Date: 14.5.

2021

Module 2

Extended Surfaces or Fins

Fin is a device which is used to enhance the convection heat transfer rate by extending the surface
area through heat is transferring.
The idea is to extend projections over the area of exposure to increase the total surface area of
exposure.

Fins are used to reduce thermal resistance at a surface and thereby increase the heat transfer rate
from the surface to the surrounding fluid.

Application of fins:
1. On Engines of motor cycle
2. Air compressors
3. Condenser coils of refrigerators
4. Electronic components
5. Radiators of automobiles
6. Electrical transformers
Classification of Fins
1. Longitudinal fins with uniform cross section
2. Longitudinal fins with non uniform cross section
3. Circular fins or Circumferential fins
4. Pin fins or Spines
Temperature distribution and heat transfer along the length of a fin
Consider a rectangular fin of cross area A, perimeter P and length L, connected at its base to a wall
transferring heat to the surroundings. Let the temperature at the base of the fin be Tb and that of
surrounding fluid be Ta and heat transfer coefficient be h.
Consider a control volume of length dx, at a distance x from the base.
dT
The rate of heat flow into the control volume through x face is Qx = −KA
dx
The rate of heat flow out of the control volume through (x+dx) face is Qx+dx
2
Qx+dx = −KA dT − KA
d T dx
dx dx 2
The heat flow out of the control volume to the surrounding fluid (by convection)
Qconv = hA ∆T
Qconv = h (P dx) (T−T𝑎) where, T= Surface temperature of fin and P= perimeter
For heat balance, Qx = Qx+dx + Qconv
2
−KA
dT
= −KA dT − KA
d T dx + h(P dx) (T−Ta)
dx dx dx 2
2
d T − hP (T-Ta) = 0 let 𝜃= Excess temperature above the ambient temp.
dx 2 K Ac
𝜃 = T – Ta
2
d 𝜃 − hP 𝜃 = 0 d𝜃 = d𝑇 − 0
dx 2 K Ac dx dx
2 2 2
∴
d 𝜃 − m2𝜃=0 d 𝜃 =d 𝑇 and let, m2 =
hP
dx 2 d x2 d x2 K Ac
This is the second order linear differential equation, having the solution

𝜃 = C1𝑒 mx + C1𝑒 −mx (1)

Where C1 and C2 are constants can be evaluated using boundary conditions, at x=0, T= Tb or 𝜃=
𝜃1

Case (1) Short fin (end insulated)

 The boundary conditions are
i. At x=0, 𝜃= Tb- Ta
ii. At x=L, dd x
𝜃 =0

Evaluating the constants and

substituting in equation (1), we get
𝛉 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐦(𝐋−𝐱)
=
𝛉𝟏 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐦𝐋
Or
𝐓−𝐓𝐚 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐦(𝐋−𝐱)
=
𝐓𝐛 −𝐓𝐚 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐦𝐋

Heat transfer
Q = √ℎ𝑃𝐾𝐴𝐶 θ1 tanh(mL)

Case (ii) Fin is losing heat at tip only

𝜃 = C1𝑒 mx + C2 𝑒 −mx (1)

Boundary conditions are

(i) At x=0, 𝜃= 𝜃1 = Tb − Ta
d𝜃 = h A 𝜃
(ii) At x=L, −KA
dx
The end of the fin is losing the heat
i.e heat conducted to the rod at x=L is same as heat convected at the end to air
Solving for constants C1and C2 and substituting in equation (1) we get,
 𝐡
𝛉 𝐓−𝐓𝐚 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐦(𝐋−𝐱)+𝐦𝐤 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝐦(𝐋−𝐱)
= = 𝐡
𝛉𝟏 𝐓𝐛 −𝐓𝐚 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐡 (𝐦𝐋)+𝐦𝐤 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐡 (𝐦𝐋)

Case (iii) Fin is sufficiently long or infinite (TL= Ta)

Boundary conditions are
(i) At x=0, 𝜃= 𝜃1 = Tb – Ta

(ii) At x=L = ∞, 𝜃 = 0
Evaluating the constants C1 and C2 and substituting in eq(1), we get
𝛉 𝐓−𝐓𝐚 −𝐦𝐱
𝛉𝟏
=
𝐓𝐛 −𝐓𝐚
= 𝐞
Heat transfer, Q= θ1 √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴
Example: A pin fin 2.5 mm diameter is made of copper (k=396W/m-K). It protrudes from a wall
maintained at 95C and placed in 25C air. The convective heat transfer coefficient over the fin is
10 W/m2 -K. Calculate the heat loss for the two cases as below.

a. Fin length 25mm b. Fin length infinite

Sol: A. Heat loss from a finite length and end is not insulated given by
ℎ
[ +tan ℎ(𝑚𝑙)]
𝑚𝑘
Q = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴. (Tb-Tf) [(1+tan ℎ(𝑚𝑙)]

P= perimeter =π d = π×0.0025 = 7.853×10-3m

H= 10 W/m2K = convective heat transfer co-efficient

K= 396W/m-K thermal conductivity

A= cross sectional area of fin

𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋×0.00252
= = = 4.9×10-6 m2
4 4

ℎ𝑝 10×𝜋×0.0025
m= √𝐾𝐴 = √396×𝜋×0.00252 = 6.356
4

l= 0.025m

√10 × 7.853 × 10−3 × 396 × 4.9 × 10−6 . (95-25)

10
+tan ℎ(6.356×0.025)
6.356×396
[ 10 ]
1+6.356×396+tan ℎ(6.356×0.025)

3.973×10−3 +(0.1575)
= 0.864 [1+3.973×10−3 +(0.1575] where Q= Tb-Tf

Q= 0.4425 watts

Case (b) Heat loss from infinite fin

Q = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴 (tb-tf)
𝜋
=√10 × 𝜋 × 0.025 × 396 × 4 × 0.0252 . (95-25)

Q=0.864 watts
Example:

A 1m long, 5 cm dia cylinder is placed in atmosphere of 40C is provided with 12 longitudinal

straight fins (k=75=0.75mm) trick. The fins protrude 2.5cm from the cylinder surface. The heat
transfer coefficient from the cylinder and fins to ambient air is 23.3 W/m2 -K. Calculate

a. Rate of heat transfer from base cylinder

b. Rate of heat transfer with fins
c. The temp at the centre of the fin
The surface temp of the cylinder is 150C

SOL:

Case (a) Heat transfer without fins

Q = hAsAT

= h × π d l×( Tb-Ta)

Q = 23.3×π×0.05× 1× (150-40)

Q= 402.59 watts

Case (b) Heat transfer with fins (for short fin)

Heat transfer from the surface by assuming the heat loss from the tip is negligible.

Q=√ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴 (tb-tf) tanh(ml)

P= 2w = 2×1 =2m
0.75
A = wb = 1× 1000 = 0.00075m2
K= 75w/m k

√ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴 = √23.3 × 2 × 75 × 0.00075 = 1.6

ℎ𝑝
Ml =√𝐾𝐴 × l m= 28.77

23.3×2 2.5
√ . (100)
75×0.00075

ml= 0.71

Q = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴 . (ts - ta) . tan h (ml)

= 0.16×(150-40) tan h (0.71)

Q = 110 watts
For 12 fins the heat dissipation will be Q = 110×12 = 1320watts . Also the area of the cylinder
not occupied by the fins will also dissipate heat by convection Q = h A AT

= 23.3[ π×0.05×10 - (12×0.00075)] (150-40)

Q= 375 watts

Total heat transfer = 1320 + 375

Q= 1695 watts

Case (iii) The temp at the centre of the fin is given by

𝑡−𝑡𝑎 cos ℎ 𝑚(𝑙−𝑥)
=( ) where, x= 1.25
𝑡𝑠 −𝑡𝑎 cos ℎ 𝑚𝑙

𝑡−40 cos 28
= = 0.79
150−40 cos(0.71)

t= (40×0.79×110)

t = 126.9C
Example:
A very long aluminum rod is connected to a wall at one end while the other end protrudes
into a room air temp 25C. The wall is at a temp of 200C. The rod is 5 mm in diameter and h=
300 W/m2 -K. If the thermal conductivity if the rod is 150 W/m-K, calculate the heat dissipated by
the rod.

Sol: Heat transfer from a long fin

Q= √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴 . (tb - tf) P= π×d = π× 0.005 m

𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋×0.005−2
A= 4
= 4
= 1.963×10-5

𝜋×0.005−2
Q = √300 × 𝜋 × 0.005 × 150 × (200 − 25)
4

Q= 20.616watts
Example: A rod of 5 cm diameter (k= 96W/m-K) and 120 cm long is attached to an evaporation
chamber maintained at -20C. The coefficient of heat transfer is 40 W/m2 -K and the ambient
temp is 20C. find the length up to which there will be ice formation. The end of the fin is
insulated.

Sol:

ℎ𝑝 40×𝜋×0.005
D= 5cm=0.05m m=√ = √96×1.963×5.5 = 5.77
𝑘𝐴

K=96w/m k L= 1.2m

Tb = -20C Ta = 20C h= 40w/m2k

T= 0C

Temp distribution for short fin end insulated

𝑡−𝑡𝑎 cos ℎ 𝑚(𝑙−𝑥)

=( ) cos h 5.77(1.2-x)=254
𝑡𝑏 −𝑡𝑎 cos ℎ 𝑚𝑙

0−20 cos 5.77 (1.2−𝑥)

= 5.77(1.2-x) = cos -1 (254)
20−20 cos ℎ (5.77×1.2)

−20 cos 5.77 (1.2−𝑥)

=0.5 6.924-5.77x=6.23
−40 5.8

x=0.12m
Problem:
A copper rod (k= 95) of 10mm diameter. The distance between two parallel plates is 15cm. Air
flow in the space between the plates and heat transfer co-efficient is 85 W/m2 K. The surface
temp at plates is more than that at air by 50C. Find the heat transfer in 24hr and the excess air
temp at the centre of the rod.

Sol: K=95 d= 0.01m L= 15cm = 0.15m h= 85 T b-Tf = 50C

1=2=50C

ℎ𝑝 ℎ×𝜋 𝑑 4ℎ 4×85
m=√𝐾𝐴 = √ 𝜋 = √𝐾𝑑 = √95×0.01 = 18.92
𝑘× 4 𝑑 2

[cos ℎ (𝑚𝐿)−1]
Q = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴 (1+2)
𝑠𝑖𝑛.ℎ(𝑚𝐿)

2
√85×𝜋×0.01×95×𝜋×0.01 [cos ℎ (18.92×0.15)−1]
4
= × (50+50)
sin(18.92×0.15)

= 12.55J/sec

=12.55×b0× b0 ×24

Q= 1084320 J/hr = 1084.32 KJ/hr

1 sin h m(L−x)+ v2 sin h mx 0.15

T-Tf = x= = 0.075
sin ℎ 𝑚𝐿 2

50×sin ℎ 18.92 (0.15−0.075)+ 50×sin ℎ 𝑚 (18.92×0.075)

 = sin ℎ (18.92×0.15)

= 22.87C

Problem: A motor body of diameter 80 cm and its surface temperature should not exceed 50C
when dissipating 0.15 KW. The length of the body is 20 cm. Longitudinal fins of 12 mm thickness
and 30mm height are proposed. The conductivity of the material is 40W/m-K and convection co-
efficient 40W/m2-K. Determine number of fins required. Atmosphere temp is 35C.

Sol:
 ℎ𝑝 40×(0.2+0.012)×2
m=√𝐾𝐴 = √ = 13.292
40×(0.2×0.012)

ml= 13×292×0.03

mL= 0.3987
ℎ
[𝑚𝑘+tan ℎ(𝑚𝑙)]
Heat transfer = Q = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴. (Tb-Tf) [(1+tan ℎ(𝑚𝑙)]

Q= 8.45W

150
No. of fins required = = 17.75  18 fins
8.45

Example:

Handle of ladle for pouring melted metal at 330C is 30cms long and made up of solid ms bar
of (25×15) mm. since the temp at the handle was found too high for a firm grip of hand , the
solid bar was replaced by a hollow made up of MS of thickness 1.5mm of rectangular shape.
(External dimensions of hallow handle are 25×15mm). Find % temp reduction in the temp of
the grip. Neglect the heat transfer from the inner surface of hallow tube.

Take K= 167.5w/m k h= 52.39w/m2 k. Tf = 30C the handle r of finite length with end
insulated?

SOL: case (i) with solid handle

Temp distribution of short fin with end insulated

𝑇−𝑇𝑓 cos ℎ 𝑚(𝐿−𝑥) ℎ𝑝 √52.39×2(0.025+0.015)

= m= √ = m= 8.165
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓 cos ℎ (𝑚𝐿) 𝐾𝐴 167.5×(0.025+0.015)

𝑇0.3 −30 cos ℎ 8.165(0.3−0.3)

=
330−30 cos ℎ (8.165×0.3)
Tx = 0.3 = 81.39C
Case(ii) with hallow handle

𝑇−30 cos ℎ 15.01(0.3−0.3) ℎ𝑝 √52.39×2(0.04+0.015)×2

= m= √𝐾𝐴 = 167.5×(0.025+0.015)−(0.025×0.12
330−30 cos ℎ (15.01×0.3)

Tx = 0.3 = 36.63C m= 15.01

𝑇1−𝑇2 81.39−36.63
% reduction in temp = = ×100
𝑇1 81.39

= 55%

Example:
One end of the long rod is inserted into a furnace with the other end projecting the outside air.
Once the steady state is reached, the temperature of the rod is measured at two points 15cm
apart and found to be 140C and 100C. When the atmosphere air is at 30C. the diameter of the
rod is 3cms. One heat transfer co-efficient may be taken as 60 W/m2K. Calculate the thermal
conductivity of the rod.

Sol: The starting point x=0 is considered at the first point where the temp is measured. X=L is
considered at the outer point. Assume that the end of the fin is insulated.

For short fin end insulated temp distribution

𝑇−𝑇𝑓 cos ℎ 𝑚(𝐿−𝑥)
=
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓 cos ℎ (𝑚𝐿)

𝑇−𝑇𝑓 1
At X=L = cos ℎ 𝑚2
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓

100−30 1
=
140−30 cos ℎ 𝑚2

70 1
= ml= 1.02
110 cos ℎ 𝑚2

1.02
m= 0.15 = 6.8249

ℎ𝑝
we have, m= √𝐾𝐴
 ℎ𝑝
m2 = 𝐾𝐴

60×(𝜋×0.15)
6.82492 = 𝜋 (0.15)2
𝐾× 4

K= 34.35w/m k

Example:

A fin 0.5cm thick and 4cm long has its base on a plane plate which is maintained at 110C. the
ambient air temp is 20C. the conductivity of the fin material is 60 W/m-K and h= 150 W/m2 K.
Find

A. Temp at the end of the fin

B. Temp at the middle of the fin
C. Total heat dissipated by the fin

Sol:
A. Temp distribution for the short fin end not insulated
ℎ
𝑇−𝑇𝑓 cos ℎ 𝑚(𝐿−𝑥)+( ) sin ℎ 𝑚(𝐿−𝑥)
𝑚𝑘
= ℎ
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓 cos ℎ 𝑚𝐿+(𝑚𝑘) sin ℎ 𝑚𝐿

ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑃
m=√𝐾𝐴 = =√𝐾×0.56 (for bw)

150
At x=L m = √60×0.5×0.005

𝑇−20 1
= ℎ m= 31.62 ml= 31.32×0.04
110−20 cos ℎ 𝑚𝐿+( ) sin ℎ 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘

𝑇−20 1
= 150
90 cos ℎ (1.264)+(31.62×60) sin ℎ (1.264)

TL = 64.11C ml= 1.264

 b. Temp at the middle of the fin (L=0.02)
150
𝑇−20 cos ℎ 31.62(0.04−0.02)+(31.62×60) sin ℎ 31.62(0.04−0.02)
= 150
110−20 cos ℎ (1.264)+(31.62×60) sin ℎ 1.264

T= 75.5C
c. Heat dissipated by the fin, Q
ℎ
[𝑚𝑘+tan ℎ(𝑚𝑙)]
d. Q = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴. (Tb-Tf) [(1+tan ℎ(𝑚𝑙)]

Q = 772.1 watts

Example:

An aluminum alloy fin 3.5mm thick and 2.5cm long protrudes from a wall. The base is at 430C
and the ambient air temp is 40C. The heat transfer coefficient may be taken 11w/m2 k and
thermal conductivity is 200 W/m K. Find the heat loss from the fin per unit width of the material.

SOL:

For insulated end,

Q= √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴𝑐 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑓 tan h (mL)

ℎ𝑝 ℎ 11
m= m=√𝐾𝐴 = √𝐾×0.5𝑏 = √200×0.5×0.0035 =5.6
𝑐

mL= (5.6×0.025) = 0.14

ℎ𝑝
we have √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴𝑐 = K. A √𝐾𝐴 =K (w×b) m

 Q = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴. (Tb - Tf) tan h (mL)

= K.(W×b) m (Tb - Tf) tan h (mL)

𝑄
= 200 × 0.00356 × 5.6 (430-40) tan h (0.14)
𝑤

𝑄
= 212.65 w/meter width of fin
𝑤
Example:

A plate fin of 8mm thickness of 60mm length is used on wall at 200C.

h= 25 W/m2K, k= 210 W/m K

(i) If the surroundings is at 35C , determine the heat flow

(ii) If the same fin is split into 4mm thick fins, determine the heat flow.

SOL: (i) fin with 8mm Thick

ℎ𝑝 25×(1+0.008)2
m=√𝐾𝐴 = √210×(1×0.008) = 5.48
𝑐

assuming short fin with insulated end

Q1 = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴𝑐 1 tan h (mL)

= √25 × (1 + 0.008)2 × 210 × (1 × 0.008) (200-35) tan h (5.48×0.06)

Q1 = 481.74 w/meter width

(ii). fins with 4mm thick (now 2 fins)

ℎ𝑝 25×(1+0.004)2
m=√ = √ = 7.73
𝐾𝐴𝑐 210×(1×0.004)

Q2 = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴𝑐 1 tan h (mL)

= √25 × (1 + 0.004)2 × 210 × (1 × 0.004) (200-35) tan h (7.73×0.06)

Q2 = 465.2w/fin

 For two fins, 2×465.2

Q2 = 930.4 w/meter width

𝑄2 −𝑄1
 % increase in heat transfer = 𝑄1
 930.4−481.74
= ×100
481.74

= 93.13%
Example

A steel rod of (12 x 12) mm with a length y 154 mm protrudes into air at 35c from a furnace wall
at 200c the thermal conductivity o the material is 51.9 W/m-K and kc convective heat transfer
coefficient is 22 W/m2 -K. determine

(i) The end terms assuming the end to be translated

(ii) Term at 80mm distance from the well
(iii) The end term if the fm were to be 80m long with end not insulated.

Sol:

L=159mm=0.519m w=0.012m b=0.012m

If=35c tb=200c k=51.9w/mk h=22w/ m2k

ℎ𝑝 22 × (4 × 0.012)
𝑚=√ =√ = 11.887
𝑘𝑎 51.9 × (0.012 × 0.012)

1) End term when the end is insulated

𝑇−𝑇𝑓 cos ℎ 𝑚 (𝐿−𝑥)
= x=L
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓 cos ℎ 𝑚 𝐿

𝑇−35 cosh (0) 1

= =
200−35 cosh(11.887×0.159) cosh(11.887×0.159)

T = 83.74C

2) Term at x=0.08m
𝑇−35 cosh 11.887(0.157−0.88)
= T=106.85C
200−35 cosh(11.887×0.159)

3) End term for long fin with the end not insulated
𝑇−𝑇𝑓
= e-mx = 0 T=35C
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓

Example
 Frying requires oil to be heated to 350c a handle is used in the frying. The section of the
handle is (4mm x15mm) the surroundings are at 35c. The conductivity of the material is
210w/mk. If the temp of at a distance of 40cm from the oil should not reach 45c. Determine
the connective heat transfer required.

Sol:

Perimeter= P = (15+4+15+4) mm=0.038m

Cross seasonal area =ac= (0.015 x 0.004) m2

X=0.4mm

Assuming long fin, term distribution

𝑇−𝑇𝑓
= e-mx
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓

45−35
= e-mx0.4 m=8.625
350−35

ℎ𝑝
m= √𝐾𝐴
𝑐

ℎ×0.038
8.625 = √210×0.015×0.004

h= 24.67w/m2k

Example

In order to decrease the thermal resistance from a vertical plane wall of size 500mm x 500mm,
one hundred Pire firm of 10mm dia and 100 mm long are attached. If the firm are made of
material of thermal conductivity, 350w/mk and wet transfer co effect 17.5w/m2k, calculate the
decrease in them resistance. Also calculate the consequence increase in the heat transfer rate
from the wall of it is maintained at 200c and the surrounding is at 30c.

Condition:

Short fin, tip with translation

L=100 mm =0.1m

D=10 x 10 -3 m
K=350w/mk

h=17.5w/m2k

Tb=200c

Tf =30c

Sol:

ℎ𝑝 17.5×(𝜋×10×10−3 )
m= √𝐾𝐴 =√ 2 = 4.47
(𝜋×10×10−3)
350× 4

mL=
Heat transfer per fin (short fin, tip without insulation)
𝑏
sin ℎ (𝑚𝑙)+𝑚𝑘 cosh (𝑚𝑙)
Q = (Tb-Tb) 𝑏 . √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴
cosh(𝑚𝑙)+ sin ℎ (𝑚𝐿)
𝑚𝑘

Q = 8.972 watts

Q1 for 100 fins =8.972 watts

Heat flow from the plane wall which does not have
𝜋
Fin = h[ 0.5× 0.5 - 4 × (0.01)2 ×100] (Tb – Tf)

𝜋
= 175 [ 0.5× 0.5 - 4 × (0.01)2 ×100] (200-30)

= 720 .38watts

Total heat transfer =Q=Q1+Q2=1617.58 watts

𝐴𝑇
We have Qtotal = 𝑅𝜋

(200−30)
 R1 = = 0.1050 C
1617.58

Heat flow from the substance if the fins are not attached

Q3 (conversion) =h A AT

=h x (0.5 x0.5) (Tb-Tf)

 = 17.5 x (0.5 x 0.5) x (200-30)

Q3=743.75 watts
𝐴𝑇
 Q3= 𝑅𝜋

(200−30)
 R2 = 743.75

= 0.228 c/w
Decrease in thermal resistance with firm=R2-R1 =0.12357

Increase in heat transfer from the wall=QTOW-Q3=873.83

Example:
One end of long rod of diameter 10mm is inserted into a furnace. The term measured at two
points A and B, 39.3mm as part gave 265 c and 147c respectively. If h=35w/m2k when is
posed to air at 30c, determine the conductivity of the material

Sol:

The location A itself can be taken are the base and them fin can be treated as a long fin.

For long fin, the temp distribution,

𝑇−𝑇𝑓
= = e-mx
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓

147.5−35
215−35
= e-mx0.0393  m= 17.64

ℎ𝑝 35×(𝜋×0.01)
m= √𝐾𝐴 = √ 𝜋×0.012
𝑘× 4

35×(𝜋×0.01)
17.64= √ 𝜋×0.012
𝑘× 4

K= 45 w/mk

Example
 Two rods of dia D and longer L have one of it ends at 120c and are exposed air at 30c. The
conductivity of the material of one rod is 45 where and the term at the end is 80c. While the
end of the other rod is at 60c. Determine the conductivity of the other material.

Sol:
𝑇−𝑇𝑓 1
=
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓 cosh(𝑚1 𝐿)

Consider rod (1)

80−30 1
= 𝑚1 𝐿 =1.193
120−30 cosh(𝑚1 𝐿)

Consider rod (2)

60−30 1
= 𝑚2 𝐿 =1.763
120−30 cosh(𝑚2 𝐿)

𝑚1 𝐿 1.193
= 1.763 = 0.667
𝑚2 𝐿

ℎ 𝑃
√𝐾1 𝐴1
1 1
ℎ 𝑃
= 0.667
√𝐾2 𝐴2
2 2

𝑘
 √𝑘2 = 0.667
1

K2 = 0.6672 K1 = 0.6672 × 45

K2 = 20.02 w/mk
Example

A fin in the form of ring of 0.25mm thickness and 15mm OD and 15mm long is used on electric
device to dissipate heat. Consider the outer surface alone to be effective and exposed to air at
25c with a conversion co efficient of 40w/m2k. The conductivity of the material is 340w/mk.
If the heat output is 0.25W and if the device is also of the same OD. Determine the device
temp with and without fin.

Sol:
Case (i): device without fin:

Heat lost from the surface of device of convection,

Q = h As  T
 𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋0.0152
= h× × ( Tb-Tf) 0.25 = 40× × (Tb -25)
4 4

Tb = 60.36C

Case (ii): device with hollow circular fin:

P= π×0.015 = 0.0471 m
𝜋
Ac = (0.0152 − 0.01452 ) = 1.1584 ×10-5
4

ℎ𝑝 40×0.0471
m= √𝐾𝐴 = √340×1.1584×10−5 = 21.87

Heat loss through long fin , Q = √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴𝑐 1 tan h (mL)

0.25 = √40 × 0.0471 × 340 × 1.584 × 10−5 (Tb-25) tan h (21.87×0.015)

Tb = 34.16C

There is a drop of 26.2C due to fin

Example

A handle fixed to chemical process equipments is shown in fig. The handle is exposed to air
37c with a h=15w/m2k. The conductivity of the material is 20w/mk. Determine the heat loss
and also temps at the mid location,

Sol: the handle can be considered as fin of length (60 x 70 x 60)=190mm

With specified end condition as show in fig.

𝑇−𝑇𝑓 𝑇𝐿 −𝑇𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ℎ (𝑚𝑥)+ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ℎ 𝑚(𝐿−𝑥)
= [ ]
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓 𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ℎ (𝑚 𝐿)

ℎ𝑝
m= √𝐾𝐴 = 18.7

mL= 3.555 x=0.095m

(𝑇−37) (100−37) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ℎ (1.776)+ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ℎ 18.7(0.95)
(100−37) = [ ]
(100−37) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (3.55)

𝑇−37
= 0.33 T = 57.79C
63
 (cosh(𝑚𝐿)−1)
Q= √ℎ𝑝𝐾𝐴𝑐 ([𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑓 ) + ( 𝑇𝐿 − 𝑇𝑓 )] sin ℎ 𝑚 𝐿

(cosh(3.555)−1)
Q = √15 × 0.042 × 20 × 0.015 × 0.006 (100-37)+(100-37) sin ℎ (3.555)

Q= 4 watts

Problem:
The super heated stream flowing through a pipe of 9.5cm dia. The temp of the stream is
measured by putting an iron well of diameter 1.5cm for the thermometer. The stream has a
temp of 320c. The flow velocity of stream is 20m/sec. Find the length of the well which
gives maximum 1.5%error in temp measurement. H= (heat transfer coefficient between stream
and thermometer) =80w/m2c b= (wall thickness) = 1errror

Tube wall temp=120c

Thermal conductivity of tube wall material = 52w/mc

Sol: Tf=320c
𝑇𝑥 −𝑡𝑎 1
= cos ℎ(𝑚𝑙) T2=98.5% of Tf=315.5c
𝑡𝑠 −𝑡𝑎

ℎ 80
M=√𝑘𝑏 = √52×0.001 Ts=120c

M=39.22 B=wall thickness

315.2−320 1
= cos ℎ(39.22×1)
120−320

1 1
=
41.66 cos ℎ(39.22×1)

39.22×L = 4.42

L = 0.1127m = 11.27 cm.

Example
 A cylinder 1 m long and 5cm in dia is placed in an atmosphere of 45c. It is protruded with
10 longitudinal straight fins having, k=120w/mk. The fins are protruding 1.25c, from the cylinder
surface and the thickness of each fin is 0.75mm. The heat transfer coefficient is 17w/m 2 or the
surface temp of the cylinder is 150c calculate.

(i) The rate of heat transfer.

(ii) Temp at the tip of the fin.

Sol: condition:
K= 120w/mk Short fin, tip not insulated

H=17w/mc P=2(w+b) =2(1+0.00075)

Tf=45c ≈2

Ac=w × b=1×0.00075

ℎ𝑝 17×2
M=√𝐾𝐴 =√120×0.75×10−3 =19.35

h
sin h(ml)+mc cos h(ml)
Heat transfer per fin= (Tb-Tf) h √hpka
cos h(ml)+mk sin h(ml)

Q= (150-45)
17
sin(19.35×1.25×12−3 )+19.35×120 cos ℎ(19.35×1.25×10−3 )
17 √17 × 2 × 120 × 1 × 0.75 × 10−3
cos ℎ(19.35×1.25×10−3 )+19.35×120 cos ℎ(19.35×1.25×10−3 )

Q=45.7watts

Q for 10 fins =457watts

Also the area of the cylinder not occupied by the fins will dissipate heat by convection.

Q from unturned surface=h A A T

=h ( ×0.7×103×p) (Jb-Tf)

=17[×0.05×1-10×0.75×10-3×1] (150-45)

=266.8watts

Total heat transfer=457+266.8

Q=723.8watts

(iii) Temp at the tip of the fin tn=? N=L=1.25×10-2M

 𝑇−𝑇𝑓 1
= ℎ
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇𝑓 cos ℎ(𝑚𝑙)+𝑚𝑘 sin ℎ(𝑚𝑙)

T=146.9c
Module 2

Transient [Unsteady] state heat conduction

A solid body is said to be steady state if its temperature does not vary with time. Suppose there is
sudden change in change in its surface temperature or environment, it takes some time before the
body to attain equilibrium temperature or a steady state. During this interim period the temperature
varies with time and the body is said to be an unsteady or transient state.

The analysis of transient heat transfer is of great interest to engineers, because of its widespread
occurrence such as in

1. Heat treatment of metals by quenching

2. Heating and cooling of metal billets
3. Cooling of I C engine
4. Cooling and freezing of food

If the surface temperature of a solid body is suddenly changed, the temperature within the body
begins to change with respect to time. Then the temperature within the body depends on the
position and time. The determination of temperature distribution is more complicated, because the
temperature varies both with time and distance.

In many practical situations, the variation of temperature with position is negligible. For example,
solids with surface areas that are large compared to their volumes (like plates and thin metal wires)
the internal resistance (L/KA) can be negligible in comparison with the convective resistance
(1/hA).

Example: consider a thin wire of diameter=1 mm and length L= 1m, then

Surface area, As= 𝜋𝑑𝐿 = 𝜋 (1x10-3) 1 = 𝝅 10-3 m2
𝜋 𝑑2 𝜋 (1 𝑥 10−3 )2 𝝅 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
Volume, V = L= x1= m3
4 4 𝟒
∴ As > V

Hence the temperature varies with the time only. The analysis of heat transfer under such
(negligible internal resistance) situations is called Lumped System Analysis.
Heat conduction in solids with negligible temperature gradients (Lumped
System Analysis)
Consider a hot solid body of arbitrary shape, volume V, total surface area A, thermal conductivity
K, density ρ, specific heat Cp at uniform temperature Ti, is suddenly exposed to ambient of
constant temperature T∞. (Such that T∞ < Ti).

Heat exchange between solid surface and liquid takes place by convection. The energy equation
of heat transfer is :

Heat flow out of the solid through the boundary surface = Rate of change of internal energy of
solid.

𝑑𝑇
h As [T −T∞] = − m Cp [ − sign is because of decrease in rate of change of internal energy ]
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇 h As [T −T∞]
+ =0 [but mass m=𝜌𝑉 ]
𝑑𝑡 𝜌𝑉 Cp

𝑑𝑇 h As [T −T∞] h As
𝑑𝑡
+ =0 [ 𝜌𝑉 Cp = m (a constant)] and 𝜃 = T −T∞
𝜌𝑉 Cp
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑇
= –0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
dθ
+ m𝜃 = 0
dt
This is the first order differential equation, having the solution

𝜃 = C 𝑒 − 𝑚𝑡 …..(1)
Where C is a constant can be evaluated using the boundary condition, at time t=0, T=Ti
∴ 𝜃 = Ti -T∞
Applying this boundary condition in equation (1), we get

𝜃𝑖 = C 𝑒 − 𝑚.0 i.e C= 𝜃𝑖
Substituting the constant C in equation (1), we get temperature distribution,

𝜃 = 𝜃𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑚 t
𝜽 𝐓−𝐓∞ h As
= = 𝒆− 𝒎 𝐭 [where, m = ]
𝜽𝒊 𝐓𝐢 −𝐓∞ 𝜌𝑉 Cp

Or
𝐓−𝐓∞ 𝐡 𝐀𝐬
= exp [− 𝝆𝑽 𝐂𝐩 ]
𝐓𝐢 −𝐓∞

Mixed boundary conditions

In the previous situations all the boundary surfaces were subjected to convection. The method is
also applicable when a part of the boundary surface is subjected to prescribed heat flux.
𝑞̇
Then, the temperature distribution, 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑖 𝑒− 𝑚 𝑡 + [ 1−𝑒− 𝑚 t ]
ℎ
Where, 𝑞̇ = heat flux

Biot number
It is defined as the ratio of the internal conduction resistance and external convective resistance.
h Lc
Bi =
k
If it is small, then the system has small internal conductive resistance i.i small temperature gradient
or uniform temperature within the system.

Fourier number
It is the ratio of characteristic body dimension to temperature wave penetration depth in time.
αt
Fo =
Lc
Fourier number states the condition of heating or cooling through a solid. The larger the Fourier
no. the deeper the penetration of heat into a solid over a given time.
 ▪ If, Bi < 0.1, then lumped heat capacity or lumped parameter system
▪ Bi = ∞, then it is semi infinite solid
▪ 0.1 < Bi < 100 and Fo > 0.1, then it is infinite solid

Characteristic length Lc

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
Lc = = 𝐴𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
1. For slab of Plane wall
𝑉 AL L
Lc = = 2A = 2 where, L = Thickness of slab
𝐴𝑠

2. For Cylinder
2
πd
𝑉 4 L d
Lc = = =4 where, d = diameter of cyinder
𝐴𝑠 π d L

3. For Sphere
4 πR3
𝑉 3 R
Lc = = 2 =3
𝐴𝑠 4πR

4. For Cube
𝑉 𝐿3 L
Lc = = 6 𝐿2 =
𝐴𝑠 6

Bodies in which internal temperature gradient cannot be neglected

In many situations, when the conduction resistance is not negligible, then lumped analysis cannot
be applied. Then the temperature history becomes a function of time and position and it is a
complicated matter. In such situations the temperature distribution has been calculated and the
results are presented in the form of transient temperature charts known as Heiselr and Grober
charts.
Unsteady state conduction in infinite slab (plane wall)
A solid which extends itself in all directions of space

Procedure for calculating heat transfer rate and temperature distribution using Heisler
chart:
h Lc
1. Calculate the Biot no. Bi = . Verify if, Bi >0.1, then lumped analysis is not possible
k
𝑥
2. Calculate
𝐿
αt
3. Calculate the Fourier no. Fo =
Lc
𝑇𝐶 −𝑇∞
4. From the temperature charts, find the temperature ratio , based on the values of
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞

Bi and Fo. From this equation calculate Tc.

𝑇𝑥 −𝑇∞
5. From the temperature charts, find the temperature ratio , based on the values Bi
𝑇𝑐 −𝑇∞
𝑥
and . From this equation calculate Tx
𝐿

6. The positional temperature Tx/L for the given initial temperature can be calculated as

𝑇x/L −𝑇∞ 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇𝐶 −𝑇∞

= 𝑇𝑥−𝑇∞ x ,
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞ 𝑐 ∞ 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞

7. Calculate the value of Bi2 Fo

8. Calculate the Internal energy Qi = m Cp ∆T = 𝜌𝑉 Cp (Ti -T∞)
𝑄
9. From the chart take the value , based on the values of (Bi2 Fo) and Bi
𝑄𝑖
𝑄
10. Calculate the total heat transfer rate Q from
𝑄𝑖

Unsteady state conduction in infinite cylinder

Consider a long cylinder of outer radius Ro, which is initially at a temperature of Ti. At time t=0,
the boundary surfaces are subjected to convective heat transfer at temperature T∞.
Procedure for calculating heat transfer rate and temperature distribution using Heisler
chart:
 ℎ 𝑅𝑜
1. Calculate Bi =
𝑘
𝑟
2. Calculate
𝑅𝑜
αt
3. Calculate the Fourier no. Fo =
R2o
𝑇𝐶 −𝑇∞
4. From the temperature charts, find the temperature ratio , based on the values of Bi
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞
and Fo. From this equation calculate centre temperature Tc.
𝑇𝑟 −𝑇∞
5. From the temperature charts, find the temperature ratio , based on the values Bi and
𝑇𝑐 −𝑇∞
𝑟
. From this equation calculate Tr
𝑅𝑜
6. Calculate the value of Bi2 Fo
7. Calculate the Internal energy Qi = m Cp ∆T = 𝜌𝑉 Cp (Ti -T∞)
𝑄
8. From the chart take the value , based on the values of (Bi2 Fo) and Bi
𝑄𝑖
𝑄
9. Calculate the total heat transfer rate Q from
𝑄𝑖

Unsteady state conduction in Sphere

Consider a long sphere of outer radius Ro, which is initially at a temperature of Ti. At time t=0,
the boundary surfaces are subjected to convective heat transfer at temperature T∞.

Procedure for calculating heat transfer rate and temperature distribution using Heisler
chart:
ℎ 𝑅𝑜
1. Calculate Bi =
𝑘
𝑟
2. Calculate
𝑅𝑜
αt
3. Calculate the Fourier no. Fo =
R2o
𝑇𝐶 −𝑇∞
4. From the temperature charts, find the temperature ratio , based on the values of Bi
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞
and Fo. From this equation calculate centre temperature Tc.
 𝑇𝑟 −𝑇∞
5. From the temperature charts, find the temperature ratio , based on the values Bi and
𝑇𝑐 −𝑇∞
𝑟
. From this equation calculate Tr
𝑅𝑜
6. Calculate the value of Bi2 Fo
7. Calculate the Internal energy Qi = m Cp ∆T = 𝜌𝑉 Cp (Ti -T∞)
𝑄
8. From the chart take the value , based on the values of (Bi2 Fo) and Bi
𝑄𝑖
𝑄
9. Calculate the total heat transfer rate Q from
𝑄𝑖

Semi infinite solid

A solid with finite surface at one end and infinite length in other direction is normally referred to
as “Semi infinite solid”. In a semi infinite body, at any instant of time there is always a point where
the effect of heating or cooling at of its boundaries is not felt at all. At this point no change in
temperature. It may be used to determine the transient heat transfer near the surface of the earth or
to approximate the transient response of a finite solid, such as thick slab.

We consider three different cases to obtain the boundary conditions and the solutions.
Case 1: Constant Surface Temperature:

Case 2: Constant Surface Heat Flux:

Case 3: Surface Convection: