Unit 3
3.1 : Wireless Telecomm Networks Terminologies: GSM, GPRS, CDMA, Wireless Sensor
Network.
GSM :
• GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. This is a world-wide standard for digital
cellular telephony, or as most people know them Digital Mobile Telephones.
● It is a digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
● The concept of GSM emerged from a cell-based mobile radio system at Bell Laboratories in the early
1970s.
● GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile
telephone standard.
● GSM is the most widely accepted standard in telecommunications and it is implemented globally.
Features of GSM:
● Improved spectrum efficiency
● International roaming
● Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs)
● High-quality speech
● Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and other telephone company services
● Support for new services
GPRS :
Introduction to General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new non-
voice value added service that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile telephone network. It
supplements today's Circuit Switched Data and Short Message Service.
General Packet Radio System is also known as GPRS is a third-generation step toward internet access. GPRS
is also known as GSM-IP that is a Global-System Mobile Communications Internet Protocol as it keeps the users
of this system online, allows to make voice calls, and access internet on-the-go.
GPRS also permits the network operators to execute an Internet Protocol (IP) based core architecture for integrated
voice and data applications that will continue to be used and expanded for 3G services.
● Mobility - The ability to maintain constant voice and data communications while on the move.
● Immediacy - Allows subscribers to obtain connectivity when needed, regardless of location and without a
lengthy login session.
● Communications - E-mail, fax, unified messaging and intranet/internet access, etc.
● Value-added services - Information services and games, etc.
● E-commerce - Retail, ticket purchasing, banking and financial trading, etc.
● Location-based applications - Navigation, traffic conditions, airline/rail schedules and location finder, etc.
GSM and GPRS Architecture – 10 mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDM5zWE8dsw
CDMA Overview
Code Division Multiple Access system is very different from time and frequency multiplexing. In this system, a
user has access to the whole bandwidth for the entire duration. The basic principle is that different CDMA codes
are used to distinguish among the different users.
Advantages of CDMA
Flexible transfer is used.
Mobile base stations can switch without changing operator.
Transmission Burst − reduces interference.
The disadvantages of using CDMA are as follows −
● The code length must be carefully selected. A large code length can induce delay or may cause interference.
● Time synchronization is required.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkThmLtjQpE CDMA (7 Mins)
Wireless Sensor Network:
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be defined as a self-configured and infrastructure-less wireless networks
to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or
pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location or sink where the data can
be observed and analyzed.
Typically a wireless sensor network contains hundreds of thousands of sensor nodes. The sensor nodes can
communicate among themselves using radio signals. A wireless sensor node is equipped with sensing and
computing devices, radio transceivers and power components. The individual nodes in a wireless sensor network
(WSN) are inherently resource constrained: they have limited processing speed, storage capacity, and
communication bandwidth.
The working mode of the sensor nodes may be either continuous or event driven. Global Positioning System (GPS)
and local positioning algorithms can be used to obtain location and positioning information.
https://www.campbellsci.com/videos/wireless-sensor-networks-an-introduction-part-1 (7 Mins)
3.2 Messaging Services: SMS: Architecture and Applications; MMS: Architecture
Applications
SMS: Architecture and Applications
SMS (short message service) is a text messaging service component of most telephone, Internet, and mobile
device systems. It uses standardized communication protocols to enable mobile devices to exchange short text
messages. An intermediary service can facilitate a text-to-voice conversion to be sent to landlines.
The Short Message Service (SMS) allows the exchange of short messages between a mobile station and the wireless
system, and between the wireless system and an external device capable of transmitting and optionally receiving
short messages.
SMS Applications:
Person-to-Person Text Messaging
Provision of Information
Downloading
Alerts and Notifications
Two-way Interactive Text Messaging
Applications SMS Marketing
MMS :
MMS is Multimedia Messaging System offers mobile users enhanced messaging capabilities like the ability to
send pictures and sound from a cell phone. It is generally considered the natural successor to the very popular
SMS service.
MMS usage has continued to grow since introduction, and it is expected that projects should further boost the
adoption of MMS and its explosion.
Multimedia messages can be originated by or terminate to end-user client devices (i.e. MMS-enabled phones) or
third party applications (typically used by MMS content providers). In the MMS architecture, the MMSC acts as
the message-switching system within the core network, while the MMSBox acts as the message dispatch and content
management system on the VAS (third party) side. The overall architecture is shown below
MMS Architecture :
The elements shown in the figure can be summarized as follows:
● MMS Client: A device through which the user receives or sends multimedia messages. This might be a phone
or a PC-based MMS client. The Client sends messages to and receives messages from the MMSC using
WAP/HTTP as transport.
● MMS Gateway: Switches messages between different MMS clients and between MMS and Email. The
Gateway may also interface with other gateways to exchange messages destined for foreign networks. This is
also more properly known as the MMSC.
● MMS Server: This component provides persistent storage of messages on the network. Typically users can
access stored messages via a web interface.
● Other MMS Systems: Other systems, such as Third Party MMS systems (e.g. MMS VAS providers) can
interface to the MMSC to receive and send MMS content.
● SMSC: The MMSC utilizes WAP Push to send notifications to MMS Clients. These are typically sent using
SMS as the bearer service, hence the need for a link to a Short Message Service Centre.
Applications:
● Marketing
● Communications
● Information sharing
● Knowledge sharing
● Ringtones
● Clips
● Short promo
3.3 Smart Phone: Introduction, History, Hardware, Operating System, Applications.
Smart phone is a mobile phone which offers advanced technologies with functionality similar as a personal
computer. While offering a standardized platform for application developers a smart phone performs as complete
operating system software.
Smart phone is a cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other features not originally associated with
telephones such as an operating system, web browsing, and the ability to run software applications.
Smart phones can be used by individuals in both a consumer and a business context, and are now almost integral to
everyday modern life. Many consumers use their smartphones to engage with friends, family and brands on social
media. Some social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn all have mobile apps that
a user can download from their phone's app store. These apps make it possible for smartphone users to post personal
updates and photos.
History of Smart Phones:
IBM Simon which was released in 1994. The Simon Personal Communicator was the first device to feature
telephone and PDA elements. A side from its telephony features, Simon also featured many applications and
services including email, calendar, calculator, address book, world time clock, notepad, and multiple on-screen
keyboards, and even the ability to send and receive faxes.
The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a shift in smart phone interfaces away from devices with physical keyboards
and keypads to ones with large finger-operated capacitive touch screens. The first phone of any kind with a large
capacitive touch screen was the LG Prada, announced by LG in December 2006. This was a fashionable feature
phone created in collaboration with Italian luxury designer Prada with a 3" 240x400 pixel screen.
After 2010, Smartphones became increasingly central to modern life, offering much more than just communication
features. The UK’s first 4G service launched in 11 cities by 2012 taking download speeds up to 12mbps. Voice
recognition became common place first with Google Voice before Apple launched Siri into the market.
Hardware and Software of Smart Phones
Smart phones run on processors. Along with processors, smart phones also have computer chips that provide
functionality. Phones with cameras have high-resolution image sensors, just like digital cameras. Other chips
support complex functions such as browsing the Internet, sharing multimedia files or playing music without placing
too great a demand on the phone’s battery. Some manufacturers develop chips that integrate multiple functions to
help reduce the overall cost.
● kernel -- management systems for processes and drivers for hardware
● NIC – Network Interface Card to get internet connection
● Middleware -- software libraries that enable smart phone applications (such as security, Web
browsing and messaging)
● Application Execution Environment (AEE) -- application programming interfaces, which allow
developers to create their own programs
● User interface framework -- the graphics and layouts seen on the screen
● Application suite -- the basic applications users access regularly such as menu screens, calendars
and message inboxes
● Battery – To charge the smart phone
● Camera – with different versions. Multiple cameras are also available
Smartphone Operating Systems
Android
Founded by Andy Rubin and supported by Google and drawing the backing of many of the major hardware and
software developers in the smartphone sphere; Android has gone from strength-to-strength since it was conceived
on October 2003. It is the world’s leading smartphone operating system
iOS
Apple’s operating system was, for a considerable period of time, the leading smartphone operating system. It is
unsurprising that it should be in 2nd place in terms of market penetration today. Apple does not license its
operating system to other hardware providers nor does Apple operate in the budget sector of the smartphone
market.
Windows
Windows may be the dominant operating system on the desktop but it’s a bit of an “also ran” on the smartphone.
There are fewer apps available for this operating system
Blackberry
Launched their first Android operating system handset in November 2015 and the future looks dim for Blackberry.
It less widely popular.
Applications of Mobile Computing:
● Traffic
● Emergencies Situation
● Use in Business
● Credit Card Verification
● Replacement of Fixed Networks
● Infotainment
● Increasing productivity
