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Electric pole

Energy meter

Light 2 Light 1
Celling fan
Main switch
box

Switch board

FIG. 1.19 Residential applications

„ Panel boards and switch boards can requires high electric supply for operating
be used in commercial application the heavy loads.
to distribute the power safely to the
machines. 1.7 Conclusion
In this unit, students can know about power
1.6.3 Industrial applications transmission and distribution, its types,
Industrial areas require high quantity primary and secondary transmission,
of electric power for the operation of over load line and underground cable
high load motors, high wattage bulbs, transmission single phase and three phase
halogens, air conditioners, and water components, its types and the applications
coolers, cranes, milling machines and of electric power distribution.
grinding machines (fig. 1.20). Industries

FIG.1.20 Commercial applications

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points to remember
„ The power supply from power plants to the consumers is called power transmission.
„ A large amount of alternating current is produced at power stations.
„ The specific resistance of copper is less than aluminium.
„ Aluminium Conductor with Steel Reinforced is extensively used for power
transmission..
„ The Lattice steel tower is suitable for the distance between 100 meters and 300 meters.
„ Types of guarding
1) Cradle guarding
2) Cage guarding
„ The insulator used in the stay wire is called stay insulator.
„ When electrical power is unable to transmit by overhead lines area underground
cables are used.
„ The underground cable is not affected by lightning

Activities

1. Students are motivated to do a small project in connected with solar energy.

(By using LED lamp)

Glossary

Di-electric strength மின்காப்பு வலிமை

Feeder lines ஊட்டளிப்புத் த�ொடர்
Grid வலையிணைப்பு (அ) மின்கட்டமைப்பு
Insulator மின்காப்பான்
Peak load உச்சக்கட்ட பளு
Regulation ஒழுங்கு முறை
Power factor திறன்காரணி
Receiving station ஏற்பு நிலையம்

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Evaluation

PART-A (1 Mark)

Choose the correct option:

1. Which of the following is not the c) 70% d) 98%.

distribution system?
7. The power transmission will be
a) 3 phase - 4 wire maximum while _________
b) 3 phase - 3 wire a) sending end voltage is more
c) Single phase - 3 wire b) receiving end voltage is more
d) Single phase - 4 wire c) reactance is high
2. The disadvantage of constant voltage d) less corona loss
transmission is _________
8. Stranded conductors are used for
a) short circuit current of the system is transmitting power to a high voltage
increased because of
b) load power factor in heavy loads a) increased tensile strength
c) large conductor area is required for b) better wind resistance
same power transmission c) ease-in handling
d) less current during short circuit d) low cost

3. The voltage of low-tension 9. The frequency supply in India is

transformer is _________
a) 132 KV b) 220 KV a) 60Hz b) 70 Hz
c 33 KV d 400 KV c) 50Hz d 45Hz

4. Generally which conductor is used 10. The angle between the two phase is
for power transmission _________ ---------------
a) Steel b) Copper a) 1800 b) 1200
c) Aluminium d) ACSR c) 1500 d) 900

5. Wooden poles for supporting 11. Three phase transformer require ----
transmission lines are used for ----------- coils
voltages up to _________ a) 6 b) 8
a) 440 V b) 11 KV c) 3 d) 4
c) 22 KV d) 66 KV
12. What is the voltage between phase
6. Which of the following regulation is and neutral?
considered to be the best? a) 200V b) 210V
a) 2% b) 30% c) 220V d) 230V
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13. What is the voltage between phase to 3. What are the main objectives,
phase? advantages and disadvantages
a) 440V b) 430V of underground cable for power
distribution?
c) 400V d) 450V
4. Draw the diagram of suspension type
insulator.
PART-B (3 Mark)

Answer the questions in brief PART-D (10 Mark)

1. What is meant by power transmission? Answer the Questions not
2. State some electrical power Exceeding two page
generating stations. 1. Explain with a neat sketch about
3. What are the advantages of DC types of electrical poles.
transmission? 2. Tabulate the differences between
4. What are the disadvantages of AC the overhead transmission lines and
transmission? underground cables.
5. What are the advantages of high
voltage transmission?
6. What are the properties of overhead Reference book
line conductors?
1. A text book of ‘Electrical Technology’
7. Write short notes on ACSR Volume-III B.L.Theraja and
conductor. A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company
8. List out the types of electrical poles. Ltd.
9. What are uses of guarding?
10. What are called service lines?
Reference internet source

PART-C (5 Marks)
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
Answer the Questions not
2. https://www.electrical4u.com
exceeding one page
1. What are the various methods of
power transmission?
2. Write down the types of distributors.

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02

UNIT
Engineering Materials

learning objective
In this unit, the study regarding properties and the applications of engineering
materials, classifications, properties of electrical and mechanical and its types with
updated materials were to gain the knowledge in the field of engineering.

table of contents
2.4 C onducting and insulating
2.1 Introduction
materials
2.2 Properties of engineering materials
2.5 Conclusion
2.3 Classification of engineering
materials

2.1 Introduction are important for an engineer, to select a

suitable material for the specific purpose.
A material is a substance used to make
physical things. The term property
means quality, which defines the specific 2.2.1 Physical properties
characteristics of a material. Materials have Physical properties determine the micro
different properties and characteristics and macro structure of the materials.
depending on what they are used for.
Example: shape, size, colour, lustre,
density, structure, finish, etc.,
2.2 Properties of
engineering materials 2.2.2 Electrical properties
Properties of materials can be classified Electrical properties determine the ability
under several heads. As a matter of fact of material to permit or resist the flow of
the following classification of materials electricity.

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Ex: conductivity, resistivity, di- Ex: corrosion resistance, reactivity,

electric, insulation, etc.. chemical composition, PH, hydroscope etc.

2.2.3 Magnetic properties 2.2.6 Thermal properties

Magnetic properties determine the Thermal properties determine the
property of the materials with presence of property of the materials when they are
applied magnetic field. subjected to thermal changes.
Ex: permeability, retentivity, Ex: specific heat, thermal
hysteresis, temperature, etc.. conductivity, thermal expansion, thermal
stress, thermal shock, latent heat, specific
2.2.4 Optical properties heat, etc..

Optical properties of a material determines

2.2.7 Mechanical properties
about a material under the action of light.
Ex: emission of light, absorbance, Mechanical properties are the properties
colour luminosity, photo sensitivity, which dealt about the behaviour of
reflecting, refractive index, scattering, material under force or load.
transmission etc.
Stiffness
Transmittance Ellipsometry Weldability Strength
Regular Diffuse, BTDF

Castability Elasticity

Reflectance Polarimetry
Regular Diffuse, BRDF
Formability Mechanical Plasticity
properties

Absorptance Index of Ductility

refraction Creep
Regular Diffuse

Brittleness Malleability
Hardness
Emittance Extinction
coefficient
Regular Diffuse
FIG 2.2 Mechanical properties

i) Strength
FIG 2.1 Optical properties It is defined as the ability of a material
to resist loads without failure and
2.2.5 Chemical properties fracture.
Chemical properties determine the ii) Stiffness
corrosion rate, chemical reaction rate of It is defined as the ability of a material
material. to resist deformation or deflection
under load.

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iii) Elasticity xi) Creep

The property of a material gets The slow and progressive
deformation when the load is applied deformation of a material to a long
and then back to its original shape after time with a constant stress is called
the load is removed. Stiffness within creep.
the elastic limit is known as elasticity. xii) Fatigue
iv) Plasticity Failure of materials under repeated
The ability of a material gets stress is called fatigue.
deformed due to load and retain to a
xiii) Resilience
new shape after the load is removed
is called plasticity. The capability of a strained body
to recover its size and shape, after
v) Ductility deformation by compressive stress is
The property of a material to be called resilience.
deformed without rupture under
tensile load is called ductility.
2.2.8 Points to be kept in
Materials possessing ductility can be
drawn into thin wire. mind before selecting
engineering materials
vi) Brittleness
The property of sudden fracture The substances which are essentially
without any deformation is called used in the field of engineering are called
brittleness. engineering materials. Following criteria’s
are required for selection of engineering
vii) Machinability
materials.
The ease in which a given material
„ Availability of material
may be shaped into required shape
with the tools is called machinability. „ Cost of material
viii) Hardness „ Sustainability
The ability of material to resist
„ Ease of manufacture
scratching or indentation by another
hard object is called hardness. „ Compatibility
ix) Toughness „ Reliability
The ability of a material to resist „ Recyclability
energy and gets fracture during
the plastic deformation is called
toughness. 2.3 C
 lassification of
x) Malleability
Engineering Materials
The ability of material gets deformed The Engineering materials are classified
without rupture with compressive into Metals, Non- metals and Alloys. It
load is called Malleability. Malleable plays an important role in the field of
materials can be hammered and engineering and in industries. Non- metals
rolled into required measurement of are classified as polymer and ceramics.
thin sheets.
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ENGINEERING
MATERIALS

METALS NON-METALS

FERROUS NON-FERROUS
POLYMER CERAMIC
METALS METALS

THERMO- SETTING THERMO

COPPER PLASTICS PLASTICS
CAST IRON ALUMINIUM
WROUGHT IRON LEAD
STEEL IRON ZINC
MIXED STEEL BRASS BAKELITE
PVC
BRONZE POLYSTER
POLYTHENE
REXIN
ACRYLIC
EBONITE

FIG 2.3 Classification of engineering materials

FIG 2.4 Classification of metals

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i. Ferrous metal Copper: Used in winding, wires,

The metal which contains iron as its main transformer and in transmission lines.
constituent is ferrous metal. Aluminium: Flexible in nature used for
Example: Cast iron, wrought iron wires, bus bars and wiring.
and steel. Tungsten: Filaments in bulb.
The ores of iron are hematite, Platinum: Used in thermo couple as
magnetite, limonite and siderite. The constant material
main ore is hematite.
Manganese: Used in standard resistance
Indians have specialized in
and shunts.
metallurgy of iron and steel manufacturing.
Asoka’s pillar at New Delhi and Puri Constantine: In Thermo couples,
Jagannath temple shows the intellectual Rheostats and starters for electric motors.
skill of Indians in the field of Engineering.
Nichrome: Used as heating element in all
heating appliances.
ii. Non- ferrous metal
Carbon: Used as brushes in electrical
The metals which contain other than iron machines.
are called non-ferrous metal.
Example: Copper, Aluminium, 2.4.2 Comparison of Copper and
Zinc, Lead, Tin, Platinum, Silver, Gold, Aluminium
Tungsten.
Factors Aluminium Copper

iii. Alloy metal Colour Silverly white Reddish brown

Density 2700 kg/m3 8900° kg/m3
Alloy metals are the metals where two or
more metals are mixed. Melting 660°C 1085°C
point
Example: Brass, Bronze, Stainless
steel and Nichrome. Resistivity 2.65 x 10–6Ω-m 1.72 x 10–6Ω-m

2.4.3 Advantages and
2.4 Conducting and disadvantages of
insulating materials aluminium
Conductivity is the property of a material a. Advantages
which allows the electric current to flow.
Conducting materials are classified into „ Cheaper
low resistivity, high resistivity and zero „ 1/3 Lighter than the weight of copper.
resistivity. „ Softer.
„ Non-reactive to acids.
2.4.1 Conducting materials
„ Availability - Aluminium is the third most
Silver: Used in contact surface of switch abundant element available in nature. It
gears and circuit breaker points consists of 7.28% of earth crust.

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b. Disadvantages

„ Higher resistivity: Due to high resistivity,

aluminium is not used for winding.
„ Having high contact resistance.
„ Tensile strength is very poor.
„ Possibilities for getting loose contacts. FIG 2.5 Application of Plastic

b) Ceramics
2.4.4 Advantage and Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic,
disadvantage of Copper covalent compounds. They are produced
a. Advantages from earthy material clay by the heat
treatment of fire. Refractories and glasses
„ Light in weight. are the types of ceramics. Porcelain is used
„ Safe, Formable and dependable. as an insulators in transformer bushing
„ Easy to join and durable. pin, switches, fuse holder, socket, discs of
electric stove, kettle and in heating element.
„ 100 % Recyclable.
Aluminium is an important refractory
material used in furnaces. Silica glass, fibre
b. Disadvantages
glass, Pyrex are important glass insulation
„ Susceptibility to corrosion. i.e., materials used in capacitor, radio & TV
Oxidation. tubes, lamps and in laminated boards.
„ Price is costly.
c) Rubber

Rubber is an organic polymer, which

elongates on stretching and regains its
2.4.5 Insulating materials
original shape after the removal of the
i. Solid insulating materials stress. Rubber may be classified as natural
a) Plastics rubber and synthetic rubber.
It is an organic polymer, which can be d) Mica
moulded into desired shape and size with
Mica is a compound of aluminium silicate
the heat and pressure or both. The plastic
with soda potash and magnesium. It has
in liquid forms is known as resin. There
high dielectric strength and low power
are two types of plastics namely Thermo
loss. Mica is used in tapping stator coils,
plastic and Thermo set plastic. Thermo
electric irons, hotplates, toasters, motor
plastic can be softened and hardened by
slot lining and transformer insulation.
heating and cooling by any number of
times. (e.g.) Polythene, PVC, Acrylic. e) Asbestos
Thermo set plastic cannot be softened
once they are moulded. It is formed by It is a natural material having fibrous
condensation and polymerization. E.g. structure, low dielectric strength and
Polyester, Bakelite, Epoxy high dielectric loss. It is used in electrical
machines to withstand temperature.

22 UNIT 02 Engineering Materials