WORD FAMILIES Word families are words that look alike but have different endings. ROOT WORD: nation. ENDINGS: -al ~ize -ly -ity worDs: national nationalize nationally nationality» Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. We need to the language in this report; it is too complex. (A) simplify (©) simply (B) simple (D) simplistic 2. Inmy opinion, her leaving early was a very thing to do. (A) children (©) childishly (B) childish (D) child 3. We could call the TV stations and of our new store. (A) publicity (C)_ publicize (B) public (D) publisher the opening 4, Tike my work because Ihave the own decisions. (A) freed (C) freedom (B) freely (D) free to make my5. Our company believes it is the best the account. (A) organizing — (C)_ organizational (B) organization (D) organize to handle Most meetings are not as (A) interested (C) interest (B) interestingly (D) interesting as this one was. A doctor's manner makes patients feel comfortable. (A) friendship (C)__ friendly (B) friend (D) friendliness8. 10. It was very of the boss to buy us those nice gifts. (A) thoughtless (C)_ thought (B) thoughtful (D)_ thoughtfully One of your duties will be some typing. (A) light (C) lighten (B) lightened (D) lightness She would like a raise, not just a few dollars. (A) really (C) real (B) realist (D) realityPREPOSITIONS Small words that introduce phrases are prepositions. Prepositional phrases show time, placement, direction, cause, and location.Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. The mail carrier left the mail the secretary’s desk. (A) to (©) at (B) on (D) above 2. The software company offers training Atlanta. (A) at (©) by (B) on (D) in 3. There will be a holiday Monday. (A) on (C) at (B) from (D) in 4. The presentation starts 9:30 A.M. in the conference room, (A) on (C) in (B) at (D) for5. The doctor will not give the patient the test results tomorrow. (A) on (C) from (B) until (D) at 6. That clerk stands a counter all day. (A) on (©) behind (B) in (D) above 7. Please hand in that report (A) by (C) in (B) at (D) over Friday afternoon.8. 10. Have you read this article cour competitors? (A) over (C) for (B) above (D) about We do almost all our corresponding e-mail (A) in (C) on (B) by (D) with The sale goes on the 16th. (A) through (C) towards (B) into (D) forCONJUNCTIONS Words, phrases, and clauses are joined by words called conjunctions. Coordinate conjunctions join two equal terms: and, or, nor, but. Subordinate conjunctions join two clauses: although, since, because, when, before, etcMark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. they were tired, they worked overtime. (A) Because (©) Since (B) In spite (D) Although 2. Neither Ms. Chen Mr. Martinez was able to attend the seminar. (A) nor (C) neither (B) and (D) or Mr. Park worked for us, he had received training abroad. (A) Before (C) While (B) After (D) When 4, Please answer the phone (A) during (C) because (B) when (D) and it rings.5. You can look at the clothes in the shop windows, you can’t go in and buy them. (A) but (©) after (B) or (D) while 6. The soccer game won't be postponed looks like rain. (A) because (©) since (8) eventhough (D) as it profits have improved, we’re all getting bonuses. (A) Since (C) Although (B) Before (D) During8. Ms. Adams refused the promotion the large raise. (A) because (C) despite (B) but (D) neither The hotel will accept no guests it’s being renovated. (A) and (C)_ because of (B) while (D) after Restaurant food handlers must wear latex gloves health regulations (A) because of (C) since (B) because (D) thoughADVERBS OF FREQUENCY Adverbs of frequency can be divided into two groups: adverbs of definite frequency such as every day, annually, twice a week and adverbs of indefinite frequency such as always, rarely, never.® Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1, Mr. Lee is never sick and comes in on time (A) never (©) sometimes (B) rarely (D) every day 2. The supervisor tries to be fair. (A) always (©) every day (B) usual (D) ever 3. Our department has been this productive before (A) still (C) yet (B) never (D) lately 4, Ms. Carver late since she was promoted. (A) hasbeen rarely (C)_ rarely has been (B) hasrarely been (D) rarely been5. Our boss gives all of the management team bonuses (A) never (C) still (B) always (D) annually 6. We have pre-registered for the conference. (A) yet (C) already (B) still (D) ever 7. Mr. Kim calls in the auditors. (A) frequently (C)_ timely (B) yet (D) already8. 10. The boss treats everybody to lunch (A) never (C) rarely (B) onoceasion (D) normally We're waiting for a fax from the head office. (A) already (C) every day (B) yet (D) still The Sales Department holds a meeting (A) usually (C) weekly (B) already (D) alwaysCAUSATIVE VERBS When someone makes something happen, you use a causative verb to show this. Look carefully at the form of the verb in the clause that follows the causative verb. Some causative verbs are get, make, have, order, woant.Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. The guard made the visitors at the gate. (A) waiting (C) towait (B) waited (D) wait 2. My assistant wasn’t able to get his check because the bank was closed. (A) cash (C) cashing (B) cashed (D) cashes 3. Ourcompany wants its customers (A) satisfies (C) satisfied (B) satisfying (D) satisfy 4. I'll have my secretary (A) will sign (C) sign (B) signs (D) tosign for the package.5 6. 7 Before the prime minister arrived, the police ordered the area (A) clear (C) clearing (B) cleared (D) be clear We forced our competitors their prices. (A) to lower (C) lowered (B) lower (D) lowering With some effort, Ms. Manson got her schedule (A) tochange (C) change (B) changed (D) changing8. 10. The boss had me all of last month’s sales figures, (A) to check (C) checking (B) checked (D) checks The airport guard made us security gate. (A) to empty (C) emptying (B) empty (D) emptied our pockets at the The architects want all the hallways (A) widen (C) widening (B) widened (D) to widenCONDITIONAL SENTENCES There are two parts to a conditional sentence: the condition (if) and the result. There are also two types of conditional sentences: real and unreal (contrary-to-fact). RFAL CONDITION RESULT If you come before the meeting, we'll have time to talk. UNREAL CONDITION RESULT If my windows were larger, | would get more light» Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. d: 2 If the student be more confident. (A) prepares (©) prepare (B) prepared (D) would prepare IfMr. Kennedy put it in the report. (A) has (C) will have (B) wouldhave (D) had for tomorrow's exam, she'll the information, he would Ifyou ‘one of us. (A) won't understand (C) understood (B) don't understand (D) not understand how to use the word processor, ask any it later. If you aren’t able to finish the letter now, (A) youcould have done (C) youcando (B) youhave done (D)_ you will can do5. F, If you, I would take the job and then ask for more money. (A) had been (C) were (B) am (D) will be If you to cancel your reservation, please do so forty-eight hours before that date. (A) needed (C) need (B) willneed (D) had needed Their marriage wouldn’t be so good if they so well with each other. (A) communicated (C) don’t communicate (B) didn’t communicate (D) communicate10. If we don’t entertain our out-of-town buyers, they such big orders. (A) willplace (C) would place (B) mightnot place (D)_ wouldn't place Come to our next picnic if you the chance. (A) have (C) had (B) willhave (D) don’t have If I didn’t think the gym was helping me feel better, I my membership. (A) would be renewing (C) will be renewing (B) wouldn’tbe renewing (D) can’t renewVERB TENSE Look for time expressions in the sentence to help you decide on the verb tense: every day, last week, tomorrow, etc. Another clue is to look at the tense of other verbs in the sentence. Remember that some verbs can only be used in certain tenses.™® Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. When the messenger , will you please give him this package? (A) will arrive (C) arriving (B) arrives (D) would arrive more responsible The assistant to Ms. Brigham in the last year. (A) is becoming (C) has become (B) hasbeenbecoming (D) becomes The Paris branch of our bank (A) opens (C) opened (B) hasopened (D)_ was opening five years ago today.4. The consultant the results of his recommendations by the end of the month. (A) knows (C) has known (B) does know (D) will know My supervisor promises that I (A) would get (C) will get (B) should get (D) get a raise next year. After you______ enough practice, it will be easy for you to do, (A) have had (C) had (B) will have (D) are having The boss for those reports all morning. (A) is waiting (C) has been waiting (B) waits (D)_ will waiting10. I something very strange, like burning wires. (A) amsmelling (C) smelling (B) smell (D) had smelled You can take those files to the records room unless Kim it first. (A) does (C) is doing (B) willdo (D) had done We at that restaurant in a few months. (A) don’t eat (©) haven't eaten (B) won't eat (D) didn’t eatPRONOUNS Words that take the place of nouns or noun phrases are pronouns. ‘SUBJECT PRONOUNS L you, she, he, it, we, they OBJECT PRONOUNS me, you, her, him, it, us, them POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES my, your, her, his, its, our, their POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselvesMark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. The doors and windows are open. Shut you want. (A) it (B) her (© their (D) them if 2 [finished the job alone. L worked all night by —__ (A) it (B) its (C) me (D)_ myself 3. These books are are mine, (A) you (B) your (©) yours (D) yourself , and the ones on the desk4, My sister’s husband is an architect my house. (A) He (B) She © You () It designed 5. My mother talked to me yesterday, but I didn’t tell Twas sick. (A) him (B) she (© her () it alll. 6. Iget too many e-mails, [can't read (A) them (B) myself (© mine (D) its7. We wanted to arrive before dinner, but was delayed. (A) it (B) its (©) our (D) ours flight 8. Read these papers, sign your name on the bottom of each page, and then fax to the lawyer. (A) her (B) it (C) his (D) them 9. 10. You should have gone to the aisport to meet the client. She didn’t know where to go. (A). herself () her (©) yourself (D) you If the weather is nice, we'll have the meeting outdoors, If isn’t, we won't. (A) our (B) ourselves © (D) itsSUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT The subject and verb of a sentence or clause must agree in number (singular, plural) and person (first, second, third).Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. interest 1. We are interviewing everyone who in the job. (A) express (B)_ expresses (C)_ expressing (D) toexpress. 2. This group of doctors (A) isinvolved (B) are involved (©) be involving (D)_ been involving 3. Mathematics (A) was (B) were (C) are (D) be not easy for my brother. important research. ~~ 4. 5. 6. ‘The results of our efforts to get more business —__ been successful, (A) is (B) are (©) has (D) have ‘The computers that were ordered last week solar power. cy) (B) runs (©) running (D) torun on The trade newsletter where we advertise distributed. (A) has (B) have (©) is (D) are widely2 My family (A) plans (B) plan (© planning (D) planner to open a restaurant soon. ‘The United States taxes to develop the infrastructure for commerce. (A) raise (B) raises (©) tise (D) risen 9, 10. The accountant determined how much money spent on this project (A) was ®) were © is (D) be ‘The government to send a team of consultants to work with the farmers (A) want ®B) wants (C)_ wanting (D) towantMODAL AUXILIARIES Modal auxiliaries are “helping” words that give specific meaning to and indicate the tense of the verb. Examples of modal auxiliaries are: PRESENT/FUTURE shall*/will can may/might should ought to must PAST/INDIRECT SPEECH would could might should ought to had to MODAL PERFECTS will would have could have may/might have should have ought to have must haveMark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. The company hired a public relations firm which improve their image. (A) will have (B) ought to have (Q) may have (D) could 2. ‘The management is meeting to determine who promoted, (a) must (B) will be (C) could have been (D)_ might have 3. She was told she would have seniority and. for more vacation time, (A) could (B) could have (©) can (D) will ask ‘The committee could not agree on what action’ (a) (B) ©) (p) We taken. would have been ought to have should be had to follow these steps to use the new photocopier. (A) (B) «© (D) . Lwould do itif Lcould, but I can’t, so (A) (B) © (Dy could have would ought to have must even try. had not to won't ‘ought to must have7 8 Our ancestors remarkable people tohave 9, lived with such hardships. (A) could have been (B) must have been (©) should be ©) willbe You should have told me sooner so that I helped you. (A) could have (B) ought to © can (D) must 10. Once you eat here, you and the food. (A) had to be (B) might have been (C) could have been (D) willbe pleasedd with the service The new software we plan to install ____ make our department more productive. (A) will ®) © ro) would have might have had toADJECTIVE COMPARISONS Comparisons are used to compare only two things. There are three different structures to use for comparisons: 1 a If the adjective is one syllable (tall), add -er (taller), if the adjective is two syllables and ends with -y (busy), change the y to iand then add -er (busier) If the adjective is two syllables or more (handsome/expensive), put more before it (more handsome/more expensive).Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. He was qualified of all the applicants. 4g, (a) (B) oO (D) less the least least the less 2. Stock prices are (A) the highest (B) high (©) higher (D)_ higher than (A) The most famous (B) The more famous (©) Famous (D) More famous they were last week. ei person in our community is the mayor. 6. The benefits are (A) good (B) better (©) best (D) the best now than last year. This restaurant serves food that I've ever eaten. (A) the bad (B) worse (©) the worst (D) worst ours The proposal wasn’t (A) as (B) as complete (©) complete as (D)_ as complete as7. When she was own company. (A) young (B) younger (©) youngest (D)_ the most young than Lam now, she started her 6. 8. Mr Nakamura, addition to our company, isa great golfer. (A) anewest (B) the newest (©) new (D)_ newer 10. late than never. (A) Good (B) Better (C) Best (D) The best Press button to call the nurse. (A) topmore (B) topmost (C) the topmore (D) the topmostGERUNDS OR INFINITIVES Gerunds (ing words) and infinitives (!o + verb) are verb forms that can be used as nouns. They can be used as subjects, objects, or objects of prepositions. When they are used as direct objects, you have to look at the main verb to decide whether to use the gerund or infinitive form. You can find lists of these special verbs in most grammar reference books.Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. to 1. The new accountant is considering another department. (A) to transfer (B) transferring (©) transferred (D) transfer 2. Mr. Smith wanted (A) tomeet (B) meeting (C) met (D) meet his coworkers. 3. We forgot the door when we left. (A) locked {B) locking (C) lock (D) tolock . They had . The doctor told him to avoid . We offered lunch until tomorrow. (A) postpone (B) to postpone (©) postponing (D) tobe postponed meat. (A) eating (B) eat (©) eaten (D) toeat for coffee during the break. (A) togo (B) going (C) gone (D) went7. Jack admitted personal use. (A) totake (B) taking (©) take (D) took home office equipment forhis 9 10. 8. The new employee promised not (A) tobe (B) being (C) be (D) been late again. Thope (A) entered (B) enter (C) entering (D) toenter the MBA program at Harvard, Stop your money. (A) to waste (B) wasted (C) wasting (D) wasteDIRECTIONS: Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. Tonly_____ to work on Monday. The rest of the ¢ week I work from home. (A) go (C) have gone (B) am going (D) have been going 2. My boss_____ to Australia next month to opena ¢ new business. (A) _ travels (C) has traveled (B) is traveling (D) has been traveling 3. My co-workers and I ________ at this restaurant ¢ once before. (A) eat (C) have eaten (B) is eating (D) have been eating4. Since June, Jake rather than driving to the @ fitness center. He has more time now that he is retired. (A) walking (C) has walked (B) is walking (D) has been walking 5. Ialways —_______to wish my boss a happy birthday. @® (A) forget (C) have forgotten (B) am forgetting (D) have been forgettingI__________ my suitcases already. You can put them a in the car now. (A) pack {C) have packed (B) am packing (D) have been packing I'm sorry. 1______to call you all week, but we a have been so busy at work. (A) mean (C) have meant (B) am meaning (D) have been meaning First we ________ the forms. After that we sign a and mail them. (A) print (C) have printed (B) are printing (D) have been printing10, I__________ your old telephone number, but I still @ need to write your new one down. (A) erase (C) have erased (B) amerasing (D) have been erasing We _. the rose bushes all day. I apologize that @ the front gardens are so messy. (A) trim (C) have trimmed (B) are trimming (D) have been trimmingpirEcTIONS: Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. 1. We __ three new staff members last week. I’m @ happy with them so far. (A) hired (©) had hired (B) were hiring (D) had been hiring 2. The old tenants _____ the property by the time we @ looked at it. There was no furniture left inside. (A) vacated (C) had vacated (B) were vacating (D) had been vacating 3. Sorry for not taking your call this afternoon. I @ __________ up some work for tonight's meeting. (A) finished (C) had finished (B) was finishing (D) had been finishing. We_______ from another supplier for three months @ by the time James made his offer. (A) ordered (C) had ordered (B) ordering (D) had been ordering . The rent _______ by 5 percent this month. We might need to close the shop. (A) increased (C) had increased (B) was increasing (D) had been increasing6. The McKenzies almost _______ their house for less @ than it was worth. A real estate agent helped them out. (A) sold (C) had sold (B) were selling (D) had been selling 7. [______ the bus by then. In fact, I was probably a at work by the time you arrived at my house. (A) already caught (C) had already caught (B) was already catching (D) had been already ca 8. SusanandI_____ you went home already. Do a you want to come to lunch with us? (A) thought (C) had thought (B) were thinking (D) had been thinking9, The mayor forgot his main point while he @ the public. (A) was addressed (C) had addressed (B) was addressing (D) had been addressing 10. George and Jim me to go to the conference by the time I realized what it was about. (A) convinced (C) had convinced @ (B) were convincing (D) had been convincingDIRECTIONS: Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. a 3. The new course by the 5thofJune.It'stoo GD G bad that you don’t get back on that date. (A) will start (C)_ will have started (B) will be starting (D) will have been starting Mr. Davidson ————— on the door when he is, @«¢ ready tosee you. (A) will knock (C)_ will have knocked (B) will be knocking (D) will have been knocking Jenny will have lots of time to spend with her parents © @ in January. She her job by then. (A) is quitting (C)_ will have quit (B) will be quitting (D) will have been quitting fax these documents to our client, please? @) G (A) Will you (©) Willyouhave (B) Will you be (D) Will youhave been5. We will have to stand at the back of the auditorium oF because the volunteers _____alll of the seats by now. (A) will take (C) will have taken (B) willbe taking (D) will have been taking: 6. Go home, Eric. I promise I________ the lights oO ® before I leave the office. (A) will turn off (C) will have turned off (B) willbe turning off (D) will have been turning off 7. |________ the arrangements from home. I am oD ® sick today. (A) willbe made (©) will have made (B) will be making (D) will have been making8. 10. The class for three weeks by the time @ you join us. I'll fill you in at that time. (A) willrun (B) will be running (C) will have run (D) will have been running you $20 that Jesse gets that raise when @ she asks for it (A) I'llbet (B) I'll be betting lassume (A) you'll fly (B) you'll be flown (C) I'll have bet (D) I'll have been betting, to New York rather than drive. @ (C) you'll have flown (D) you'll have been flyingDIRECTIONS: Mark the choice that best completes the sentence. iL My receptionist —— set you up with an appointment. Just go down the hall to your right. (A) can (©) may (B) might (D) ought to ———— Ihang your coat while you're removing your shoes? (A) Shall (C) Must (B) Would (D) Ought We finish this assignment by the deadline, but it’s pretty unlikely. (A) can (© will (B) might (D) would4. You — bring your spouse if you wish. However, you'll have to pay for an extra ticket. (A) may (C) ought to (B) might (D) should 5. He — take a taxi to the airport, but it makes more sense for me to just drop him off. (A) should (C)_ ought to (B) could (D) will 6 [______ have called you sooner, but our telephones weren’t working. (A). will (C) could (B) would (D) must10. . Is there a chance you____ lose your job this winter? (A) can (C) should (B) might (D) must . If you want, we_____ book you on an earlier flight. (A) should (C) must (B) can (D) may ). The office ____ close on the day before the holiday. It all depends how busy we are next week. (A) will (©) might (8) must (D) can I take your order now, or are you still deciding? (A) May (©) Would (8) Must ©) will