Section 2.2 Direct Methods for Solving Linear Systems 19, alee eae 1) x 0 1 a] = =|ol +d x 0 1 0 1 Since tcan take on the two values O and I, there are exactly two solutions: a and ¢| = |! we ft Remark For linear systems over Z,, there can never be infinitely many jm > solutions. (Why not?) Rather, when there is more than one solution, the number of solutions is finite and is a function of the number of free variables and p. (See Exercise 59.) Exercises 2.2 i In Brercses 1-8 determine wether the given matrix in anon row echelon form its nate whether isaoinvetuced gg yt w(t 3] row echelon form. ie 21 ton 70 10 ere — 010 00 00 . af 34 sed ga) agras wan EE ag 001 ne 3 0-2 -1 2-4 7 slooo o slo toot Po 015 01 100 12 213s ,{iee leer 15, Reverse the elementary row operations ued in ‘load 000 3 Example 2.9 to show that we can convert 01 oo00 0 Lota as InBeariar 3-16 denetayrov opentinatorace | 2 9-5] the given matrix to (a) row echelon form and (b) reduced 0 0 0 0% row echelon form.80 Chapter2_ Systems of Linear Equations 5 2 23 2 15 -1 5 16. In general, what isthe elementary row operation that “undoes” each of the three elementary row operations R, > RykR, and R, + KR? In Exercises 17 and 18, show that the given matrices are row equivalent and find a sequence of elementary row operations that will convert A into B. a 19. What is wrong with the following “proof” that every ‘matrix with at least two rows is row equivalent to a matrix with a zero row? Perform R, + R, and R; + R;. Now rows | and 2 are identical. Now perform R, ~ Ry to obtain a row of zeros in the second row. 20, What isthe net effect of performing the following sequence of elementary row operations on a matrix (with atleast two rows)? R, + RR, — RyRy + RyRy 21, Students frequently perform the following type of cal culation to introduce a zero into’a matrix: E a E 4 aly 24 0 10 However, 3R, ~ 28, is not an elementary row opera- tion, Why not? Show how to achieve the same result, using elementary row operations. - the three types of elementary row operations can be used to create aleading | atthe top of the first column, Which do you prefer and why? 28, What is the rank ofeach ofthe matrices in Exercises 1-8? 24. What are the possible reduced row echelon forms of 3X 3 matrices? {In Exercises 25-34, solve the given system of equations using either Gaussian or Gauss-Jordan elimination. 25, x, + 2x, — 3x59 26 x- y+ dy yt = 0 cxtayt z dxy- mt mad axt yt72 27, x, — 3x, — 2%, =0 ox tly + =o Dx + dey + Ox, 28.2w + 3x—y +42 Bw x want y= z= Wt s ats 2+ 56= =I 30, —a, +32, - 2 +4 = 0 Dy = Oy + 2-2 wy = 3x + xy — Bx ads, + — Bw xt ats wox- yte= xt y whe +25 1 0 1 2 Bat b+ c+ daa ath+ x+ 4d=10 a+ 3b+ 6 + 10d = 20 a+ 4b + 10c + 20d = 35 In Exercises 35-38, determine by inspection (ie, without performing any calculations) whether a linear system with the given augmented matrix has a unique solution, infinitely ‘many solutions, or no solution. Justify your answers. has a unique solution,In Exercises 40-43, for what value(s) of k, ifany, will the systems have (a) no solution, (b) a unique solution, and (€) infinitely many solutions? Mk + 2y= 3 Al xt ky= 1 2x - y= -6 ket y= Qox-dt3e=2 9 Bat ytke= 1 xtky+ 2 ket yt z 44, Give examples of homogeneous systems of m linear ‘equations in m variables with m = m and with m > that have (a) infinitely many solutions and (b) a ‘unique solution, In Exercises 45 and 46, find the line of intersection of the sven planes. 45.3¢-42y+2=-1 and 2x-y tae 46.4c+y+2=0 and 2x-y +32 47. (a) Give an example of three planes that have a com- ‘mon line of intersection (Figure 2.4, 5 Figure 2.4 (©) Give an example of three planes that intersect in pairs but have no common point of intersection (Figure 25). Section 2.2 Direct Methods for Solving Linear Systems (© Give an example of three planes, exactly two of which are parallel (Figure 2.6). Figure 2.6 (€) Give an example of three planes that intersect ina In Exercises 48 and 49, determine whether the lines x= p+ suandx = q + tvintersect and, if they do, find ‘their point of intersection. on deBle(e[ ole th-E fe all points Q = (a,b) such that the line through Qwith direction vector v intersects the line with equation x = p+ su. Recall thatthe cross product of vectors wand v isa vector w v that is orthogonal to both w and v. (See Exploration: The Cross Product in Chapter 1.) If AE82 Chapter2_ systems of Linear Equations show that there are infinitely many vectors that simultaneously satisfy u+x = Oand vx = 0 and that all are multiples oxr-[onaan| L 0 ai 0 s2.tetp=|1fq=| 1|u=|-3}andv=| 6 0 -1 Show that the lines x = p + suand x= q + tvare skew lines, Find vector equations ofa pair of parallel 1 -1 xtay=1 57. 3x + 2y = 1 overdZ, xtay=1 58. x, + xy = 1 over Z5 x, + 2x, + ax =) 2x + 2x + ua x +3x, =2 59, Prove the following corollary o the Rank Theorem: Let A be an m X mmatrix with entries in Z,. Any consistent system of linear equations with coefficient matrix A has exactly p" "** solutions over Z, 660, When p is not prime, extra care is needed in solving planes, one containing each line a linear system (or, indeed, any equation) over Z, Using Gaussian elimination, solve the following system In Exercises 53-58, solve the systems of linear equations over Zy What complications arise? over the indicated Z,, 53.x + 2y = LoverZ, xt 3ya4 xt y=2 ax + 3y=2 Baxty = 1 overZ, ytz=0 A Opei Writing Project A History of Gaussian Elimination [As noted in the biographical sketch of Gauss in this section, Gauss did not actually invent” the method knowa as Gaussian elimination. twas known in some form as carly as the third century a.c. and appears in the mathematical writings of cultures throughout Europe and Asia Write a report on the history of elimination methods for solving systems of linear equations. What role did Gauss actually play in this history, and why is his name attached to the method? 1.5, Athloen and R, McLaughlin, GaussJordan reduction: A brief history, American Mathematical Monthly 94 (1987), pp. 130-142, 2. Joseph F. Grear, Mathematicians of Gaussian Elimination, Notices of the AMS, Vol. 58, No. 6 (2011), pp. 782-792. (Available online at hitp://wwwams.org/ notices/201106/indexihtml) 3. Roger Hart, The Chinese Roots of Linear Algebra (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011) 4. Victor J. Katz, A History of Mathematics: An Introduction (Third Eition) (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Longman, 2008).