CLIMATE

CHANGE
AND
ENERGY
CRISIS
Prepared by:
Submitted to:
Villanueva, Shiella
Mrs. Araceli Diares
Bagnol, Queen Abegail
Doctor, Cheska
 Chapter IV
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY CRISIS

Objectives:
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to:
 Identify the causes of climate change;
 Assess the various impacts of climate including economic,
geopolitical, biological, meteorological, etc; Apply STS
concepts to the issue of climate change; Describe the energy
crisis and its causes; and
 Identify possible ways by energy crisis can be prevented.

Introduction
Climate change is one of the fundamental challenges ever to
confront humanity. Its adverse effects may intensify over time if
nothing is done about it.
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

Climate change refers to the change in global or regional

patterns, in particular, a change apparent from the mid to late 20th
century onwards and attributed largely to the increased level of
atmospheric carbon dioxide using fossil fuels. It is a catch-all term for
the shift in worldwide weather phenomena associated with an
increase in global average temperature. Climate change, also
called global warming, refers to the rise in average surface
temperatures onEarth.
NASA defines climate change as: "a broad range of global
phenomena created predominantly by burning fossil fuels which
add heat-trapping gases to Earth's atmosphere. These
phenomena include the increased temperature trends described
by global warming, but also encompass changes such as sea
level rise, ice mass loss in Greenland, Antarctica, the Arctic, and
mountain glaciers worldwide, shifts in flower/plant blooming; andall
extreme weatherevents."

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES

OF CLIMATE CHANGE?
Most climate scientists agree that the main cause of the
current global warming trend is human expansion of the
"greenhouse effect" – warming results when the atmosphere
traps heat radiating from Earth toward space.
Life on Earth is dependent on an atmospheric "greenhouse"
- a layer of gases primarily water vapor, in the lower atmosphere
that traps heat from the sun as it's reflected from the Earth,
radiating it back and keeping our planet at a temperature capable
of supporting life.
 Human activity is currently generating an excess of long-
lived greenhouse gases, that, unlike water vapor, don't dissipate
in response to temperature increases, resulting in a continuing
buildup of heat.
Greenhouse gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect
include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Water Vapor is the most abundant
greenhouse gas, but importantly, acts as
feedback to the climate. Water vapor
increases as the Earth's atmosphere
warms, but so does the possibility of
clouds and precipitation, making these
some of the most important feedback
mechanisms to the greenhouse effect.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a minor
but very important component of the
atmosphere, carbon dioxide is released
through natural processes such as
respiration and volcano eruptions and
through human activities such as
deforestation, land use changes, and
burning fossil fuels humans have
increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration by over a third since the Industrial Revolution
began. The main source of excess carbon dioxide emissions is
the burning of fossil fuels, while deforestation has reduced the
amount of plant life available to turn carbon dioxide into oxygen.
 Methane. Hydrocarbon gas is
produced both through natural sources
and human activities, including the
decomposition of wastes in landfills,
agriculture, and especially rice
culturation, as well as ruminant digestion
and manure management associated
with domestic livestock. On a molecule-
for-molecule basis, methane is a far
more active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but also one
that is much less abundant in the atmosphere.
Nitrous oxide is a powerful
greenhouse gas produced by soil
cultivation practices, especially the use
of commercial and organic fertilizers,
fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid
production, and biomass burning.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are
synthetic compounds entirely of
industrial origin used in several
applications, but now largely regulated
in production and release to the
atmosphere by international agreement
for their ability to contribute to the
destruction of the ozone layer. They are
also greenhouse gases.

What are the Effects of Climate Change?

 The effects of anthropogenic(human-caused) climate
change ranged from more frequent and severe droughts to
snowstorms and extreme winter weather in temperate regions as
a result of warming Arctic weather fronts.
It's not only humans that are affected warming ocean
temperatures are increasing the frequency of coral reef
bleaching; warmer, drier weather means that forests in some
regions are no longer recovering from wildfires, and wildlife
habitats around the world are becoming less hospitable to
animals.
How Is Climate Change Affecting the Philippines?
The Global Climate Risk Index listed the Philippines as the
number one most affected country by climate change because
of its geography. The Philippines is located in the Western
Pacific Ocean surrounded by naturally warm waters that will
likely even get warmer as average sea-surface temperature
continues to rise. To some extent, this is a normal pattern: the
ocean surface warms as it absorbs sunlight.
The ocean then releases some of its heat into the
atmosphere creating wind and rainclouds. However, as the
ocean's surface increases over time from the effects of climate
change, more and more heat is released into the atmosphere.
This additional heat in the ocean and air can lead to
stronger and more frequent storms. This is what has happened
to the Philippines. Five of the deadliest typhoons have occurred
since 2006 affecting and displacing thousands of citizens every
time. The deadliest storm on record in the Philippines is typhoon
Yolanda which was responsible for more than 6300 lost lives,
over 4 million displaced citizens, and 2-billion-peso damages in
2013.
HUMANS ARE RESPONSIBLE
FOR GLOBAL WARMING
• Climate scientists have showed that humans are responsible
for virtually all global heating over the last 200 years. Human
activities like the ones mentioned above are causing greenhouse
gases that are warming the world faster than at any time in at
least the last two thousand years.
• The average temperature of the Earth’s surface is now about
1.1°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s (before the industrial
revolution) and warmer than at any time in the last 100,000
years. The last decade (2011-2020) was the warmest on record,
and each of the last four decades has been warmer than any
previous decade since 1850.
• Many people think climate change mainly means warmer
temperatures. But temperature rise is only the beginning of the
story. Because the Earth is a system, where everything is
connected, changes in one area can influence changes in all
others.
•The consequences of climate change now include, among
others, intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea
levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and
declining biodiversity.
• Climate scientists have showed that humans are responsible
for virtually all global heating over the last 200 years. Human
activities like the ones mentioned above are causing greenhouse
gases that are warming the world faster than at any time in at
least the last two thousand years.
• The average temperature of the Earth’s surface is now about
1.1°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s (before the industrial
revolution) and warmer than at any time in the last 100,000
years. The last decade (2011-2020) was the warmest on record,
and each of the last four decades has been warmer than any
previous decade since 1850.
• Many people think climate change mainly means warmer
temperatures. But temperature rise is only the beginning of the
story. Because the Earth is a system, where everything is
connected, changes in one area can influence changes in all
others.
•The consequences of climate change now include, among
others, intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea
levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and
declining biodiversity.

1. More intense El Nino

The El Nino phenomenon
occurs when the surface of the
ocean waters in the southern
Pacific becomes abnormally
warm. The energy created by
this is so great that it can create
an imbalance in the weather in
the different parts of the world. In Southeast Asia, it can lead to
abnormally dry conditions. El Nino can also make weather
events like storms highly unpredictable. Weather will have
extreme highs and lows, making it "increasingly difficult to predict
weather patterns for purposes of planning and normal business
operations" says a WWF-Philippine study.
 2. Sea surface temperatures
to rise
By the end of the century,
sea surface temperatures are
expected to rise by 1 to 4
degrees Celsius. This can lead
to more powerful storms
because storms get their
strength from heat rising from the sea. In the Philippines, 4 and
5 degrees Celsius spikes above the normal sea surface
temperature have been recorded. Warmer seas kill coral reefs
and can thus lead to a decline in fish catch, putting food security
in danger.
3. Ocean Acidification
The shift in the Ph levels of
our oceans can lead to
widespread coral reef death.
Because of the imbalance,
shrimps are not able to develop
skins, oysters cannot develop
shells. Fish larvae mat not be
able to develop bones. This further endangers food security and
livelihood.
4. Sea levels to rise by 4 to 6
meters
Current data show an
increase in sea surface heights.
Scientists say this is due to the
melting of ice sheets in the
southern and northern portions
of the globe like Antarctica and Greenland. Sea level rise by 4 to
6 meters can submerge low-lying communities like Tacloban City
which stands only 3 meters.
 5. Tropical cyclones to
intensify
The creation of tropical
cyclones is already being
recorded in areas where the
phenomenon had never been
observed. On November 8, 2013,
Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), said to be the strongest in
recorded history, devastated cities in Visayas.
6. Rainfall, river flow, and
flooding to intensify
Monsoon rainfall in the
Philippines will reach new highs
and lows. Some parts of the
country will make it more difficult for
agriculture and aquaculture sectors
which are highly dependent on weather. Philippine cities are
already experiencing unprecedented amounts of rainfall. In
Tacloban City, rainfall increased by 25% from 1998 to 2011.
More rainfall will lead to more flooding and can trigger landslides
in upland communities.
Climate change also impacts our country's ability to feed
people. Karen Bermejo (2017) wrote:
1. Climate change is altering production ecosystems and
compromising food security and nutrition for millions of people in
the Philippines, according to the United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization (UN FAO). According to Jose Manuel
Fernandez, UN FAO's representative to the Philippines, due to
climate change crop yields are expected to decline by 25% while
catches of main fish species are expected to decline by 40% in
tropical countries like the Philippines.
2. Climate change also affects farmers. Because of too much
heat too much rain crops are ruined. An example of this is the 8-
month drought which affected the Western Visayas region from
October 2015 to May 2016 which damaged crops in more than
80,000 hectares farmland and resulted to more than P2 billion
pesos in losses. The drought has also affected farmers and
crops in the provinces of Quezon, Camarines Norte, Samar,
Laguna, and Mindoro.
3. Food security declines. The Global Food Security Index
(GSFI) showed a decline in the Philippines' ranking. From 74th,
it dropped to 79th among 113 countries based on the data
released by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). 4. Malnutrition
increases. Based on the latest National Nutrition Survey of the
Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) of the Department
of Science and Technology (DOST), malnutrition rate in the
Philippines is also increasing. The Philippines malnutrition rate
or stunting among children under 5 years old has increased
33.4% from just 30.3% in 2013.
4. Malnutrition increases. Based on the latest National Nutrition
Survey of the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST), malnutrition
rate in the Philippines is also increasing. The Philippines
malnutrition rate or stunting among children under 5 years old
has increased 33.4% from just 30.3% in 2013.
What is the Energy Crisis?
Energy crisis is any great bottleneck in the supply of energy
resources to an economy. In popular literature though, it often
refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and
place, particularly those that supply national electricity grids or
serve as fuel for The energy crisis is the concern that the world's
on the limited natural resouces that are used to power industrial
society are diminishing as the demand rises. The natural
resources are in limited supply. While the do occur naturally. It
can takes hundred of thousand of years to replenished the
stores. Government and concerned individuals are working to
make the use of renewable resources a priority. And to lessen
the irresponsible use of natural supply through increased
conversation.
The energy crisis is a broad and complex topic. Most people
don't feel concerned to it's reality unless the price of gas in the
pump goes up or these are lines at the gas station. The energy
crisis is ongoing and getting worse despite many efforts. The
reason for this is that there is not a broad up understanding of
the complex causes and solutions for the energy crisis.
Causes of the Energy Crisis
Some causes of energy crisis were identified as follows:
1. Overconsumption
The energy crisis is a result of many different strains on our
natural resources not just one. There are strains in fossil fuels
such as oil, gas and coal due to overconsumption . Which then
in turn can put strain on our water and oxygen resources by
causing pollution.
2. Overpopulation
Another cause of crisis has been the increased in worlds
population and it's demand for fuel and products. No matter what
type of foods and products you choose to use. From fair trade
and organic to those made from petroleum in a sweat shop. Not
one of them is transported without significant drain in our energy
resources.

3. Poor Infrastructure
Aging infrastructure of power generating equipment is yet
another reason for energy shortage. Most of the energy
producing ferm
 Keep on using updated equipment that restricta the
production of energy. It is the responsibility of utility to keep on
upgrading infrastructure and set high standard of performance.
4. Un-explored Renewable Energy Options
Renewable Energy still remains unused in most countries.
Most of the energy comes from nonrenewable resources like
coal. It still reamains the top choice to produce energy. Unless
we give renewable energy a serious thought the problem in
energy crisis cannot be solved. Renewable Energy source can
reduce our dependence in fossil fuels and help reduce
greenhouse emissions.
5. Delete in Commissioning
Of Power Plant in few countries there is significant deley in
commissioning of new power plants that can feel the gap
between the demand and supply of energy. The result is that old
plants comes under huge stress to meet the daily demand of
power. When supply doesn't match demand.It results in load
shedding and breakdown.
6. Wastage of Energy
In most part of the world , people do not realize the
importance of conserving energy. It is only limited to books ,
internet , newspaper ads, lip service and seminars. Unless we
give it a serious thought , Things are not going to change.Simple
tings like switching fans and lights when not in use. Using
maximum daylight, walking instead of driving for short distance,
using CFL instead of traditional bulb, proper insulation for
leakage of energy can go a long way in saving energy.
7. Poor distribution of energy
Frequent tripping and breakdown result of poor distribution
system.
8. Major Accidents and Natural Calamities
 Major Accidents like pipeline burst and natural calamities
like eruption of volcanoes, flood , earthquakes can also cause
interruption to energy supplies . The gap between the supply and
demand of energy can raise essential items which can give raise
to inflation.
9. Wars and Attacks
Wars between countries can also hamper the supply of
energy specially if it happens in Middle East countries like Saudi
Arabia, Iraq , Kuwait, UAE,or Qatar. Price of oil reached its peak
causing the global shortage and created major problem for
energy consumers .
10. Miscellaneous Factors
Tax hikers, military coup, political events, severe hot summer or
cold winters can sudden increase in demand of energy and can
supply. A strikes by unions in oil- producing firm can definitely
cause an energy crisis.
What are Possible Solutions to the Energy Crisis?
Many of the possible solutions to the energy crisis are already in
place, but they have not been widely adopted. They are:
1. Move towards Renewable Resources
The best possible solution to the energy crisis is to reduce the
world's dependence on non-renewable resources and to
improve overall conservation efforts. Much of the industrial age
was created using fossil fuels, but there is also known
technology that uses other types of renewable energies such as
steam, solar, and wind. The major concern isn't so much that we
will run out of gas or oil, but that the use of coal is going to
continue to pollute the atmosphere and destroy other natural
resources in the process of mining the coal that it has to be
replaced as an energy source. This is not easy because many of
the leading industries use coal, not gas or oil, as their primary
source of power for manufacturing.
2. Buy Energy Efficient Products.
Replace traditional bulbs with CFL's and LED's. They use less
watts of electricity and last longer. If millions of people across the
globe use CFL's and LED's for residential and commercial
purposes, the demand for energy can go down and an energy
crisis can be averted.
3. Lighting Controls
There are a number of new technologies that make lighting
controls much more interesting and help save a lot of energy and
cash in the long run. Preset lighting controls, slide lighting, touch
dimmers, integrated lighting controls are few of the lighting
controls that can help to conserve energy and reduce overall
lighting costs.
4. Easier Grid Access
People who use different options to generate power must be
given permission to plug into the grid and get credit for power
you feed into it. The hassles of getting credit of supplying
surplus power back into the grid should be removed. Apart from
that, subsidy on solar panels should be given to encourage
more people to explore renewable options.
5. Energy Simulation
Energy simulation software can be used by big corporations to
redesign building unit and reduce running business energy
cost. Engineers, architects and designers could use the design
to come up with the most energy efficient building and reduce
carbon footprint.
6. Perform Energy Audit
Energy audit is a process that helps to identify the areas where
your home or office is losing energy and identify steps you can
 take to improve energy efficiency. Energy audit when done by a
professional can help you to reduce your carbon footprint, save
energy and money and avoid energy crisis.
7. Common Stand On Climate Change
Both developed and developing countries should adopt a
common stand on climate change. They should focus on
reducing greenhouse gas emissions through an effective cross
border mechanism. With current population growth and
overconsumption of resources, the consequences of global
warming and climate change cannot be ruled out. Both
developed and developing countries must focus on emission
cuts to cut their emission levels to half from current trend levels
by 2050.

WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures

and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to
changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions. But
• People
since the 1800s, are experiencing
human climate
activities havechange in diverse
been the ways
main driver of
 climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like
coal, oil and gas. Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse
gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth,
trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures.
The main greenhouse gases that are causing climate
change include carbon dioxide and methane. These come from
using gasoline for driving a car or coal for heating a building, for
example. Clearing land and cutting down forests can also
release carbon dioxide. Agriculture, oil and gas operations are
major sources of methane emissions. Energy, industry,
transport, buildings, agriculture and land use are among the
main sectors causing greenhouse gases.

 People are experiencing climate

change in diverse ways
Climate change can affect our health, ability to grow food,
housing, safety and work. Some of us are already more
vulnerable to climate impacts, such as people living in small
island nations and are
• People other developing
experiencing countries.
climate change Conditions
in diverse ways like
sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion have advanced to the
 Every increase
point where in global
whole communities havewarming
had to relocate, and
protracted droughts are putting people at risk of famine. In the
matters
future, the number of people displaced by weather-related
events is expected to rise.

• People are experiencing climate change in diverse ways

 In a series of UN reports, thousands of scientists and
government reviewers agreed that limiting global temperature
rise to no more than 1.5°C would help us avoid the worst climate
impacts and maintain a livable climate. Yet policies currently in
place point to a 3°C temperature rise by the end of the century.
The emissions that cause climate change come from every
part of the world and affect everyone, but some countries
produce much more than others.The seven biggest emitters
alone (China, the United States of America, India, the European
Union, Indonesia, the Russian Federation, and Brazil) accounted
for about half of all global greenhouse gas emissions in 2020.
Everyone must take climate action, but people and
countries creating more of the problem have a greater
responsibility to act first.

We face a huge challenge but already

knowMany
many solutions.
climate change solutions can deliver economic
benefits while improving our lives and protecting the
environment. We also have global frameworks and agreements
to guide progress, such as the Sustainable Development Goals,
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris
Agreement. Three broad categories of action are: cutting
emissions, adapting to climate impacts and financing required
adjustments.
Switching energy systems from fossil fuels to renewables like
solar or wind will reduce the emissions driving climate change.
But we have to act now. While a growing number of countries is
committing to net zero emissions by 2050, emissions must be
cut in half by 2030 to keep warming below 1.5°C. Achieving this
means huge declines in the use of coal, oil and gas: over two-
thirds of today’s proven reserves of fossil fuels need to be kept
 in the ground by 2050 in order to prevent catastrophic levels of
climate change.

Over the last century, burning of fossil fuels like coal and
oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2). This increase happens because the coal or oil
burning process combines carbon with oxygen in the air to
make CO2. To a lesser extent, clearing of land for agriculture,
industry, and other human activities has increased
concentrations of greenhouse gases.
The industrial activities that our modern civilization
depends upon have raised atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
by nearly 50% since 17502. This increase is due to human
activities, because scientists can see a distinctive isotopic
fingerprint in the atmosphere.
In its Sixth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, composed of scientific experts from
countries all over the world, concluded that it is unequivocal
that the increase of CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide in the
atmosphere over the industrial era is the result of human
activities and that human influence is the principal driver of
many changes observed across the atmosphere, ocean,
cryosphere and biosphere

HOW IS CLIMATE AFFECTING

THE PHILIPPINES?
 The Philippines is highly vulnerable to the impacts of
climate change, including sea level rise, increased frequency of
extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and extreme
rainfall. This is due to its high exposure to natural hazards
(cyclones, landslides, floods, droughts), dependence on climate-
sensitive natural resources, and vast coastlines where all of its
major cities and the majority of the population reside. A rich yet
increasingly depleted natural and marine resources base
supports livelihoods through fisheries, agriculture, forestry,
energy, mining, and tourism and provides critical ecosystem
services such as shoreline protection, flood control, soil stability,
and habitats for biodiversity. In the Philippines more than half of
greenhouse gas emissions come from the energy sector,
followed by agriculture, industrial processes, waste, and land-
use change and forestry.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS

OF CLIMATE CHANGE?
A changing climate impacts crop growth and human health,
while many people may need to leave their homes. It places
certain species at an increased risk of extinction. The effects of
• People
climate change areare experiencing
real, and they climate
arechange in diverse
already happening.
waysThe Philippines is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate
Theincluding
change, level of
seaclimate changefrequency
level rise, increased we will see depends
of extreme weather on how
quickly
events,we cut
rising emissions
temperatures, andof dangerous
extreme greenhouse
rainfall. This is due to its highgases. Even
exposure to natural hazards (cyclones, landslides, floods, droughts),
dependence on climate-sensitive natural resources, and vast coastlines
where all of its major cities and the majority of the population reside. A
rich yet increasingly depleted natural and marine resources base
supports livelihoods through fisheries, agriculture, forestry, energy,
mining, and tourism and provides critical ecosystem services such as
 if we were to stop all emissions today, we would not prevent
some changes. However, the sooner we cut emissions, the
smaller the changes will be.

We know that greenhouse gases, aerosol emissions and

land use affect our climate. Overall, human activity is warming
our planet.

Changes to the climate change

Climate change can affect our climate system in lots of different
ways:
• Changes in the hydrological cycle
• Warmer land and air
• Warming oceans
• Melting sea ice and glaciers
• Rising sea levels
• Ocean acidification
• Global greening
• Changes in ocean currents
• More extreme weather
Find out more about these and other indicators of climate change
on our global climate dashboard and extremes dashboard.

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
 Our climate system is finely balanced, and small changes
can have significant consequences. Some of the impacts from
these changes to our climate system include:
 Risk to water supplies
 Conflict and climate migrants
 Localised flooding
 Flooding of coastal regions
 Damage to marine ecosystems
 Fisheries failing
 Loss of biodiversity
 Change in seasonality
 Heat stress
 Habitable region of pests expands
 Forest mortality and increased risk of fires
 Damage to infrastructure
 Food insecurity
In a recent report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) showed the difference between 1.5°C and 2°C
of global warming. But unless we reduce emissions rapidly, the
world is likely to exceed 2°C of warming. By the end of this
century, warming could potentially reach 4°C, possibly more.
Climate change will increase the risk of different problems
around the world. Though developed countries produce most
greenhouse gas emissions, developing countries are predicted
to see most of the severe effects. With fewer resources to adapt
to these changes, the impact on people in developing countries
is expected to be higher.