Electric Engineering DEP.
A Report on
Electromagnetic field
EEC 211
Feb 2024
Submitted by : Amr Mamdouh Mahmoud
(Electrical Eng. Dept.)
Id : 20200848
Submitted to : Dr. Tagreed Metwaly
1 What are electromagnetic fields?
Frequency ranges of electromagnetic fields
Electromagnetic fields are a combination of invisible electric and magnetic
fields of force. They are generated by natural phenomena like the Earth’s
magnetic field but also by human activities, mainly through the use of
electricity.
Mobile phones, power lines and computer screens are examples of
equipment that generates electromagnetic fields.
Most man-made electromagnetic fields reverse their direction at regular
intervals of time, ranging from high radio frequencies (mobile phones)
through intermediate frequencies (computer screens) to extremely
low frequencies (power lines).
Properties of the field
Electrostatics and magnetostatics
Main articles: Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
Electric field of a positive point electric charge suspended over an infinite sheet of conducting
material. The field is depicted by electric field lines, lines which follow the direction of the
electric field in space.
The Maxwell equations simplify when the charge density at each point in space does not change
over time and all electric currents likewise remain constant. All of the time derivatives vanish from
the equations, leaving two expressions that involve the electric field
Reciprocal behavior of electric and magnetic fields
Main articles: Faraday's law of induction and Ampère's circuital law
The two Maxwell equations, Faraday's Law and the Ampère–Maxwell Law, illustrate a very practical
feature of the electromagnetic field. Faraday's Law may be stated roughly as "a changing magnetic
field inside a loop creates an electric voltage around the loop". This is the principle behind
the electric generator.
Ampere's Law roughly states that "an electrical current around a loop creates a magnetic field
through the loop". Thus, this law can be applied to generate a magnetic field and run an electric
motor.
Behavior of the fields in the absence of charges or currents
A linearly
polarized electromagnetic plane wave propagating parallel to the z-axis is a possible solution for
the electromagnetic wave equations in free space. The electric field, E, and the magnetic field, B,
are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation.
Maxwell's equations can be combined to derive wave equations. The solutions of these equations
take the form of an electromagnetic wave. In a volume of space not containing charges or currents
(free space) – that is, where and J are zero, the electric and magnetic fields satisfy
these electromagnetic wave equations:
Time-varying EM fields in Maxwell's equations
Main articles: near and far field, near field optics, virtual particle, dielectric heating,
and Electromagnetic induction
An electromagnetic field very far from currents and charges (sources) is called electromagnetic
radiation (EMR) since it radiates from the charges and currents in the source. Such radiation can
occur across a wide range of frequencies called the electromagnetic spectrum, including radio
waves, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays. The many
commercial applications of these radiations are discussed in the named and linked articles.
