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Trends in Area, Production and

Productivity of Non-Food Grains in India
Mukesh Kumar1 & Shallu Sehgal2

Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, Jammu and
Kashmir, India. [email protected]
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Jammu, Jammu,180006, Jammu and
Kashmir, India. [email protected]

Abstract Agriculture is the crucial sector of the

Indian economy because this sector is a
This study, based on the performance of the main source of income, employment and
commercial crops in Indian agriculture by export earnings. Indian agriculture has
analyzing the trends in area, production and made considerable progress in the
productivity for the period 1980-81 to 2012- production of Food Grains, especially of
13. It has been observed that growth rates in Wheat and Rice during the last three
the area under the production of groundnut decades. The performance has not been
and soya bean showing a declining trend good in respect of oil seeds, fibers, Pulses
and in total oilseeds, coffee, sugarcane, tea, etc. Commercial crops play a significant
jute and mesta showing a fluctuating trend. role no t o n l y in the domestic s e c t o r but
But the growth in the area under the also in the external trade. These crops
production of cotton showing an increasing contribute significantly to the growth of
trend. The overall growth in the area of the Indian economy by meeting the
groundnut and raw jute & mesta registered domestic requirements of oils, fiber and
negative. The growth rate of groundnut sugar as well as earning foreign
production and the productivity of cotton exchange through exports or import
registered highest. The average area under substitution. Their significance has
the production of oilseeds and average further grown recently due to liberalization
production and productivity of sugarcane and globalization of Indian economy
was highest. On the other hand, percentage since 1991 (Parmar, 2012). But the
change in the production and area of soya commercial agriculture sector in India
bean and productivity of cotton was highest. faces many challenges in the present era of
Keywords: Agriculture, Area, Production, globalization. 'Price instability’ is one of
Productivity, Trend. the most serious one, which has long run
effects in this sector (Maizels, 1992
Introduction: FAO, 2 0 0 2 ). In fact commercial
agriculture of the country has become the

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highly domestic market oriented (Kumar, last three decades has been
2013). characterised by fluctuations
with low growth. Performance
Objectives: during the Period-II was very
poor with Groundnut production
1. To study the trend and growth of area,
decreased from 3.76 per cent in
production and Productivity of Non-Food
Period-I to -1.24 per cent during
grain/commercial crops in India.
the Period-II and a further -0.01
2. To analyze the production and per cent during the Period-III.
productivity status of Non-Food Groundnut p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g
grains/commercial crops in India. three periods declined du e to
decrease in a r e a u n d e r
Sources of Data: Groundnut production. Area
under Groundnut production
The present analysis was based on
is decreased f r o m 1.64 per cent
secondary source data relating to the
per annum in Period-I to -2.30 per
production and productivity of major
cent during the Period-II and -1.68
commercial crops. The data was obtained
percent during the Period-III. The
from the secondary sources such as RBI
Groundnut crop recorded a
Data Base.
significant decline in area and
Methodology: production during the Period-II
and III were mainly due to the
For the purpose of the analysis, the entire gradual replacement of the
study period is split into three sub periods, groundnut crop by Cotton, and
including Period I: 1980-81 to 1989-90; sunflower. The droughts and
Period II: 1990-91 to 1999-00; Period-III: insufficient monsoon rains also
2000-01 to 2012-13 and the Overall Period: affected the production a n d
1980-81 to 2012-13 and accordingly productivity o f Groundnut ( Reddy
Compound growth rates, Means, Standard
et.al. 2014). In the production of
Deviations and Coefficient of Deviations of Rapeseed & Mustard, during
area, production and productivity of selected 1980s the growth rate in the
commercial crops in the three periods were production has decreased from
estimated to examine the fluctuations. 7.29 per cent per annum during
RESULTS AND EXPLANATIONS: Period-I to 0.78 per cent per
annum during the Period-II and
1.1.1 Compound Growth Rate of further it increased to 4.35 per
production: The table 1.1 clearly cent during the Period-III. As a
s h o w s that the production of result, the growth rate of
major co mm e r c i al crops in the productivity also decreased from

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5.25 percent during Period-I to under cultivation of this crop

0.05 per cent during the Period-II from 1.95 per cent per annum
and further increased to 2.18 per during Period-I to 0.72 per cent
cent per annum during the Period- per annum during the Period-II
III. The slow growth rate in the and there is an increase in
production and productivity production and productivity in
during the Period-II is d u e to the Period-II is due to increase in
decrease in the average area the area during the same period.
Table 1.1

Compound growth rate in Area, Production and Productivity of commercial crops

(In Percent)

Crop Period-I Period-II Period-III Overall

Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivit
y
Groundnut 1.64 3.76 2.08 -2.30 -1.24 1.08 -1.68 -0.01 1.84 -1.07 0.05 1.12
Rapeseed 1.95 7.29 5.25 0.72 0.78 0.05 2.20 4.35 2.18 1.48 3.63 2.11
& Mustard
Soya bean 17.11 18.06 0.62 10.24 13.06 2.56 5.12 8.88 3.04 9.37 11.40 1.84
Total 2.44 5.45 2.95 0.17 2.25 2.07 1.58 4.70 2.60 1.23 3.30 2.03
Oilseeds
Coffee 1.66 2.10 0.37 4.29 5.73 1.59 2.57 0.53 -2.11 2.68 3.13 0.79
Cotton -1.26 2.80 4.10 2.71 2.30 -0.41 3.41 12.80 11.22 1.21 4.64 3.39
Raw Jute & -2.83 0.14 3.10 0.71 1.79 1.12 -1.47 0.15 1.48 -0.73 1.27 2.00
Mesta
Sugar cane 1.46 2.71 1.23 1.67 2.74 1.05 1.53 2.06 0.15 1.69 2.25 0.52
Tea 0.94 2.69 1.67 1.44 1.94 0.40 1.41 2.27 0.25 1.53 2.01 0.50
Source: Computed on the basis of data a v a i l a b l e at RBI data b a s e .
1.1.2 Compound Growth Rate of crops and not the oilseed crops, which
Productivity: It is clear from the above has led to lower oilseed cultivation
table that the compound g r o w t h rate of (Reddy et.al. 2014). The period wise
productivity of non-food grains analysis further indicates that growth
showing a fluctuating trend.. rate was negative in the productivity of
Productivity increased m ai n l y in the Coffee during the Period-III and Cotton
1 9 8 0 s due to the ef f ec t o f technological during the Period-II. For Cotton it was high
innovation. In the 1990s, (the post-reform in the Period-III and for Rapeseed &
period), the Productivity increases for Mustard Period-I was also favourable
commercial crops, for example, oilseeds from a productivity point of view.
and Sugarcane, were not up to the Average area under Tea production
expected level. For oilseeds, liberal increased from 0.94 per cent per annum in
import policies affected the domestic Period-I to 1.44 per cent per annum during
g r o w t h of the area and productivity. the Period-II and further 1.41 per cent
During 1990-2000, the pace of growth in in the Period-III. But w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e
area, production and productivity of all in area production a s well as productivity
the oilseeds fell down mainly due to p e r annum decreased. Some of the
decrease in oil prices relative to other researchers a t t e m p t e d t o analyse t h e
crops and liberalization of edible oil factors responsible for
imports in 1996- 97. The government variations in Cotton productivity.
price support mechanism has Sharma (1997) attributed the increase in
continuously favoured Wheat and Rice Cotton productivity to the improved Cotton

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varieties, irrigation, fertilizers and pest rate of 9.37 per cent per annum, which is
management. Carpio and Ramirej ( 2002) followed by Coffee (2.68 per cent),
a n d Narayana et al. (1991) found that Sugarcane (1.69 per cent), Tea (1.53 per
Productivity in India to be affected by cent), Rapeseed & Mustard (1.48
time and fertilizer p r i c es . Wood et al. percent), Total Oilseeds (1.23 per cent) and
(2004) s h o w e d that irrigation i s Cotton, (1.21 per cent). Further, the
effective i n reducing P r o d u c t i v i t y growth r a t e of the area under the
variability in Cotton. As the production production of soya bean shows a
increases, average productivity also declining t r e n d during the study periods.
increases from 0.41 percent in Period-II
to 11.22 per cent per annum during the 2.1.1 Average Production of different
Period-III. In case of raw jute & Mesta commercial crops: Average production of
and Sugarcane growth rate in production different Commercial crops h a s been
per annum decreased during the Period- d e p i c t e d in table no.1.2. A perusal of
III which is due to decrease in the table observed sharp increase in the
average area under cultivation during the average production of Total Oilseeds,
Period-III as a result average productivity Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee, Cotton and raw
of Sugarcane decreased during the Period- jute & Mesta during the study period.
II and Period-III. The overall compound There found an increasing t r e n d i n the
growth rate in the production of soya average p r o d u c t i o n of all the
bean was highest (11.40 per cent) during commercial crops except G r o u n d n u t .
the study period followed by Cotton (4.64 The overall average production of
per cent), Rapeseed & Mustard (3.63 sugarcane is 256.58 million tonnes,
percent), Total Oilseeds (3.30 per cent), C o f f e e 222.08 million kg, C o tt on 14.20
Coffee (3.13 per cent), Sugarcane (2.25 million bales, raw jute & Mesta 9.82
per cent), Tea (2.01 per cent), Raw Jute million bales, Groundnut 6.96 million
& Mesta (1.27 per cent) and Groundnut tonnes, soya bean 5.32 million tonnes and
(0.05 per cent). rapeseed & mustard it is nearly about
5.17 million tonnes. In case of soya bean,
1.1.3 Compound Growth Rate of Area: its production plays a crucial role in
The overall c o m p o u n d growth rate in the increasing the average production of Total
area of Groundnut and Raw Jute & Mesta is Oilseeds which was mainly due to increase
negative. But, the area under the in the average area during the period.
production of soya bean grows at a high
Table 1.2

Average of Area, Production and Productivity of different Commercial Crops

Crop Period-I Period-II Period-III Overall

Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivit
y
Groundnut 7.43 6.57 875.50 7.78 7.69 990.40 6.01 6.7 1085.70 6.98 6.96 1002.58
Rapeseed 4.23 2.98 698.10 6.35 5.58 881.00 5.97 6.53 1050.30 5.56 5.17 904.61
& Mustard
Soya bean 1.23 0.90 723.20 4.74 4.83 1000.40 8.29 9.09 1006.40 5.08 5.32 945.03
Total 19.44 12.68 646.76 25.64 21.34 831.90 25.60 25.49 935.90 23.74 20.35 836.61
Oilseeds
Coffee 0.21 147.09 702.90 0.25 212.46 840.60 0.37 287.17 835.90 0.29 222.08 798.39
Cotton 7.48 7.95 180.60 8.29 11.53 236.80 9.53 21.06 324.00 8.54 14.20 269.64
Raw Jute & 1.10 8.34 1370.60 1.01 9.69 1730.70 0.95 11.06 2059.50 1.01 9.82 1771.36
Mesta
Sugar cane 3.13 185.66 59324.80 3.89 265.45 68123.60 4.53 304.32 65913.40 3.91 256.58 64832.15
Tea 0.40 625.24 1557.00 0.44 775.45 1776.80 0.55 953.97 1694.20 0.47 800.30 1690.88
Note: 1. Coffee and Tea data measured i n million kg.

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2. Cotton data measured i n million bales of in the average area under cultivation during
170 kg. each. the study period. But in case of groundnut,
3. Raw Jute & Mesta data measured i n
million bales of 180 kg. each. rapeseed & mustard and raw jute & Mesta,
4. Oilseeds and sugarcane data measured in the average area under these crops declined
million tonnes. in the period-III. Decrease in the area under
5. Productivity measured in kg/hectare and Jute production is mainly due to population
area in Million hectares
Source: Computed on the basis of data pressure which shrinks arable land under the
a v a i l a b l e at RBI data b a s e . cultivation of jute production and the
primary emphasis will be on food crops
2.1.2 Average Productivity of different (Central Research Institute for Jute and
Commercial crops: All non-food grain Allied Fibers, 2013). According to Samuel,
crops are indicating an increasing trend in (2011) the area under cotton across the
the average yield per hectare. But in case of world has been stagnant for the last five
sugarcane, tea and coffee, there observed a decades, however production has been
declining trend in productivity during the increasing due to rise in yield. Among the
period-III. In the overall yield per hectare cotton growing countries, India has the
sugarcane observed a maximum productivity largest area under cotton production
(64832.15kg/h), followed by raw jute & followed by China, United States and
Mesta, tea, groundnut, soya bean, rapeseed Pakistan.
& mustard, coffee, and cotton, respectively.
In all the three periods, maximum 3.1.1 Variability in Production: Table 1.3
productivity per hectare registered in reveals that maximum variability in non-
sugarcane production and the least increase food grains was observed in the production
in the productivity of cotton. of sugarcane followed by oilseeds, raw jute
& Mesta, cotton and so on. But variability in
2.1.3 Average Area Under different the production of oilseeds, cotton and raw
Commercial Crops: Average area under jute and Mesta was declined in period-II. In
different commercial is shown in the above period-III there is 86.57 million kg of
table. The overall average area under the changes observed in the production of tea,
cultivation of cotton was maximum which was much more than previous
(8.54mh) and the under the cultivation of periods. The area, production and yield of
coffee was minimum (0.29mh). The overall jute fiber have been subjected to various
average area under total oilseeds was nearly fluctuations due to varying climatic
23.74 million hectares, but it was 19.44 conditions, lack of adequate availability of
million hectares in period-I, 25.64 million certified and HYV seeds, lack of awareness
hectares in period-II and 25.60 million of HYV seeds developed, low incidence of
hectares in the period-III. In case of Soya mechanized farming, poor farm realization,
bean, coffee, cotton, sugarcane and tea, increase in preference for alternate crops,
these crops are showing an increasing trend shortage of farm labour and limited demand

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for jute products and price fluctuations of India).

raw jute (Ministry of Textile, Govt. of

Table 1.3

Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation of Production

CROPS PERIOD-I PERIOD-II PERIOD-III OVERALL

SD CV SD CV SD CV SD CV

GROUNDNUT 1.41 21.43 1.00 12.97 1.48 22.02 1.41 20.29

RAPESEED & MUSTARD 0.73 24.42 0.55 9.93 1.37 21.04 1.80 34.76

SOYABEAN 0.45 50.05 1.64 33.86 2.92 32.06 3.98 74.77

TOTAL OILSEEDS 2.66 20.95 1.96 9.18 4.94 19.37 6.44 31.64

COFFEE 37.21 25.30 39.10 18.40 18.12 6.31 66.43 15.59

COTTON 1.44 18.07 1.31 11.32 8.94 42.42 8.07 22.65

RAW JUTE & MESTA 1.53 18.34 0.96 9.85 0.47 4.24 1.53 19.04

SUGARCANE 19.01 10.24 24.06 9.06 40.53 13.32 58.12 29.91

TEA 51.17 8.18 48.45 6.25 86.57 9.07 152.41 56.83

S.D = Standard Deviation (Million Tonnes/kg/bales)

C.V. = Coefficient of Variation (In Percent)
Note: 1. Coffee and Tea data measured in million kg.
2. Cotton data measured in million bales of 170 kg. each.
3. Raw Jute and Mesta data measured in million bales of 180 kg. each.

Variability in terms of percentage was was 33.86 per cent change in the production
registered maximum in the soya bean of soybean. In period-III there was again a
production during period-I. Percentage maximum percentage change in the
change in the production of coffee observed production of soybean. The overall
about 25.30 percent, followed by rapeseed percentage change in soybean was 74.77
and mustard, groundnut, raw jute and Mesta, percent, followed by tea, rapeseed &
cotton and so on. During the period-II there mustard, sugarcane, cotton and so on.

3.1.2 Variability in Productivity: There is period. The overall variability was 188.06
a sharp change in the yield per hectare of kg/hectares, i.e. 18.76 per cent. Rapeseed &
groundnut production during the study mustard shows 113.28 kg/hectare variability

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in period-I i.e. 16.23 per cent to 95.03 kg/h hectare from 92.44 kg/h in period-I to
i.e. 10.79 per cent in period-II and further 104.83 kg/h in period-II and 142.90 kg/h in
97.68 kg/h i.e. 9.30 per cent in the period- period-III which is 12.78 per cent in period-
III. The overall change is 190.69 kg/h which I, 10.48 percent in period-II and 14.20
is only 21.08 percent. Soya bean shows an percent during the period-III.
increasing trend in the productivity per
Table 1.4

Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation of Productivity

CROPS PERIOD-I PERIOD-II PERIOD-III OVERALL

SD CV SD CV SD CV SD CV

GROUNDNUT 122.02 13.94 130.11 13.14 213.29 19.65 188.06 18.76

RAPESEED & MUSTARD 113.28 16.23 95.03 10.79 97.68 9.30 190.69 21.08

SOYABEAN 92.44 12.78 104.83 10.48 142.90 14.20 201.53 21.32

TOTAL OILSEEDS 84.33 13.04 64.31 7.73 117.36 12.54 175.22 20.94

COFFEE 167.99 23.90 69.33 8.25 63.54 7.60 123.38 15.45

COTTON 30.44 16.85 18.69 7.89 98.79 30.49 107.63 39.92

RAW JUTE & MESTA 153.64 11.21 65.89 3.81 102.72 4.49 331.69 18.73

SUGARCANE 2640.36 4.45 2645.91 3.88 2829.75 4.29 4579.06 7.06

TEA 91.73 5.89 66.76 3.76 26.47 1.56 123.25 7.29

S.D. = Standard Deviation (Kg /Hectare)

C.V. = Coefficient of Variation (In Percent)

The overall change is 201.53 kg/h which is about 123.25 kg/h i.e. 7.29 per cent and
about 21.32 percent, but the productivity of 123.38 kg/h in case of coffee i.e. 15.45 per
total oilseeds decreased from 84.33 kg/h in cent. Cotton and raw jute & Mesta show a
period-I to 64.31 kg/h in period-II but fluctuating trend. Their productivity in the
further increased to 117.36kg/h in period-III. period-II decreased and further increased in
The overall change is 175.22 kg/h which is the period -III. The overall productivity per
20.94 percent. There is no much change in hectare is 107.63 kg/h of cotton and 331.69
the yield of sugarcane production. Tea and kg/h of raw jute & Mesta i.e. 39.92 per cent
coffee shows a decreasing trend in the yield. of cotton and 18.73 percent of raw jute &
The overall variability in the yield of tea is Mesta.

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Table 1.5

Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation of Area

CROPS PERIOD-1 PERIOD-2 PERIOD-3 OVERALL

SD CV SD CV SD CV SD CV

GROUNDNUT 0.63 8.52 0.55 7.12 0.58 9.57 0.99 14.14

RAPESEED & MUSTARD 0.42 9.95 0.35 5.44 0.89 14.83 1.09 19.61

SOYABEAN 0.53 42.91 1.26 26.52 1.56 18.82 3.18 62.62

TOTAL OILSEEDS 1.61 8.29 0.85 3.30 2.07 8.08 3.28 13.81

COFFEE 0.01 5.22 0.03 13.39 0.04 9.79 0.08 26.39

COTTON 0.45 6.06 0.75 9.08 1.41 14.83 1.33 15.58

RAW JUTE & MESTA 0.17 15.77 0.08 7.87 0.06 6.49 1.13 12.78

SUGARCANE 0.23 7.44 0.26 6.54 0.47 10.32 0.68 17.37

TEA 0.01 2.85 0.02 5.25 0.03 5.64 0.07 15.21

S.D. = Standard Deviation (Million Hectares)

C.V. = Coefficient of Variation (In Percent)
However, it would be interesting to analyze the lead in terms of area, production and
the contribution of different crops in productivity share. The average area under
percentage. Maximum percentage change the cultivation of major commercial crops
was observed in the area under cultivation of like oilseeds, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, and
soybean during period-I, II and III. In case tea has increased during the study period.
of groundnut there was only 8.52 per cent But the average area under cultivation of
change observed during period-I and 7.12 raw jute and Mesta has declined. With the
percent during the period-II and further it increase in the average area under the
was increased to 9.57 percent during the cultivation of different commercial crops,
period-III. Percentage change in the area of the average production as well as
rapeseed and mustard was declined during productivity of these commercial crops has
the period - II and sharply increased during also increased. There was a sharp increase in
the period-III. the average production of all the commercial
crops during the study period except
Conclusion: rapeseed and mustard. The expansion of
It is quite understandable from the above area under commercial crops resulted in
discussion that commercial crops are taking contraction of area under food grains except
area under rice and wheat.However, the area

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sugarcane registered marginal increase. growth in South Asia” American journal of
agricultural economics, Vol.74, No.3, pp.
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