Chapter 4: Number Representation and Calculation
Section 4.1 Our Hindu-Arabic System and Early Positional Systems
Objective 1 – Evaluate an exponential expression.
Objective 2 – Write a Hindu-Arabic numeral in expanded form.
Objective 3 – Express a number’s expanded form as a Hindu-Arabic numeral.
Objective 4 – Understand and use the Babylonian numeration system.
Objective 5 – Understand and use the Mayan numeration system.
Key Terms
Number Hindu-Arabic numerals
Numeral Exponents
System of numeration
Summary
1
Objective 1 – Evaluate an exponential expression.
bn is read “the nth power of b” or “b to the nth power.” Thus, the nth power of b is defined as the
product of n factors of b. We say b is the base and n is the exponent in bn.
2
3
Objective 2 – Write a Hindu-Arabic numeral in expanded form.
4
5
Objective 3 – Express a number’s expanded form as a Hindu-Arabic
numeral.
6
7
Chapter 4: Number Representation and Calculation
Section 4.2 Number Bases in Positional Systems
Objective 1 – Change numerals in bases other than ten to base ten.
Objective 2 – Change base ten numerals to numerals in other bases.
Objective 1 – Change numerals in bases other than ten to base ten.
8
9
10
11
12
Objective 2 – Change base ten numerals to numerals in other bases.
Key Terms
Divisions
Summary
To convert a base ten numeral to a base b numeral, use mental conversions or
repeated divisions by powers of b to find how many groups of each place value
are contained in the base ten numeral.
2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4 8 16 32 64
16 256 4,096 65,536 1,048,576 16,777,216
From Base 10 to Base 2
20 = 1 21 = 2 22 =4 23 = 8 24 =16
25 = 32 26 = 64 27 = 128 28= 256
13
14
Examples:
410=____2 22
510=____2 22
2610=____2 24
5710=____2 25
8010=____2 26
15
From Base 10 to Base 16
Examples:
18810=____16
59010=____16
16
112810=____16
25610=____16
92110=____16
17
Section 4.3 Computation in Positional Systems
Objective 1 – Add in bases other than ten.
Objective 2 – Subtract in bases other than ten.
Objective 3 – Multiply in bases other than ten.
Objective 4 – Divide in bases other than ten.
Objective 1 – Add in bases other than ten.
Summary
Computations in bases other than ten are performed using the same
procedures as in ordinary base ten arithmetic. When a computation is
equal to or exceeds the given base, use mental conversions to convert
from the base ten numeral to a numeral in the desired base. For
addition, you will add values in base 10, but convert any sum larger
than b – 1 into the corresponding value in the given base.
18
19
2.
CHECKPOINT 2 p.233
20
AC216 + 76816 = 122A16
2 + 8 = 10 A16 (We directly write A)
C + 6 = 18 1216 (We write 2 and carry 1 to the digit on the left)
1 + A + 7 = 1216
67816 + 59816 = C1016
8 + 8 = 16 1016 (We write 0 and carry 1 to the digit on the left)
1 + 7 + 9 = 17 1116 (We write 1 and carry 1 to the digit on the left)
1 + 6 + 5 = 12 C16
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Section 4.4 Looking Back at Early Numeration Systems
Objective 2 – Understand and use the Roman system.
Key Terms
Roman numeration system
Summary
• Developed 500 BCE to 100 CE.
• Used in Europe commonly until 18th C.
• Still used for outlining, analog clocks,
in numbering some pages in books,
and publication years.
The Roman numeration system evolved as a result of tax collecting
and commerce in the vast Roman Empire. If the symbols in Table 4.7
decrease in value from left to right, then add their values to obtain the
value of the Roman numeral as a whole. For example, CX = 100 + 10
= 110.
On the other hand, if symbols increase in value from left to right, then
subtract the value of the symbol on the left from the symbol on the
right. For example, IV means 5 - 1 = 4 and IX means 10 - 1 = 9.
22
Only the Roman numerals representing 1, 10, 100, 1000, c, can be
subtracted. Furthermore, they can be subtracted only from their next
two greater Roman numerals.
Exercise 25 p. 245
Write MCDXLVII as a Hindu-Arabic numeral.
M + CD + XL + VII = 1000 + 400 + 40 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 1447
23
CHECKPOINT 3 - p. 242
CHECKPOINT 4 - p. 242
24
CHECKPOINT 5 - p. 243
748 = 700 + 40 + 8
700 = DCC (D+C+C 500 + 100 + 100)
40 = XL (50-10)
8 = VIII (V + I + I + I)
748 = DCCXLVIII
MDLXXXIX
M + D+ LXXX + IX 1000 + 500 + 80 + 9 = 1589
25
