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Copyright © edureka and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Course Outline

Introduction to Python Dimensionality Reduction

Sequences and File Operations Supervised Learning - II

Deep Dive-Functions, OOPS,

Modules, Errors and Exceptions Unsupervised Learning

Introduction to Numpy, Pandas Association Rules Mining and

and Matplotlib Recommendation Systems

Data Manipulation Reinforcement Learning

Introduction to Machine Learning

with Python Time Series Analysis

Supervised Learning - I Model Selection and Boosting

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Introduction to Python
Topics
The topics covered in this module are:

▪ Need of Programming

▪ Companies using Python

▪ Applications where Python is Used

▪ Python Interpreter

▪ Values, Types, Variables

▪ Operands and Expressions

▪ Write your First Python Program

▪ Command Line Arguments

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Objectives
After completing this module, you should be able to:
▪ Define Python
▪ Understand why Python is Popular
▪ Know where Python is used in Applications
▪ Setup Python Environment
▪ Discuss Python Interpreter
▪ Define Values, Types, Variables
▪ Understand Operands and Expressions
▪ Write your First Python Program
▪ Work with Conditional Statements and Loops
▪ Understand Command Line Parameters and Flow Control
Need of Programming

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 Dave what is
the need of
Programming?
Let me tell you
few scenarios
to explain that

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Course Management System
John’s job is to film and edit courses for a website

John

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Course Management System
John films and edits courses for a website

John

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Course Management System
In the process of preparing a course, John needs to deal with many different files

Video Files Audio Files Motion Graphics

He creates a set of folders to organize these materials by course, lesson and type of file

Physics Chemistry Maths

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Course Management System – Problem Statement

Creating these
folders take a Physics

lot of time
John wants something
to automate this task,
and save a lot of time
Chemistry

He was creating these

folders manually
Maths

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Hospital Management System
Annie is a receptionist in a hospital

Annie

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Hospital Management System – Problem Statement
She gets annoyed because, she has to give hard copy of the report to the patients

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Hospital Management System
She wants to create a system which will link Patient’s report to their given Aadhar Card Number

Annie

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 Now, I will tell
you how John
and Annie solved
their problems

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Solution - 1
John learnt programming and designed a system, which automatically creates
folders, name of the course, number of lessons at the end of the course

John

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Solution - 2
Annie wrote a Program to design a system, in which a patient has to enter
his/her Aadhar Card Number and reports will be linked to his number

Annie

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Need of Programming

To develop application and games Automate time consuming tasks

Provide proper environment for Advances ability to develop real time

Programming algorithms

Keeps track of historic data and analyses it Improve customized your existing system

Provides better experience to end users Help in stream lining of Process

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Advantages of Programming
With Out Computer Programs With Computer Programs
Communicate with others: 3-4 days for sending a letter to some Less than 1-minute to send an email to any place in the world at
one even in the same district and it costs money no cost
Booking Railway Tickets: Stand in really long queues. Can reserve Can book tickets from anywhere to anywhere, sitting at home
railway tickets only for the quota of that station. Even if other
stations quota is not filled, we can not reserve the tickets. Can
only book tickets from that station and can not book return
tickets
Sending money from parent to the child studying in a The money transfer is almost instant and money can be
college: This involves the parent going to the bank for the DD, withdrawn from any ATM
send it to the student by post, student submitting the DD in the
bank, wait for the DD to clear and withdraw the money by
showing the passbook and filling an withdrawal form

Seat allocation in engineering college: Go to the counseling Have lots of time to research the colleges, decide upon the
center far away from your town, wait for hours together for your colleges and branches, review them multiple people and submit
turn, but make the decision of which college and branch to it online with peace of mind
choose in less than 5 minutes

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Why Python?

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 I have heard
there are a lot
of Programming
languages?
Well, I will discuss
few of the most
famous ones

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Different Programming Languages

C++ Matlab HTML

Python

Scala Java PHP

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 Dave tell me which
Programming language
should I start with
It has to be Python,
let me give you
enough reasons to
believe that

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Why Python?

Simple and Easy to Learn

Python is simple and easy to learn, read & write

Free and Open Source

Python is an example of a FLOSS (Free/Libre and Open Source Software)
which means one can freely distribute copies of this software, read it's
source code, modify it, etc.

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Why Python?
High-level Language
One does not need to bother about the low-level details like
memory allocation, etc. while writing a Python script

Portable
Supported by many platforms like Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, Macintosh,
Solaris, BeOS, OS/390, PlayStation, Windows CE, etc.

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Why Python?
Procedure
Supports different Programming Paradigm Oriented

Python supports procedure-oriented programming as well as object- Object

oriented programming Oriented

Extensible
Python code can invoke C and C++ libraries, can be called from and C++ programs,
can integrate with Java and .NET components

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Why Python?

Improved Programmer’s productivity Extensive Support Libraries

Integration Feature Productivity

Robust Program Portability

Interactive, Interpreted and Dynamic Object Oriented Language

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Companies Using Python

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 Python is also
widely used by a lot
of companies, I will
tell you about few
giants

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Who is using Python?

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Applications Where Python Is Used

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Now, the best part
about Python - it’s
Applications

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Python Applications

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Are there enough
jobs in the market
for Python related
roles To prove that, I
will show you few
stats

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Job Trends
Job trends from Indeed.com shows remarkable increase in the demand of Python related jobs

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Python Graph on Google Trends

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Python Interpreter

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Python Interpreter
▪ Python Interpreter is a program that reads and executes code

▪ This includes source code, pre-compiled code and scripts

▪ Example: help(‘for’)

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Getting Started With Python in Command Prompt
You need to write python in command prompt for automatic installation
of all packages. Once this is done, you can write your code

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Comments and Literals
Comments: Any text to the right of the # symbol is mainly used as notes for the readers. Statements on right
side of # does not get executed. It gives more information about function
▪ Bulk Comments: Enclose the code in triple quoted strings (“””)
▪ Literal Constants: Any number or character, or set of characters

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Indentation

No braces to indicate Blocks of code are The number of spaces Leading whitespace at
blocks of code for class denoted by line in the indentation is the beginning of a logical
and function indentation, which is variable, but all line is used to compute
definitions or flow rigidly enforced statements within the the indentation level of
control block must be the line, which in turn, is
indented the same used to determine the
amount grouping of statements

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Python Code Execution

Source Byte Code PVM

The structured code is The code is converted into

The Byte codes are
written and saved with Byte code for machine to
executed
.py extension understand

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Demo: Creating “Hello World” Program

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Output

Every character in Python should be

Output after running new.py
enclosed within single or double quotes

print(‘Hello World’)
print("Welcome to Edureka")

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Variables

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Identifier
▪ A Python Identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other object

▪ An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters,
underscores and digits (0 to 9)

▪ Python is a case sensitive programming language

▪ Python does not allow special characters such as @, $ and % within identifiers

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Identifiers – Naming Conventions

Class names start with an uppercase Starting an identifier with a single

letter. All other identifiers start with a leading underscore indicates that the
lowercase letter identifier is private

Starting an identifier with two leading If the identifier also ends with two
underscores indicates a strongly private trailing underscores, the identifier is a
identifier language-defined special name

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Variables
Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when you create
a variable you reserve some space in memory

A=16 Memory
A = 16
B = 20 Memory
B=20
C = ‘edureka’
C= ‘edureka’ Memory

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Variables (Contd.)
Consider the below screenshot, it explains how to assign a value to a Variable

Assigning values 10 and edureka! to Right click and click on ‘Run

variables A and B respectively File_name’ to execute the code

A=10
B='edureka!'
print(A,B)
Output

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Standard Data Types

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Standard Data Types
Standard Data Types
Values cannot be Values can be
changed changed

Immutable Data Types Mutable Data Types

Numbers Tuples Lists Sets

Strings Dictionaries

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 Immutable Data Types

Numbers Tuples

Strings

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Numeric Data Type – Immutable Data Type
Python supports three different numerical values
Numeric

int ( Signed Integers ) Complex Numbers

Strings

float ( Real Numbers )

In Python you can represent Numbers in multiple ways:

Tuples • Binary
• Octal
• Hexadecimal

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Numeric Data Type – Immutable Data Type

Integer
Numeric

A=10 Float

Strings B=10.65

C=10+6j
Complex
print(A,B,C)
Tuples
Output

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Strings – Immutable Data Type
The continuous set of characters represented within quotation is called as String. Python
Numeric allows for either pairs of single or double quotes. Python does not support a character
type, these are treated as strings of length one

A='Welcome To edureka!' Python cannot

differentiate between
Strings B="Python is Great" single and double quotes

print(A)

print(B)
Tuples

Output

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Tuples – Immutable Data Type
Tuples consists of a number of values separated by comma. It is enclosed within parenthesis
Numeric

A Tuple can have objects

of different data types,
Strings A=(1,2,3.15,'edureka!') unlike Arrays in ‘C’

print(A)

Tuples

Output

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 Mutable Data Types

Lists Sets

Dictionaries

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Lists - Mutable Data Type
List is an ordered set of elements enclosed within square brackets. The main
differences between Lists and Tuples are:
Lists
• Lists are enclosed in brackets[] and Tuples are enclosed within parenthesis()
• Lists are Mutable and Tuples are Immutable
• Tuples are faster than Lists

Dictionaries
Lists are enclosed within
A=[1,2,3.15,'edureka!’]
square brackets
print(A)

Sets
Output

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Dictionaries - Mutable Data Type
Dictionaries contain key value pairs. Each key is separated from its value by a colon (:),
Lists the items are separated by comma, and the whole thing is enclosed within curly braces

Keys

Dictionaries
A={'Age':24, 'Name':'John'}

print(A)
Values
Sets

Output

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Sets - Mutable Data Type
A set is an unordered collection of items. Every element is unique. A set is created by
Lists placing all the items (elements) inside curly braces {}, separated by comma.

Every element in a
Set has to be unique

Dictionaries
A={1,2,3,3}

print(A)

Sets
Output – Notice that 3
has appeared only once

You can also create a Set by calling an in built-function ‘set’

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Python Operators

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Operators
Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the values of the Operands. Consider the
expression 2 + 3 = 5, here 2 and 3 are Operands and + is called Operator

Arithmetic Comparison Bitwise Membership

Assignment Logical Identity

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Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic
Addition a+b
Assignment
Subtraction a–b
Comparison
Multiplication a*b

Logical Division a/b

Bitwise Modulus a%b

Exponent a ** b
Identity
Floor Division a // b
Membership

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Assignment Operators

Arithmetic
Assigns value from right to left a=b
Assignment
a=a+b a+=b
Comparison
a=a-b a-= b
Logical
a = a*b a*=b
Bitwise
a = a/b a /= b
Identity
a = a**b a** = b
Membership a//=b
a=a//b

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Comparison Operators

Arithmetic
Equal To a == b
Assignment
Not Equal To
Comparison a != b

Greater Than a>b

Logical
Less Than a<b
Bitwise

Greater Than Equal To a >= b

Identity

Membership Less Than Equal To a <= b

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Logical Operators

Arithmetic

Assignment a and b Returns a, if a is False, b otherwise

Comparison
a or b Returns b, if b is False, a otherwise
Logical

Bitwise
not a Returns True, if a is False, False otherwise
Identity

Membership

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Bitwise Operators

Arithmetic

Binary AND a&b

Assignment

Binary OR a|b
Comparison

Logical
Binary XOR a^b

Bitwise Binary NOT a~b

Identity Binary Left Shift a <<

Membership Binary Right Shift a >> b

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Identity Operators

Arithmetic
Evaluates to TRUE, if the variables on either side of the
is
Assignment operator point to the same object and FALSE otherwise

Comparison

Logical is not Evaluates to FALSE, if the variables on either side of the

operator point to the same object and TRUE otherwise
Bitwise

Identity

Membership

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Membership Operators

Arithmetic

Assignment
in Evaluates to TRUE, if it finds a variable in the specified
Comparison sequence and FALSE otherwise

Logical

Bitwise not in Evaluates to TRUE, if it does not find a variable in the

specified sequence and FALSE otherwise
Identity

Membership

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Conditional Statements

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Conditional Statements
Conditional statements are used to execute a statement
or a group of statements, when some condition is true
If condition is
FALSE
Types of Conditional Statements Condition

If condition is
TRUE

Conditional Code
If Elif Else

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If Elif Else Statements

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If, Elif and Else Statements
Consider the syntax and example below:

Example:

Syntax:
X=10
Y=12

if(X<Y):
print('X is less than Y')
elif(X>Y):
print('X is greater than Y')
else:
print('X and Y are equal')

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Loops

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Loops
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement If condition is
true
or a group of statement multiple times

Types of Loops Conditional

Code

Condition

If condition is
false
While For Nested

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While Loop
“While” loops are known as indefinite or conditional loops. They will keep iterating until certain conditions are
met. There is no guarantee ahead of time regarding how many times the loop will iterate

Syntax:

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While Loop Example

Condition
count=0
while(count<5): Conditional
print(count) Code
count=count+1

print("Good bye!")

Output – Prints all the

integers between 0 and 5

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While Loop Example

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For Loop
▪ “For” loop is a Python loop which repeats a group of statements a specified
number of times. The for loop provides a syntax where the following information
is provided:
− Boolean condition
− The initial value of the counting variable
− Incrementation of counting variable

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For Loop Example
Difference between For and While loop is that, in While loop we don’t know the amount of iterations, where
as in For loop we are aware of how many times the block of code will be executed

fruits=['Banana','Apple','Grapes']

for index in range(len(fruits)):

print(fruits[index])

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For Loop Example
We will be using For loop to write a program that calculates the factorial of any number

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Nested Loops
Nested Loop, basically means a loop inside a loop. It can be a For loop inside a While loop and
vice-versa. It can also be a While loop inside a While loop or For loop inside a For loop

count=1
for i in range(10):
print(str(i)*i)
For loop inside
for j in range(0,i): a For loop
count=count+1

Output

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Nested Loops Example

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Loop Control Statements
▪ Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope, all
automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed

Control Statement Description

break statement Terminates the loop statement and transfers execution

to the statement immediately following the loop
continue statement Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and
immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating
pass statement The pass statement in Python is used when a
statement is required syntactically but you do not want
any command or code to execute

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Example - Loop Control Statements
for i in range(10,50): for j in range(1,11):
for k in range(1,3):
print(i) print(j)
pass
if(i==30): if(j==5):
print("Loop ends here")
break continue

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Command Line Parameters

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Command Line Parameters
▪ It is possible to pass arguments to Python programs when they are executed

▪ The brackets which follow main are used for this purpose

▪ . argv refers to the number of arguments passed, and argv[] is a pointer array which points to
each argument which is passed to main

▪ The Python sys module provides access to any command-line arguments via the sys.argv. This serves two
purposes :

− sys.argv is the list of command-line arguments

− len(sys.argv) is the number of command-line arguments

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Command Line Parameters(Contd.)
▪ Example:

− Consider the following script test.py

#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
print ('Number of arguments:',
len(sys.argv), 'arguments.’ )
print ('Argument List:', str(sys.argv) )

− Now, run above script as follow:

$ python test.py arg1 arg2 arg3

− After running this script, Output will be

Number of arguments: 4 arguments. Argument

List: ['test.py', 'arg1', 'arg2', 'arg3']

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Summary
In this module, you should have learnt:
▪ Why we are using Python over other languages
▪ Python IDEs
▪ Identifiers, Variables
▪ Standard Data types
▪ Operators
▪ Conditional Statements
▪ Loops and Iterations
▪ Command Line Parameters

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Copyright © edureka and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Copyright © edureka and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.