MODULE 1:

➢ Microliths
Roles of Science and Technology? - These were developed in the Mesolithic age
because of the changing natural environment.
1. Advancing Knowledge and Understanding Normally a few microliths were 'hafted' (attached)
- Scientific research and technological to a bone and wooden crafts to make larger tools.
innovations contribute to expanding our
knowledge and understanding of the natural
world.
2. Driving Economic Development
- Science and technology play a crucial role
in driving economic growth, innovation, and
competitiveness.
3. Improving Health and Medicine
- Scientific discoveries and technological
advancements lead to improved healthcare,
disease prevention, and medical treatments.

4. Enhancing Communication and Connectivity

- Technology facilitates global Bronze Age
communication, information sharing, and
access to knowledge, contributing to Characterized by the widespread use of bronze, an
increased connectivity. alloy made primarily of copper and tin. It
5. Addressing Environmental Challenges represents a significant advancement in
- Science and technology provide solutions to metalworking technology.
environmental challenges, including
renewable energy, sustainable resource ➢ Smelting
management, and climate change - Extraction of metal from ores and combining
mitigation. copper with tin to create bronze. (Alloy)
6. Enabling Social and Cultural Transformation
- Technological advancements shape social Sumerian Civilization
and cultural norms, behaviors, and
interactions, leading to societal 1. Cuneiform
transformations.
•First writing system
➢ Stone Age
- a time when stone tools were predominantly •Utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols are
used by ancient societies for various purposes. It is carved on clay using wedge instruments
a prehistoric era characterized by the absence of
metal tools and the reliance on stone implements •Keep records of things with great historical value
for survival.
2. Uruk City
➢ Hand axe
- Used to butcher animals; to dig for tubers, •Considered the first true city in the world
animals and water; to chop wood and remove
tree bark; and/or process vegetal materials. •Build only using mud or clay mixed with reeds,
producing sunbaked bricks - used to make houses
➢ Chopper and walls
- They used these stone tools for a variety of
purposes, including extracting meat and bone 3. The Great Ziggurat of Ur
marrow from large animals.
•Mountain of God
➢ Scrapers
- Used on animal hides,wood, or bones. Once the •Sacred place only priest are allowed to enter
hide was removed from an animal, an end
scraper could take the hair off the skin's outer •Showcase elaborate and intricate architecture
layer and remove the fatty tissue from its
underside. 4. Irrigation and Dikes
•Was built to answer the increase demand for food ➢ Code of Hammurabi

•Used to bring water to farmlands • This code established laws and regulations for
various aspects of society, promoting justice,
•Control flooding of the rivers fairness, and the rule of law.
• It served as a foundation for later legal systems
•Considered as one of world’s most beneficial and influenced the development of legal codes in
engineering works other civilizations.

➢ Epic of Gilgamesh
5. Sailboats
• One of the oldest surviving works of literature in
•People wanted to discover faraway lands to settle the world.

•Essential in transportation and trading • This epic poem explores themes of heroism,
friendship, and the search for immortality, providing
6. Wheel insights into ancient Babylonian culture, beliefs,
and values.
•Wheels are not intended for transportation but for
farm work and food processes

•Mill grains with less effort and less time

7. Plow

•Humans evolve from food gatherers to farm

cultivators

•Invented to dig the earth in a faster pace

•Result in mass produce food in less effort and Egyptian Civilization

time
1. Papyrus
8. Road
•Before, clay tablets were used, but clay tablets are
•To facilitate faster and easier travel fragile, heavy and delicate to handle.

•Same technology with sunbaked bricks •Papyrus was a plant grew along Nile river.
Egyptian process the plant to produce thin sheets.
•They also used black sticky substance like asphalt
called bitumen •Considered as the major accomplishment in record
keeping and communication.
•Very useful during rainy season
2. Ink
Babylonian Civilization
•Made from combining soot with different chemicals
➢ Hanging Gardens of Babylon to produce ink of different colors.

•One of the seven wonders of ancient world •Should withstand elements of nature so that it can
preserve the record of history, culture and
•Structure that contain several layers upon layers of codified laws.
gardens containing different species of plants
3. Hieroglyphics
•Built by king Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife Queen
Amytis •System of writing adapted from Sumerian as a
result of trade.

•Written on walls of pyramids and other important

structures.
 Persian Empire – Trade and Industry
•Well preserved, can still be seen today.
• Development and use of coins. Under the
4. Cosmetics Achaemenid Empire, which was the largest and
most powerful Persian dynasty, coins became more
•Invented for both health and aesthetic reason. widespread and standardized.

•Egyptian wore kohl (soot/malachite mixed with • The Persian Empire adopted the use of coins from
mineral galena) around their eyes to prevent and various conquered regions and facilitated their
even cure eye diseases. circulation within its vast territories.

5. Wig Antiquity Period

•Ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health Rise of the Greek Civilization and the first
and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes. scientists and philosophers were known.

•To protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Greek Civilization

Egyptian from harmful rays of the sun.
Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part
•Believed to be cleaner than natural hair because it of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western
prevent accumulation of head lice. philosophy, some of the major achievements of the
Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and
6. Water Clock/Clepsydra mathematics.

•Utilizes gravity that affect flow of water from one More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek
vessel to another. civilization has contributed much to the world
especially in the fields of science and technology.
•Time keeping device.
1. Alarm Clock
•Served various purposes, including regulating
work shifts, determining the length of religious The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large
rituals, and indicating specific time intervals complicated mechanisms to time the alarm.
during the day.
They made use of water (or sometimes small
➢ Iron Age stones or sand) that dropped into drums which
sounded the alarm.
- Characterized by advancements in
metallurgy, increased urbanization, and Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock
evolving social and political structures. to signal the start of his lecture. His version used
- It laid the foundation for the subsequent for water vessels lined up vertically.
development of civilizations in the ancient
world. 2. Water Mill

Steel one of the most important contributions of the

Greek civilization to the world. They were
• A hard, strong, gray or bluish-gray alloy of iron commonly used in agricultural processes like
with carbon and usually other elements, used milling of grains which was a necessary form of
extensively as a structural and fabricating material. food processing during that time. They only
required access to rivers or flowing water where a
Hittite Empire - Battle of Khadesh mechanism of a large wheel with small “buckets” of
water attached to it could be installed.
• The Battle of Kadesh, sometimes called the first
world war, featured one of the largest-ever chariot Roman Civilization
battles.
The Roman Empire was perceived to be the
• Competing Hittite and Egyptian interests in the strongest political and social entity in the west. It
region of Canaan. For the Egyptians, Canaan was was considered to be the cradle of politics and
crucial to the overall security and well-being governance during that period.
of ancient Egypt.
Because the Roman Empire was so large, other amphitheaters, and even residential houses.
civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms
of legislation and codified laws. Aside from their 4. Roman Numerals
contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and
inventions still relevant today can be attributed to Roman devised their own number system
the Roman Empire. specifically to address the need for a standard
counting method that would meet their increasing
1. Newspaper communication and trade concerns.

The first newspapers, known as gazettes, The Roman numeral is no longer widely used today
contained announcements of the Roman Empire to due to its inherent limitations, quite a number of
the people. Made before the invention of paper, enthusiasts would still used it over other more
these gazettes were engraved in metal or some popular number systems, like the Hindu-Arabic
stone tablets and then publicly displayed. system, due to its aesthetic and historical value.

Acta Diurna Pre-Socratic Philosophers

• Acta Diurna (Latin: Daily Acts, sometimes
translated as Daily Public Records or poetically as They laid the foundation for Western philosophy by
Daily Gazette). exploring fundamental questions about the
nature of reality, the origin of the universe, and the
2. Bound Books or Codex principles that govern the natural world.

Record-keeping was much easier since 1. Thales

paper did not easily break, was
lightweight, and did not occupy much • Considered one of the first philosophers and is
space. known for his focus on the primary element of
water as the fundamental substance from which
As a result, civilizations became fond of everything is derived.
record keeping, especially documenting
historical events and newly legislated 2. Anaximander
laws.
Proposed that an indefinite and boundless
Aside from Romans writing down substance called "apeiron" was the source of all
information about history and politics, things and introduced the idea of natural laws
literature also changed form from clay governing the universe.
tablets to parchment of paper.
3. Pythagoras
According to sources, Julius Caesar started
the tradition of stacking up papyrus to • Renowned for his mathematical and geometric
form pages of a book. contributions, including the Pythagorean theorem.
He also believed in the concept of the harmony
Later on, they were able to provide covers to of the spheres and the immortality of the soul.
protect the papyrus. The earlier covers were made
of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin 4. Heraclitus
which proved to be stronger and longer-lasting.
• Emphasized the concept of eternal
With the papyrus pages bound together and change and believed that reality is in
covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman a constant state of flux.
Empire was able to produce the first books or
codex. You cannot step into the same river twice

5. Empedocles
3. Roman Architecture
• Proposed that all matter was composed of four
The development in the field of engineering and substances: earth, air, fire, and water. He
architecture was fully supported and funded by the also introduced the concept of the four
Roman government so they were able to implement forces—love, strife, attraction, and repulsion—that
major projects such as large churches (cathedrals govern the interactions between these elements.
and basilica, aqueduct coliseums,
6. Democritus The production of silk resulted in the creation of a
product for trade. The silk trade opened China to
• Developed the concept of atomism, the outside world, making way for cultural,
positing that all matter consists of economic, and scientific exchanges.
indivisible and indestructible
particles called atoms. It bridged the gap between the western world and
the middle kingdom.
Socratic Philosophers
2. Tea Production
Primarily concerned with philosophical inquiry and
the exploration of ethical and metaphysical Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or
questions. boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea
leaves. It was believed that the first tea was drunk
1. Socrates by Chinese emperor.

• He is best known for his Socratic Method, a Tea production was developed when an unknown
method of questioning that aimed to stimulate Chinese inventor created a machine that was able
critical thinking and self-examination. to shred tea leaves into strips.

2. Plato Today, tea production developed by the ancient

Chinese may have resulted in making tea as one of
• student of Socrates. the most popular beverages in the world.
• Adopted Empedocles' theory and coined the term
element to describe these four substances. 3. Great Wall of China
• Platonic Academy
The Great wall of China is said to be the largest
3. Hippocrates and most extensive infrastructure that the nation
built. It was constructed to keep out foreign
• Is not typically considered a Socratic invaders and control the boarders of China.
philosopher. Hippocrates was primarily known
as a physician and is often regarded as the Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other
founder of medicine. materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
engineering technology at that time.
• He is associated with the Hippocratic Corpus,
a collection of medical writings attributed to Today, with some sections already in ruins, the
him and his followers, which focused on Great Wall still continues to be a world attraction
principles of medical ethics and the due to its historical significance and architectural
observation of symptoms and diseases. grandeur.

Chinese Civilization 4. Gunpowder

The Chinese civilization is considered to be the It was developed by Chinese alchemist who
oldest civilization in Asia. Also known as the Middle aimed to achieved immortality.
Kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia .
It was famous among other ancient civilizations They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate ,
because of its silk trade. Not a great amount was but instead of creating an elixir of life, they
written about ancient China partly due to its accidentally invented a black powder that could
distance from the other civilizations. Despite its less actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in
popular status among the early civilizations, one an instant.
cannot discredit the significant contributions of
Chinese civilization to the world. Ironically, instead of prolong life, gunpowder is
widely used to propel bullets from guns and
1. Silk cannons which cause countless death.

Silk is naturally produced by silkworms, the Middle Ages (Medieval Period)

Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and process it to The start of middle ages was marred by
produce paper and clothing. massive invasions and migrations. Wars were
prevalent during this time. As such, great
technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, Additionally, in close-range had-to-hand
navigation, mass food and farm production, and combat, soldiers should wear something to
health. protect themselves, a need addressed by the
creation of iron body armors.
The wars have resulted in population decline, but
during the latter part of the period, there was a However, body armors were heavy and limited their
significant rise in population. Trade and commerce movements. The problem was eventually solved by
among nations increased, which resulted in the invention of the chainmail.
greater demands for transportation technology.
Some of the most innovative minds came from this Modern: Renaissance Period
period.
The booming world population during the 19th
1. Printing Press century onwards demanded that more goods be
produced at faster rate. People needed efficient
Johannes Gutenberg was able to invent the means of transportation to trade more goods and
printing press, a more reliable way of printing cover a larger distance.
using a cast type.
Machines that required animals to operate must
He utilized wooden machines that extracted thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to
juices from fruits, attached to them a metal communicate and compute should be developed to
impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the established connections between and among
cast metal into a piece of paper, which then nations.
made an exact impression on paper.
All these needs resulted in the development of
The printing press was invented to address the industries. However, due to massive
need for publishing books that would spread industrialization, the modern times again faced
information to many people at a faster rate. This more complicated problems. Food processing and
invention also made works accessible to medicines posed some of the bigger challenges
individuals who could not even write. since health was of great concern.

2. Microscope 1. Pasteurization

Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist,
first compound microscope. With this device, and chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He
people were able to observe organisms that were invented pasteurization, the process of heating
normally unseen by the naked eye. dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria.
Through this process, milk could be stored and
The microscope was key in discovering new means consumed for a longer period.
in preventing and curing various illness.
It also prevented illness caused by harmful
3. Telescope bacteria. Other contributions of Pasteur to science,
technology, and medicine included his works on
The invention of the telescope, an optical molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and
instrument that helps in the observation of remote vaccination.
objects, was great help for navigators during the
Middle Ages was also known as the Age of 2. Petroleum Refinery
Exploration.
Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by
Together with the telescope, the invention of the refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred
compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling to as the “illuminating oil” because it was
easier and safer (Helen, 1989). used at first to provide lightning to homes.

4. War Weapons After some time, it was applied for heating

purposes. The development of kerosene
People developed cross bows and low established the petroleum refinery industry. At
bows so that they could attack the enemies present, petroleum is widely used in powering
at long ranges, keeping themselves safe automobiles, factories, and power plants, among
with the protection of walls and fortresses. others.
3. Telephone 2. SALT Lamp

Governments needed some kind of communication A young Filipina inventor Aisa Mijeno was able to
system which would allow them to administer their invent a lightning system that utilizes a material
states well. abundant in the Philippines-saltwater.

Important day-to-day decisions must be She invented Sustainable Alternative Lightning

discussed and addressed at the faster time (SALt) lamp, an environmentally-friendly light
possible. source that runs on saltwater. The SALT lamp is
safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic
Thus, the development of the telephone by gases.
Alexander Graham Bell was one of the
most important inventions at that time. Aside from people who live in coastal areas, it may
also benefits those from far-flung barrios because
4. Calculator they can make their own saltwater by mixing two
tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap water.
Although an earlier version of the calculator had
already been developed, circumstances in the 3. Medical Incubator
modern times required a faster way to compute
more complicated equations. Its main purpose was to maintain conditions
suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby.
Computing devices must also be easy to carry
since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine
The creation of modern calculators did not only attributed to Dr. Fe del Mundo include her works on
pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but the immunization and treatment of jaundice and
also resulted in the development of more complex the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea.
processing machines like the computer. (Banana, Rice, Apple & Tea)

Philippine Inventions 4. Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System

•Ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in In 2010, the Department of Science and
resources. Technology-Industrial Technology Development
Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the
•Discoveries and inventions were built from mosquito Ovicidal /Larvicidal Trap System, also
indigenous materials or created to adapt to the known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of
harsh environment. natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquito but
safe for humans and the environment.
The Philippines is known to be one of the most
vulnerable countries in terms of natural 5. Ejeepney
disasters.
The jeepney dominated Philippine streets and is
Many discoveries and inventions made by the considered as the primary mode of
Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous transportation of most Filipinos. However, the
materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical diesel-powered jeepney produces large quantities
environment. of black smoke, and usually a major contributor of
noise pollution due to its primitive exhaust system.
1. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle To counter these disadvantages, the electric
jeepney (ejeepney) was developed. This modern
H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of
and Lamberto Armada, together with Chief the more expensive diesel. It is
Designer Victor “Atoy” Llave, was able to invent environmentally-friendly since it does not emit any
the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can smoke and noise.
cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and
lakes. Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of
Science and Technology
∙ Ancient Time
It may also be utilized to travel from island to island.
1. Stone Age- hand axes, chopper, scrapers,
Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the
microliths,
Salamander is a useful invention that has a lot of
potential.
 3 periods of Stone Age: Paleolithic, • Aprominent astronomer, who observed and record the
Mesolithic, Neolithic positions of celestial bodies.
Bronze Age-smelting, • His precise and extensive data became a valuable
a.Sumerian Civilization-cuneiform, Uruk resource for Johannes Kepler, who used it to
City, The Great Ziggurat of Ur, irrigation and develop his laws of planetary motion and provide
dikes, sailboats, wheel, plow, road further evidence for the heliocentric model.
b.Babylonian Civilization- Hanging gardens
1572
of Babylon, Code of Hammurabi, Epic of
Supernova
Gilgamesh
c. Athenian Civilization • It was a supernova explosion that Tycho Brahe
Egyptian Civilization- papyrus, ink, observed and documented, leading to a profound shift
hieroglyphics, cosmetics, wig, water in the understanding of the universe.
clock(clepsydra), 777 Stars
Iron Age: • Extensive observations of stars, including his
a. Hittite Empire cataloging of 777 stars, provided valuable data that
b. Persian Empire contributed to the advancement of astronomy and our
c. Greek Civilization-alarm clock, water mill, knowledge of the celestial sphere during his time.
d. Roman Civilization- legislation and Parallax
codified laws, bound books (Codex), • The effect whereby the position or direction of an
architecture, roman numerals, pre-Socratic
object appears to differ when viewed from different
Philosophers,
positions
Thales, Anaximander, Pythagoras,
• He observed that nearby celestial bodies, such as the
Heraclitus, Empedocles, Democritus,
Socratic Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Moon, would exhibit larger parallax effects compared to
Hippocrates, more distant stars. Brahe's observations of parallax,
a. Chinese Civilization-silk, tea, Great wall though limited due to the technological constraints of
of China, gunpowder, his time, provided important insights into the relative
distances and positions of celestial objects.
∙ Medieval/Middle Ages Geo-Heliocentrism
-Wars, printing press, microscope, telescope, • Brahe's observations and measurements of planetary
weaponry, positions led him to conclude that the planets,
∙ Modern Times: including the Sun, revolved around the Earth. This
Renaissance Period- Pasteurization, petroleum aligned with the geocentric model, which was the
refinery, telephone, calculator,
dominant cosmological view of the time.
∙ Philippine Inventions
• Brahe believed that the Earth was fixed at the center
Salamander amphibious tricycle, salt lamp,
medical incubator, mosquito ovicidal/larvicidal trap of the universe, while the Sun and Moon orbited
system, e-jeepney around it. On the other hand, he proposed that the
other planets orbited around the Sun, which itself
1. Copernican Revolution: orbited around the Earth.
Nicolas Copernicus • Sun, Moon, and sphere of stars orbit the Earth, while
• Proposed the heliocentric model of the universe, the five known planets (Mercury, Venus,
challenging the prevailing geocentric view and Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) orbit the Sun.
revolutionizing our understanding of planetary motion.
• His work laid the foundation for modern astronomy c.Johannes Kepler 1571-1630: laws of planetary motion,
and set the stage for subsequent advancements in the German astronomer, mathematician, natural
field. philosopher
Heliocentric Theory Formulated three fundamental laws of planetary motion
• The Sun is the center of the solar system, with the that revolutionized our understanding of the solar
planets, including Earth, orbiting around it. system.
• It revolutionized our understanding of celestial • Described the elliptical orbits of planets, the equal
motion, challenging the long-held geocentric view and areas law, and the harmonic relationship between a
paving the way for advancements in astronomy and our planet's orbital period and its distance from the Sun,
perception of the universe. laying the foundation for modern celestial mechanics.
*Claudius Ptolemy 100-170 AD: proposed Geocentric Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion
model of the universe, Greek • (The Law of Ellipses)
a.Nicolas Copernicus 1473-1543: Heliocentric model of • (The Law of Equal Areas)
the universe, Polish mathematician, astronomer; • (The Law of Harmonies)
Renaissance polymath
b.Tycho Brahe 1546-1601: Tychonic d. Galileo Galilei: discoveries(moon’s surface, Jupiter’s
system(Geo-Heliocentric); Danish astronomer, 1572 moons, phases of venus, Saturn’s rings, sunspots)
supernova, 777 stars catalogue; parallax,
He was credited with significantly improving the design something that would be more competitive to survive,a
of the telescope and using it to make groundbreaking process known as evolution.
astronomical observations. Although he did not invent
• However, this theory became very controversial as
the telescope, he made important modifications that
people perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s
allowed him to study celestial objects in unprecedented
teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator.
detail.
The theory emerged at time when most of the
Discoveries: population believed and accepted the biblical version of
the Earth’s creation. Because of this conflict, the people
1. Moon's Surface: Galileo observed that the moon's
were divided-some believed that the theory explained
surface was not smooth, as was commonly believed at
the origin of life, but the religious and the faithful
the time. He observed craters, mountains, and other
strongly refuted it.
features that suggested the moon was a dynamic,
imperfect body. • It even sparked a massive debate between science and
religion. It was only after some time that people came
2. Jupiter's Moons: Galileo discovered the four largest
to understand that Darwin's theory of evolution as not
moons of Jupiter, now known as the Galilean moons (Io,
in fact against the teachings of the church and both
Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto). This observation
coexist.
provided evidence that celestial bodies could orbit a
planet other than Earth. *John Ray1627-1705: species concept; English
naturalist
3. Phases of Venus: Galileo observed that Venus went
5. John Ray He introduced the concept of
through phases like the moon, which supported the
"species" as a distinct category of living
heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus and
organisms, contributing to the development of the
challenged the geocentric view.
modern concept of species in biology.
4. Saturn's Rings: While he couldn't resolve the true
nature of Saturn's rings with the quality of his telescope, * Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778: binomial nomenclature;
Galileo observed a "triple form" around the planet, Swedish botanist
which was likely the rings seen edge-on. 6. Carl Linnaeus known for developing the modern
system of biological classification (taxonomy)
5. Sunspots: Galileo observed and documented and binomial nomenclature.
sunspots on the surface of the Sun, suggesting that the *Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564: founder of modern
Sun was not a perfect and unchanging celestial body. human anatomy; “De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri
Controversy Septem” means “On the Fabric of the Human Body in
seven books”
• These findings, published in his influential work 7. Andreas Versalius Pioneered modern human
"Sidereus Nuncius” (Starry Messenger), ignited both anatomy with his work "De Humani Corporis
awe and controversy across Europe. Fabrica."
• In 1632, he published "Dialogue Concerning the Two Basic Terminologies Commonly Used:
Chief World Systems," which openly advocated the 1. Arteries – (oxygenated) away from the heart.
heliocentric model and questioned the geocentric 2. Veins – (deoxygenated) back to the heart.
beliefs held by the Catholic Church. This placed him at 3. Cappillaries – are the smallest blood vessels in the
odds with the Inquisition, resulting in a trial and house body, responsible for exchanging nutrients, oxygen,
arrest. and waste products between the blood and
surrounding tissues.
2. Darwinian Revolution 4. Pulse – beat of the heart and the movement of
blood through the arteries at various points of the
Charles Darwin 1809-1882: Father of Evolution,
body.
“On the Origin of Species”; English Naturalist, geologist,
*William Harvey 1578-1657: Blood circulation in
biologist
humans; English Physician
• One of the most controversial intellectual revolution. 8. William Harvey was a pioneering physician who
discovered and accurately described the circulation
• Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and
of blood in the human body, fundamentally
geologist, published his book, On the Origin of Species.
transforming our understanding of cardiovascular
In this book, Darwin introduce the theory of evolution,
physiology.
which posited that populations pass through a process
* Isaac Newton 1642-1726: Laws of Motion, Law of
of natural selection in which only the fittest would
Universal gravitation Newton's work in physics,
survive. He stated that organisms can adapt to their
including his laws of motion and law of universal
environment and would gradually change into
gravitation, laid the foundation for modern physics and
mechanics.
*Abraham Maslow 1908-1970: Maslow’s Hierarchy of early Filipinos but also their cutting-edge navigation
needs ; American psychologist knowledge as these boats did not only traverse
rivers but oceans as well.
3. Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud 1856-1939: founder of 2. Rice Terraces
psychoanalysis; id, ego, super ego; • A complicated engineering feat was achieved by
Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human the natives of the Cordilleras when they built
behavior. In this theory, Freud explained that there are rice terraces by hand. Through there terraces,
many conscious and unconscious factors that can the people were able to cultivate crops on the
influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that mountainsides in cold temperatures.
personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id,
ego, and superego. Science hardliners brushed off the
legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since its
concepts were more philosophical and supernatural.
Many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific
basis as no empirical or experimental data could
support it.
Id: The id represents our instinctual desires and needs,
operating based on pleasure principles without
considering moral or social constraints. It's neither Banaue Rice Terraces
inherently good nor bad but can lead to impulsive or
self-centered behavior. • They incorporated an irrigation system that uses
Ego: The ego balances the id's desires with reality, water from the forests and mountain tops to
making rational decisions and mediating between the id achieve an elaborate farming system.
and superego. It helps manage conflicts and • Cordillera Rice Terraces have been recognized
strives to satisfy needs in socially acceptable ways, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1995.
which can be seen as positive.
Superego: The superego represents our internalized
moral standards and societal norms. While it aims to Colonial Period
guide behavior in accordance with ethical values, it can
sometimes lead to guilt or overly strict self-criticism. The colonial period in the Philippines refers to the
time when the Philippines was under the control and
Module 3: influence of foreign colonial powers.
Science, Technology, and Nation Building
It is a significant era in Philippine history that
greatly shaped the country's culture, society,
Pre-Colonial Times economy, and political landscape.
• Scientific and Technological development in the
Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Significant Colonizers
Even before the Spaniards came to the
Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers were Period of
already using certain plants and herbs as Colonial Power Colonization
medicines.
• Systems of farming and animal-raising were
also implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had Spanish Empire 1565 - 1898
also developed different modes of
transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.

1. Balangay American Empire 1898 - 1946

• Early Filipinos have also developed different
modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or
maritime. The most famous among it, is the
balangay, a wooden watercraft, the oldest of
Japanese Empire 1942 - 1945
which was discovered in Butuan in Mindanao.

1. Spanish Colonial

Colonization by the Spaniards provided the

Philippines which modern means of construction.
Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures
were built using some of the engineering skills and
tools brought by the Spaniards.
The development of the balangay did not only
showcase the advanced engineering skills of the In addition, the Spanish government developed
health and educational systems that were enjoyed dye.
by the principalia class.
Indigo dye has been used for centuries to color
333 Years of Spanish Reign textiles, fabrics, and clothing. It was highly valued
for its rich blue color and was in demand for various
The Philippines was colonized by Spain in 1565. cultural and economic purposes.
During this time, the Philippines underwent
significant changes, including the introduction of The indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria) was grown,
Christianity, the establishment of Spanish and the leaves were harvested and processed to
administrative structures, and the integration of extract the blue dye. The dyeing process involved
Philippine society into the global trade network fermenting the leaves to release the indigo pigment,
through the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. which could then be used to color fabrics.

Manila Observatory 4. Tobacco - The Spanish colonial government

• It was founded on October 24, 1865, by the established a tobacco monopoly, known as the
Jesuit scientists and missionaries who were "Tabacalera," which granted exclusive rights to the
present in the Philippines under Spanish production and trade of tobacco.
rule.
This monopoly allowed the Spanish authorities to
• The observatory's primary purpose was to control and profit from tobacco production.
study and record meteorological and
seismic data, as well as astronomical The high taxation and control of the tobacco
observations, for scientific and practical industry by Spanish authorities led to unrest and
purposes. revolts among tobacco farmers.
The "Tobacco Revolt" of 1887 in the Ilocos region
Father Federico Faura is an example of resistance against the tobacco
monopoly.
• Issuing one of the earliest documented typhoon
warnings in the Philippines.
Spices and Tropical Products
• In 1882, Father Faura and the Manila
Observatory successfully predicted the arrival of
• The Spanish colonizers introduced a variety of
a typhoon, allowing residents and authorities to
spices to the Philippines as part of their efforts
take precautions and make necessary
to establish trade networks and cultivate
preparations.
valuable commodities. Spices such as cloves,
cinnamon, and black pepper were among those
Agricultural Innovations introduced.
Agricultural Crops: Products such as rice,
sugarcane, indigo, and tobacco were cultivated and Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
exported to meet the demand of the international
market.
Is a spice that was introduced to the Philippines
Spices and Tropical Products: The Philippines
during the Spanish colonial period.
was known for exporting spices such as cinnamon,
cloves, and black pepper, as well as tropical fruits Clove was used for its aromatic and medicinal
like bananas and pineapples properties. It was used in traditional remedies and
Natural Resources: Timber, abaca (a type of cuisine in the Philippines.
banana used for fiber), and other natural resources
were also exported to support various industries.
Manila Hemp: The Philippines became a major Cinnamon
exporter of Manila hemp (abaca), which was used
for making ropes and cordage. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum or Cinnamomum
cassia) was one of the spices introduced to the
Agricultural Crops Philippines by the Spanish colonizers.

1. Rice - was a major agricultural product and a It was highly prized in European markets for its
staple food crop. It was cultivated by local distinctive flavor and aroma.
communities and played a fundamental role in
ensuring food security for the population. Abacá

2. Sugarcane - The cultivation of sugarcane led to Abacá (Musa textilis) is a native plant to the
the establishment and expansion of the sugar Philippines, and its fiber was highly valued for its
industry in the Philippines. strength and durability.
Large plantations, known as haciendas, were
established to cultivate sugarcane on a commercial The Spanish colonizers recognized the potential of
scale. abacá fiber for various applications, including
rope-making.
3. Indigo - is a plant that is historically significant
in agriculture due to its use in producing a deep blue Manila Hemp
 advancements.
Abacá fiber, known for its exceptional strength and
resistance to saltwater, was used to make Post-Colonial Period
high-quality ropes, cordage, and twines. These
products were crucial for maritime activities, such After achieving independence from the colonizers,
as ship rigging, sail-making, and securing cargo. the Philippines, under different administrations,
continued to pursue programs in science and
technology.
2. American Colonial Each leadership had its own science and technology
agenda. However, it is important to note that some
The American occupation modernized almost all Philippine presidents posted more developments in
aspects of life in the Philippines. the field than others.
Presidential Decree No. 78 series of 1972
They established a government agency, the Bureau Pertains to the reorganization of the Weather Bureau
of Science, for the sole purpose of nurturing in the Philippines.
development in the field of science and
Technology. The full title of the decree is “Reorganizing the
Weather Bureau into the Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Science and technology advanced rapidly due Administration (PAGASA) and for Other
to: Purposes.”
1. Extensive public education system.
NSTA - National Science and Technology
2. Scholarships for higher education. Authority

3. Science and research organizations. Originally established in 1958 as the National

Science and Development Board.
4. Science-based public services.
Fifth Republic: Corazon Aquino

University of the Philippines

1. Department of Science and Technology
The University of the Philippines was founded on (DOST) Revitalization: The Aquino
June 18, 1908, during the early years of American administration prioritized the revitalization
colonial rule. of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) to enhance research
It was established through Act No. 1870 of the and development efforts, technological
Philippine Commission, also known as the innovation, and science education.
"University Act.”
2. Balik Scientist Program: The
This marked a significant step in the reorganization administration launched the Balik Scientist
of higher education in the Philippines. Program to encourage Filipino scientists
and researchers abroad to return to the
Philippines and contribute to local research
Bureau of Health and development initiatives.
Responsible for implementing various public health
initiatives aimed at addressing disease, improving Fidel V. Ramos
sanitation, and promoting general well-being among 1. STAND – Science and Technology Agenda
the population. for Development
These initiatives were influenced by modern 2. Republic Act No. 8439, also known as the
Western approaches to public health. Magna Carta for Scientists, Engineers,
Researchers, and other Science and
3. Japanese Colonial Technology Personnel in Government – it
aims to promote the welfare and
During the Japanese colonial period in the professional growth of scientists, engineers,
Philippines (1942-1945), which occurred during researchers, and other science and
World War II, there were limited contributions in technology personnel working in
the area of science and technology due to the government agencies.
challenging circumstances of the time.
Joseph Estrada
It's important to note that the Japanese colonial 1. Clean Air Act (Republic Act No. 8749):
period in the Philippines was marked by challenges, This legislation aimed to address air
including wartime conditions, military control, and pollution and promote clean air in the
occupation. country by regulating emissions from
vehicles, industries, and other sources.
The focus of the Japanese administration was
primarily on military and strategic objectives rather
than long-term scientific and technological
2. E-Commerce Act (Republic Act No. 8792): This radar system is an example of how modern
It provided a legal framework for electronic technology is utilized to gather real-time weather
transactions and electronic commerce in the data and provide accurate forecasts for the benefit
Philippines, aiming to promote the use of of communities and disaster management agencies.
electronic means for business and trade.
3. Republic Act No. 11035 - also known as the
Gloria M. Arroyo "Balik Scientist Act," is a law in the Philippines
that aims to encourage the participation of Filipino
1. Establishment of the Commission on scientists, engineers, and experts living and working
Information and Communications abroad in the country's research and development
Technology (CICT): The CICT was created activities.
in 2004 to oversee and promote the
development of the information and It provides incentives and benefits to attract these
communications technology sector in the professionals to return to the Philippines and
Philippines. contribute to scientific and technological
advancements.
2. Biofuels Act: In 2006, the Biofuels Act was
signed into law, promoting the development
and use of biofuels as alternative sources of
energy.
3. Development of Indigenous Technologies: The
DOST initiated projects to develop and promote
indigenous technologies, particularly those that can
benefit marginalized communities.
4. Mindanao Super Region: The Arroyo
administration emphasized the development of
Mindanao as a "Super Region," which included
initiatives to enhance agricultural productivity and
modernize farming practices through the application
of science and technology.
Benigno Aquino III
1. Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management: The administration utilized Recognized Filipino Researchers
science and technology for disaster risk
reduction and management, including the
establishment of the Nationwide
Operational Assessment of Hazards Discovery/Field of
(NOAH) program. Scientist Expertise
2. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation:
Initiatives were undertaken to address climate
change impacts through science-based strategies Marine Biology and
Gavino Trono
and policies. Seaweed Biodiversity

3. Science and Technology Scholarships: The

administration expanded scholarship programs Marine Ecology and
Angel Alcala
in science and technology fields to support the Conservation
education and training of future scientists,
engineers, and researchers.
Horticultural Techniques and
Ramon Barba
Rodrigo Roa Duterte Crop Science
1. Diwata-2 - is the second microsatellite developed
by the Philippines, launched on October 29, 2018. Marine Biology and Coral
Like its predecessor, Diwata-2 was a collaborative Edgardo Gomez
project between the Philippine Department of Reef Conservation
Science and Technology (DOST) and the University
of the Philippines Diliman, with support from the Abelardo
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Isolation of Erythromycin
Aguilar
2. The Zamboanga Doppler Weather Radar
System - is a state-of-the-art meteorological radar Physics and Development of
system located in Zamboanga City, Philippines. It Gregorio Zara
the Zara Effect
was established to enhance weather monitoring,
forecasting, and disaster risk reduction efforts in the
region.
 Chemistry and Advocacy for
Fabian Dayrit
Coconut Oil

Diosdado Computer Engineering and

Banatao Semiconductors

Biochemical Pharmacology
Lourdes Cruz
and Conotoxins