1. What is Nutrients?

Answer: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are components of

food. The chemical substance present in components of food is necessary for our
body and is called nutrients.

2. How humans and animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plants.

Answer: All living organisms require food. Plants can make their food themselves
but animals including humans cannot. They get it from plants or animals that eat
plants. Thus, humans and animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plants.

3. What is food?

Answer: Food is the source of energy and every cell of an organism gets energy by
the breakdown of glucose. The cells use this energy to carry out vital activities of life.

4. Why do we need food?

Answer: Living organisms need food to build their bodies, to grow, to repair
damaged parts of their bodies and provide the energy to carry out life processes.

5. How do plants obtain the raw materials from the surroundings?

Answer: Water and minerals present in the soil are absorbed by the roots and
transported to the leaves.

Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through the tiny pores present on the surface of
the leaves. Such pores are called stomata. These pores are surrounded by ‘guard
cells’.

6. What is cell?

Answer: The bodies of living organisms are made of tiny units called cells therefore
Cell are called the building blocks of living organism. Cells can be seen only under
the microscope. Some organisms are made of only one cell. They are called
Unicellular Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium etc. Living organism made up of many cells are
called Multi cellular like man, tree etc.

Fig: A Cell
7. What is the cell membrane?

Answer: The cell is enclosed by a thin outer boundary, called the cell
membrane Most cells have a distinct, centrally located spherical structure called the
nucleus The nucleus is surrounded by a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm.

8. What is tissue?

Answer: A tissue is a group of cells that perform specialized function in an organism.

For example, the vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant
is called the xylem.
 Fig: Tissue
9. What are the main requirements of photo synthesis?

Answer: Chlorophyll, sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are necessary to carry out
the process of Photosynthesis.

10. Explain the process of Photosynthesis?

Answer: Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through stomata. chlorophyll helps
leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight. This energy is used to synthesize
(prepare) food from carbon dioxide and water. Since the synthesis of food occurs in
the presence of sunlight, it is called photosynthesis.

Fig: Photosynthesis
11. Why sun is called the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms?
Answer: The solar energy is captured by the leaves and stored in the plant in the
form of food. and this in turn use by other organism to get food to obtain energy
Thus, sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.

12. Why algae are green in colour?

Answer: Algae contain chlorophyll which gives them the green colour. It can also
prepare their own food by photosynthesis.

13. What are the main components presents in carbohydrates?

Answer: The main components present in carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.

14: Differentiate between nutrients and nutrition.

Answer: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are essential

components of food, these components are called nutrients, but Nutrition is the
mode of taking food by an organism and its utilisation by the body.

15: Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Answer: Green plants are called autotrophs as they prepare their own food from
simple substances, but animals and most other organisms are called heterotrophs as
they take in ready-made food prepared by the plants.

16: Explain the food factory of plants.

Answer: Leaves are called food factory of plants, as the synthesis of food takes place
in leaves of plants. Water and minerals present in soil are absorbed by roots and
transported to leaves via stem. Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through tiny pores
on surface of leaves called stomata.

17: How water and minerals are transported to leaves from roots?
Answer: There are vessels inside a plant which run like pipes throughout the root,
stem branches and leaves, by going through these vessels water and minerals are
transported to leaves from roots.

18: Draw a labelled diagram of cell showing nucleus and cytoplasm.

Answer:

19: Define chlorophyll.

Answer: Chlorophyll is the green colour pigment which helps leaves to capture
energy from sunlight to carry out the food making process of plants by the leaves.

20: Explain the role of chlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis.

Answer: Chlorophyll is the green colour pigment which helps leaves to capture
energy from sunlight to carry out the food making process of plants by the leaves. It
is the green photosynthesis pigment which provides energy necessary for
photosynthesis.

21: Define photosynthesis along with the equation for the same.

Answer: Photosynthesis is the food manufacturing process of green plants

containing chlorophyll, in presence of sunlight, with the help of carbon dioxide and
water to synthesise carbohydrates. The equation for the process is as follow:
Carbon dioxide + water —> carbohydrate + Oxygen

22: What is the function of stomata in leaf of a plant?

Answer: Stomata are the tiny pores present on the surface of leaves which helps in
exchange of gases, the pores in stomata are surrounded by guard cells.
23: Why do we need food?

Answer: Living organisms need food to build their bodies, to grow, to repair
damaged parts of their bodies and provide with energy to carry out life processes.

24: Draw a labelled diagram showing the process of photosynthesis.

Answer:

25: Draw diagram of a leaf showing chlorophyll, and stomata in it.

Answer:

26: What is the cell membrane?

Answer: The cell is enclosed by a thin outer boundary, called the cell membrane
Many cells have a distinct, centrally located spherical structure called the nucleus.
The nucleus is surrounded by a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm.

27: What are the main requirements of photosynthesis?

Answer: Chlorophyll, sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are necessary to carry out
the process of Photosynthesis.

28: Why colours of algae are green?

Answer: Algae contain chlorophyll which gives them green colour and because of
chlorophyll it can also prepare their own food by photosynthesis.

29: What are the main components presents in carbohydrates?

Answer: The main components presents in carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.

30: From where do the plants obtain nitrogen?

Answer: Soil has certain bacteria that convert gaseous nitrogen into a usable form
and release it into the soil. These soluble forms are absorbed by the plants along
with water. By adding fertilizers rich in nitrogen to the soil farmers also made
nitrogen available for plants.

31: Define insectivorous plants along with examples.

Answer: There are few plants which can trap insects and digest them. Such plants
may be green or of some other colour. Such insect-eating plants are called
insectivorous plants. Example: Venus Flytrap and Pitcher plant.

32: Explain how Pitcher plants get their nutrition?

Answer: When an insect lands in the pitcher, the lid closes and the trapped insect
gets entangled into the hair. The insect is digested by the digestive juices secreted in
the pitcher.

Long Answer Type Questions

1: Sun is called the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.
Comments.
Answer: The solar energy is very important to carry out the process of
photosynthesis, it is captured by the leaves and stored in the plant in the form of
food. And this in turn use by other organism to get food to obtain energy Thus, we
say that sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.

2. What is Symbiosis? What is Symbiotic relationship?

Answer: Symbiosis: It is the type of nutrition in which two different kinds of depend
on each other for their nutrition. In this both the organisms are benefited by each
other Example: Lichen. In this one alga and one fungus live together and remain in
symbiotic relationship.

Symbiotic Relationship: Some organisms live together and share shelter and
nutrients. This type of relationship is called symbiotic relationship.

3: Explain the two mode of nutrition in plants.

Answer:

Autotrophs or Autotrophic: – In this mode of nutrition organisms make their food

themselves from simple substances. All green plants are Autotrophs (Auto means
self and trophs means nourishment)

Heterotrophs or heterotrophic: – Heterotrophic organisms are those who obtain

food from other organisms. Since these organisms depend on other organisms for
their food, they are called consumers. All animals and non-green plants like fungi
come under this category.
4. What are stomata? Explain their function.

Answer: Stomata are tiny pores on the underside of the leaf surface that are
surrounded by guard cells. Their functions are to exchange gases by diffusion for
photosynthesis and respiration and to cause transpiration by evaporation of water
from the leaf surface.

5. How is sunlight used by the plant for photosynthesis?

Answer: Sunlight is the energy source for photosynthesis. It is trapped by the green
pigment chlorophyll that is present in the leaves and all green parts pf the plants.
The chlorophyll is present in organelles called chloroplasts. Most of the chlorophyll is
present in the leaves and therefore leaves are the major site for trapping sunlight to
convert it to chemical energy.

6. Explain how photosynthesis occurs in plants.

Answer: Photosynthesis is the process by which solar energy is converted to

chemical energy by the green plants. In this process simple inorganic molecules like
carbon dioxide and water are used to synthesise organic food like starch. The
reaction requires energy from sunlight. Sunlight is trapped by the pigment
chlorophyll present in the leaves. The raw materials for photosynthesis are carbon
dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere whereas water
is absorbed from the soil. The energy from sunlight converts carbon dioxide and
water to starch and oxygen. Starch is used as food by plants and other animals
whereas the oxygen is released into the atmosphere. The overall reaction of
photosynthesis can be represented as follows:

7. How do plants obtain nutrients other than carbohydrates?

Answer: Plants synthesise carbohydrates using energy from sunlight to convert

carbon dioxide and water to starch. The other nutrients are however obtained
directly from soil. Nitrogen is absorbed as soluble nitrogen compounds from the soil.
The nitrogen compounds are present in the soil due to the action of nitrogen fixing
bacteria like Rhizobium that live in symbiotic association with roots of leguminous
plants. Nitrogen compounds can be replenished by the addition of fertilizers and
manure to the soil. Some plants like the pitcher plant and Venus flytrap fulfill their
nitrogen requirements by insectivory. In this case the insects are trapped and
digested by plant parts and the nutrients are released into the plant body.

8. What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?

Answer: The mode of nutrition in fungi is heterotrophic. They cannot synthesize

their own food and are dependent on other ‘organisms’ for their carbon source. They
perform extracellular digestion by releasing enzymes into their environment and
obtain organic and inorganic nutrients through absorption.
There are three main ways of obtaining nutrition:
(i) Saprotrophic: Decomposition of ‘dead organic matter’.
(ii) Parasitic: Feeding from a living host.
(iii) Mutualism: Living in a mutually beneficial interaction with another organism.
Example: lichen is a mutualism between fungi and algae).

9. How can we demonstrate that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis?

Answer: Importance of chlorophyll can be demonstrated by using a variegated leaf.

The outline of the leaf is traced on a paper and the green areas are marked before
the start of the experiment. The leaf is placed in sunlight for few hours to allow
photosynthesis. The leaf is then decolourized by boiling in alcohol. To this iodine
solution is added. It can be observed that the green areas of the leaf turn blue-black
in response to iodine solution indicating the presence of starch. Thus it can be seen
that photosynthesis occurs in the green areas of the variegated leaf showing that
chlorophyll is important for photosynthesis.
10: Why do organisms need to take food?

Answer: Food is required by all living organisms mainly for four reasons or
purposes:

 Food helps a living organism to grow. If enough food is not given or if, the food
given is not of right kind, the organism will not have proper growth.
 Another important function of food is to provide energy which is required for any
living organism for movements and other activities.
 Food is also needed by living organisms for replacement and repairing of their
damaged parts.
 Food provide us the power to fight against infections and diseases.
11: Distinguish between a parasite and a saprotroph.
Answer:

Parasite Saprotroph

A parasite takes ready made food from They secrete the digestive juices on the matter they live
the organism on which it feeds. and convert it into a solution and then absorb it.

They feed on a living organism. They feed on dead and decaying organism.

The organism on which it feeds is called

They do not feed on a living organism.
host

It deprives the host of valuable

There is no host at all.
nutrients.
12: Give a brief description of the process of synthesis of food in green plants.
Answer: Leaves have a green pigment called chlorophyll. In presence of sunlight,
they use carbon dioxide and water to synthesize carbohydrate. During this process
oxygen is released. The carbohydrates ultimately get converted into starch. Carbon
dioxide from air is taken through stomata. Water and minerals are absorbed by roots
and transported to leaves.

13. Whether food is made in all parts of a plant or only in certain parts?

Answer: Only certain part plant like leaves having green pigment chlorophyll. So
Leaves are called the food factories of plants.

Besides leaves, photosynthesis also takes place in other green parts of the plant — in
green stems and green branches. The desert plants have scale- or spine-like leaves
to reduce loss of water by transpiration. These plants have green stems which carry
out photosynthesis.

14. How do the raw materials transport them to the food factories of the
plants?

Answer: Plants have pipe-like vessels to transport water and nutrients from the soil.
The vessels are made of special cells, forming the vascular tissue. The vascular tissue
for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant is called the xylem. The vascular
tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant is called the xylem.
Thus, xylem and phloem transport substances in plants.

15. Why are leaves called the food factories of plants? Explain.

Answer: Leaves are called the food factories of plants due to following functions:
1. Green leaves have all the raw materials necessary to carry the process of
photosynthesis.
2. They have chlorophyll (green pigment) which captures the energy of sunlight.
3. Leaves consist of tiny pores called stomata on their surface.
4. Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through stomata.
5. Water and minerals are absorbed by the roots from the soil and transported to the
leaves by vessels.

16: How would you test the presence of starch in leaves?

Answer: Take a potted plant which has been exposed to sunlight and pluck a leave
from the plant. Then boil it in water for 5 min to soften it and then place the leave in
a test tube containing alcohol ,place the test tube in a beaker containing water
gently heat the beaker till the alcohol dissolves in the chlorophyll and the leaves
loses its green colour. Now wash the leaf with water and then place it on a plate and
add a few drops of iodine solution the parts that turn blue black show the

17: How humans and animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plants?

Answer: All living organisms require food. Plants can make their food themselves by
organic substances but animals including humans cannot make their food
themselves. They get it from plants or animals that eat plants. Thus, humans and
animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plants.

18: Whether food is made in all parts of a plant or only in certain parts?
Explain.

Answer: Only certain parts of plant like leaves have green pigment called
chlorophyll. So Leaves are called the food factories of plants. Besides leaves,
photosynthesis also takes place in other green parts of the plant like in green stems
and green branches. The desert plants have scale or spine like leaves to reduce loss
of water by transpiration. These plants have green stems which carry out the process
of photosynthesis.

19: What is cell?

Answer: The body of living organisms are made of tiny units called cells, therefore
Cell are called the building blocks of living organism. Cells can be seen only under
the microscope. Some organisms are made of single cell they are called Unicellular.
Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium etc. While others are made of multicells and are called
multicellular. Ex. man, tree etc.

20: What is saprotrophic mode of nutrition?

Answer: This mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients in solution form
from dead and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition. Plants which use
saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprotrophs. Example Fungi that secrete
digestive juices on the dead and decaying matter and convert it into a solution. Then
they absorb the nutrients from it.

21: What do you understand by symbiotic relationship present in some

organism?

Answer: Some organisms live together and share shelter and nutrients. This is called
symbiotic relationship. E.g. an alga, and a fungus live together fungus provides
shelter, water and minerals to the alga and, in return, the alga provides food which it
prepares by photosynthesis. In this kind of association both partners are benefited.

22: How nutrients are replenished in soil?

Answer: Nutrients are replenished in soil by following ways:

 By spreading manure or fertilizers that contain nutrients such as nitrogen in the

fields
 By the bacterium Rhizobium that is commonly present in rot nodules of
leguminous plant that can take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a soluble
form like nitrates.
23: What do you mean by Symbiosis?

Answer: Symbiosis is the type of nutrition in which two different kinds of organisms
depend on each other for their nutrition. In this both the organisms are benefited by
each other e.g., lichen is a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. In this one
alga and one fungus live together and remain in symbiotic relationship.

24: What is the role of leguminous plants in replenishing soil fertility?

Answer: Rhizobium is a type of bacteria that cannot make its own food and lives in
the roots of gram, peas, moong beans and other legumes, it converts atmospheric
nitrogen into usable form which increases the fertility of soil, and legumes provide
food and shelter to the bacteria.

25: What do you mean by parasitic nutrition?

Answer: The mode of by which parasitic organism get and synthesize their food is
called parasitic nutrition. Example Cuscuta. It does not have chlorophyll; it takes
readymade food from the plant on which it is climbing. The plant on which it climbs
is called a host. In a parasitic nutrition only one of the partners is benefited and
other is not.

CHAPTER—2
1. Why we cannot digest cellulose like the cattle do?

Answer: Ruminants have a large sac-like structure called rumen between the
oesophagus and the small intestine. The cellulose of the food is digested here by the
action of certain bacteria which are not present in humans.

2. Can we survive only on raw, leafy vegetables/grass? Discuss.

Answer: No, human cannot survive only on raw, leafy vegetables, or grass because
they are rich in cellulose, which is a type of carbohydrate that humans are not able
to digest due to the absence of cellulose-digesting enzymes.

3. Explain the process of digestion in grass eating animals.

Answer: Grass eating animals quickly swallow the grass and store it in a part of the
stomach called rumen. Here the food gets partially digested and is called cud. But
later the cud returns to the mouth in small lumps and the animal chews it.

4. Write a short note on digestion in starfish.

Answer: Starfish feeds on animals covered by hard shells of calcium carbonate. After
opening the shell, the starfish pops out its stomach through its mouth to eat the soft
animal inside the shell. The stomach then goes back into the body and the food is
slowly digested.

5. Write a short note on large intestine.

Answer: The large intestine is wider and shorter than small intestine. It is about 1.5
metre in length. Its function is to absorb water and some salts from the undigested
food material. The remaining waste passes into the rectum and remains there as
semi-solid faeces.

6. How can we prevent tooth decay?

Answer: We can prevent tooth decay in the following manner:

 By cleaning the teeth with a brush or datun and dental floss at least twice a day
and rinse the mouth after every meal.
 By not putting dirty fingers or any unwashed object in the mouth.
7. What are villi? What is their location and function?

Answer: The inner walls of the small intestine have thousands of finger-like
outgrowths. These are called villi (singular villus). These are found in small intestine.

Functions

 The villi increase the surface area for absorption of the digested food.
 The surface of the villi absorbs the digested food materials.
8. What are the functions of the tongue in human body?

Answer: Functions of the tongue in human body

 It helps in talking.
 It mixes saliva with the food during chewing and helps in swallowing food.
 It has taste buds that detect different tastes of food.
9. Draw a labeled diagram of amoeba.
Answer:
10. Name the type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but not
by humans. Give the reason also.

Answer: Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but

not by humans. Ruminants have a large sac-like structure called rumen between the
oesophagus and the small intestine. The cellulose of the food is digested here by the
action of certain bacteria which are not present in humans.

11. What is tooth decay?

Answer: Bacteria are present in our mouth but they are not harmful to us. However,
if we do not clean our teeth and mouth after eating, many harmful bacteria also
begin to live and grow in it. These bacteria break down the sugars present from the
leftover food and release acids. The acids gradually damage the teeth. This is called
tooth decay.

12. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.

Answer: Amoeba feeds on some microscopic organisms. When it senses food,

it pushes out pseudopodia around the food particle and engulfs it. The food
becomes trapped in a food vacuole. Digestive juices are secreted into the food
vacuole. They act on the food and break it down into simpler substances. Gradually
the digested food is absorbed.

13. What substances are secreted in the stomach?

Answer: The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid and
digestive juices. The mucous protects the lining of the stomach. The acid kills many
bacteria that enter along with the food and makes the medium in the stomach acidic
and helps the digestive juices to act. The digestive juices break down the proteins
into simpler substances.

14. Write one similarity and one difference between the nutrition in amoeba
and human beings.

Answer: Similarity
In amoeba, digestive juices are secreted into the food vacuole. They act on the food
and break it down into simpler substances. Gradually the digested food is absorbed.
In human, digestive juices are secreted in buccal cavity, liver and small intestine.

Difference
Amoeba captures its food with help of pseudopodia. In human being, food is taken
into the body through the mouth.

15. How does the stomach work?

Answer: The stomach is a thick-walled bag. Its shape is like a flattened U and it is
the widest part of the alimentary canal. It receives food from the food pipe at one
end and opens into the small intestine at the other. The inner lining of the stomach
secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive juices. The mucous protects the
lining of the stomach. The acid kills many bacteria that enter along with the food and
makes the medium in the stomach acidic and helps the digestive juices to act. The
digestive juices break down the proteins into simpler substances.

16. Complete the following table.

Answer:

Type of teeth Number of teeth Total

Lower jaw Upper jaw

Cutting and
4 Incisors 4 Incisors 8 Incisors
biting teeth

Piercing and
2 Canines 2 Canines 4 Canines
tearing teeth

4 Premolars & 6 Molars 4 Premolars & 6 Molars 8 Premolars & 12 Molars

Chewing and
(Including the wisdom (Including the wisdom (Including the wisdom
grinding teeth
tooth) tooth) tooth)
17. Complete the following table.

Answer:
Name of animal Kind of food Mode of feeding

Snail Leaves and insects Scraping

Ant Sugar and food particles Chewing and Scraping

Eagle Small animals Capturing and Swallowing

Humming-bird Nectar Sucking

Lice Blood Sucking

Mosquito Blood Sucking

Butterfly Nectar Siphoning

House fly Waste or liquids Siphoning

18. Draw a labeled diagram of digestive system of cow.
Answer:

19. Draw a labeled diagram showing arrangement of teeth and different type
of teeth.
Answer:
20. Draw a labeled diagram of human digestive system.
Answer: