International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies

Volume 4, Issue 8, 2017, PP 11-17

ISSN 2394-6288 (Print) & ISSN 2394-6296 (Online)

Theories of Philosophy and Its Implication in Human Life: The

Case Studies of Human Resource in Developing Countries
Dr. Boy Nurdin
Graduate Studies of Law, Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Boy Nurdin, Graduate Studies of Law, Universitas Bhayangkara
Jakarta Raya, Indonesia, [email protected]
Received Date: 16-08-2017 Accepted Date: 21-08-2017 Published Date: 30-08-2017

ABSTRACT
The purpose of Philosophy is to describe how people to live and grow in better ways (Husserl, E.) as it is
known that once the Philosophy takes place, the human being will have a good character and further
allowing them to have a better life. The importance of Philosophy should be understood for many people. It
is not only to know, but it must go beyond that point which is to be deeply understood, valued and practiced
frequently. By that, the Philosophy is therefore useful to stimulate people to have a critical, logical,
comprehensive and in-depth ways of thinking on their own field of expertise, hence they are able to solve
problems raised and faced in life. Once their Philosophical thinking, as a qualified human being they will
have a set of good characters and always think philospically and implement and practice their thought of
philosophy into the daily life to find a real good life which is beneficial to themselves and the communities.
Keywords: Philosophy, Critical Thinking, Human Resource

INTRODUCTION including this, the whole structure which is

implicative and no answer of any questions will
Philosophy is oftenly discussed as one of
stop due to the need of answer further raises the
science in academic area. Philosophy can be
questions.
used as an approach to seek and understand
something for its meaning and values. A PHILOSOPHY: THEORIES AND REVIEW
Philosophical approach can be used in
History and Characteristics of Philosophy
combination to other approaches, such as
Science, Art and Religious approach. As far as Philosophy comes from the words of Greek. The
the mind is concerned, Philosophy is an attempt word of "Philein" means love or "Philos" means
toource,
search its origin, Thinking
Philosophical the nature and purpose of friend. The word of "Shopos" is meant wise or
the universe in which man lives. The goal of "Sophia" with its several meanings other than
Philosophy is to reach the real and true wisdom like craft, first truth, extensive
understanding and wisdom. knowledge, intellectual virtue, healthy judgment
and ingenuity. 1 So, Philosophy comes from the
What most of Philosophers’ efforts toward the
word of Philosophos (wise man); Philosophein
knowledge of Philosophy is to unite science
(contemplating wisdom); Or Philosophia
with their understanding toward morals,
(wisdom). In reference to the words Philein and
aesthetics and religion. They seek an integrated
Sophos, therefore Philosophy means to love the
outlook on life, find the meaning and to give a
good and wise things, compared to the word of
reasonable conception of the universe and the
Philos and Sophia which means a friend of
place of man living in it. The meaning of
Philosophy can be as an attitude, a method, a
1
problem, a theory or system of thought, a logical Darji Darmodiharjo, “Essential Notes: Introduction
analysis of the language and meaning of the to Philosophy”, Module for Subject Class of
term, or it can be interpreted as an attempt to
gain a holistic view. Problems in Philosophy “Filsafat Hukum” (Philosophy of Law) for Post
have characteristics of a general, non-factual, Gradate Studies – Master of Law, University of
value-related, critical and synoptic nature, and Tarumanagara, 2000, page 1.

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Theories of Philosophy and Its Implication in Human Life: The Case Studies of Human Resource in
Developing Countries

wisdom. In general, therefore, a Philosopher can Philosophy is to seek a fundamental humans’

be defined as a person who loves or seeks problems that must be faced openly, profoundly,
wisdom. systematically, critically and not a priori or
prejudiced, not dogmatic and ideological, but
The word wisdom is used very cautiously in
rationally and argumentatively.
Greek culture and it even tends to be avoided.
Greek culture has defined that is too arrogant for Edmund Husserl3 said that the primary purpose
someone darely to say that he is a wise person, of Philosophy is in response to provide the best
due to it will show that they do not recognize directions on how human being to live and
their limitations as human beings. The real grow. Philosophy today has deviated from its
wisdom in Greek tradition is only in God. Thus, ultimate goal. From Husserl’s opinion, He found
the Greeks understood that wisdom never that the current Philosophers likes more in
belonged fully and defenitively to a person. crititizing a thing without in-dept seeking and
exploring and get understand them. It is difficult
The name of Philosophy was derived from the
to restore philosophy to its original purpose due
Greek language as found by scientist. Even
to it relates to the perception of an individual.
more, the content of Philosophy concept has
Philosophy in school is a thought as a bored
also shown and indicated as a Greek invention.
lesson of memorization. The way people to
This is amazed that the small country like
understand the Philosophy has not been given in
Greece appears various miracles. This why then
proper ways that leads to response the questions
the birth of Philosophy is usually called Miracle
about how to live in ways that bring a good life
by the Greek people. This indeed shows the
to an individual, family, environment, nation to
glory and superiority of the Greeks. A
the limits of human life as a whole. Philosophy
Philosophical thinking shows the characteristics,
as a knowledge is only delivered in reference to
as follows:2 a) Thinking up to its roots, seeking
the journey of philosophy as a master of all
the essence or substance of something (Radical
sciences. Other than that, Philosophical
or Radix in Greek means “root”); b) Thinking in
knowledge is also only describing the History of
regards to various matters, including its process
Philosophy, including these the Philosophers
of general human nature (common experience of
and their thoughts as well as their different
mankind)/Universal; c) Thinking in general
characters in each century. In facts, the
perspective and abstraction from individual
Philosophical knowledge should be delivered at
experiences (Conceptual); d) Thinking in
school in more creative and innovative ways,
accordance with the rules of logical thinking and
therefore people will be encouraged a person to
coherent (Coherent and Consistent); e)Thinking
think critically and comprehensively based on
interconnectely and accordingly with a good
their education background. Philosophy is
arrangement in order to achieve certain goals
insufficiently for people to know and understand
(Systematic and Comprehensive to look through
occurred nowadays. It is expected to go beyond
various elements); f) Thinking Comprehensively
that to the stage of living and practicing. Most
and Covering the whole matters; g) Feel free, to
of countries around the world have their own
a great extent like Free of social, historical,
issues. It is basically found that it was due to the
cultural or religious prejudices; and h) Being
people in all levels in the country do not reflect
Responsible, especially to the conscience itself,
their philosophical thinking. They do not think
such as moral and ethical responsibilities.
in radical or “radix” and not looking things for
Philosophy is the master of every science. The its essence or substance, incoherent and
specialization of science is then growing inconsistent (thinking not in line with the rules
afterward and further increasingly detached of logical and coherent). They do not think in
itself from its master (Philosophy). The systematic ways, incomprehensively, and not
Philosophy of science progress slowly not alike free to the extent of free from social, historical,
natural science. Philosophy has even more cultural or religious prejudices.
perceived like Art instead of Science. In fact,
Philosophy has also never been a Universal 3
Science and the role and function of Philosophy Famous as one of the XIX Century philosophers is
can not be subtituted by any science. The EDMUND HUSSERL (1859-1038). Born in
science is outside of Philosophy and so it never Prostejov Czechoslovakia state in 1859. He came
touches the basic humans’ problems. Philosophy
is a forum where open discussions can be made from an orthodox Jewish family. The period of 1886-
to seek wisdom in the midst of science. 1887 was an important year for Husserl. He moved
to Halle, and studied psychology, wrote The
2
Ibid., page 2 Philosophy of Arithmetic.

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Theories of Philosophy and Its Implication in Human Life: The Case Studies of Human Resource in
Developing Countries

The Philosophical is known the term "being" in became a multidimensional crisis of many
its terminology, which means something that countries around the world, including Indonesia.
remains, and "becoming" something that is The cultural crisis is taking part of this
always in change (Manan, 7 September 2001). multidimensional crisis. The trilogy contains a
According to its nature, everything that lives are comprehensive knowledge base and therefore an
nothing remains and they even will always intellectual is needed in order to improve the
change. However, Change for a better direction Philosophy knowledge today. These three
nowadays is just like thinking wishfuly. The components will make people become critical in
revolution in the field of human resources which the sense of changing the mindset and changing
is expected to grow and well-developed is their behavior and their work ethic. When the
indispensable in dealing with various nation’s mindset and work ethic has changed, then there
problems of the nation at this time. The is a change in the nation towards the core ideals
increasing standard of living and people of the future nation. 5 Having discussed the
education level do not guarantee that they can history and theories of Philosophy, we further
do something good and beneficial. In contrast to have to find out how to restore philosophy to its
that, it was even found the case that some of main purpose - understanding how people can
them become corrupt. They only do things for live and grow in the best ways of life.
their individual’s benefit and the group. John
Philosophers’ Theories in Human Life
Locke (1632-1704) has argued that "Man is
naturally and basically good”. He even mentions Well-Known Philosophers & Theories:
"a state of peace, good will, mutual assistance Socrates and Plato
and preservation".4 John Locke argued that
According to Socrates,6 virtue is knowledge
people are to change once the atmosphere has
(theoria). The wise man is the one who knows
been changed which takes place once money
something, while the sinner is a fool ones.
was created. With money, man has done
People with sufficient and proper knowledge
something beyond the proper limit they must
will lead themselves to the right action; Evil acts
have (Ghazali, 2002).
are a result and an unfavorable insight.
The real of problems found is actually the Therefore, the human beings requires to be
quality of human resources. The good quality of tought and given an understanding of the
human beings is one defined when he or she has greatness and the truth of life. By the truth, man
ways of philosophical thinking which can be will wisely act and less destruction occured in
gradually developed. Philosophical knowledge society. To achieve the goal of which the Man
is required to be learned, understood, lived and does thing wisely, the thoroughfully and
properly practiced by people. Once it is done, it discipline training is essentialy required
is very likely that all countries will have a high (Nurdin, 2012).
quality of human resources for their future
Socrates's disciple or student, namely Plato7 is
generation.
widely regarded as the highest honourable in the
Philosophy of Law expert namely Soerjanto
Poespowardojo said that the existence of the 5
http://www.sesawi.net/2012/10/09/filsafat-harus-
Philosophy of Science is necessary to provide an jadi-mata-kuliah-wajib-pascasarjana/ downloaded
understanding on how to live and grow as a October 10, 2013.
good human being. In addition to that, other 6
important science and knowledge is also needed The Greek Golden Age was initiated by a thinker
and classifed into the Trilogy, which contains named SOCRATES (470-399 BC). Born in
the philosophy of science, critical theory, and Athens in 470 BC. He was the first major
scientific research methodology. These 3 (three) philosopher born in Athens. This Socratic period
components of sciences are required to address is referred to as the Peak of the Classical Period
various social ills and issues that occur in (Greek Golden Age) where it is said that the mind
society such as frequent ethnic conflicts, crime is the most important norm.
and violence. Social phenomenon as well as 7
Famous as one of the Greek Golden Age
brawl between students, or community groups Philosophers named PLATO (427-347 BC). He is
and the increasing numbers of corruption cases Socrates disciples and teachers of Aristotle. Born
in 427 BC, in the middle of an aristocratic family
in Athens in a time of great change. The basis of
4
A state of peace; good will; mutual assistance and Plato's is a good mind (Budi yang Baik in
preservation. Indonesian language). Mind here means
Knowing. The knowledgeable man is
automatically virtuous person. According to

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Theories of Philosophy and Its Implication in Human Life: The Case Studies of Human Resource in
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glorious period of Greek Philosophy. Plato’s things are in good and wise, Edmund Husserl 8
Philosophy is basically the development themes also said that the main purpose of philosophy is
of Socrates' thought. to answer human curiousity on how to live and
grow in the best way. Looking at the prevalent
The 2 (two) Fundamental Concepts underlying
today’s phenomena in the developing countries,
the assessment of human resources in Plato's
then there is a point as Plato says in his book
Philosophy as described as follows (Schmandt,
Republic VI, 499 that "Neither city, country nor
2002).
individual will ever reach perfection until a
Virtue is Knowledge/Theoria group Small Philosophers ..........., with the
destiny of God is forced, whether they will or
All "good" things can only be found with
not, to care for the country.....and so"
medium of "science and knowledge." In the
(Schmandt, 2002). Nowadays, where every
doctrine raised, the virtue is knowledge.
individual can study Philosophy, it is no longer
According to Plato, there are 3 (three) Concepts,
the Philosopher who must play an important
namely: 1) Truth should be objective and
role, however, People who in all areas of
consistent, so that we can attain knowledge
expertise must think as a Philosopher. The issue
about it; 2) Due to the virtue is equated with the
found in developing countries has shown that
knowledge, therefore the person who own and
only small number of people can think like a
knows the knowledge should be given a decisive
Philosopher. This pyramid chart can show why
role in public affairs; 3) In the broaden context,
deficiencies that might “destruct” Human
the Country/States should take an active role to
Resources in developing countries.
educate people, especially to those who has lost
their trust with the guidance and direction of We may take a look at the figure 1 (one) below
public life. Society will be increasingly wise and which has shown that Philosophers or people
well-functioned by training to gain a broad think philosophically is insufficient particularly
range of skills. The word "virtue" is generally those are Public/Goverment Officials who also
used in its broad meaning to show both moral not pay attention to the class structure and
and intellectual goodness. Plato divides virtue talents as mentioned by Plato. Even worse,
into 4 (four) principal elements, namely: wise, Developing countries are dominated by the
firm, simple, and fair. The wise man is the one people whose majority still in low level of
who knows something and possess sufficient education which leads them to sit in low level of
knowledge to lead them doing the right action. prosperity. Short-term human capital
Hence, the human beings need to be tought and enhancement should be concerned if we
get understanding the greatness and the truth of consider deeply Plato's Philosophy which
life. Having known the truth, the Man will act suggests that it is foolish and meaningless to
wisely and the society are less destructed. place an inferior, less capable and untrained
individual in a position of public trust
Inequality between Humans: Humans have (Schmandt, 2002). Plato does not believe the
different talents, intelligence and abilities concept of idealistic equality among human
Plato says that everyone has different capacity beings. Plato who values talent and ability has
to acquire true knowledge. Plato argues that his own belief that nature makes each human
humans are essentially unequal in terms of capacities is different, either because of their
intelligence and potential. Even if all human physical or intellectual pursuits for attaining
beings have similar inheritance capacity, only a virtue. The decreasing qualities of society in the
few can think logically and manage their country because of people who works for their
passion and desire; And only when reason country are not suitable with the talent and
dominates in absolute terms, then the soul can ability. Inadequate education and training in
reach reality. Plato does not believe the concept their field of expertise and capabilities are the
of idealistic equality among human beings. He issue. In other words, Placing someone who
believes and appreciate people’s talent and does not fit with the ability and skill required for
ability. Plato also believes that nature makes the position were all mistake done.
human abilities different one to another, either
because of physical or intellectual pursuits or for 8
Famous as one of the XIX Century Philosophers is
attaining virtue. EDMUND HUSSERL (1859-1938). Born in
In line with the meaning of Philosophy, which Prostejov Czechoslovakia state in 1859. He came
from an orthodox Jewish family. The period of 1886-
1887 was an important year for Husserl. He moved
Plato, Philosophy is the science with interests to to Halle, and studied psychology, wrote The
achieve the original truth. Philosophy of Arithmetic.

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Theories of Philosophy and Its Implication in Human Life: The Case Studies of Human Resource in
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out dual tasks as Philosophers and Islamic

Prophet.
"Science or Knowledge" as a concept of Islamic
Philosophy can be obtained through two paths
namely "Kasbi or Khushuli" and "Ladunni or
Hudhuri" (Asy'arie, 2001: 74). “Kasbi or
Khushuli” is a systematic and methodical way
of thinking that is done consistently and
gradually through a process of observation,
research, experiment and discovery. This
science is commonly obtained by humans
through a formal and gradual process of
Fig1. Comparison of Classificaton for Human education as we have lived.
Resource in Indonesia: Community with Lack of
Philosophical Thinking (in Majority) VS The path of “Ladunni or Hudhuri” 10 is obtained
Philosophers (in Minority) by not going through the process of science,
however, it is done by the process of
PHILOSOPHY FOR A MAJORITY OF enlightenment with the presence of divine light
MOESLEM COUNTRY POPULATION: ISLAMIC in qalb (clear-depth heart). The presence of
PHILOSOPHY CONCEPT divine light will illuminate the truth, read clearly
and absorbed in intellectual consciousness, due
The Philosophy Science can also be look at
to once the person gain their knowledge from
from the perspective of Islamic Philosophy9
God directly, and therefore God is acting as its
containing the meaning of thinking free and
Teacher (Asy'arie, 2001). The science of
broadly, radical and meaningful. It has also the
Ladunni or Hudhuri can be accomplished by
nature, style and character that saves and gives
cleansing qalb (clear-depth heart) and let go of
peace of mind. It has been thought that it is all
egoism and self-confidence to zero, hence we
done in mind as one of human body’s organ.
like to standing facing God, like a disciple
The human body itself is part of the self egoism
dealing with his or her teacher. God will come
or “nafs”, which can take place a process of
to open the truth and tell us when we go out
transcendent. Thus, this self egoism or “nafs” is
further with the truths itself. 11 Under such
essentially transcendent, which defined as a
circumstances, Man has a high commitment to
process of unity and the unification of the
the truth absorbed and he involves himself in the
various elements. It finaly shapes man’s self-
process of making truth in the life of society.
actualism.
Therefore, those who have attained the science
Prophet Muhammad - Islamic Prophet - is of “Ladunni or Hudhuri” will be characterized
essentially an incarnation of the task of a true by their high commitment in humanitarian
philosopher. A true philosopher is able to behavior to defend the truth and try to make it
involves himself to influence and change a happen in their society life. A person must be
society as a result of his great capacity of
philosophical thinking. His extraordinary 10
The concept of al-'ilm al-hudhuri was first revealed
intelligence enabled him to understand and carry by Syihabuddin Suhrawandi. For Suhrawandi, one
can not investigate the knowledge of others who are
9 outside of his own reality before entering and
As contained in history as well as the concepts
deepening the knowledge of himself called al-
given by Muslim Philosophers reveal an "Islamic"
hudhuri science. The main feature of this science is
style and core. In the sense that the basic conception
proposed by Shirazi (Mullasadra), that self-
of philosophy is built on the pillars of the autensity
objectivity is what the real knowing subject and who
of Islamic views and values not merely as attributes
actually exist in themselves are one and similar.
or accidents, it is the essence itself: Islamic
philosophy has always been an attempt to explain the 11There are six steps of religious experience that
way God conveys the Truth or the Essence, with occur in various religious traditions in the world, as
intellectual and rational language. For al-Kindi, follows: 1)Experience yourself to the Holy; 2)The
philosophy is the knowledge of nature within the mystical experience of the unity, between God and
limits of human possibility. Hence the aim of his the individual; 3)Transformative reorientation
theoretical philosophy is to attain the truth, and with experience, for example: from separation to
his practical knowledge behaving in accordance with unity/reunion; 4)Courage to bear the pain;
the truth itself. Ibn Sina defines philosophy as the 5)Experience moral obligations; And 6)Experience
knowledge of existence (qua existence). the regularity and creativity of nature.

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Theories of Philosophy and Its Implication in Human Life: The Case Studies of Human Resource in
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placed in accordance with his or her abilities CONCLUSION

and areas of expertise, or following the concept
The main problem of most developing countries
of “The right man on the right place”.
faced in the world is a difficulities to achive its
The Purpose of Philosophy country developments due to only few human
resources posses Philosophical ways of thinking
The main purpose of Philosophy according to
which is insufficient to manage the development
Edmund Husserl is in respond to people who are
of the country. Philosophy approach is required
asking how best to live and grow? However,
and expected to be able to produce qualified
Philosophy in reality has deviated from its
Human Resources, who are professional and
ultimate goal. Husserl says that the Philosophers
obtain a good character. This can be done
today love to criticize things, without taking in
through a Philosophical approach taught by the
depth study and further to understand the
Plato Philosopher through his Platonic theory.
matters. To restore Philosophy to its original
purpose is uneasy way. It is due to the The role of Philosophy in the framework of
perception of a person toward Philosophy is character and quality of human resources should
only a knowledge which needs to do be enhanced, one is to provide the knowledge of
memorizing and further people get bored with Philosophy Science for humans, starting from
this Philosophical knowldedge. Even worse, the the stage of knowing, understanding to the level
meaning and purpose of learning Philosophy is of living and practicing. In addition to that, for
not conveyed in proper ways. the country with majority of moslem population,
the Philosophical Approach from the religious
Rene Descartes12 - Father of Modern Philosophy
context (Islam) can be viewed with the need for
has his own words "cogito ergo sum" or I think
systematic thinking, with clear, consistent
therefore here I am. It means that when a man
methods and seeking for the enlightenment of
thinks, he will be acknowledged his existence.
the truth. With Education (formal and non-
The never-ending, critical yet constructive
formal), master the theory and able to
principle of thinking are always questioning
harmonizing it with practice and have a
everything that goes against reason and
philosophy of life, so then the balance of life
conscience. Auguste Comte argues that ideally
will be achieved.
man is a theologian of childhood, becoming a
metaphysician in his adolescence and eventually To be able to restore Philosophy to its ultimate
becoming a philosopher in adulthood, who is goal which is to response human’s questions on
always finding the answer on how to live well, how to live and grow in best way, it can be done
useful and beneficial to his own life, by giving other people a set of good characters
environment and other communities. With as a qualified human being, who always think
critical thinking, it is expected that the next Philospically and must be able to implement or
nation’s generation will always see and question practice Philosophical thinking into the daily
everything from the point of goodness, wisdom, life. In other words, a qualified human resource
propriety, ethics and morals, therefore every must be able to make philosophy as a grip of
generation will experience improvement his life.
own quality as a human being.
In conclusion, Human Resources must have an
ability to think critically, logically,
12 comprehensively to the roots; to think
Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was born in La Haye,
conceptually, systematic and argumentative; and
France in 1596. In his youth Rene Descartes attended to be responsible. These 3 (three) abilities are
a school led by the Jesuit priests in the village of La also based on exemplary values that are
Fleche. At the age of 20 he obtained a law degree exemplified in a good life, useful and beneficial
to their lives, including these beneficial to their
from the University of Poitiers but never practiced environment, surroundings and other
his science at all. Descartes was given the title of communities.
"Father of Modern Philosophy", known for his book REFERENCES
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method) in 1637 describing his intellectual
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development. In this book he was dissatisfied with
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the philosophy and science that became the subject
Indonesia: Lembaga Studi Filsafat Islam
of his education.
(LESFI).

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Theories of Philosophy and Its Implication in Human Life: The Case Studies of Human Resource in
Developing Countries

[2] Darmodiharjo, D. &. (1999). Pokok-Pokok [7] Nurdin, B. (2012). Kedudukan dan Fungsi
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AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY
Dr. Boy Nurdin, is Indonesian, an active Academician in University of
Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya - Indonesia as well as a Visiting Lecturer for several
School of Law in Indonesia. He is a Senior Lecturer for the Graduate Studies in
Master of Law for The University of Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya, Indonesia. His
area of expertise is in Political of Law, Philosophy of Law and Criminal Law
Reform. He published his books in the areas of Philosophy of Law; and Law Enforcement in
Indonesia. Dr. BOY NURDIN is also practicing as a Professional Lawyer - chaired his Law Firm of
Boy Nurdin & Partners – and being a Legal Advisors for several Law Firms in Indonesia as well as a
Chairman for Law Enforcement Research Development (LERD). The Author’s formal education was
obtained from Undergraduate to Doctorate degrees in LAW (Doctoral degree from University of
Padjajaran, Indonesia).

Citation: Boy Nurdin "Theories of Philosophy and Its Implication in Human Life: The Case Studies of
Human Resource in Developing Countries" International Journal of Research in Humanities and social
Studies, vol 4, no. 8, 2017, pp. 11-17.
Copyright: © 2017 Boy Nurdin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are credited.

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