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SEQUENTIAL EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN & Smpling

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
35 views5 pages

SEQUENTIAL EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN & Smpling

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Hummayoun
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The research methodology used in this research work is sequential exploratory design as qualitative

holding dominant status. The research is done on different levels with various types of the analyses. From
160 headlines, 40 headlines are analyzed qualitatively. After qualitative data is obtained, all 160 headlines
in corpus are analyzed quantitatively with the help of simple percentage to state that how frequently these
linguistic features are employed in the headlines of different newspaper.
Mixed Methods Approach
During the latter half of 20th century, the interest in the qualitative methods has enhanced due to new
emerging complex phenomenon in mundane human life. As qualitative methods being preferred for
studying the social sciences, therefore researchers opt for mixed methods in researching the subjects
pertaining to it, validating the qualitative findings with quantitative results. (Creswell 2018. P. 4). A
mixed methods approach combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques deserves more attention
in studies where textual comparison and descriptions are carried out. As this research study falls under
the domain of discourse analysis and stylistics, these linguistic subjects aim to study the use of spoken
and written language in the real life contexts making this research study essentially draw its findings from
the perspective of social sciences. Therefore, the researcher opt for employing a kind of mixed method
design to reach the conclusions for this study. Mixed methods offer not only “new tricks” for collecting
and analyzing data; more importantly, they have the potential to foster theory building. The research
study undertakes the newly introduced theory that headlines possess linguistic norm which is unique to
the standard rules of English language.
The reason to use mixed method approach for this research study as it holds pragmatic worldview,
collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. It is worth mentioning that mixed methods research
does not mean simply conducting two separate strands of quantitative and qualitative studies. The studies
and their findings must in some way follow a logic of integration (Creswell and Tashakkori, 2007). There
exist various ways of combining quantitative and qualitative methods within or across different stages of
research (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2003; Creswell, 2003). Two most common dimensions of viewing
mixed methods are:
1) the time ordering (concurrent or sequential) of the qualitative and quantitative phases, and
2) the degree of dominance of either quantitative or qualitative methods.
The mixed method design which is used for this research study is Sequential Exploratory Research
Design with qualitative research holding dominant status. This research method is briefly put forwarded
John W. Creswell and J. David Creswell in their book: “Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and
Mixed Methods Approaches).
Exploratory Sequential mixed methods design is a combination of two methods: Qualitative and
Quantitative. The word exploratory states: “In exploratory sequential approach, the researcher initiates
with a qualitative research phase and explores the collected data. The data is then subjected to analysis,
and the obtained results is used to design the second phase of the sequence which is quantitative. The
qualitative phase paves the way to build an instrument that deems fit to study the sample under study,
further to identify appropriate instruments to use in follow up sequential quantitative phase. (Creswell et
al 2018, p. 16). As further he suggests that possible difficulty may arise on focusing on suggestive
qualitative findings to be used and the selection of sample for both phase of research. This, in this
exploratory sequence design, the quantitative design validates the qualitative data.
In this study of headlines, as corpus is containing 160 headlines, it is very huge data to be analyzed
through qualitative approach, therefore mixed method approach is adopted. Forty headlines are analyzed
with comparative descriptive qualitative method in which each of the linguistic features is extracted out.
After qualitative analysis, the overall quantitative approach is employed to determine how frequently
these linguistic features are employed in the headlines of Pakistani English Newspapers.
In order to understand the dominant status of qualitative approach in Sequential exploratory research
design, the matrix of mixed methods by Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004, p. 22) is studied. As
quantitative approach in sequential exploratory research design is solely dependent upon the qualitative
results, the research instrument to determine the linguistic features is designed using qualitative results.

In the matrix figure above, “quan” stands for quantitative and “qual” for qualitative. Capital letters denote
high priority or weight. The sign “+” stands for concurrent, and “ ” stands for sequential. In the
same vein, Creswell (2003) described six mixed methods designs: 1) sequential explanatory design
(“QUAN à qual”); 2) sequential exploratory design (“QUAL à quan”); 3) sequential transformative
design (move between qualitative and quantitative without clear priority); 4) concurrent triangulation
strategy (“QUAN + QUAL”); 5) concurrent nested strategy (qualitative embedded in quantitative, or vice
versa); and 6) concurrent transformative strategy (qualitative and quantitative methods used concurrently
without clear priority). Certainly, a researcher should choose a single combination that best suits his or
her research needs in a study.
No matter what design a researcher adopts, the purpose of the mixture is either to examine the same
phenomenon through a different lens with each method, bringing out distinctive insights, or to use one
method to develop and validate the constructs used in another method, or both of these. In this discourse
analysis and stylistics study, purely textual analysis, exploratory sequential research design is adopted to
reach conclusions effectively and justify the conclusions corpus selected for this research work.

Purposive sampling in a qualitative evidence synthesis:

In a qualitative evidence synthesis, too much data due to a large number of studies can undermine our
ability to perform a thorough analysis. Purposive sampling of primary studies for inclusion in the
synthesis is one way of achieving a manageable amount of data. The objective of this article is to describe
the development and application of a sampling framework for a qualitative evidence synthesis on
vaccination communication.

Purposeful sampling is widely used in qualitative research for the identification and selection of
information-rich cases related to the phenomenon of interest. Although there are several different
purposeful sampling strategies, criterion sampling appears to be used most commonly in implementation
research.

Purposive sampling
Purposive sampling (also known as judgment, selective or subjective sampling) is a sampling technique in
which researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of population to participate in the
study.

Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method and it occurs when “elements selected for the
sample are chosen by the judgment of the researcher. Researchers often believe that they can obtain a
representative sample by using a sound judgment, which will result in saving time and money”.[1]
Advantages of Purposive Sampling (Judgment Sampling)
Purposive sampling is one of the most cost-effective and time-effective sampling methods available
Purposive sampling may be the only appropriate method available if there are only limited number of
primary data sources who can contribute to the study
This sampling technique can be effective in exploring anthropological situations where the discovery of
meaning can benefit from an intuitive approach

Disadvantages of Purposive Sampling (Judgment


Sampling)
1. Vulnerability to errors in judgment by researcher
2. Low level of reliability and high levels of bias.
3. Inability to generalize research findings

Because of these disadvantages purposive sampling (judgment sampling) method is not very popular in
business studies, and the majority of dissertation supervisors usually do advice selecting alternative sampling
methods with higher levels of reliability and low bias such as quota, cluster, and systematic sampling
methods…

Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling, is a


form of non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgment
when choosing members of the population to participate in their study.

This sampling method requires researchers to have prior knowledge about the purpose
of their studies so that they can properly choose and approach eligible participants.

Researchers use purposive sampling when they want to access a particular subset of
people, as all participants of a study are selected because they fit a particular profile.

Purposive sampling is when researchers thoroughly think through how they will establish a sample
population, even if it is not statistically representative of the greater population at hand. As the name
suggests, researchers went to this community on purpose because they think that these individuals fit the
profile of the people that they need to reach.
While the findings from purposive sampling do not always have to be statistically representative of the
greater population of interest, they are qualitatively generalizable.
Maximum Variation
A maximum variation purposive sample is also referred to as a heterogeneous purposive sample.
Researchers use this technique when they are looking to examine a diverse range of cases that are all
relevant to a particular phenomenon or event. This allows researchers to gain as much insight from as
many angles as possible.
Further, the numerous technique options outlined above make purposive sampling a versatile research
method that can be tailored to enhance a study’s effectiveness.

Sometimes purposive sampling may be the only appropriate method available if there are a limited
number of primary data sources that can contribute to the study.
Maximum variation sampling
Maximum variation sampling, also known as heterogeneous sampling, is a purposive sampling technique
used to capture a wide range of perspectives relating to the thing that you are interested in studying; that
is, maximum variation sampling is a search for variation in perspectives, ranging from those conditions
that are view to be typical through to those that are more extreme in nature. By conditions, we mean the
units (i.e., people, cases/organisations, events, pieces of data) that are of interest to the researcher. These
units may exhibit a wide range of attributes, behaviours, experiences, incidents, qualities, situations, and
so forth. The basic principle behind maximum variation sampling is to gain greater insights into a
phenomenon by looking at it from all angles. This can often help the researcher to identify common
themes that are evident across the sample.
Purposive sampling is intentional selection of informants based on their ability to elucidate a specific
theme, concept, or phenomenon.

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