CHAPTER 1:
COMPUTER SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
•Definition: Computers are electronic devices designed to accept input, process it, and produce output.
•Components:
•CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.
•Memory: Stores data and instructions temporarily or permanently.
•Input/Output Devices: Allow users to interact with the computer.
•Storage Devices: Provide long-term data storage.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
COMPONENT OF A CPU
• CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.
• MEMORY: Stores data and instructions temporarily.
• ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT(ALU): Performs Arithmetic and logic operations.
• CONTROL UNIT (CU): Controls the overall processes.
INPUT DEVICES
•Definition: Devices that capture data and send it to the
computer.
•Examples:
•Keyboard: Most common input device for text entry.
•Mouse: Pointing device for graphical interaction.
•Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital form.
•Touch Screen: Allows direct interaction with the display.
OUTPUT DEVICES
•Definition: Devices that convert digital data into
a human-understandable form.
•Examples:
•Monitor: Displays visual output.
•Printer: Produces physical copies of digital documents.
•Speaker: Outputs sound.
•3D Printer: Creates physical objects from digital models.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
•Abacus: Early counting tool.
Computing is attributed to the invention of ABACUS almost 3000 years ago. It was a mechanical device
capable of doing simple arithmetic calculations only.
•Pascaline: Mechanical calculator by Blaize Pascal (1642).
Blaize Pascal invented a mechanical calculator known as Pascal calculator
or Pascaline to do addition and subtraction of two numbers directly
and multiplication and division through repeated addition and subtraction.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
•Analytical Engine: Proposed by Charles Babbage, a mechanical general-purpose
computer (1834).
Charles Babbage invented analytical engine, a mechanical computing device for inputting,
processing, storing and displaying the output, which is considered to form the basis of modern
computers.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
• Tabulating Machine: Herman Hollerith designed a tabulating
machine for summarising the data stored on the punched card. It is the
first step towards programming.
• Turing Machine: The Turing machine concept was a general purpose
programmable machine that was capable of solving any problem by
executing the program stored on the punched cards.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
• EDVAC / ENIAC: John Von Neumann introduced the concept of stored program computer which
was capable of storing data as well as program in the memory. The EDVAC and then the ENIAC
computers were developed based on this concept.
• Transistors: Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors developed at Bell Labs, using
semiconductor materials.
• Integrated Circuits: An Integrated Circuit (IC) is a silicon chip which contains entire electronic
circuit on a very small area. The size of computer drastically reduced because of ICs.
COMPUTER MEMORY
• A computer system needs memory to store the data and instructions for
processing.
• The secondary memory is used to store data, instructions and results
permanently for future use.
COMPUTER MEMORY:
UNITS OF MEMORY
• BIT: 0 OR 1
• NIBBLE: 4 BITS
• BYTE: 8 BYTES
COMPUTER MEMORY:
TYPES OF MEMORY
• Primary Memory
• RAM
• ROM
• Cache Memory
• Secondary Memory
TYPES OF MEMORY
•PRIMARY MEMORY
•RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used for temporary data storage.
•ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory used for permanent storage of boot instructions.
•CACHE MEMORY: High-speed memory located between the CPU and RAM to speed up processing.
TYPES OF MEMORY:
SECONDARY MEMORY
• Secondary Memory: Non-volatile
storage for long-term data retention,
including hard drives, SSDs, CDs, and
DVDs.
DATA TRANSFER BETWEEN MEMORY AND CPU
• System Bus: A communication system
that transfers data between components
inside a computer.
• Data Bus: Carries data.
• Address Bus: Carries memory addresses.
• Control Bus: Carries control signals.
DATA TRANSFER BETWEEN MEMORY AND CPU
•Steps:
•Data Request: CPU requests data from secondary storage.
•Transfer to Main Memory: Data is transferred from secondary storage to RAM.
•Bus Utilization: Data transfer uses the system bus, including the data bus, address bus, and control bus.
•CPU Access: CPU accesses data from RAM for processing.
•Data Storage: Processed data is either sent to output devices or stored back in secondary storage.
MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLER
•Microprocessor: An integrated circuit that performs the functions of a CPU.
•Microcontroller: A compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific
operation in an embedded system, combining a CPU, memory, and input/output peripherals.
GENERATIONS OF MICROPROCESSORS
DATA & INFORMATION
• DATA: Raw and unorganized facts.
• INFORMATION:Processed data.
TYPES OF DATA
• Semi-Structured Data:
• Structured Data:
Definition: Partially organized but not fixed.
Definition: Organized in fixed formats (e.g., databases).
Examples: Email metadata, HTML documents.
Examples: SQL databases, spreadsheets.
• Unstructured Data:
Definition: No predefined structure (e.g., text,
images).
Examples: Social media posts, multimedia files.
TYPES OF DATA
• STRUCTURED
TYPES OF DATA
• UNSTRUCTURED
TYPES OF DATA
• SEMI-STRUCTURED
DATA CAPTURING, STORAGE & RETRIEVAL
• CAPTURING: Gathering data from different sources in the digital form.
• STORAGE: Storing captured data for processing later.
• RETRIEVAL: Fetching the data from the storage devices.
SOFTWARE
software comprises a set of instructions
which on execution deliver the desired
outcome.
NEED OF SOFTWARE
We cannot instruct the hardware of a computer directly.
Software acts as an interface between human users and the
hardware.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE
SYSTEM PROGRAMMING APPLICATION
SOFTWARE TOOLS SOFTWARE
OPERATING GENERAL
COMPILERS
SYSTEM PURPOSE
UTILITIES INTERPRETERS CUSTOMIZED
DEVICE DRIVERS ASSEMBLER
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• Low-Level Languages:
• Machine Language: The most basic computer language, consisting of binary code.
• Assembly Language: Uses symbolic code and is specific to a computer architecture.
• High-Level Languages: Easier for humans to read and write, and are portable across
multiple systems (e.g., Python, Java, C++).
LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS
•Assemblers: Convert assembly language into machine code.
•Compilers: Translate high-level language code into machine code in a single batch.
•Interpreters: Convert and execute high-level language code line-by-line.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• GENERAL PURPOSE SOFTWARE: application software developed for generic applications, to
cater to a bigger audience in general.
• CUSTOMIZED SOFTWARE: custom or tailor-made application software,
• that are developed to meet the requirements of a specific organisation or an individual.
PROPRIETORY / FREE / OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
• PROPRIETORY SOFTWARE: software to be used has to be purchased from the vendor who has
the copyright of the software.
• FREE SOFTWARE: software are freely available for use but source code may not be available.
• OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE: developers of the software provide their source code as well
as the software freely to the public, with an aim to develop and improve further with
each other’s help. Such software is known as Free and Open Source Software (FOSS).
OPERATING SYSTEMS
System Software that manages hardware resources and provides common services for
application software.
OS USER INTERFACE
•Command-Line Interface (CLI):
Allows users to interact with the computer using text commands.
•Graphical User Interface (GUI):
Uses visual elements like windows, icons, and menus for interaction.
•Touch Interface: Enables interaction through touch gestures.
•Voice Interface: Allows interaction using voice commands.
•Gesture Interface: Uses physical gestures for interaction.
FUNCTIONS OF OS
• Process Management: Handles the execution of multiple processes.
• Memory Management: Allocates memory to processes and manages memory usage.
• File Management: Organizes and manages data storage.
• Device Management: Controls and coordinates hardware devices.
CHAPTER BLUEPRINT
VSA SA LA E TOTAL
1 MARK 2 MARKS 3 MARKS 5 MARKS
2 MCQ 1 1 2 17 MARKS
(1 HOT)
