Reflection of light :- When the rays of light travelling in a (vii) The deviation of the ray is 1800 - 2i 1

homogenous medium & incident on a shiny surface, than Q. Can you see your image in a Newspaper ? If no, how
some part of there rays return back to the same medium. do you read it ?
This is called reflection of light. The ray which strike the Ans. No, because light incident on the newspaper
shiny surface is called incident ray & the ray which returns suffers diffused reflection from it & the image formed is
back in the same medium is called reflected ray, and the only when the reflection is regular. We can read
perpendicular drawn on the point of incidence on the shiny newspaper because of light obtained after diffused
surface is called as normal. The angle between normal and reflection from it reaching our eye.
incident ray is called angle of incidence & the angle between Q. Define the following.
the normal & the reflected ray is called angle of reflection. Ans. (i) Spherical Mirror :- When a mirror is so made
There are two types of reflection : that it is a part of a sphere & silvering at either side than
(a) Regular reflection : If some light rays are incident on a such mirror is called spherical mirror.
shiny surface and all the rays are mutually parallel & after (ii) Concave mirror :- A concave mirror is made by
the reflection, the reflected rays are also mutually parallel silvering the outside or at bulging surface and than its
.Than this is called regular reflection. reflecting surface will be inner surface ( or depressed
(b) Irregular reflection :-When some mutually parallel surface).
rays are incident on a shiny surface but the reflected rays (iii) Convex mirror :-It is made by silvering it at inner
are not mutually parallel than this type of reflection is called surface (or depressed surface) & than its reflecting
irregular reflection. surface will be outer or bulging surface.
(iv) Centre of Curvature :- The Centre of that sphere
by which a spherical mirror is formed is called centre of
curvature & denoted by C.
(v) Pole :-The middle point of a spherical mirror is known
as pole & is denoted by P.
2. Laws of Reflection : (vi) Principle Axis :-An imaginary straight line passing
(i) Incident ray, reflected ray, normal & point of incidence through pole & centre of curvature is called principle
all lie in a some plane. axis of the mirror.
(ii) The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of (vii) Radius of curvature :- The distance from pole to
reflection. the centre of curvature is called radius of curvature. It is
Q. Give the characteristics of images formed by plane mir- denoted by 'R' for convex mirror, it is +ve & for
ror. concave mirror it is -ve.
Ans.(i) The image formed by plane mirror is always virtual (viii) Principle focus :-
& equal in size of the object. (a) For convex mirror :- When some light rays are
(ii) The image lies behind the mirror at a distance equal to incident on a convex mirror, parallel to the principle axis
the distance of the object from the mirror. & after reflection they appear to be come from a certain
(iii) The image formed by a plane mirror is laterally inverted, point of principle axis is called principle focus of convex
i.e. left hand is seen as right hand of image. mirror & is denoted by F.
(iv) So many images are formed by a thick mirror in which
2nd image has the highest intensity.
(v) If the object move away d distance from the mirror than
the image also moves distance d from the mirror.
(vi) If the mirror moves away distance d from the object (b) For concave mirror :- When some light rays are
then image moves 2d distance away from the mirror. incident on a concave mirror, parallel to the principle
axis & after reflection they intersect at a certain point on 2
the principle axis than the point is called principle focus of
concave mirror & is denoted by 'F'.

(ix) Focal Plane :- A vertical plane passing through the

principle focus of a spherical mirror is called focal plane.
When some light rays are incident parallel to each other on a
spherical mirror. Than, they intersect at a point or appear to
emit out from a certain point of focal plane of spherical mirror.
(x) Focal length :-The distance from the pole to the principle
focus is called focal length of the spherical mirror & is
denoted by f . For convex & concave mirror, it is positive
& negative respectively.
(xi) Sign convection :- Following diagram is showing sign
convection.

Q. Write the relation between focal length and radius of

curvature. mirror equation and formula for linear magnification
Ans. R
f or R 2 f
2
1 1 1
f u v
length of image h 'FG IJ Distance of image FG v IJ
m
length of object h H K Distance of object H uK
 2. Relative refractive index :- When light ray is 3
Refraction passed from one media to 2nd media. Than, the ratio of
speed of light is 1st media to that to speed of light in
Refraction :When light is passed from one medium to 2nd media is called refractive index of 2nd media with
another than its path is deviated (except when i = 0). This respect to 1st, i.e.
phenomena is called refraction of light. speed of light in1st medium
relativerefractiveindex
speed of light in 2nd medium
Rare & Denser medium : When the optical density of one
medium differs from the other one. Than the medium is If v1 & v2 are the speed of light in 1st and 2nd media
called rare whose optical density is less than other. While respectively than, relative retractive index of 2nd
the second medium is called denser whose optical density is media with respect to 1st will be,
more than the 1st. v1
n21
Note :(i) Diamond is a substance which is most dense in all v2
known transparent medium. Cause of refraction :Since the light rays have different
(ii) When light ray falls on denser medium from rare medium speed or different wavelength in different medium. So
than after refraction it bends towards the normal. the light rays are bent when travel from one media to
(iii) When light ray falls on the rare medium from the denser another.
one than after refraction it moves away from the normal. Q. Write the factors on which R.I. of medium depends.
Laws of refraction :
Ans. The retractive index of medium depends upon the
(i) Incident ray, refracted ray, normal at the point of incident
following factors :
all lie in a same plane.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to that of sine of 1. Nature of pair of medium :- The retractive index of a
angle of refraction is always equal to a constant & the denser medium with respect to a rare medium is greater
constant is called as refractive index of second medium with than & the refractive index of rare medium with
respect to 1st respect to a denser medium is lesser than 1.
Refractive Index : The ratio of speed of light in one 2. Nature of medium : The R.I. of medium is directly
medium to that of speed of light in 2nd medium is called proportional to its optical density. The diamond has great-
refractive index. est R.I. which is equal to 2.46.
Or 3. Temperature of the medium : The R.I. of the
The ratio of sine of angle of angle of incidence to that medium is inversely proportional to the temperature
of sine of angle of refraction is called refractive index. 4. Colour of light : The R.I. is greater for lesser value of
There are two types of refractive indices :- wavelength, it will be lesser for greater value of
(i) Absolute refractive index : wavelength. {i.e. 1/
When light ray is passed from vacuum to a medium, than {NOTE: n
the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to that of speed of Q. Give the principle of reversibility.
light in that medium is called absolute refractive index of Ans. When light ray passes from one medium to another
that medium & is denoted by n , i.e. than if we place a plane mirror in the path of retracted ray so
speed of light invaccume that it is perpendicular to the refracted ray than the whole
absoluterefractiveindex
speed of light inmedium ray returns back on its own path. This is called principle
If c be the speed of light in vacuum & v be the speed of light of reversibility.
in medium than the absolute refractive index of medium will Let us consider an incident ray is passed from a rare
be n = c/v medium to a denser one. Let the angle of incidence be i.
the absolute refractive index of air is 1.0001 so we can take & angle of refraction be r.
air instead of vacuum in the formula. Than, n21 = sin i / sin r .........(1) (By snell's law)
If the path is reversed than light ray will travel from denser 4
medium to the rare with angle of incidence r . Than, according,
to the principle of reversibility the angle of refraction will
become i . Than by snell's law,
n12 = sin r / sin i
Or 1 / n12 = sin i / sin r .....(2)
iv) Sun & stars looking twinkling but planets don't.
By eq. 1st & 2nd we get,
v) Sun appears before rising & after setting from a higher
n21 = 1 / n12 point.
Therefore the retractive index of 1st medium with respect to
2nd is the reciprocal of R.I. of 2nd medium with respect to
1st.
Q. What is the lateral displacement ?
Ans. P N
i vi) Stars appears to be raised from their original position.
B
Q i-r
r N'
r T
D C
R
U i

When light ray is passed through a transparent medium than in

this condition the incident ray & emergent ray both remains
parallel to each other but the emergent ray is displaced by
some distance to the actual path of incident ray. This
displacement is called lateral displacement.

real depth
refractive index
apperent depth

Q. Give the application of retraction.

i) A stick dipped in water appears to be bent at the surface
of water.

ii) A clean pond of water appears to be shallower.

iii) A coin kept in a vessel & is not
visible from the edge can be seen by pouring water in it.
Q. What is lens ? Give its type. light appear to be meet at it & after refraction from 5
Ans. A transparent medium bounded by two curved the lens, rays become parallel to the principle axis of the
surfaces which are generally spherical are called lenses. There lens called 1st principle focus of a concave lens &
are two types of lens : denoted by F1
1. Convex lens or Converging lens
2. Concave lens or Diverging lens.
1. Convex lens : They are thickened at middle & thinner
at the rim. They are of there types :
(i) Double convex (ii) Plano convex (iii) Concavo convex
2. Concave lens :- They are thinner at middle & thicker at the
ends. They are of there types : Note :- Both foci are situated at same distance from the
(i) Double concave (ii)Plano concave (iii) Convexo concave optical centre while the medium is same at both sides.
6. Second Focal Point of convex lens :- 2nd focal point
of convex lens is a point on the principle axis of a lens such
that the rays of light incident parallel to the principle axis of
the lens after refraction from the lens, pass through this
point or intersect at this point , this is denoted by F2.

Q. Define the following :

Ans. 1. Principle Axis :- The line joining (imaginary line)
the centre of curvatures of two surfaces of a lens is called prin-
ciple axis.
2.Optical centre :- The mid point of a lens is called its 7. Second Focal Point of concave lens :- 2nd focal
optical centre. If a light ray is passed through optical centre point of concave lens is a point on the principle axis of a lens
than it emerges without any deviation, i.e. incident ray & such that the rays of light incident parallel to the principle
emergent ray both remains parallel. axis of the lens after refraction from the lens, appearing to
3. First Focal Point of convex lens :-It is a point F1 on the diverge from this point , this is denoted by F2.
principle axis of the convex lens such that the rays of light
starts from it & after refraction from the lens, rays become
parallel to the principle axis of the lens called 1st principle
focus of a convex lens & denoted by F1

8. Second Focal Length :- The distance of 2nd focal

point from the optical centre of a lens is called 2nd focal
length of the lens.
Q. Images formed by a convex lens :
Ans. 1. When the object is placed at
4. First focal length :- The distance of 1st focus point from In this condition the image formed at focus of point size
the optical centre of lens is called 1st focal length of the lens. {or highly minimize} & real.
5. First Focal Point of concave lens:-It is a point F1 on 1. When the object is placed between infinite & 2F
the principle axis of the concave lens such that the rays of :- In this condition the image formed between F & 2F at
the 2nd side of lens which is real, inverted & smaller than 1. An object is kept at a distance more than twice 6
object. the focal length (F) from a concave mirror. The distance
1. When the object is placed at 2F :- In this condition the image formed will be
the image formed at 2F at the 2nd side of lens which is real, (a) less then F (b) equal to F
inverted & equal to the size of object. (c) between F and 2 F (d) More than 2 F
1. When the object is placed between F & 2F :- In this Ans. (c) between F and 2 F
condition the image formed between 2F & infinite which 2. The speed of light, in a given medium is 2/3 of its
is real, inverted & bigger than the object. speed in vacuum. The absolute refractive index of the
1. When the object is placed at F :- In this condition the medium equals to
image is formed at infinite at & of infinite in size, real & (a) 9/4 (b) 4/9 (c) 3/2 (d) 2/3
inverted. Ans. (c) 3/2
1. When the object is placed between F & O :- In this 3. A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a
condition the image formed is at the same side of the ob- concave mirror is inclined at an angle to its principal
ject which is erect, virtual & bigger than the object. axis. The angle of reflection for this ray equals
Note :-The image formed by a concave lens, is always vir- (a) 00 (b) 300 (c) 600 (d) 900
tual erect, between O & F and at the same side than the ob- Ans. (a) 00
ject. 4. Beams of light are incident through the holes C and D
respectively as shown in the figure. Which of the following
could be inside the box?

(a) A rectangular glass slab (b) Convex lens

(c) Concave lens (d) Prism
Ans. (a) A rectangular glass slab
5. What are the values of (i) Angle of incidence and
(ii) Angle of reflection for normal incidence on a plane
surface?
Ans - 00 ; Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection = 00
6. The power of a lens is -4.0 D. what is the nature of
the lens?
(a) Plane (b) Concave (c) Convex (d) Plano convex
Ans. (b) Concave
7. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex
lens to get real image of the size of the object?
(a) At focus (b) At 2F (c) At Infinity
(d) Between optical centre and focus.
Ans. (b) At 2F
1 1 1 8. In torches, search lights and head lights of vehicles the
L e n s e q u a tio n
f v u bulb is placed
length of image h' FG IJ Distance of image v FG IJ (a) Between pole and focus (b) Very near to the focus
m
length of object h H K Distance of object u HK (c) Between focus and centre of curvature
(d) At centre of curvature
Ans. (b) Very near to the focus be the position of the object? 7
9. Figure shows a ray of light as it travels from medium A to (a) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature.
B. Refractive index of medium B with respect to A is (b) At the centre of curvature
(c) Beyond the centre of curvature
450 (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus.
medium B
Ans. (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal
medium A focus.
300 18. Where should an object be placed in front of convex
lens to get a real image of the size of the object?
(a) At the principal focus of the lens. (b) At infinity
3 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) At twice the focal length
2 2 3 3
(d) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focus.
3 Ans. (b) At twice the focal length
Ans. (a)
2 19. A spherical mirror and thin spherical lens have each of
10. When a ray of light goes from one medium to another, focal length of -15 cm. the mirror and lens are likely to be
there is (a) Both concave (b) Both convex
(a) Always a change in its speed as well as direction (c) The mirror is concave and the lens is convex
(b) No change in speed and direction (d) The mirror is convex and lens is concave.
(c) A change in speed but no change in direction Ans. (a) Both concave
(d) A change in direction but constant speed. 20. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your
Ans. (a) Always a change in its speed as well as direction image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be
11. Name the mirror that can give an erect, virtual and (a) Plane (b) Concave (c) Convex
enlarged image of an object? (d) Either plane or convex.
Ans. Concave mirror Ans. (d) Either plane or convex.
12. The rays, parallel to the principal axis, of a spherical 21. Which of the following lens would you prefer to use
mirror, actually meet at a point 20 cm distant from its pole. while reading small letters found in a dictionary?
Identify the mirror and give its focal length. (a) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm
Ans. Concave mirror and f= 20 cm (b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm
13. Which type of mirror is usually used as a rear-view mirror (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
in motor cars? (d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
Ans. Convex mirror Ans. (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
14. Define one dioptre of power of a lens? 22. A ray AFB is incident on a spherical mirror whose
Ans. Power of a lens is one dioptre if focal length of a lens centre of curvature is 2 F. In which direction will it reflect?
is 1 m Ans. It will reflect towards the object side parallel to
15. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2 m. principal axis.
Ans. Focal length of concave lens = - 2 m. 23. A ray of light is incident at angle of 35° to a plane
P = 1/f = 1/ (-2 m) = -0.5 surface. What will the angle of reflection?
16. Which one of the following materials cannot be used to Ans. 550
make a lens? 24. How does image changes when the face is slowly
(a) Water (b) Glass (c) Plastic (d) Clay moved away from inner face of a shining spoon?
Ans. (d) Clay Ans. As the face is moved away than after a particular
17. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to time image becomes inverted.
be virtual, erect and larger than the object. Where should 25. Due to which property of light, sharp shadow of an
object is obtained? Ans. 20 cm. 8
Ans. straight line property of the light. 40. A beam of rays, parallel to the principal axis, is
26. Where is the image formed in a convex mirror, when the incident on a convex mirror. Show diagrammatically, the
object is anywhere in front of it? path of these rays after reflection from the mirror.
Ans. Between pole and focus, behind the convex mirror. Ans.
27. A person uses concave minor for shaving, where should
he position his face in front of it?
Ans. Between pole and principal focus. 41. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2
28. A ray of light is incident on a concave mirror along its m?
principal axis. What will be the angle of reflection? Ans. do by your self
Ans. Angle of reflection = 0 42. With respect to air the refractive index of ice is 1.31
29. What will happen to ray of light when it travels from and that of rock salt is 1.54. Calculate the refractive index
rarer medium to a denser medium? of rock salt with respect to ice?
Ans. Bends towards the normal. Ans. do by your self
30. What does negative sign in the value of magnification of 43. A concave mirror produces three times magnified
a mirror indicate? (enlarged) real image of an object 10 cm in front of it.
Ans. Image is real. Where is the image located?
31. Name the point inside the lens through which a ray of Ans. do by your self
light goes undeviated? 44. Three mirrors, one plane, one concave and one
Ans. Optical centre. convex are lying on the table. How can a person identify
32. Which of the two has a great power? A lens of short them without touching them or using any other apparatus
focal length or a lens of large focal length? or device?
Ans. Lens of short focal length. Ans. Plane mirror produces the image of same size.
33. Name the lens which always gives an erect and Concave mirror produced the magnified image while the
diminished image? convex mirror will produce a diminished image.
Ans. Concave lens. 45. Obtain the formula for the focal length of a lens in
34. Which mirror is used as rear view mirror in vehicles and terms of object distance (u) and magnification (m)
why? Ans. do by your self
Ans. Convex mirror, wider field of view. 46. In what S.I unit is the power of lens stated? A convex
35. The size of an object is 2 cm. The magnification pro- lens has a focal length of 50 cm. calculate its power?
duced by a mirror is +1. What is the size of the image? Ans. S.I unit of power is Dioptre (D) try numerical by
Ans. +2cm, because m=I/O , +1=I/2 =+2 your self
36. When a ray of light passes from a denser medium to a 47. Light enters from air into diamond which has a
rarer medium which angle is greater: angle of incidence or refractive index of 2.42. Calculate the speed of light in
angle of refraction? diamond.
Ans. Angle of refractions. Ans. do by your self
37. An image formed in a spherical mirror has magnification -2. 48. Light is incident at an angle of (i) 300 (ii) 450, on the
Is the image real or virtual? same face of a given rectangular slab. If the angles of
Ans. Real refraction, at this face are r1 and r2 in the two cases.
38. The power of a lens is -2D. Is the lens convex or concave? Obtain the relation between these two angles.
Ans. Concave lens. Ans. do by your self
39. Focal length of a convex mirror is 10 cm. Find the radius 49. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power
of curvature of the mirror? 1.5 D. Find the focal length of this lens. Is the prescribed
lens diverging or converging. towards normal and appears to come from greater 9
Ans. do by your self height. Therefore, to fish under water man looks taller.
50. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. 58. An object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a
what is its focal length? convex minor. State four characteristics of the image
Ans. do by your self formed.
51. A ray of light traveling in air enters obliquely into water. Ans. do by yourself
Does the light ray bend towards or away from the normal? 59. Write two uses of concave mirror.
Why? Ans. do by yourself
Ans. The light bends towards the normal on entry into wa- 60. An object 1 cm high produces a real image 1.5 cm
ter. It is due to the fact that as compared to air, the water is high, when placed at a distance of 15 cm from concave
optically denser medium. minor. Calculate the position of the image.
52. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the Ans. do by yourself
meaning of this statement? 61. Which phenomenon occurs when light falls on
Ans. It means that speed of light in diamond is 2.42 times (a) highly polished surface
slower than speed of light in air. (b) a transparent medium?
53. Absolute refractive Index of some of material is tabulated Ans. (a) Reflection of light. (b) Refraction of light.
below 62. What will happen to a ray of light when it falls normally
on a surface? In which condition the Snell's law fail?
Ans. No bending of light ray occurs. It means light rays
(i) In which of these does light travel fastest and why? goes straight from one medium to another. In the above
(ii) arrange these materials in ascending order of their opti- condition the Snell's law fail.
cal densities. 63. What is absolute refractive index?
Ans. (i) Water due to least refractive index. Ans. When first medium is taken as vaccum, the refractive
(ii) Water, Kerosene, Rock salt, diamond index of second medium is called as absolute refractive
54. A rod of length 10 cm lies along the principal axis of a index.
concave mirror of 10 cm in such a way that the end closer to 64. If refractive index of glass is 1.65, What is the speed
the pole is 20 cm away from it. Find the length of image? of light in glass?
Ans. do by your self Ans. do by yourself
55. Two lenses 1&2 are placed in contact. Focal length of 65. The magnification "m" for a mirror is +1 what does
lens 1 is 20 cm and of 2 is - 10 cm. Calculate this signify.
(i) Total Power of combination Ans. (a) Image is of same size as the object.
(ii) What is the nature of combination. (b) Image is virtual and erect.
Ans. do by your self 66. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in front of
56. An object is placed 15 cm in front of a lens 'A' and lens gives a concave mirror. It forms a real image four times larger
real, inverted, magnified image and formed at large distance. Lens than the object. Calculate the distance of the image from
'A' is replaced by Lens 'B' and a real, inverted image of the the mirror
same size as of object is formed. Ans. do by yourself
(i) What is the nature of Lens A&B? 67. Draw a ray diagram to represent the nature, position
(ii) What is the focal length of A&B? and size of the image formed by a convex lens for the
Ans. do by your self object placed at
57. A fish under water is viewing obliquely a fisherman standing (a) infinity (b) Betweenand optical centre (O)
on the bank of lake. Does the man look taller or shorter? Ans. do by yourself
Ans. As light travels from rarer to denser medium, it bends 68. A convex mirror used on a bus has a focal length of
200 cm. If a scooter is located at 100 cm. from this mirror 10
77. Name the type of mirror used in the following situa-
find the position, nature and magnification of the image formed tions:
in the mirror. (a) Headlights of a car (b) Side/rear-view mirror of a ve-
Ans. do by yourself hicle.
69. A concave lens has focal length of 20 cm. At what (c) Solar furnace. Support your answer with reason.
distance from the lens a 5 cm tall object be placed so that it Ans. do by yourself
forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the size 78. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a
of the image formed? convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position
Ans. do by yourself and nature of image.
70. An object is kept at a distance of 15 cm from a Ans. do by yourself
(a) convex mirror (b) concave lens (c) Plane mirror. 79. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1.
The focal length of the convex mirror and the concave lens What does this means?
are 10 cm each. Draw the appropriate ray diagrams, show- Ans. do by yourself
ing the formation of image, in each of the three cases. 80. An object 5.0 cm in length is placed at a distance of
Ans. do by yourself 20 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature
71. State the mirror formula for determining the focal length 30 cm. Find the position of the image, its nature and
of spherical mirrors write the meanings of the symbols used size.
An object is placed at a distance of 25 cm. from a concave Ans. do by yourself
mirror of focal length 15 cm. Calculate the distance of the 81. An object of size 7.0 cm is placed at 27 cm in front
image from the mirror. of a concave mirror of focal length 18 cm. At what dis-
Ans. do by yourself tance from the mirror should a screen be placed, so that
72. Find the position, nature and size of the image formed a sharp focused image can be obtained? Find the size
by a convex lens of focal length 12 cm of an object 5 cm and the nature of the image.
high placed at a distance 20 cm from it. Ans. do by yourself
Ans. do by yourself 82. You are given three lenses.
73. A concave mirror is used to form an erect and enlarged (i) a concave lens of focal length 25 cm.
image of a given object. Where is the image located with (ii) a convex lens of focal length ¼ m and
respect to the mirror? Draw the corresponding ray diagram. (iii) a convex lens of focal length 100 cm.
Ans. do by yourself Which combination out of these three lenses will form a
74. How can you show that if a ray enters a rectangular lens of zero power?
glass slab obliquely and emerges from the opposite face, the Ans. do by yourself
emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray? 83. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. At what
Ans. do by yourself distance from the lens should the object be placed so
75. Light enters from air to glass having refractive index that it forms a real and inverted image 20 cm. away from
1.50. What is the speed of light in glass? the lens? What would be the size of the image formed if
Ans. do by yourself the object is 2 cm high? With the help of a ray diagram
76. We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using a show the formation of the image by the lens in this case?
concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. What should be the Ans. do by yourself
range of distance of the object from mirror? What is the 84. Draw a ray diagram to show the use of a convex
nature of image? Is the image larger or smaller than the lens for the formation of images having the following char-
object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in acteristics.
this case. (a) Real & inverted and diminished
Ans. do by yourself (b) Virtual, erect & magnified.
Ans. do by yourself 11
85. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a nee-
dle at distance of 50 cm. from it. Where is the needle placed
in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size of
objects? Also, find the power of lens.
Ans. do by yourself
86. One-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper.
Will this lens produce a complete image of the object? Verify
your answers experimentally. Explain your observations.
Ans. When one-half of a convex lens is covered with a black
paper, this lens produces a complete image of the object. To
prove it we perform experiment:
Take a concave mirror and cover half part of its by using
black paper. Place it vertically in a stand. On one side of it
place a burning candle. On opposite side of the lens fix a
white screen. Adjust the position of candle or screen till clear
image of burning candle is formed on the screen. We ob-
serve that the image is complete image of the object.
From the experimental observations, we find that image for-
mation does not depend upon the size of a lens. A similar
lens can also form complete image of an object placed in
front of it. However, brightness of the image decreases when
some part of lens is blocked. It is because now lesser number
of rays pass through the lens.

87. An object 5 cm in length is held 25 cm away from a

converging lens of focal length 10 cm. Draw the ray diagram
and find the position, size and the nature of the image formed.
Ans. do by yourself
88. A convex lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10
cm from the lens. How far is the object placed from the lens?
Draw the ray diagram.
Ans. do by yourself