UNIT 1

BASIC OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

CG(2151603) Prepared By: Prof. Chirag Bhalodia

 Outline
• Basic of Computer Graphics
• Applications of Computer Graphics
• Display Devices
• Random and Raster Scan System
• Graphics Input Devices
• Graphics Software and Standards
 Basic Computer Graphics
• What is computer graphics?

• The computer graphics is one of the most effective and

commonly used way to information in form of graphics
object such as pictures, charts, graphs and diagram
instead of simple text.

• Computer graphics is a process of generating,

manipulating, storing and displaying graphics object.
Ex: Such as pictures, charts, graphs, diagrams.
 Basic Computer Graphics
• Thus we can say that computer graphics makes it
possible to express data in pictorial form.

• In computer graphics objects are presented as a

collection of discrete picture elements.

• Picture Element = Pixel = Pel

• The pixel is the smallest screen elements.

 Basic Computer Graphics
• Graphics should be generated by controlling the pixel.

• The control is achieved by setting the intensity and colour of

the pixel which compose screen.

• The process of determining the appropriate pixels for

representing picture or graphics object is known as
“rasterization”.

• The process of representing continuous picture or graphics

object as a collection of discrete pixels is called “scan
conversion”.
 Basic Computer Graphics
• What you can do with graphics before displaying it
on screen?

✔ Graphics allows rotation, translation, scaling and

performing various projections before displaying it.

✔ It also allows to add effects such as hidden surface

removal, shading and transparency to the picture.
 Basic Computer Graphics
• User can edit (modify content, structure or appearance)
graphics object with using keyboard, mouse or touch
sensitive panel on the screen.

• There is close relationship between input devices and

display devices.

• Graphics Devices = Input Devices + Display Devices

 Basic Computer Graphics
❖ Advantages of computer graphics :

1. High quality graphics displays on PC

2. It provides tools for producing pictures

3. Produce animation using static image with computer graphics

4. Produce 1-D image in 2-D or 3-D using different simulators.

5. Using motion dynamics tool, user can make object stationary and the viewer
moving around them.

6. Using update dynamics, it is possible to change the shape, colour or other

properties of object.
 Applications of Computer Graphics
• Presentation Graphics
• Entertainment
• Graphics User Interface
• Auto CAD
• Computer Art
• Virtual Reality
• Telemedicine
• Image Processing
• Education
 1. Presentation Graphics

• In this application reports are generated on slides or

transparencies.

• It is normally used to summarize financial, statistical,

mathematical, scientific, and economics data for research.

• Graphs and charts can be in 3-D formats to make the

presentation.
1. Presentation Graphics
 2. Entertainment

• It is used in making motion pictures, music, videos and

television shows.
2. Entertainment
 3.Graphical User Interface

• Major component of GUI interface is a window manager

that allows a user to display multimedia window areas.

• Interface generally comes with a menu and icons for fast

selection of processing options.

• Icon is a graphics symbol designed to look like a processing

options.
3.Graphical User Interface
 4. Auto CAD

• Use of computer graphics is in design process of

engineering and architecture system.

• Auto cad applications are design to create building,

automobiles, aircraft, spacecraft, textiles and more models.
4. Auto CAD
 5. Computer Art

• Computer graphics widely used in fine arts and commercial

applications.

• Artist use a variety of applications like paint packages,

mathematics packages, desktop publishing software and
animation program.
5. Computer Art
 6.Virtual Reality

• Virtual reality provides a very realistic effect using sight

and sound, while allowing the user to interact with the
virtual world.
6.Virtual Reality
 7. Telemedicine

• In this application physician can consult with one another

using video conferencing capabilities, where all can see the
data and images, it brings together experts from a number of
places in order to provide better care.

• Also used in bio-medical instrument like cardiogram,

CT-Scan reports, X-ray.
7. Telemedicine
 8. Image Processing

• Image processing, converts an existing image into digitized

form by converting the image file format.

• Image processing technique is mostly used in commercial

application that can rearrange/modify image in different
format.
8. Image Processing
 9. Education

• A wide range of individual education software with

multimedia.

• It is also used in classroom to enhance the educational

experience and simplify teacher’s work.

• In distance learning, where all students may not be at same

place during a class.
 9. Education

• https://kahoot.it

• Game pin: ? (Enter your name)

 Display Devices
• Display devices also known as output devices.

• The most commonly used output devices in a graphics

system is a video monitor.
 Display Devices
• Types of display devices:
– CRT
– Radom Scan
– Raster Scan
– Colour CRT
– DVST (Direct view storage)
– Flat Panel Display
– Plasma Panel Display
– LCD
 CRT
• CRT
– A CRT is an evacuated glass tube.

– An electron gun at the rear of the tube produces a beam of

electron which is directed towards the front of the tube
(screen) by a high voltage.

– The inner side of the screen is coated with phosphor substance

which gives off light when it is stroked by electron.

– The control grid voltage determines the velocity achieved by

the electrons before they hit the phosphor.
Cathode Ray Tube
 CRT
• CRT
– The control grid voltage determines how many electrons are
actually in the electron beam.

– Thus, control grid controls the intensity of spot where the

electron beam is strike the screen.

– The focusing system concentrates the electron beam so that

the beam converges to a small point when it hits the phosphor
coating.
 CRT
• CRT
– The deflection system of the CRT consists of two pairs of
parallel plates, referred to as the vertical and horizontal
deflection plates.

– The voltage applied to vertical deflection of the electron beam

and voltage applied to the horizontal deflection plates controls
the horizontal deflection of the electron beam.

– There are two techniques used for producing images on the

CRT screen : Random Scan (Vector scan) and Raster Scan.
 Colour CRT
• Colour CRT
– A CRT monitors displays colour pictures by using a
combination of phosphors that emit different-coloured light. It
generates a range of colours by combining the emitted light
from different phosphors.

– There are two basic techniques used for producing colour

displays:
• Bean-Penetration technique
• Shadow mask technique
 Colour CRT
• Beam-penetration technique:
– This technique is used with random-scan monitors.

– In this technique, the inside of CRT screen is coated with two

layers of phosphor, usually red and green.

– The displayed colour depends on how far the electron beam

penetrates into the phosphor layers.

– The outer layer is of red phosphor and inner layer is of green

phosphor.
 Colour CRT
• Beam-penetration technique:
– A beam of slow electrons excites only the outer red layer.

– A beam of very fast electrons penetrates through the red layer and
excites the inner green layer.

– At intermediate beam speeds, combination of red and green light

are emitted and two additional colours, orange and yellow
displayed.

– The beam acceleration voltage controls the speed of the electrons

and hence the screen colour at any point on the screen.
 Colour CRT
• Beam-penetration technique:

– Merits:
• It is inexpensive technique to produce colour in random scan monitors.

– Demerits:
• It can display only four colours
• The quality of picture produced by this technique is not good as
compared to other techniques.
 Colour CRT
• Shadow Mask Technique:
– The shadow mask technique produces a much wider range of
colours then the beam penetration technique.

– Hence this technique is commonly used in raster-scan displays

including colour TV.

– In a shadow mask technique, CRT has three phosphor colour

dots at each pixel position.

– One phosphor dots emits a red light, another emits green light
and third emits green light.
 Colour CRT

Shadow mask techniques

 Colour CRT
• Shadow Mask Technique:
– It has three electron guns, one for each colour dot, and a
shadow mask grid just behind the phosphor coated screen.

– The shadow mask grid consists of series of holes aligned with

the phosphor dot pattern.

– Three electron beams are deflected and focused as a group on

to the shadow mask and when they pass through a hole in the
shadow mask, they excite a dot triangle.
 Colour CRT
• Shadow Mask Technique:
– A dot triangle consists of three small phosphor dots of red,
green and blue colour.

– A dot triangle when activated appears as a small dot on the

screen which has colour of combination of three small dot on
the screen which has colour of combination of three small dots
in the dot triangle.

– By varying the intensity of the three electron beams we can

obtain different colours in the shadow mask CRT.
 DVST
• DVST:
– DVST stands for direct view storage tube.

– In raster scan display we do refreshing of the screen to

maintain a screen image.

– The DVST give alternate method of maintaining the screen

image.

– A DVST uses the storage grid which stores the picture

information.
DVST

DVST
 DVST
• DVST:
– DVST consists of two guns: Primary gun and Flood gun.

– A primary gun stores the picture pattern and the flood gun
maintains the picture display.

– A primary gun produces high speed electrons which strike on

the storage grid to draw the picture pattern.

– Continuous low speed electrons from flood gun pass through

the control grid and attracted to the positive charged areas of
the storage grid.
 DVST
• DVST:
– The low speed electrons then penetrate the storage grid and
strike the phosphor coating.

– During this process collector behind the storage grid smooth

out the flows of flood electrons.
 DVST
• DVST:
– Advantages :
• Refreshing of CRT is not required.
• Complex picture can be displayed on high resolution.
• It has flat screen.
– Disadvantages:
• Erasing requires removal of charge on the storage grid.
• Selective or part erasing of screen is not possible.
• The performance of DSTV is poor in compare to CRT.
• Erasing of screen produces flash over the entire screen.
 Flat Panel Display
• Flat Panel Display:
– The term flat panel display refers to a class of video devices
that have reduced volume, weight and power requirement in
compared to a CRT.

– The important feature of FPD is that they are thinner than

CRTs.

– There are two types of Flat panel display: Emissive display

and Non-emissive display.
 Flat Panel Display
• Emissive Display:
– They convert electrical energy into light energy. Plasma
panels, thin-film displays, and light emitting diodes are
example of emissive displays.

• Non-emissive Display:
– They use optical effect to convert sunlight or light from some
other source into graphics patterns. Liquid crystal display is an
example of non-emissive display.
 Plasma Panel Display
• Plasma Panel Display:
– Plasma panel display writes images on the display surface
point by point, each point remains bright.

– This makes the plasma panel functionally very similar to the

DVST.

– It consist of two plates of glass with thin, closely spaced gold

electrodes.

– The electrodes are attached to the inner faces and covered with
a dielectric material.
Plasma Panel Display

Plasma Panel Display

 Plasma Panel Display
• Plasma Panel Display:
– These are attached to as a vertical ribbons on one glass plate,
and a set of horizontal ribbons to the other glass plate.

– The space between two glass plates is filled with neon-based

gas and sealed. By applying voltage between the electrodes the
gas within the panel is made to behave as if it were divided
into tiny cells.

– Refreshing is not required in this display.

 Plasma Panel Display
• Advantages:
– Refreshing is not required.
– Produce very steady image.
– Light weight than CRT
– Allow selective writing and selective erasing.
– Flat screen and is transparent.
• Disadvantages:
– Poor resolution.
– Complex addressing and wiring
– Costly than CRTs.
 LCD
• Liquid Crystal Display:
– The term liquid crystal refers to the fact that these compounds
have a crystalline arrangement of molecules, yet they flow like
a liquid.

– Two glass plates, each containing a light polarizer at right

angles to the other plate sandwich the liquid-crystal material.

– Rows of horizontal transparent conductors are built into one

glass plate, and columns of vertical conductors are put into the
other plate.
 LCD

Liquid Crystal Display

 LCD
• Liquid Crystal Display:
– The intersection of two conductors defines a pixel position.

– In the ON state, polarized light passing through material is

twisted so that it will pass through the opposite polarizer.

– It is then reflected back to the viewer.

– To turn OFF the pixel, we apply a voltage to the two

intersecting conductors to align the molecules so that light is
not twisted.
 LCD
• Advantages
– Low cost
– Low weight
– Small size
– Low power consumption
 Raster Scan System
Raster Scan System
• Hardware architecture of raster scan system is shown in figure.

• In addition to the general purpose CPU, a special-purpose

processor, called the video controller or display controller, is
used to control the operation of display device.
 Raster Scan System
Raster Scan System
• In this architecture , frame buffer not allocated dedicated
memory, System memory and frame buffer share the
common memory area.

• Frame buffer can be anywhere in the system memory.

• Video controller reads the command from frame buffer

and draw pixel accordingly.
 Raster Scan System
Raster Scan System
Video Controller:
• Figure shows another variation of raster scan system. Dedicated memory area
is allocated to frame buffer.

• Video controller is given direct access to frame buffer.

 Raster Scan System
Raster Scan System
Video Controller:
• This organization can render scene quickly because video
controller do not have to put request on system bus to read
intensity value from frame buffer.

• In some system origin is set at bottom left location of screen. X

coordinate increases from left to right and Y coordinate increases
from bottom to top.

• In some system, origin is set at top left corner, Y coordinate

increases on moving from top to bottom.
 Raster Scan System
Raster Scan System
Video Controller:
• Intensity value from frame buffer is retrieved from current (x, y)
location.
• After painting each pixel, x register is incremented by 1 and
process is repeated until x value hit to x max.
• After processing all pixel on current scan line, content of x
register is set to zero, and y is incremented by 1and video
controller process the scan line in same way.
• Refresh rate is 60 frames/seconds.
• Here in this discussion we assume that the origin is at top left of
the corner of the screen.
 Raster Scan System
Raster Scan System
 Raster Scan System
Raster Scan System
Video Controller:
• In high quality system use two frame buffers, so that one buffer
can be used for refreshing while other is being filled.

• Then both buffer switch the role.

• This mechanism is useful in real time animation because it does

not waste time in reloading the buffer.
 Random Scan System
Random Scan System
• Hardware architecture of random scan system is shown in figure.
• Application program resides in system memory.
 Random Scan System
Random Scan System
• Application program resides in system memory.

• Graphics packages translates the graphics commands in the

application program into a display file.

• Display file also stored in system memory.

• Display processor accesses the content of display file and display

on monitor screen.

• Display processor retrieves one by one command from display

file and draws it on screen.
 Random Scan System
Random Scan System
• Display processor in a random scan system is also called
graphics controller.

• In random scan devices renders the scene using short line.

• Electron beam track the line position directly, rather than going
through each and every pixel on screen.

• Entire scene is defined using segment of line in application

program.
 Random Scan System
Random Scan System
• Line segments are defined by pair of end points.

• A scene is then drawn one line at a time by positioning the beam

to fill in the line between specified endpoints.
Differentiate Random Scan & Raster
Scan System
No. Raster Scan System Random scan System
Electron beam scans entire Electron beam scans only the part of
1 screen to draw a picture screen where picture information is
present.
2 It has low resolution. It has high resolution in compare to
raster scan.
Picture definition is stored as Picture definition is stored as line
3 set of discrete intensity drawing commands in display list.
values in frame buffer.
4 Intensity value is sorted for System is designed to display lines, it
each pixel, it displayed can’t displayed realistic scene.
realistic scene.
5 Pixel location of screen is Mathematical function are used to
used to draw an image. draw an image.
Differentiate Random Scan & Raster
Scan System
No. Raster Scan System Random scan System
6 Cheaper than random scan. More costly.
7 Scan conversion is required. Scan conversion is not required.
8 Video controller is required. Video controller is not required.
9 Used to display dynamic Used to display static scene
scene.
10 Scan conversion hardware is Scan conversion hardware is not
required. required.
Refresh rate is independent When number of primitives are too
11 of number of objects in large, random scan device flickers.
scene.
 Graphics Input Devices
• Keyboards
• Mouse
• Trackball and Spaceball
• Joystick
• Data Glove
• Digitizer
• Image Scanners
• Touch Panels
• Light Pens
• Voice System
https://www.tutorialandexample.com/input-devices-in-compute
r-graphics
Keyboards Mouse
Joystick
Voice
System

Touch Panels
Data Glove
 Light Pens

Digitizer

Image Scanners
 Graphics Software and Standards
• Graphics software is classified in two categories:
1. General Programming Packages
2. Special-purpose applications Packages

1. General Programming Package:

They are like a programming languages, they contain rich set
of graphics functions. Such graphics packages allow to draw
some primitives, fill the colors, set the intensity, apply
transformation etc. Open GL, Open CV is the examples of
such packages. They are more of programmer oriented.
Graphics Software and Standards
2. Special-purpose applications Package:
By contrast, application graphics packages are designed for
nonprogrammers, so users can create required graphics
without worrying about underlying concepts. The interface to
the graphics routines in such packages allow users to
communicate with the programs in their own terms. Examples
of such application packages are paint, CAD, maya 3D,
photoshop etc.
 Graphics Software and Standards
Graphics Standard
• The primary intension of standardization of graphics software is
portability.

• The packages are designed with standard graphics functions so that

they can be used with different hardware systems and used in different
implementations and applications.

• The Graphical Kernal System (GKS) was developed to adopt the first
graphics software standard by the International Standards Organization
(ISO).

• Another graphics standard developed and approved PHIGS

(Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System), which is
an extension of GKS.
 Graphics Software and Standards
Graphics Standard
• It provides improved capabilities for object modelling, colour
specifications, surface rendering, and picture manipulations.

• Subsequently, an extension of PHIGS, called PHIGS+, was developed

to provide 3D surface-shading capabilities.

• PHIGS does not provide a standard methodology for a graphics

interface to output devices and does not specify methods for storing
and transmitting pictures.

• CGI (Computer Graphics Interface) system provides standards for

device interface methods and the CGM (Computer Graphics
Metafile) system specifies standards for archiving and transporting
pictures.