Q1)Is it reasonable to expect accountants to be proficient in information

technology? Why?
Modern accounting cannot do without information technology for it is a cornerstone of recent
accounting practices and therefore the accountants should be knowledgeable in it.

Indeed, information technology proficiency is sufficient challenge for accountants to meet, that should
not be underestimated. Today, technology create and affect the accountant profession’s process by a
huge extent comparing to the past. Information technology skills save accountant's a lot of time as they
are used effectively in data analysis, financial reporting and auditing.

Explanation:

In addition, the contemporary accounting system is typically based on the specialized software and
databases that have complex task to navigate and take advantage of correctly, for that reason
accountants have to have technical skills. Comprehensive IT proficiency by accountants keeps them
abreast with the trends (both old and new), facilitates process streamlining, ensures the high level of
accuracy and improves decision-making.

another answer

The accountants will be expected to be proficient in information. Accounting information helps an entity
with data required to determine whether a firm is earning profit or suffering loss, how much debtors
owe, how much it owes others, and other required financial statements; thus assists the company in the
making of decision and fits into the value chain of a company. It improves the quality and cuts the costs
of each activity, enhancing efficiency of supply chain, improving internal control structure, improving
decision making, and improving knowledge sharing. All of this is accomplished with a proper data and an
accurate understanding, summarizing it appropriately for each specific user, and providing the
information when it is needed. It assists to steer the firm in the right approach with an accurate data,
and not just the gut-feelings; therefore adding into the value chain of an entity

Q2- 2) The components of an accounting information system (AIS)

typically include:The components of an accounting information
system (AIS) typically include:
Data Input: Entered the financial transaction data and other necessary information into the system via
capturing and entering the data.

Data Processing: Above that, entering the given data and processing it, using different accounting
principles, including recording, classifying, summarizing, and analyzing.

Data Storage: Carrying out the data processing in the required form and keeping such data secure in
databases and other storage systems.

Data Output: Creating of G- Reports, financial statements and other outputs based on the processed
data that is used in facilitating decisions.

Internal Controls: Applications of measures for data accuracy, integrity and security as well as system
security performance will be achieved.

Explanation:

Information Technology Infrastructure: IT components, facilities, networks, and other tools used in the
operation of the AIS.

Users: Accountants, Auditors, Managers, or any other stakeholders(whether as individual players in the
game of AI or as a team).

another answer

An accounting information system includes six components discussed as follows:

-- Procedure: Procedures refers to the methods and techniques utilized for collecting, retrieving, storing,
and processing of the data

-- People: People are the users of the system

-- Data: The data consists of all the financial information in regard to the business practices of the
company.

-- Software: The software of computer is used to save, retrieve, store, process and analyze the company's
financial data.

-- Technology infrastructure: It consists of hardware applied in operating the accounting information

system

-- Internal Controls: The internal controls acts as the security measures for providing a protection on the
sensitive data

The components of the maintaining information system account (AIS) include data input, processing,
storage, output, internal controls, and IT infrastructure. But IT, to discharge its strategic roles, has to be
more than just an automating tool. Rather, it should help in the transformation of business processes.
Q3-3. Compare and contrast the following IT Strategic Roles:

a. Automate IT Strategic Role: Intends to replace manual labor with smart machines which
are concerned with the automation of labor-intensive processes and tasks in order to increase
efficiency, minimize errors, and reduce expenses. It means using software tools and systems to
ease the process and management as an added value

b. Informate-Up/-Down IT Strategic Role: Is expressed by integration of the IT to collect,

process, and transform the information for the purpose of sharing it vertically (management
level) as well as horizontally (operational level). Going for this perspective, we can see the
communication, the decision-making and the strategic thinking all facilitated by the IT
throughout the organization.

c. Transform IT Strategic RoleIt ignores the application of automation and information as

key tools for profound transformation of businesses structures, efficiency, and models through
emerging and non-traditional technologies.

Explanation:

It basically deals with the process of effecting organizational transformation and innovation by
creating an information technology environment capable of unleashing everyone capability.

Q4 Compare BPMN activity diagrams with DFDs. What is different? What is the
same? When would one notation be better or worse than another?

4) Differences:

BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) activity diagrams are used to
describe business process flows in terms of the activities or a series of actions that
are necessary to complete a task. They use established layouts to depict the
upcoming activities, events, routes, and flows. They also develop a more concise
and expressive framework for processes than just words could.

DFD (Dataflow Diagrams) focus on the flow of data inside a system, illustrating the
way data is moving from processes, data store, and external entities. They will be
using symbolic representations such as process, data stores, data flows, and
external entities, which will stand for different constituents of the system's data
flow.

Similarities:

Apart from the BPMN activity diagrams and DFDs (Data Flow Diagrams), they are
the graphical notations that are used for the technical analysis of the business
processes and systems.

While these notations allow us to follow the steps of information or activity within
an organization or a system it helps us to understand the flow of things.

When to use each notation:When to use each notation:

BPMN activity diagrams have edge over other models in case complex business
processes needs to be mapped with numerous decision points, hectic activities
that run simultaneously, and the synergy between different stakeholders in the
business. These, especially by applications, are orientated on the process flow
details and they are highly suitable for process improvement and automation.

Flowcharts are helpful not only for displaying the data path and transformation
within the system.

Explanation:

They are a great tool for locating sources of data, information outputs, and data
storage services. Thus, they are useful for system analysis and design which is
common in the development process stage of information systems.

theanswerof chapter 1 are :

Modern accounting cannot do without information technology for it is a
cornerstone of recent accounting practices and therefore the accountants
should be knowledgeable in it. The components of the maintaining information
system account (AIS) include data input, processing, storage, output, internal
controls, and IT infrastructure. But IT, to discharge its strategic roles, has to be
more than just an automating tool. Rather, it should help in the transformation
of business processes. BPMN activity diagram and DFDs are the ways of drawing
process models, but BPMN has great detail, and DFDs only arranges data flow. In
case of independent departments determine which methods to use: BPMN for
the processes of complex nature and DFDs for the data flow.