Assist. Prof. Dr.
Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering
Lecture Three
(MOLES, DENSITY, AND CONCENTRATION)
3.1 The Mole
3.2 Density
3.3 Specific Gravity
3.4 Flow Rate
3.5 Mole Fraction and Mass Fraction
3.6 Analysis of Multicomponent Solutions and Mixture
3.7 Concentration
Your Objectives in Studying this Lecture are:
Define a kilogram mole, pound mole, and gram mole.
Convert from moles to mass and vice versa for any chemical compound given the molecular
weight.
Calculate the molecular weight from the molecular formula.
Define density and specific gravity.
Calculate the density of a liquid or solid given its specific gravity and the vice versa.
Look up and interpret ( )ﯾﻔﺴﺮthe meaning of density and specific gravity of a liquid or solid in
reference tables.
Specify the common reference materials used to determine the specific gravity of liquids and solids.
Convert the composition of a mixture from mole fraction (or percent) to mass (weight) fraction (or
percent) and vice versa.
Transform a material from one measure of concentration to another, including mass/volume,
moles/volume, ppm, and molarity.
Calculate the mass or number of moles of each component in a mixture given the percent (or
fraction) composition, and vice versa, and compute the pseudo-average molecular weight ()زاﺋﻒ
Convert a composition given in mass (weight) percent to mole percent, and vice versa.
1. The Mole
Definition
William Ostwald in 1896; who took it from the Latin word moles meaning "heap" or "pile." )ﻛﻮﻣﺔ
(أو ﻛﺪسIf you think of a mole as a large heap of particles.
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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering
1969 International Committee on Weights and Measures; which approved the mole in the SI
system as being "the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities ()اﺷﯿﺎء ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة
may be atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles.
In the SI system a mole is composed of 6.022 x 1023 (Avogadro's Number) molecules.
to convert the number of moles to mass and the mass to moles.
EXAMPLE- 1 Convert 100g H2O to g mol H2O and 6 Ib mol O2 to Ib O2
Solution:
Atomic Weight
is the mass of an atom; The terms atomic "weight" and molecular "weight" are universally used by
chemists and engineers instead of the more accurate terms atomic "mass" and molecular "mass."
A compound
Is composed of more than one atom, and the molecular weight of the compound is nothing more than
the sum of the weights of atoms of which it is composed.
Not: Keep in mind that the symbol Ib without any subscript in this book refers to Ibm unless otherwise
stated ( )ﻣﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺪد.
EXAMPLE- 2 Calculation of Molecular Weight
Since the discovery of superconductivity almost 100 years ago, scientists and engineers have speculated
about how it can be used to improve the use of energy. Until recently most applications were not
economically viable ( because the niobium alloys used had to be cooled below
23K by liquid He. However, in 1987 superconductivity in Y-Ba-Cu-O material was achieved at 90 K, a
situation that permits the use of less expensive liquid NT cooling.
What is the molecular weight of the following cell of a superconductor material? (The figure represents one
cell of a larger structure.)
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Solution:
You can count the number of atoms of each element by examining Figure. Look up the atomic weights
of the elements from the table in Appendix B. Assume that one cell is a molecule. By counting the at
oms and carrying out the brief calculations below, you obtain the molecular weight of the cell.
EXAMPLE- 3 Use of Molecular Weights to Convert Mass to Moles
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2. Density
Definition
Density is the ratio of mass per unit volume, as for example, kg/m3 or lb/ft3. Density has both a numerical
value and units.
To determine the density of a substance, you must find both its volume and its mass. Densities for
liquids and solids do not change significantly at ordinary conditions with pressure, but they do
change with temperature, as shown in Figure 6.1. Usually we will ignore the effect of temperature
on liquid density.
Figure 2.1 Densities of liquid H2O and NH3, as a function of temperature.
Density measurements
Hydrometer and pycnometer are the most important instruments which are commonly used for
density measurements of liquids.
Density of gas can be estimated theoretically under any conditions from ideal or real gas laws.
Density of solids can be determined directly from the measurements of mass and volum.
Specific volume is the inverse of density, such as cm3/g or ft3/lb.
Molar density; molardensi ty
MW
MW
Molar volume; molarvolum
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Bulk density; in a packed bed of solid particles containing void spaces, the bulk density is;
Solution; is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components, whether ( )ﺳﻮاءsolid, liquid, or
gaseous,
To calculate the density of the solution, you can make a linear combination of the individual
components by adding the respective masses and volumes, and then dividing:
3. Specific Gravity
Definition
Specific Gravity is the ratio of two densities-that of the substance of interest, A, to that of a
reference substance-each of which has associated units. Specific gravity is commonly thought of as
a dimensionless ratio.
The reference substance for liquids and solids normally is water which is 1.000 g/cm3. 1000 kg/m3, or
62.43 lb/ft3 at 4°C.
The specific gravity of gases frequently is referred to air, but may be
referred to other gases.
Thus, for solids and liquids the notation can be interpreted ( )ﺗﻔﺴﺮas follows:
The specific gravity when the solution is at 20°C and the reference substance (implicitly ()ﺿﻤﻨﯿﺎ
water) is at 4°C is 0.73.
In the SI system the numerical values of the specific gravity and density are essentially equal. Since
densities in the AE system are expressed in lb/ft3, and the density of water is about 62.43 lb/ft3, you
can see that the specific gravity and density values are not numerically equal in the AE system.
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Practical Scale of Specific Gravity
You may be acquainted ( )اطﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰwith the fact that in the petroleum industry the specific gravity of
petroleum products is often reported in terms of a hydrometer scale called °API (American
Petroleum Institute). The equation for the API scale is;
Many other specialized systems of measuring density and specific gravity such as Baume (°Be) and
Twaddel (°Tw) exist.
145
Degree Baume (°Be) (for liquid heavier than water)------
Beh 145
sp.gr
(This scale used for solution specifically, sulfuric acid)
140
Degree Baume (°Be) (for liquid lighter than water)--------
Bel 130
sp.gr
Degree Twaddel (°Tw) (for liquid heavier than water)--
Tw 200sp.gr 1
400
Degree Brix (°Bx) (for liquid lighter than water)------------
Bxl 400
sp.gr
(This scale is widely used in sugar industry so that 1 Bx = 1 wt% sugar)
400
Degree Brix (°Bx) (for liquid heavier than water)----
Bx h 400
sp.gr
In general, the density or specific gravity may be used as an index to the concentration of solutions.
These methods are useful only when there is a large difference between the densities of the solutions
and that of the pure solvent.
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EXAMPLE- 4 Calculation of Density Given the Specific Gravity
4. Flow Rate
Definition
Flow rate ;is the rate at which material is transported through a pipe in continuous processes.
Mass flow rate ; The mass flow rate ( m ) of a process stream is the mass (m) transported through a
line per unit time (t).
Volumetric flow rate ; The volumetric flow rate (F) of a process stream is the volume (V)
transported through a line per unit time.
Molar flow rate ; The molar flow (n) rate of a process stream is the number of moles (n) of a sub-
stance transported through a line per unit time.
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5. Mole Fraction and Mass (Weight) Fraction
Definition
Mass fraction ; is nothing more than the mass (weight) of the compound divided by the total mass
(weight) of all of the compounds in the mixture or solution
mi mi
xi
m mi
x i
1
Mole fraction; the number of moles of a particular compound in a mixture or solution divided by the
total number of moles in the mixture or solution.
ni n
xi i
n ni
x i
1
EXAMPLE- 5 Conversion between Mass (Weight) Fraction and Mole Fraction
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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering
6. Analyses of Multicomponent Solutions and Mixtures
In this lecture, the composition of gases will always be presumed ()ﯾﻔﺘﺮض to be given in mole
percent or fraction unless specifically stated otherwise ()ﺗﺤﺪد ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى.
*In this lecture the composition of liquids and solids will be given by mass (weight) percent or
fraction unless otherwise specifically stated, as is the common practice in industry.
A useful quantity in many calculations is the approximate pseudo-average molecular weight of air, a
value that can be calculated based on the assumption that all of the air that is not O2 is N2 with a
pseudo-molecular weight of 28.2.
Mass Percent fraction ;
mi mA
Xi
m j m B mC
X i
100
ni nA
Mole Percent fraction; Xi
n j n B nc
X i
100
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The average molecular weight ;
M xi M i
1 X
i
M Mi
7. Concentration
Concentration generally refers to the quantity of some substance per unit volume, but other related
measures of the amount of material frequently occur, as indicated by some of the terms in the following
list of ways to express concentration:
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Problems-sheet no. 3
(Moles, Density, and Conversions)
PROBLEMS
The Mole
1. Use of Molecular Weights to Convert Moles to Mass
2. What is the molecular weight of acetic acid (CH3COOH)?
3. Convert the following:
a. 120 gmol of NaCl to g.
b. 120 g of NaCl to gmol.
4. Convert 39.8 kg of NaCl per 100 kg of water to kg mol of NaCl per kg mol of water.
Density
5. A cubic centimeter of mercury has a mass of 13.6 g at Earth's surface. What is the density of
mercury?
6. An empty 10 gal tank weighs 4.5 Ib. What is the total weight of the tank plus the water when it is
filled with 5 gal of water?
Specific Gravity
7. Calculate the volume in bbl occupied by 1000 Ib of 25 API gas oil?
Flow Rate
8. Water is flowing through a pipe of 2 cm diameter at a rate of 5 gal / min. Calculate : (a) the velocity
of water in ft / s? (b) the mass flow rate in Ib / hr ?
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Homework no. 3
(Moles, Density, and Conversions)
1. What is the approximate density of water at room temperature in kg/m 3?
2.
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