8

Biotechnology
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Different Cell Functions

Week 5-6

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Biotechnology 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Different Cell Fuctions

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Biotechnology 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Introduction to Biotechnology!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or

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 skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into four lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Cellular Reproduction
 Lesson 2 – Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1. Explain the different cell functions.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. determine the number of chromosomes that are found in different organisms;
2. determine the importance of cell reproduction and enumerate the sequence of
the cell cycle;
3. explain the different stages of mitosis and meiosis;
4. explain how organisms uses energy to sustain life;
5. explain what is photosynthesis and cellular respiration; and
6. compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration and determine the structure
involved, starting materials, end product and energy requirement of each
processes.

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?

A. Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase
B. Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase
C. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
D. Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Prophase

2. During which stage of mitosis does cytokinesis usually occur?

A. Prophase B. Metaphase C. Anaphase D.Telophase

3. During which stage of meiosis do paired chromosomes line up at the equator?

A. Metaphase I B. Telophase I C. Prophase I D. Anaphase I

4. Which stage of meiosis do chromosomes reach their respective poles?

A. Metaphase I B. Telophase I C. Prophase I D. Anaphase I

5. Which of the following is NOT a reason for mitosis?

A. reproduction of bacteria and unicellular protists
B. production of egg and sperm cells
C. repair of damaged tissue
D. growth

6. What three things do plants need for the process of photosynthesis?

A. Sunlight, oxygen, sugar C. Sunlight, Carbon dioxide, water
B. Water, soil, oxygen D. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, soil
7. If plants breathe in carbon dioxide, what do they breathe out?
A. Nitrogen B. Oxygen C. Hydrogen D. Helium
8. What is the compound that plants use to absorb the energy from light?
A. Carbon B. Chlorophyll C. DNA D. Nitrogen
9. What color is chlorophyll?
A. Blue B. Green C. Orange D. Red
10. A vegetable farmer wants to increase his harvest. Which of the following
conditions should the farmer consider?
A. the kind of soil only C. the location of the plots only
B. the amount of water only D. all of the above

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 Lesson

1 Cellular Reproduction

What’s In

When you look at your parents, you can see features that you share with
them, such as the shape of the eye, the presence of dimples, or even the hand you
use when you write. The sharing of features can be explained by heredity, where
traits are passed on from parents to offspring. Yet when you look at your brothers
and sisters, even if you share the same parents, each on of you can be considered
unique based on the combination of traits each possesses. That is variation, which
demonstrates differences among individuals.
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. It aims to understand how
traits can be passed on to the next generation and how variation arises.
Every living thing undergoes reproduction. The nutrients taken by an
individual will provide for energy for metabolic processes, for growth and
development, repair as well as reproduction. The cellular level of reproduction, in
the form of cell division, provides for the backdrop for the organismal level of
reproduction.
In the previous module, you have learned about the different cell structure
and its specific functions, as well as the movement of molecules across the cell
membrane. In this lesson , you will earn about cellular reproduction and
differentiate the two types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis.

What’s New

The Chromosome
All living things contain what we call the genetic material that serves as the
set of instructions that direct the activities and functions of the cells. These genetic
materials, also known as the deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, are passed on from one
generation to the next to ensure the continuity of life. In eukaryotic cells (cells with
organelles), the DNA are bound with proteins and are organized as beads on strings
to form chromosomes.

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 Figure 1. Chromosome

Activity 1.1 The Chromosome

Objective: Determine the number of chromosomes that are found in different
organisms.
Directions: The number of chromosome in a cell is characteristics of the species to
where it belongs. Fill the table below with the number of diploid chromosomes
found in each organisms. You can use your available resources such as internet,
books or dictionary.

ORGANISM CHROMOSOME NUMBER

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (common yeast)

Caenorhabdites elegans (roundworm)

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)

Canis lupus familiaris (dog)

Homo sapiens (man)

Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse ear cress)

Oryza sativa (rice)

Zea mays (corn)

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 What is It

The Cell Cycle

The chromosomes of a cell change form as the cell switch from one stage to
another in atypical cell cycle. The cell cycle maybe divided into two stages: the
interphase where the chromosomes are long and extended and are also referred to
as chromatin, and the cell division phase where the chromosomes become
condensed of thickened.

Figure 2. The Cell Cycle

The interphase refers to the period that follows one cell division and
precedes another. During this stage, the cell does not divide; it merely grows. The
chromosome doubles or replicates itself because the DNA molecule contained in the
chromosome produces an exact copy of itself.
The interphase is divided into three substages. The stage from the formation
of a new cell unit it begins to replicate its DNA is called the first gap period or G1,
during which time the cell grows initially. This stage is characterized by protein and
ribonucleic acid ( RNA) synthesis. RHA, which is synthesized based on the DNA, is
then used to synthesize protein.
The middle stage of interphase, called the synthesis stage or S, is the period
of DNA synthesis or replication. The chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for
the next cell division. The second gap period or G2, falls between the S period and

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the next cell division or M (mitosis or meiosis) phase. G2 represents period of rapid
cell growth to prepare for cell division.
During interphase, the nucleus is clearly visible as a distinct membrane-
bound organelle. In stained cells, this membrane can be clearly seen under the
light microscope. One or more nucleoli are visible inside the nucleus. On the other
hand, the chromosomes cannot be clearly seen. They appear as an irregular mass
that is grainy in appearance because the DNA they contain are stretched out thinly
in the nucleus. This facilitates the replication of DNA during the S phase.

The Cell Division

Alternating with the interphase is the cell division phase. In eukaryotic cells,
there are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.

1. Mitosis
This type of cell division produces two identical cells with the same number
of chromosomes. Mitosis is divided into four stages.
STAGE A: Prophase. The nuclear membrane and nucleoli may still be present. The
chromosomes are thicker and shorter because of repeated coiling. At this stage,
each chromosome is made up of two identical sister chromatids as a consequence
of replication of DNA during the S phase. The two chromatids produced from one
chromosome are still attached at one point, called the centromere. The centromere
may divide the chromosome into the shorter arms, also calles the p arms (petite)
and the longer q arms. If the chromosomes are stained using Giemsa, alternating
dark and light regions will appear. These are the heterochromatin and euchromatin,
respectively. The heterochromatin is more coiled than the eurochromatin.

Figure 3. Parts of the chromosome

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STAGE B: Metaphase. The nuclear membrane has disappeared while the highly
coiled chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant
between the cell’s two poles. Spindle fibers are also formed. Each fiber binds to a
protein called the kinetochore at the centromere of each sister chromatid of the
chromosome.

STAGE C: Anaphase. The paired centromeres of each chromosome separate towards

the opposite poles of the cells as they are pulled by the spindle fibers through their
kinetochores. This liberates sister chromatids. Each chromatid is now regarded as
a full-pledged chromosome and is only made up of one sister chromatid.

STAGE D: Telophase. The chromosomes are now at the opposite poles of the spindle.
They start to uncoil and become indistinct under the light microscope. A new
nuclear membrane forms around them while the spindle fibers disappear. There is
also cytokinesis or the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
immediately after mitosis.

2. Meiosis
The number of chromosomes normally remains the same within the species.
It does not double or triple for every generation. This suggests that a different kind
of cell division must take place in an individual. This kind of cell division is called
meiosis, from a Greek word which means “to make smaller:. Meiosis reduces the
chromosome number in half. It takes place in plants and animals whenever
gametes, or sex cells, are formed through the process called gametogenesis.
Meiosis is a special type of cell division wehere the cell undergoes two
rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells, each with half the
chromosome number as the original parent cell and with a unique set of genetic
material as a result of exchange of chromosome segments during the process of
crossing over.
The first round of meiotic division, also known as meiosis I, consists of four
stages: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. Prophase I of meiosis
I, unlike its counterpart in mitosis, is more elaborate and should be understood
well in order to grasp the mechanisms of heredity.

STAGE A. Prophase I. Meiosis starts with this stage and includes the following sub-
stages:
Leptotene. Each chromosome is made up of two long threads of sister chromatids
as a result of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle.

Zygotene. The chromosomes begin to pair off. Pairs of chromosomes are called
homologous chromosomes, and this pairing process is exact.

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Pachytene. The chromosomes contract due to repeated coiling. Crossing over takes
place during this stage where a segment of a sister chromatid of one chromosome
is exchanged with the same segment of the sister chromatid of the homologous
chromosome through the formation of a cross-linkage of the segments called
chiasma. After crossing over, the sister chromatids of each chromosome may no
longer be identical with each other based on the genetic material they contain.

Figure 4. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I

Diplotene. The chromosmes begin to uncoil.

Diakinesis. The paired chromosomes disperse in the nucleus.

STAGE B: Metaphase I. The paired chromosomes arrange themselves along the

equitorial plate.

STAGE C: Anaphase I. Spindle fibers form and attach to the centromeres of the
chromosomes. The homologous chromosomes separate from each other completely
and start their movement toward the poles of the cells as they are pulled by the
spindle fibers. As the centromere of eacg chromosome does not divide, the sister
chromatids remain together.

STAGE D: Telophase I. This is the stage when the chromosomes each their
respective poles. Cytokinesis follows and two daughter cells are formed. Each cell
now has only half the chromosome number because only one chromosome from
each pair goes to the daughter cell. This is called the haploid condition, in contrast
to the diploid condition at the beginning of the meiosis I where each chromosome
pair is intact. Telophase I is followed by interphase II.

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 Note that each chromosome still has two sister chromatids; it is therefore,
necessary for the cells to undergo another round of division.

The second meiotic division, also known as meiosis II, is mitotic in nature
and consists of the following stages: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and
telophase II; these stages are identical with the mitotic stage. The results are four
cells, two from each daughter cell from meiosis I, with one half the diploid
chromosome number and with only one sister chromatid for each chromosome.

Figure 5. Stages of meiosis

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The Role of Meiosis in Gametogenesis

Gametes such as eggs and sperms unite during fertilization, forming a

diploid zygote. The zygote has one set of chromosomes from the male parent and
another set from the female parent. In humans, both father and mother contribute
23 chromosomes each through their gametes. Thus, the zygote has 46
chromosomes. The zygote divides many times. This produces a new diploid
multicellular organism.

Sperm cells are produced in the testes of male animals. Meiosis produces
four cells which are very small but of similar size. These cells become spermatozoa
(singular form is spermatozoon) or sperms. The nucleus is found in the head of the
sperm; mitochondria are found at the midpiece that connects the head to the tail.
These mitochondria provide the energy for the movement of the sperm’s tail.

In female animals, egg cells are produced in the ovary. When a cell in the
ovary undergoes meiosis, new cells which differ in size are produced. After meiosis I,
two cells - one big and one small - are produced. Meiosis II produces one big and
one small cell from the first big cell. The small cell produced from meiosis I may or
may not divide. If it does, two small cells are produced. The big cell becomes the
egg cell; the small cells disintegrate. The egg cell contains a lot of stored food which
is used by the growing embryo at the start of its development. In fertilization, the
tiny sperm cell only contributes its genetic material found in the head.

Figure 6. Gametogenesis in the testis and ovary of animals

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 What’s More

Activity 1.2 The Cell Cycle Worksheet

Objective: Determine the importance of cell reproduction and enumerate the
sequence of the cell cycle.
Directions: Fill up the correct sequence of the cell cycle below and answer the
questions that follows.

1. Why do cell go through the cell cycle and/or mitosis?

a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
2. What are the 3 main parts of the cell cycle?
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
3. What happens to the cell during interphase?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the first stage of interphase and what happens during this stage?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the stages of Mitosis?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned

I have learned that chromosome _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that cell cycle is __________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that the two stages of the cell cycle are ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that interphase refers to __________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that the three substages of interphase are _________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that there are two types of cell division which are __________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that mitosis is ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that the stages of mitosis are ______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that meiosis is_____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that the stages of meisosis are_____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Can Do

Activity 1.3 Mitosis and Meiosis

Objective: Explain the different stages of mitosis and meiosis.

Directions: Draw the different stages of mitosis and meiosis and explain what
happens during these stages.

Rubrics : (20 points)

Score/ 10 9 8 7
Criteria
Neatness of Neat and Presentable with Quit Poor color
work attractive with good color presentable combination
exceptional combination. with acceptable and messy.
color color
combination. combination
and a little bit
messy.
Content and Written work Written work has Written work Written
information has an interesting performance work has no
extraordinary style. Provided was done in style.
style. Provided informative and little style. Provided few
informative & organized ideas. Essay lacked information.
well-organized some
ideas. information.

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 Lesson
Cellular Respiration and
2 Photosynthesis

What’s In

Trees release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. And you need oxygen

to breathe. Do you know why? So your cells can perform cellular respiration and
make ATP. In lesson 1, you have learned all about cell reproduction, the cell cycle,
cell division, mitosis and meiosis. You also learn that cells undergo reproduction
for growth and development, repair and reproduction.
Brace yourself in this new lesson because you will learn about cellular
respiration and photosynthesis. Their similarities and differences as well as the
importance of each processes.

What’s New

Activity 2.1 Is It A Fact Or A Bluff

Objective: Explain how all organisms uses energy to sustain life.
Directions: Read each sentence. Encircle the word FACT if the statement is correct and
BLUFF if the statement is wrong.

1. Photosynthesis is a process used by animals to turn energy from sunlight into

chemical energy.
FACT BLUFF
2. Chlorophyll absorbs green wavelengths from the sun, which makes plants look
green.
FACT BLUFF
3. Photosynthesis is a process and commonly written as:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
FACT BLUFF
4. Autotrophs are self producers.
FACT BLUFF
5. Plants are green because green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.
FACT BLUFF

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6. Light Dependent Reaction uses energy (ATP & NADPH) from light reaction to
make sugar.
FACT BLUFF
7. Cellular Respiration is a process that uses oxygen and break up sugars into a
form that the cell can use.
FACT BLUFF
8. The breakdown of glucose has three stages; Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle & Electron
Transport Chain.
FACT BLUFF
9. The formula for Cellular Respiration is C6H12 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
(ATP).
FACT BLUFF
10. Organisms released stored energy in food through the process of respiration.
FACT BLUFF

What is It

Photosynthesis
Plants are great providers. Why do you think they are called great providers?
As you go through this lesson, you will understand how plants provide food and
help to make the flow of energy in the ecosystem possible.
Photosynthesis is a process of food making done by plants and ither
autotrophic organisms. The presence of chlorophyll enables these organisms to
make their own food. Autotrophic organisms require light energy, carbon dioxide
(CO2), and water (H2O) to make food (sugar).
In plants, photosynthesis primarily takes place in the leaves and little or
none in the stems depending on the presence of chlorophyll. The typical parts of
the leaves include the upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll, spongy layer,
vascular bundles, and stomates. The upper and lower epidermis protects the leaves
and has nothing to do with photosynthetic processes. Mesophyll has the most
number of chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. They are important in trapping
light energy from the sun. Vascular bundles - phloem and xylem serve as
transporting vessels of manufactured food and water. Carbon dioxide and oxygen
were collected in the spongy layer and enters and exits the leaf through the
stomata.

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 Figure 1. Leaf Anatomy

The parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes,

intermembrane space, stroma and thylakoids stacked in grana. The chlorophyll is
built into the membranes of the thylakoids. Chlorophyll absorbs white light but it
looks green because white light consists of three primary colors: red, blue, and
green. Only red and blue light is absorbed thus making these colors unavailable to
be seen by our eyes while the green light is reflected which makes the chlorophyll
looks green. However, it is the energy from red light and blue light that are
absorbed and will be used in photosynthesis. The green light that we can see is not
absorbed by the plant and thus, cannot be used in photosynthesis.

Figure 2. The Chloroplast

The are two steps of photosynthesis: (a) Light-dependen→t Reaction and (b)
Calvin Cycle (dark reaction). Light-dependent reaction happens in the presence of
light. It occurs in thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy.
Water is one of the raw materials of photosynthesis and is utilized during this stage
and facilitates the formation of free electrons and oxygen.The energy harvested
during this stage is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and NADPH

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(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen). These products will be
needed in the next stage to complete photosynthetic process.

Calvin Cycle (dark reaction) is a light-independent phase that takes place in

the stroma and converts carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugar. This stage does not
directly need light but needs the products of light reaction. This is why it occurs
immediately after the light-dependent phase.

The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is:

Chlorophyll
Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen
(CO2) (H2O) Sunlight (C6H12O6) (O2)

The factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis are temperature, carbon
dioxide, water , and light. Providing the plant with the right amount of these
materials will ensure good quality and quantity of the harvest.

Figure 3. Summary of Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration
All heterotrophic organisms including man, depend directly or indirectly on
plants and other photosynthetic organisms for food. Why do we need food?
Organisms need food as the main source of energy. All organisms need energy to
perform essential life processes.

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 The food must be digested to simple forms such as glucose, amino acids,
and trigylcerides. These are then transported to the cells. The immediate energy
source of the cells is glucose, Glucose inside the cell is broken down to release the
stored energy. This stored energy is harvested in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a high-energy molecule needed by working cells.

Glycolysis
In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two
molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This change is
accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADPH molecules.

Krebs Cycle
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and generates a
pool of chemical energy (ATP, NADPH, and FADH2) from the oxidation of
pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.

Figure 4. Krebs Cycle

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 Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses carbob
dioxide to form acetyl-CoA, a 2-carbon molecule. When acetyl-CoA is
oxidized to carbon dioxide in the krebs Cycle, chemical energy is released
and captured in the form of NADPH, FADH2 and ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

Figure 5. Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain allows the release of the large amount of
chemical energy stored in reduced NADP+ (NADPH) and reduced FAD
(FADH2). The energy released is captured in the form of ATP (3 ATP per
NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2).
The electron transport chain (ETC) consists of a series of molecules,
mostly proteins, embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This
phase of cellular respiration produces the greatest number of chemical
energy in the form of ATP.

The chemical reaction for cellular respiration is:

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

(C6H12O6) (O2) (CO2) (H2O)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Through the process of photosynthesis, plants and other chlorophyll-bearing
organisms produce food for themselves. In photosynthesis, plants capture light
energy and convert it into chemical energy stored in food. Photosynthesis occurs in
the chloroplast found in leaves of plants. The two major stages of photosynthesis
are Light reaction phase and Calvin Cycle.
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cells. Organisms
release stored energy in food through the process of respiration. Respiration breaks
down glucose into carbon dioxide, water and energy (ATP) in the presence of oxygen.
The breakdown of glucose involves three major steps which are glycolysis, Krebs
cycle and electron transport chain.

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 What’s More

Activity 2.2 Word Bank!

Objective: Explain what is photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Directions: Using the word bank below, match each vocabulary word to its
definition and answer the questions given. Write the letter of your answers to the
space provided for each number.

A. Light Energy F. Carbon Dioxide

B. Photosynthesis G. Water
C. Cellular Respiration H. Adenosine Triphosphate
D. Mitochondria I. Chloroplast
E. Chlorophyll J. Glucose

_____1. It is one of the by-product of photosynthesis.

_____2. It is green pigment that absorbs sunlight during photosynthesis and
converts it to energy.
_____3. It is a process of food making done by plants and other autotrophic
organisms.
_____ 4.
_____ 5. What are the tree things needed for photosynthesis to take place?
_____ 6.
_____ 7. An organelle that contains the chlorophyll and it is where photosynthesis
takes place.
_____ 8. It is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells
of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients
into Adenosine Triphosphate and then release waste products.
_____ 9. It is considered as the power house of the cell and plays an important role
in breakdown of food molecules to release the stored energy.
_____ 10. It is a molecule that carries energy within cells an is considered as the
main energy currency of the cell.

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 What I Have Learned

I have learned that photosynthesis is _____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that photosynthesis occur in ______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that the two major stages of photosynthesis are ____________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that cellular respiration is _________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that cellular respiration occur in ___________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I have learned that the three major stages of cellular respiration are _______________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

25
 What I Can Do

Activity 2.3 Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration

Objective: Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration and determine the
structure involved, starting materials, end product and energy requirement of each
processes.
Directions: Study the diagram below and fill the table with corresponding answer.

Figure 6. Photosynthesis and Respiration

Basis of Comparison Photosynthesis Respiration

1. Cell structure involved

2. Starting materials/ raw

materials

3. End product

4. Energy equipment

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The process of cell division that produces two identical cells with the same
number of chromosomes is
A. cancer B. centromere C. mitosis D. spindle
2. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
A. interphase B. metaphase C. mitosis D. prophase
3. What process occurs in the gonads to produce gametes?
A. interphase B. meiosis C. metaphase D. mitosis
4. What is cellular respiration?
A. the breakdown of glucose to release ATP
B. the breakdown of glucose to release NADH
C. the breakdown of glucose to release FADH
D. the breakdown of glucose to release carbon
5. What is the main goal of cellular respiration?
A. make water B. make ATP C. make glucose D. make oxygen
Directions:Study illustration below and answer the following questions.

What are the three things that is needed for photosynthesis to takes place?
6.
7.
8.
What are the by-products of photosynthesis?
9.
10.

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 Additional Activities

Below are links to the different topics in this module. For additional information,
watch the following videos and learn more about the different lessons. Use the links
below.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-ldPgEfAHI
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzDMG7ke69g
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrKdz93WlVk&t=46s
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQK3Yr4Sc_k
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ

Answer Key

References
https://www.google.com/search?q=the+cell+cycle&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&
ved=2ahUKEwjM7o2jzMnsAhUBBogKHSrRDXkQ_AUoAXoECDUQAw&biw=1366&b
ih=657#imgrc=3y_B6h5XAngD6M&imgdii=MO9TQ8hFEJC6eM
https://www.google.com/search?q=crossing+over+of+a+homologous+chromosome+
during+meiosis+I&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9t9GT9cvsAhXnD
aYKHfhwAXcQ_AUoAXoECDEQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=BSNDEnEy5xLREM
https://www.google.com/search?q=parts+of+the+leaves+important+in+photosynth
esis&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiSutLwxdPsAhXhI6YKHcI8Ds4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=parts+of+the+leaves+important+in+photosynthesis&gs_lcp=CgNp

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bWcQAzoCCAA6BAgAEB46BggAEAUQHjoGCAAQCBAeULRMWN6BAWCVgwFoAXA
AeACAAWSIAZYUkgEEMjguMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=im
g&ei=um2XX5L1JOHHmAXC-bjwDA&bih=821&biw=1707#imgrc=srNe-
hVovNdE9M&imgdii=VPVilhAqxzngcM
https://www.google.com/search?q=parts+of+the+leaves+important+in+photosynth
esis&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiSutLwxdPsAhXhI6YKHcI8Ds4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=parts+of+the+leaves+important+in+photosynthesis&gs_lcp=CgNp
bWcQAzoCCAA6BAgAEB46BggAEAUQHjoGCAAQCBAeULRMWN6BAWCVgwFoAXA
AeACAAWSIAZYUkgEEMjguMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=im
g&ei=um2XX5L1JOHHmAXC-bjwDA&bih=821&biw=1707#imgrc=srNe-
hVovNdE9M&imgdii=K9mh8v0JrRLbMM
https://www.google.com/search?q=photosynthesis&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjxwp
eJztPsAhWlI6YKHTUwAaEQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=photo&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgBMgQIABBDMgcIABCxAxBDMgcIA
BCxAxBDMgoIABCxAxCDARBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgcIABCxAxBD
MgQIABBDMgQIABBDOgUIABCxAzoCCABQ_D9YskdgllloAHAAeACAAZEBiAGLBZI
BAzAuNZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=UXaXX7HWIaX
HmAW14ISICg&bih=821&biw=1707#imgrc=P6ZydsslyRJO5M&imgdii=U80-
KuZ17R1njM
https://www.vetbact.org/index.php?displayextinfo=125
https://www.google.com/search?q=electron+transport+chain+simple+diagram&tb
m=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjfk9SWydjsAhXKIaYKHTGaCgkQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=electron+transport+chain+simple+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgIIA
DICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADIECAAQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAIEB46B
wgAELEDEEM6BAgAEENQlKoFWN-
zBWDY0AVoAHAAeACAAVqIAZUFkgEBOJgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB
&sclient=img&ei=RhCaX9_YE8rDmAWxtKpI&bih=750&biw=1707&hl=en#imgrc=Ob
r_BMnKGUEXNM&imgdii=Brshl0oN9LyYnM
https://www.google.com/search?q=comparing+photosynthesis+and+respiration&s
ource=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8gKPQrNvsAhVdxosBHSnQB04Q_AU
oAXoECC8QAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=S_VVllway2OIGM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis
https://www.google.com/search?q=gametogenesis+in+the+testis+and+ovary+of+ani
mals&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjFu7_0muDsAhXhI6YKHYjBC38Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=gametogenesis+in+the+testis+and+ovary+of+animals&gs_lcp=CgN
pbWcQA1DisQZYufwGYKz_BmgAcAB4AIABX4gBhw6SAQIyNJgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy
13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=gBGeX8X7IeHHmAWIg6_4Bw&bih=657&biw=1
366#imgrc=26MDrooKg2jQbM
Science 8 Learner’s Module (2014). Department of Education. Republic of the
Philippines
Science 9 Learner’s Module (2014). Department of Education. Republic of the
Philippines

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