https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=wm3beqt3w04DNA and Protein Synthesis
What makes up DNA? 2 long chains of repeating subunits called
nucleotides which forms nucleic acids
What are the 3 parts that make up a Sugar, phosphate group, and one of 4
nucleotide? nitrogen containing bases
The sugar in DNA is: deoxyribose
The nitrogenous bases in DNA are: A,G,C,T
Is DNA single or double stranded? double
What are Chargaff’s rules? AKA the base A pairs with T and G pairs with C
pairing rules.
If you have 20% Adenine how much 20%
Thymine would you also have?
If you had 30% Thymine how much 20%
Cytosine would you have?
What makes up the backbone of DNA? Covalent Bonds
What shape is DNA? Double helix
DNA Replication
What is DNA replication? One strand of DNA is an exact complement
of the sequence in the other chain
When does DNA replication occur? In the “S” phase
If one side of DNA read AGC TAC GGC ATG
What is a mutation? Change in the base sequence at even one
location
What are proofreading enzymes? Reduces the number of errors and
mutations to about one error per 1 billion
nucleotides
What are some things that can damage Chemicals, and ultraviolet radiation from
DNA? the sum
DNA Double Helix Discovered
Who were the scientists credited with the Watson, Crick, and Wilkins
discovery of DNA?
What happened to Rosalind Franklin? She died of cancer
RNA the Other Nucleic Acid
RNA is made of: Nucleotides
What is the sugar in RNA? Ribose
Is RNA single stranded or double stranded? single
What base do you find in RNA but not Uracil
DNA?
How do Chargaff’s rules apply to RNA? A pairs with U and G still pairs with C
3 Kinds of RNA
Ribosomal RNA: rRNA, combines with proteins to form
ribosomes
Transfer RNA:
tRNA, matches the mRNA codon to add
correct amino acids during protein
synthesis
Messenger RNA: mRNA, carries code from DNA to
ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
Proteins are made up of: Amino acids
How many amino acids are there? 20
What is a CODON? Codes for a specific amino acid
Where are codons found? nucleotides
What determines the shape of each protein? The sequence of amino acids
Why does the shape of a protein matter? Determines the ability to bind to other
molecules
Where are proteins assembled? The ribosome
Ribosomes in the cytosol produce: proteins
Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic Membrane proteins
reticulum produce:
Transcription
What is transcription? Copying genetic info from DNA to mRNA
Can DNA leave the nucleus to make No
proteins?
What is used for transcription? One of the DNA chains
If DNA read ATG CTA GGC what would be UAC GAU CCG
the mRNA produced after transcription?
Transcribe the following DNA: AUG AAU CGG UAC UUA
TAC TTA GCC ATG AAT
If the mRNA read AUG CCG UUU AGC GCG TAC GGC AAA TCG CGC
What would be the DNA that produced this
mRNA?
Translation
Remember: Where does translation occur Ribosome
inside the cell?
What is translation? To translate and place amino acids in the
correct order
What is tRNA’s role in translation? Picks out the correct amino acid for
production
How many amino acids can tRNA carry? 1
How does the tRNA’s anticodon work to
place the amino acid in the correct
sequence?
mRNA “message” is read in groups of : 3
If the mRNA codon read AUG what is the Methionine
amino acid?
Should you use the codon wheel with Start AUG 3 codons for Stop
mRNA or tRNA?
Review:
Process Location where
process occurs:
Transcription Nucleus
Translation Ribosome
Replication Synthesis
Central Dogma of Biology:
DNA Made up of Protein Does
2 long something
chains of that shows
repeating up as a trait
nucleotides
