DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Data Abstraction
Dr. Jay Sarraf
School of Computer Engineering
KIIT Deemed to be University
3-Level Abstraction of Database
Data Abstraction refers to the process of hiding irrelevant
details from the user.
There are three stages of data abstraction, which we split into three tiers to
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achieve Data Independence. Data independence implies that consumers
and data should not interact directly with one another. The user should be
on a separate level, and the data should be on a different level. Data
Independence can be obtained in this manner.
Data Abstraction
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
3-Level Abstraction of Database
View Level
This is the highest level. At the view level, there are many perspectives,
each of which defines just a subset of the overall data.
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It also improves user engagement by giving many views or perspectives of
a single database. The view level is accessible to all users. This is the
simplest and most basic level.
Logical / Conceptual Level
The next higher or intermediate level is the logical level. It describes what
Data Abstraction
data is kept in the database and how those data are connected to one
another.
It attempts to describe the full or complete data set by defining what tables
should be built and what the relationships between those tables should be.
It is not as complicated as the physical level.
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
3-Level Abstraction of Database
Physical Level
It defines how data is stored, data structures for storing data, and database
access procedures at the lowest level of abstraction for DBMSs.
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Database application programmers or developers decide how to store data
in the database. It is difficult to grasp.
Data Abstraction
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Cont…
Advantages of Data Abstraction
1 It simplifies things for the users.
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2 While retrieving data abstractions in DBMS improves system efficiency.
3 Users' usability is increased.
4 Increases the application's security by hiding implementation details
from users.
Data Abstraction
5 Increases code duplication and reuse.
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Mapping & Data Independence
What is Data Independence?
Data Independence is described as a DBMS attribute that allows you to
alter the database schema at one level of a database system without
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changing the schema at the next higher level. Data independence allows
you to maintain data distinct from any applications that use it.
Mapping refers to the process of translating requests and outcomes
between tiers.
Data Abstraction
• Internal Mapping
• External Mapping
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Cont…
Conceptual/Internal Mapping or Physical data independence
Physical data independence allows you to distinguish between
conceptual and internal/physical levels.
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It enables you to offer a logical description of the database without
requiring physical structures to be specified. Physical data
independence is easier to acquire than logical data independence.
External/Conceptual Mapping or Logical Data Independence
The ability to update the logical schema without changing the external
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schema or application software is referred to as this feature.
Any changes to the data's conceptual representation would have no
effect on the user's perception of the data.
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Cont…
Examples of changes under Physical Data Independence
Due to Physical independence, any of the below change will not affect the
conceptual layer.
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• Using a new storage device like Hard Drive or Magnetic Tapes
• Modifying the file organization technique in the Database
• Switching to different data structures.
• Changing the access method.
• Change of Location of Database from say C drive to D Drive.
Examples of changes under Logical Data Independence
Data Abstraction
Due to Logical independence, any of the below change will not affect the
external layer.
• Add/Modify/Delete a new attribute, entity or relationship is possible
without a rewrite of existing application programs
• Merging two records into one
• Breaking an existing record into two or more records
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Cont…
Advantages of Data Independence
1 Assists you in improving the data's quality.
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2 Database system upkeep has gotten more inexpensive.
3 Standardization and database security enhancements.
4 Allow developers to concentrate on the overall structure of the database
rather than the inside implementation.
5 It enables you to enhance an undamaged or undivided condition.
Data Abstraction
6 Database inconsistency is greatly decreased. It is necessary to be able to
easily make changes at the physical level in order to improve the
system’s performance.
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Database Users
Different database users are:
The most significant sort of database user in DBMS is the Database Administrator
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(DBA). A database administrator is an individual or a group of users who establish the
database schema and govern various levels of the database inside the company.
Database Designers are DBMS database users who are in charge of implementing the
overall design of the database. They determine what sort of data must be saved, what
kinds of relationships exist between database entities, what types of attributes will be
used, and so forth.
Data Abstraction
Database Designers are DBMS database users who are in charge of implementing the
overall design of the database. They determine what sort of data must be saved, what
kinds of relationships exist between database entities, what types of attributes will be
used, and so forth.
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Database Users
Application Programmers, also known as Back-End Developers, are computer
professionals who are in charge of creating application programmes (C, C++, Java,
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PHP, Python, and so on) or the user interface so that other users may interact with the
database.
Sophisticated users are database users who understand DBMS (DDL and DML
commands) and are familiar with the database. Business analysts, engineers,
scientists, and system analysts are examples of sophisticated users.
Data Abstraction
Casual users, also known as transient users, are database users in DBMS who utilise
the database services on a regular or seldom basis. When these users try to access
the database, they want all of the information to be in one location.
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Roles of Database Administrator
Some of the primary roles are listed below.
1 Makes the choice about the database's content.
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2 Create a storage structure and an access strategy.
3 Provides assistance to users.
4 The security and integrity checks are defined.
5 Periodic backup and recovery solutions for interpreters.
Data Abstraction
6 Monitoring performance and reacting to changes in needs.
7 DBA monitors the jobs running on the database and ensures
that the performance is not degraded by very expensive
tasks submitted by some user
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
