KIMS COLLEGE OF NURSING, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
LESSON PLAN ON
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
PROF. SONI P S Ms. RESHMA A
PROFESSOR LECTURER
KIMS COLLEGE OF NURSING KIMS COLLEGE OF NURSING
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
Name of the teacher : Ms. Reshma A
Subject : Nursing Education
Unit : Methods of teachig
Topic : Programmed instruction
Group : 4th year B.Sc nursing.
Venue : 4th year B.Sc nursing classroom.
Number of students : 66
Duration :
Date :
Time :
Method of teaching : lecture cum discussion.
Av aids : LCD, whiteboard.
Previous knowledge of students: students will have some knowledge regarding the programmed instruction.
Central objectives : At the end of the class, the group will be able to develop a positive attitude and knowledge regarding
programmed instruction and use the same in teaching practice.
Specific objectives : At the end of the class, the group is able to;
define programmed instruction
discuss the aim
enlist the elements
explain the characteristics
mention the process
describe the programmed instruction material
list down the principles
elaborate the styles of programming
explain the advantages and disadvantages of programmed instruction
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV Evaluation
objectives learning activity aids
introduce the INTRODUCTION Teacher
topic
Programmed instruction is a new and modern strategy introduces
which employs a highly individualized instructional students listens
methodology for the modification of behavior and to
promote learning.
Definition
What is
define It is defined as the kind of learning experience in which programmed
programmed a "program” takes place of a tutor for the studentand Teacher defines instruction?
instruction leads him through a set of frames of specified behaviors students listens
designed and sequenced to make more probable that he
will behave in a desired way (Kochhar, SK 1992).
American writers define it as a process of arranging material
to be learned in a series of small steps designed to lead a learner through
self-instruction from what he knows to the unknown of new and more
complex knowledge and principles.
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According to Susan Markle, "It is a method of designing a
reproducible sequence of instructional events to produce a measurable
and consistent effect on behavior of each and every acceptable student.
Aim
Usually the aim is to enable the learner to progress through a
discuss the What is the
prearranged sequence of experiences to the acquisition or Some kind of Teacher discuss
aim of aim of
information or skill. Naturally the experiences are ordered in a manner the aim of
programmed programmed
to maximize the efficiency of learning. programmed
instruction instruction?
Elements instruction and
the group
The learner is presented with a stimulus which gives
actively
him information, demands on his response, or does both.
enlist the
participates in
elements of There is a continual necessity for the learner to utilize Which are the
discussion
programmed his information in making some response. elements of
instruction programmed
After responding, he is presented with information
instruction?
(feedback) which enables him to ascertain the
appropriateness of response.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV Evaluation
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Explain the Teacher What are the
Characteristics of Programmed Instruction
characteristic explains and charatwristics
s of The rate and depth of learning are maximized students listens of
programmed programmed
instruction understanding is fostered and the motivation of the instruction?
student is enhanced
The objectives underlying the program are defined in explicit
operational terms. This makes the terminal behavior desired to
be built up through the program.
The subject matter of the program is presented by
breaking into small steps in a logical sequences
A Programmed learning emphasizes the interaction between
learner and the program
The learner is made to respond actively
A Programmed instructional sequence takes into
consideration, the initial behavior of the learner with which it
starts and the terminal subject matter
competence which the learner is to achieve
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV Evaluation
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A programmed test provides for immediate feedback
information. This is based on the theory of reinforcement which
emphasizes that the learner learns from the sequence of
responding
In a programmed learning situation, the learner
progresses at his own pace
Programmed instruction takes care of the fact that there are even
differences in the rate at which an individual learner learns
various kinds of subject matter.
Programmed learning provides for consistent
evaluation through the record of learner's responses Learning
material in a programmed instruction is
presented in such a way that learning becomes an
interesting game and the learner is motivated to meet the
challenges set by his own capabilities
Programs are developed by experts. They are empirically tested
and modified till they are standardized. A number of students
can use a single good program and thus save texts.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV Evaluation
objectives learning aids
activity
Since a program requires continuous response from the learner it
overcomes the passivity and inertia on the part of the learner
In programmed instruction, the learner is immediately reinforced
to correct his response and this reinforcement sustains the
motivation of the learner
It permits individual student to progress at his own
need.
The introduction of programmed instruction is very
helpful in certain situations where human instructors are not
available, e.g. small isolated schools in the hilly areas
The introduction of programmed instruction is of great
significance for developing countries which are set on the path
of educating millions of masses and are short of teachers.
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All these imply the following concepts of programmed
instructions:
It put forth a controlled situation, in which various kinds of
intellectual, emotional and verbal experiences are provided
to the learner
It attempts to provide effective instruction without requiring
the physical presence of human teacher
The learner can precede through the instructional material in
short steps at his own pace, receiving immediate knowledge
of correctness of his answers
The learner proceeds from known principle to
unknown, through self instruction to learn new
Complex principles.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV Evaluation
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Mention the Teacher What is the
The process of programmed instructions
process of mentions process of
programmed The "Program is the important thing about programmed students listens programmed
instruction instruction?
instruction. It is done in the following steps
The subject matter to be programmed is analyzed thoroughly and
divided into meaningful segments of information. This segment or piece
of information is called as a "frame".
At one time, only one single frame is presented to the
learner, for which he is asked to make a response. After
writing his response to the frame, he can compare his
response with the correct response of the programmer.
The items are so skillfully written and the steps are so small
that the student practices mostly correct response. If the sequence of
items is so skillfully arranged that the student is taken from known
response to the unknown response. The
learner proceeds at his own pace. Thus, programming, by
providing self-pacing, incorporates the principle of individual
differences in the teaching learning process.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV Evaluation
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Describe the Programmed instruction material Teacher What are the
programmed describes programmed
There are three basic types of programmed instructional material, viz.
instruction students listens instruction
material 1. The teaching machine material?
2. The programmed textbook
3. The scrambled textbook
The teaching machine is a mechanical device that
presents the student, a sequential program of
learning activities comprising instructional items. It
requires the student to follow the instructions and
make a response. It immediately provides the
student the knowledge of the accuracy of his results.
The programmed textbook: The whole book is divided into four
or five panels and the student responds to one by one.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV aids Evaluation
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The scrambled textbook: In this, the student is given the
material to be learnt in small logical units and is tested
on each unit immediately. If the student passed the test
question, he is automatically given the next unit of
information and next question. If he fails, the preceding
unit of information is reviewed, the nature of error is
explained to him and he is retested.
Principles of Programmed Instruction Teacher lists What are the
List down the students write down principles of
A good programmed instruction is based on the principles of the notes programmed
principles of
learning. The fundamental principles are: instruction?
programmed
instruction Principle of small steps: The subject matter is broken
into a sequence of small steps. A student can take a step
at a time.
Principle of active responding: Students learn best if he
actively responds.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV aids Evaluation
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Principles of immediate confirmation: After he takes a
particular step, he gets the feedback or the confirmation
immediately and reinforcement can be done
accordingly.
Principle of self-pacing: Students can work as slowly or
as quickly as per his capability
Principle of student testing: A student leaves the record
of his study because he has to write a response for each
step on a response sheet.
Elaborate the Styles of Programming Teacher elaborates Which are the
styles of Generally two types of programming are used: students listens styles of
programming 1. Linear or extrinsic programming programming?
2. Branching or intrinsic programming.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV aids Evaluation
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Linear or Extrinsic Programming
In this, the frames prepared are presented to the student in
small steps and he actively responds to each step. Immediate
knowledge of the result is given to him. Self- pacing of student
is possible in this. Such sequence of a program is called linear,
because each learner takes the same path through the
instruction. It does not provide for branching for able or slow
learners. The whole program is designed by the programmer
extrinsically hence it is called extrinsic programming.
Branching or Intrinsic Programming
In this, the frames are not kept before the students in a
numerical sequence. The students answer determines which
frame he has to see next. If he fails in a frame, he is taken back
and explained why he is wrong. Depending on the answer he
gives, the student may branch ahead or may branch backward.
Unless he gives the correct answer, he cannot proceed to the
next frame.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV aids Evaluation
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Steps in Program Writing
The following are the steps in program writing:
• Preparation
• Actual writing
• Try out and revision.
Preparation: The teacher should analyze the suitability of the
topic for a program and prepare a content outline He should
define objectives in behavioral terms and construct tests for
entering terminal behavior expected from the students.
Program writing: The whole material is presented in frames
to the student and his response is confirmed and corrected.
Try out and revision: When the first draft is ready, it should
be tried out on several persons and re-edited. Frames are
revised and final draft will be prepared.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV aids Evaluation
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Explain the Teacher explains What are the
Advantages of programmed instruction
advantages students listens
advantages
and Student is kept active and alert
disadvantages and
of Student is allowed to work at his own pace disadvantages
programmed
instruction It is helpful for teaching complex subject matter as the of
complexion of material is simplified by breaking it into programmed
smaller segments instruction?
Student can work at his own pace
Individual attention is given to each other student
Student is provided with immediate knowledge of result
It facilitates self evaluation of the student
Work load of the teacher gets reduced, so that he can
concentrate on other important works like guidance,
counseling and organization activities
It makes learning interesting
It facilitates self evaluation of the student
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV aids Evaluation
objectives learning activity
Disadvantages of Programmed Instruction
Preparation of the programmed instruction material
may be difficult and time consuming
It requires special competence for the teacher to prepare
the material
Programmed materials have been severely criticized
as a threat to replacing the teacher
It is also argued that there is too much emphasis in
learning facts and very little emphasis on the mastery
of principles and concepts
It is also argued that the programmed instruction
materials are very costly and only rich nations can
afford it
It is stated that the development and use of
programmed instructional material require expert
knowledge and training. An average teacher finds it
very difficult to make use of this device.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV aids Evaluation
objectives learning activity
Summarize Teacher summarizes
Summary
the topic students ask doubts
Till now we discussed about the definition, aim, elements,
characteristics, principles, process, programmed instruction
material, styles of programming, advantages and disadvantages
of programmed instruction.
Conclude the Conclusion Teacher concludes
topic Programmed instruction implies self instructional and self students listens
controlled, carefully specified and skillfully arranged learning
experiences. Programmed learning may be defined as, the
arrangement of material to be learned into an orderly series of
learning experiences, in each of which material is presented to
the learner, a response is elicited and feedback is given.
Specific Time Content Teaching and AV aids Evaluation
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Recapitulation
1. What is programmed instruction?
2. What is the aim of programmed instruction?
3. What are the elements of programmed instruction?
4. What all are the characteristics of programmed
instruction?
5. What are the principles of programmed instruction?
References
1) B Sankaranarayan, Learning and Teaching Nursing,
third edition, Brainfill Publishers, 2009.
2) R Sudha, Nursing Education Principles and Concepts,
first edition, Jaypee publication, 2013.
3) D Elakkuvana Bhaskara Raj, Nursing Education, first
edition, Jaypee publication, 2018
4) K P Neeraja Textbook of Nursing Education, First
edition, Jaypee publication, 2003.
5) Jaspreet Kaur Sodhi, Comprehensive Textbook of
Nursing Educaytion, second edition, Jaypee
publication, 2022.
