Irrigation Management
1. Sensor-Based Methods:
• Tensiometers: Measure soil moisture tension (kPa) and convert it to an
electrical signal for computer readings. They use two setpoints: high tension
for irrigation initiation and low tension for stopping irrigation. Must be placed
in a representative root zone area.
• Dielectric Capacitance and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR): These
methods use electromagnetic pulses to determine the volumetric moisture
content and salinity of the substrate. They are durable and provide rapid
measurements but require calibration and are expensive.
2. Model-Based Irrigation:
• Uses mathematical models to calculate plant water use and replenish it.
These models relate water loss to plant processes and environmental
variables. They estimate evapotranspiration (ET) by measuring evaporation
or weighing the plant and medium. Models are integrated into computer
programs to control irrigation.
Greenhouse Structures
3. Types of Greenhouse Materials:
• Poly Film: Flexible, affordable, high tensile strength, and durability. UV-
protected films improve durability and light transmission is around 90%.
However, they offer poor insulation with an R value of 0.83.
• Double Poly Film: Has improved insulation with an R value of 1.5 due to the
air pocket between layers. Light transmission is also around 90% but is more
expensive than single poly film.
• Twin Wall Polycarbonate: Offers better insulation than poly film, durable
without yellowing or fading, but more expensive than poly film and cheaper
than glass. Light transmission is around 80%.
4. Purpose and Types of Greenhouses:
• Greenhouses or tunnels are designed to protect crops from adverse weather
conditions and pests, extend the growing season, and improve plant growth
efficiency.
• Different shapes and designs include classical, tropical, and various types of
tunnels like Hay grove telescopic series and Spanish tunnels.
Hydroponic Production Systems
5. Open vs. Closed Systems:
• Open System: Nutrient solution is not recirculated. Examples include
plastic bags with growing mediums and drip irrigation. Important to monitor
for salt buildup and pathogen spread.
• Closed System: Recirculates nutrient solution, which can save water and
nutrients but requires regular monitoring for ion buildup and pathogens.
Examples include rockwool germination cubes, ebb and flood systems,
nutrient film technique (NFT), and aeroponics.
6. Capillary Mats:
• Used mostly for ornamental and potted plants. Composed of a cement floor
covered with plastic and a capillary mat that slopes slightly to facilitate
nutrient solution absorption.
Summary
The documents cover essential aspects of irrigation management, greenhouse structures,
and hydroponic production systems. Key irrigation methods include sensor-based and
model-based techniques to optimize water usage. Greenhouse materials and designs aim
to improve plant growth conditions while managing costs and durability. Hydroponic
systems are categorized into open and closed types, each with its own benefits and
challenges, with specific techniques like capillary mats for certain plant types.
