triangular matrix if.
Example:
SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A square matrix A= said to be a symmetric if for all i and j.
Example:
SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A square matrix A= said to be a skew-symmetric if for all i and j.
Example:
ZERO MATRIX
A matrix whose all elements are zero is called as Zero Matrix and order Zero matrix
denoted by .
Example:
ROW VECTOR
A matrix consists a single row is called as a row vector or row matrix.
Example:
COLUMN VECTOR
A matrix consists a single column is called a column vector or column matrix.
Example:
2.3. MATRIX ALGEBRA
Equality of two matrices:
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if
I. They are of same order.
II. Their corresponding elements are equal.
That is if A= then
for all i and j.
SCALAR MULTIPLE OF A MATRIX
Let k be a scalar the n scalar product of matrix A= given denoted
by kA and given by kA = or
ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES
Let A = and are two matrices with same order then sum of the
two matrices are given by
Example: Let
and .
Find (i) 5B (ii) A+B (iii) 4A –2B (iv) 0A
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
Two matrices A and B are said to be confirmable for product AB if number of
columns in A is equal to the number of rows in matrix B. Let A =
be two matrices the product matrix C= AB, is matrix of order m r where
Example: Let and
Calculate (i) AB (ii) BA
(iii) AB=BA?
INTEGRAL POWER OF MATRICES
Let A be a square matrix of order n, and m be positive integer then we define
(m times multiplication)
PROPERTIES OF THE MATRICES
Let A, B and C are three matrices and are scalars then
1. Associative Law
2. Distributive law
3. Associative Law
4. Associative Law
5. Associative Law
6. Distributive law
TRANSPOSE
The transpose of matrix A = , written ( is the matrix
obtained by writing the rows of A in order as columns.
That is .
PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE
=A
=k for scalar k
Example:
, A is symmetric by the definition of symmetric matrix.
Then
That is .
A square matrix A is said to be skew- symmetric if
Example:
(i) and are both symmetric.
(ii) is a symmetric matrix.
(iii) is a skew-symmetric matrix
(iv) If A is a symmetric matrix and m is any positive integer then is also
symmetric.
(v) If A is skew symmetric matrix then odd integral powers of A is skew
symmetric, while positive even integral powers of A is symmetric.
If A and B are symmetric matrices then
(vi) is symmetric.
(vii) is skew-symmetric.
Exercise: Verify the (i), (ii) and (iii) using the following matrix A
2.4. DETERMINANT, MINOR AND ADJOINT MATRICES
DEFINITION
Let A= be a square matrix of order n, then the number called determinant
of the matrix A.
(i) Determinant of 2 2 matrix
Let A= then = =
(ii) Determinant of 3 3 matrix
Let B=
Then =
Exercise: Calculate the determinants of the following matrices
(i) (ii)
PROPERTIES OF THE DETERMINANT
a. The determinant of a matrix A and its transpose are equal.
b. Let A be a square matrix
(i) If A has a row(column)of zeros then
(ii) If A has two identical rows (or columns) then
c. If A is triangular matrix then is product of the diagonal elements.
d. If A is a square matrix of order n and k is a scalar then
SINGULAR MATRIX
If A is square matrix of order n, the A is called singular matrix when and
non- singular otherwise.
MINOR AND COFACTORS
Let A = is a square matrix. Then denote a sub matrix of A with
order (n-1) (n-1) obtained by deleting its row and column. The
determinant is called the minor of the element of A. The cofactor of
denoted by and is equal to .
Exercise: Let
(i) Compute determinant of A.
(ii) Find the cofactor matrix.
ADJOINT MATRIX
The transpose of the matrix of cofactors of the element of A denoted by is
called adjoin of matrix A.
Example: Find the adjoint matrix of the above example.
Theorem
For any square matrix A,
where I an identity matrix of same order.
Proof: Let A =
Since A is a square matrix of order n, then also in same order.
Consider
then
Now consider the product
(as we know that and
when )
Where is unit matrix of order n.
Theorem: If A is a non-singular matrix of order n, then
Proof: By the theorem1
Theorem: If A and B are two square matrices of order n then
Proof: By the theorem 1
Therefore
Consider ,
…................(i)
Also consider
……………..(ii)
Therefore from (i) and (ii) we conclude that
Some results of adjoint
(i) For any square matrix A
(ii) The adjoint of an identity matrix is the identity matrix.
(iii) The adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix.
2.5. INVERSE OF A MATRIX AND ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Definition
If A and B are two matrices such that ,then each is said to be inverse of the
other. The inverse of A is denoted by .
