Index

GS-1 Mains Exam (Page No 1 to 10)

History and Art and Culture
1.Editorial Topic : Ahilya Bai Holkar
2.Editorial Topic : Copper’s Hidden Strength: A Surprise Discovery
Geography
1.Editorial Topic : Heat Stress in Urban India
2.Editorial Topic : Heatwaves: Slower, Longer, More Brutal
3.Editorial Topic : Freshwater quest, the likely new gold hunt
4.Editorial Topic : India’s Looming Water Crisis: A Dry Spell Threatens Economy
5.Editorial Topic : Delhi’s Mounting Waste Crisis
Society
1.Editorial Topic : Changing Demographics in Developed Countries
2.Editorial Topic : Together, step by step
3. Editorial Topic : Supreme Court of India Recognizes Gender Identity in Pregnancy Cases
4.Editorial Topic : From Home to Workplace: Empowering Women for a Developed India

GS-2 Mains Exam (Page No 11 to 53)

Polity and Law
1.Editorial Topic : Pendency of Cases: A Multifaceted Issue
2. Editorial Topic : Can Parties Be Punished for Breaking Election Rules?
3.Editorial Topic : A Welcome Message by the Supreme Court
4. Editorial Topic : Misreading America’s Perspective on India
5. Editorial Topic : Model Code of Conduct Violations in Indian Elections
6. Editorial Topic : The Era of Performance Politics
7. Editorial Topic : India’s Global Rise vs. Regional Decline: A Paradox
Governance
1.Editorial Topic : ESG: A Call for Standardization
2. Editorial Topic : Smart Cities Mission – An Overview
3.Editorial Topic : Getting Back on Track with SDGs: A 2024 Call to Action
4.Editorial Topic : Manipur: A Year After Ethnic Violence
Health
1.Editorial Topic : India’s Tobacco Challenge
2.Editorial Topic : Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in children
3.Editorial Topic : X chromosome revival in older women increases risk of autoimmune disease
4.Editorial Topic : Obesity and Colorectal Cancer Risk
5.Editorial Topic : We need to stop the fear mongering on vaccines
6.Editorial Topic : Climate Change and Mental Health
7.Editorial Topic : Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI
8.Editorial Topic : Where does ‘us versus them’ bias in the brain come from?
9.Editorial Topic : Covishield and the Rare Case of TTS
10.Editorial Topic : Liquid Nitrogen in Food: Safety Concerns in Tamil Nadu
11.Editorial Topic : Indian Spices Facing Heat
12.Editroial Topic : National Health Policy (NHP) 2017: A System on the Rise
13.Editorial Topic : Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Turns 50
Education
1.Editorial Topic : Hyperpoliticisation of Indian Higher Education: A Threat to Academic Freedom
2.Editorial Topic : UGC NET Eligibility Change – A Confusing Move
Poverty and Inequality
1.Editorial Topic : Poverty and Inequality Trends in India
Vulnerable Groups
1.Editorial Topic : A safer web
2. Editorial Topic : Reservation within Constitutional bound
3.Editorial Topic : Strengthening Animal Protection Laws in India: A Pressing Need
International Relations
1.Editorial Topic : Nuclear Issues Regaining Importance: Beyond Pakistan Debate in India
2.Editorial Topic : The ICC’s challenge
3. Editorial Topic : India’s Expanding Connectivity Projects
4.Editorial Topic : China’s Taiwan Drills
5.Editorial Topic : Humanity’s law
6.Editorial Topic : A time for para diplomacy
7.Editorial Topic : Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi Dies in Helicopter Crash
8.Editorial Topic : U.S.-India Trade Needs Higher Ambition
9.Editorial Topic : Putin & Xi
10.Editorial Topic : Chabahar Port Deal
11.Editorial Topic 1: Investment lessons from the India-EFTA trade deal
12.Editorial Topic : Europe in the Midst of Great Power Politics
13.Editorial Topic : Myanmar Crisis:

GS-3 Mains Exam (Page No 54 to 102)

Economy
1.Editorial Topic : Heatwaves: A Double Threat for India’s Informal Workers
2.Editorial Topic : India, Liberalism and its Crisis of Legitimacy
3. Editorial Topic : AMRUT Scheme
4.Editorial Topic : India’s Trade Landscape (FY24)
5.Editorial Topic : Taming Inflation: A To-Do List
6.Editorial Topic : RBI’s Record Surplus
7.Editorial Topic : RBI Transfers Record Surplus to Government
8.Editorial Topic : Food Inflation and the “TOP” Trio
9.Editorial Topic : Indian Economy on the Rise
10.Editorial Topic : India’s Manufacturing Ambitions: Growth and Empowerment
11.Editorial Topic : Ease of compliance
12.Editorial Topic : Next Government’s Economic Priorities
13.Editorial Topic : India’s Inflation: A Mixed Bag
14.Editorial Topic : Employment in India: An Analysis (1983-2023)
15.Editorial Topic : Make it farmer friendly
16.Editorial Topic : Flip Flop Flip: Unpredictable Policies Hurt Farmers
17.Editorial Topic : The recovery debate
18. Editorial Topic: Human Development in India: A Cause for Concern
19. Editorial Topic : Impact of Climate Change on Labour
20. Editorial Topic : India’s Trade Performance in a Declining Global Market
21. Editorial Topic : Inheritance Tax and Inequality: A Debate in India
22. Editorial Topic : Carbon Farming
23. Editorial Topic : MSME Challenges in India
24. Editorial Topic : India Employment Report 2024
25. Editorial Topic : US Fed Holds Rates Steady
26. Editorial Topic: Indian Economy: Cautious Optimism
27.The New Productive Force: Challenges and Opportunities for India
28.Editorial Topic : India vs. China: Consumption Powerhouse Showdown
Science and Technology
1.Editorial Topic : Microcephaly and the SASS6 Gene
2.Editorial Topic : Deep Fake Videos
3.Editorial Topic : Venus: A Planet Parched by Sun and Atmosphere? New Theory Emerges
4.Editorial Topic : AI in Drug Development
5.Editorial Topic : Sandboxes for AI
6.Editorial Topic : Sun’s Activity and Solar Storms
7.Editorial Topic : Worms Develop and Inherit Food Habits (Princeton University Research)
8.Editorial Topic : Methane Emissions: New Study Reveals Microbes as Major Source
Disaster Management and Environment Conversation
1.Editorial Topic : Strengthening Disaster Management
2.Editorial Topic : Fire Safety Regulations in India
3.Editorial Topic : Pune Accident Raises Concerns
4.Editorial Topic : Attributing Extreme Weather Events to Climate Change
5.Editorial Topic : Analysing local environmental footprints
6.Editorial Topic : Uttarakhand Forest Fires: A Complex Problem
7.Editorial Topic : Hurdles on path to green
Security
1.Editorial Topic : The CDS : A Work in Progress
2.Editorial Topic : It is time to operationalise the Indian Defence University

GS-4 Mains Exam : Ethics (Page No. 103 to 104)

1.Editorial Topic : Enduring Relevance of Immanuel Kant in a Globalized World
2.Editorial Topic : The Age of Stupid

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History and Art and Culture

1.Editorial Topic : Ahilya Bai Holkar

Questions : Analyze the role of Ahilya Bai Holkar as a female ruler in the 18th century. How did
she overcome societal limitations to establish herself as a visionary leader?
Today marks the 300th birth anniversary of Ahilya Bai Holkar, the Maratha queen
Born for Greatness (1725):

• Born into a shepherd family in Ahmednagar district (present-day Maharashtra).

• Overcame societal limitations to become a leader in her own right.
A Visionary Ruler (30 Years of Reign):

• Exceptional leadership skills brought peace and financial stability to her kingdom.
• Championed Hindu faith:
• Revived Jyotirlingas (sacred Shiva shrines) across India.
• Renovated temples in Somnath, Varanasi, and other holy sites.
• Protected idols from iconoclasm by creating hidden shrines.
• Unified her subjects through shared cultural heritage.
• Promoted women’s empowerment:
• Supported the weaving of Maheshwari saris, providing women with work and
income.
• This tradition continues to be a significant craft in Maharashtra.
• Focused on holistic development:
• Promoted trade and commerce within the kingdom.
• Implemented measures for forest and animal conservation.
• Fostered social harmony by integrating marginalized communities.
Legacy Beyond Religion:

• Her reign serves as a model for good governance:

• Inclusive policies.
• Effective leadership.
• Blueprint for a just and prosperous society.
• More than just temple restoration:
• Her impact goes beyond religious contributions.
• Paved the way for strong rulers, regardless of gender.
A Lasting Inspiration:

• Ahilya Bai Holkar’s reign exemplifies social harmony and good governance.
• Her legacy continues to inspire generations.

2.Editorial Topic : Copper’s Hidden Strength: A Surprise Discovery

Question: Evaluate the historical significance of copper and steel in human civilization. How did
the invention of steel transform societies compared to the earlier use of copper?
The Discovery of Steel

• Steel’s invention revolutionized human civilization.

• Copper use ushered in the Bronze Age with metalworking and new tools.
Copper’s Transformation

• Copper can be heated, molded, and solidified, unlike iron.

• Iron replaced copper in tools and weapons due to its ability to form steel with carbon.
Copper’s Hidden Potential

• New study reveals copper’s surprising strength under extreme conditions.

• Subjecting copper to high strain rates and temperatures makes it behave like a much harder
material.
• This discovery could lead to new materials for high-speed manufacturing and aerospace
applications.
Strain and Strain Rate

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 • Strain: Deformation of a material under stress (applied force).
• Example: Steel requires more stress to deform the same amount as copper.
• Strain rate: Speed at which deformation occurs (units: meters per second per meter).
• New study uses cutting-edge technology to achieve ultra-high strain rates in copper.
Inducing Strength in Copper

• Researchers bombarded copper with aluminum oxide particles at high speeds (860 km/hr)
using lasers.
• This surprisingly increased copper’s hardness at the impact zone, mimicking a stronger
material.
Three Sources of Strength

• The strengthened copper exhibited three mechanisms:

• Drag-strengthening: Interaction between stressed material and atomic vibrations
hindering dislocation movement.
• Thermal strength: Kinetic energy of atoms suppressing defects within the material.
• Athermal strength: Barriers like crystal structure interfaces impeding dislocation
propagation.
Dislocation (Background Information)

• Dislocations are imperfections in a material’s atomic structure that can cause weakness.
• Strengthening mechanisms aim to prevent these dislocations from spreading through the
material.
Copper’s Potential Applications

• This discovery challenges our understanding of metal behavior at high strain rates.
• Copper’s newfound strength could be useful in applications requiring high impact resistance.
Conclusion

• Metals play a crucial role in various aspects of life, from everyday items to advanced
technologies.
• This study reveals a significant increase in copper’s strength at high strain rates, exceeding
expectations.
• The findings have the potential to revolutionize material selection for applications involving
high-impact forces.

Geography

1.Editorial Topic : Heat Stress in Urban India

Question : Examine the effectiveness of existing heat action plans (HAPs) in India. What are the
main challenges in their implementation, and how can these plans be improved to address
urban heat stress more effectively?
The Problem

• Large parts of India are experiencing scorching summers with prolonged heat waves.
• A new report highlights that rising temperatures aren’t the sole culprit behind the intense
heat stress.
Key Findings (CSE Report)

• Discomfort in major cities (Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi, etc.) stems from a combination of
factors:
• Air temperature
• Land surface temperature
• Relative humidity
• Rapid urbanization and concretization
• This poses a severe health risk, especially for vulnerable groups (elderly, children, pregnant
women, slum dwellers, outdoor workers).
Heat Waves and Urban Factors

• This is the 3rd consecutive year of severe heat waves in India.

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 • These waves are longer than usual (over 10 days) compared to the typical 4-8 days.
• Climate change is causing rising temperatures and humidity.
• However, the CSE report identifies additional factors amplifying the heat’s impact:
• Changes in land use
• Urban sprawl
Urban Heat Island Effect

• Densely built areas trap heat due to:

• Buildings
• Paved roads
• Surfaces like concrete, glass, and steel
• This leads to higher city center temperatures compared to outskirts.
• Nights offer little relief, with cities cooling down slower than before across climatic zones.
The Worrying Outcome

• Continuous heat stress increases the risk of heat-related illnesses and even death.

Heat Action Plans Needed to Combat Urban Heat Stress in India

The Problem

• Existing relief measures may not be effective due to a combination of factors causing heat
stress: rising temperatures, humidity, urban sprawl, and concretization.
• Over 20 states have heat action plans (HAPs) but most are theoretical and lack funding,
local considerations, and long-term vision.
Effective Heat Wave Response

• City-specific management plans are crucial to address local heat vulnerabilities.

• Plans should prioritize:
• Green spaces and water bodies
• Reducing heat generation from vehicles, industries, and concrete surfaces
• Affordable cooling solutions like cool roofs (reflective surfaces)
Heat Wave Action Plan Recommendations

• Disaster Management: Robust strategies and long-term plans to protect people, livestock,
and wildlife during heat waves.
• Sendai Framework Implementation: Effective implementation of the global framework for
disaster risk reduction.
• Public Awareness: Disseminate information through media, provide heat shelters, improve
early warning systems.
• Climate Action: Implement national climate action plans and utilize nature-based solutions
for sustainable cooling.
• Heat Wave Recognition: Advocate for heat waves to be recognized as major disasters.
Develop regional plans with guidelines for school closures and outdoor activities.
Sustainable Cooling Solutions

• Promote passive cooling techniques for natural ventilation in buildings.

• Adapt traditional Indian building designs for modern structures to combat urban heat islands.
• Replace dark roofs, roads, and parking lots with lighter, reflective materials to reduce heat
absorption.
Conclusion
While climate change is a factor, urban planning plays a major role in India’s heat stress. Effective heat
action plans combining emergency measures and long-term strategies are essential to save lives in
increasingly hot cities.

2.Editorial Topic : Heatwaves: Slower, Longer, More Brutal

Context:

• Heatwaves in India and around the world are becoming more frequent and intense, posing a
threat to human and animal life.
New Study Findings (Science Advances, 2024):
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 • Analyzed temperature data (1979-2020).
• Key observations:
• Heatwaves slow down by nearly 8 km/day each decade.
• Heatwaves last 4 days longer on average.
• Frequency of heatwaves increased (75 events in 1979-1983 vs. 98 events in
2016-2020).
• North America and Eurasia most affected.
Why are heatwaves changing?

• Thermodynamics: Rising global temperatures lead to hotter heatwaves.

• Dynamics: Atmospheric circulation patterns influence heatwave behavior.
Focus of the Study:

• This study goes beyond frequency and intensity to examine heatwave movement.
• Researchers tracked massive hot air masses (>1 million sq km, lasting >3 days).
Slower Movement, Longer Duration:

• A weaker jet stream (fast, high-altitude air current) is linked to slower heatwave movement.
• Jet stream weakness caused by:
• Human activity and greenhouse gas emissions (dominant role)
• Natural climate variability
Impacts:

• Increased risk of wildfires, damaged crops, and health problems.

• More persistent hot weather due to slower-moving heatwaves.
The Way Forward:

• Strategies to mitigate heatwaves in urban areas:

• Planting more trees
• Increasing green infrastructure
Overall Significance:

• This study adds to the evidence of climate change’s impact on extreme weather events.
• Changing heatwave behavior threatens our daily lives, health, and environment.

3.Editorial Topic : Freshwater quest, the likely new gold hunt

Question : Examine the legal framework governing the exploration and exploitation of
resources, including freshwater, in the “Area” under the United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea (UNCLOS). Analyze the role of the International Seabed Authority in administering
and controlling activities related to freshwater extraction.
Facts and Figures

• Total volume of water on earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km3.

• 97.5% is salt water and 2.5% freshwater.
• Out of this freshwater, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface.
• The rest of the freshwater is underground, including on or under the ocean bed.
Freshwater as a Depleting Resource

• Countries will begin exploring for and exploiting freshwater from above or under their ocean
bed, within their maritime zones.
• Countries will expand exploration beyond their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
• The “Area” under UNCLOS is defined as the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof,
beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
The Law of the Sea

• UNCLOS arrays most of the internationally accepted law on the subject.

• The Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, the Convention on the High
Seas, the Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas
and the Convention on the Continental Shelf (Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea,
1958) cover most of the issues as UNCLOS.
• Article 311 of UNCLOS states that this Convention shall prevail as between states parties,
over the Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea, 1958.
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 • Exploration and exploitation of the “Area” under UNCLOS is limited to the term “resources”,
which is defined as all solid, liquid or gaseous mineral resources in situ in the Area at or
beneath the seabed, including polymetallic nodules.
• The International Seabed Authority is empowered under UNCLOS to administer and control
the activities in the Area .

A zone of exploration

• Freshwater will become a very scarce and expensive commodity.

• The Area will qualify as a potential zone for freshwater exploration and extraction.
Way forward

• The international community should work on a legislative text addressing freshwater

exploration activities in the Area.
• India can take the lead role in this effort.

4.Editorial Topic : India’s Looming Water Crisis: A Dry Spell Threatens Economy
Question : Explain the role of El Niño in exacerbating India’s water crisis, particularly its effects
on rainfall patterns and agricultural productivity. Compare and contrast El Niño and La Niña
phenomena, highlighting their respective impacts on India’s monsoon season and the
strategies policymakers can adopt to mitigate the adverse effects of these climatic events.
The Challenge:
• Below-average monsoon rains for two consecutive years.
• Reservoir water levels at historic lows (28.2% capacity).
• Southern states particularly affected (15.7% capacity).
• Nagarjuna Sagar, Somasila, and other key reservoirs nearly empty.
Impact on Agriculture:
• Lower production due to insufficient water.
• Government rice procurement down 5.7% year-over-year.
• Wheat procurement sluggish, expected to fall short of target.
• Retail prices of pulses, vegetables significantly higher.
El Niño’s Role:
• Contributed to lower rainfall and higher temperatures.
• Warmer November-December hindered wheat growth.
• Scorching summer linked to El Niño.

El Niño and La Niña: Pacific Ocean’s Impact on Weather

El Niño vs. La Niña:
• Both caused by variations in Pacific Ocean temperatures (El Niño-Southern Oscillation or
ENSO cycle).
• El Niño: Warming of eastern Pacific (warm phase of ENSO).
• More frequent than La Niña.
• Lasts 9-12 months (sometimes longer).
• La Niña: Cooling of eastern Pacific (cool phase of ENSO).
• Lasts 1-3 years.
• Associated with above-average rainfall in India.
Current Situation:
• El Niño weakening, expected to become neutral by June.
• Potential transition to La Niña during monsoon season (positive for India’s rainfall).
Conclusion:
• Post-election government’s initial challenge might be managing food inflation if monsoon
disappoints.
• Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.

5.Editorial Topic : Delhi’s Mounting Waste Crisis

Question : Analyze the key challenges faced by Delhi in waste management and also discuss the
implications of these challenges on environmental sustainability and public health.

• Population:

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 • 2011 Census: 1.7 crore
• 2024 Estimated: 2.32 crore
• Waste Generation:
• Daily waste: 13,000 tonnes (tonnes per day (TPD))
• Per capita generation: 0.6 kg/day
• Collection:
• 90% collected by municipal corporations (Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD),
Cantonment Board)
• Waste Composition: (Typical Indian Cities)
• Biodegradable wet waste: 50-55%
• Non-biodegradable wet waste: 35%
• Inert waste: 10%
• Processing Capacity:
• Facilities at Okhla, Bhalswa, Narela, Bawana, Tehkhand, SMA Industrial Area,
Nilothi, Ghazipur
• Unprocessed waste disposed of daily: 3,800 TPD (landfills)
• Landfills:
• Gazipur, Bhalswa, Okhla
• Issues: methane gas generation, leachate formation, landfill fires, environmental
damage
• Biomining Initiative:
• Launched by MCD in 2019 to reduce landfill waste
• Stalled by COVID-19 pandemic
• Completion delayed by 2-3 years (from initial 2024 target)
Challenges of Delhi’s Waste Management

• Lack of source segregation: Mixed waste entering landfills due to poor segregation at
homes and businesses.
• Land scarcity: Large land parcels (30-40 acres) needed for processing plants, which is a
major challenge in Delhi.
• Public awareness: Low public awareness on proper waste management leads to littering and
improper disposal.
• Inconsistent collection: Areas lacking regular collection services see waste buildup and
littering.
• Illegal dumping: Open dumping in areas and water bodies strains municipal resources.
• Stakeholder coordination: Poor coordination between multiple municipal corporations
hinders efficient waste management.
What Needs to Be Done

• Scale up processing: Delhi needs processing capacity for 18,000 tonnes per day (TPD) to
manage waste from a projected population of 3 crore.
• Biodegradable waste processing: Composting or biogas generation for 9,000 TPD of wet
waste.
• Non-biodegradable dry waste management:
• Segregate recyclable materials (2%) for recycling facilities.
• Convert non-recyclable fraction (33%) into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) for generating
power.
The Way Forward

• Partnership with neighboring states: Delhi may need to collaborate with neighboring states
to set up composting plants due to land limitations.
• Decentralized and centralized processing: Integrate decentralized options for both wet and
dry waste with large-scale processing facilities to ensure complete scientific processing.
• Full capacity utilization: Ensure existing processing plants operate at full capacity while
building new ones to eliminate untreated waste.
Learning best practices: Urban local bodies should adopt successful waste management practices
from other Indian and international cities

Society

1.Editorial Topic : Changing Demographics in Developed Countries

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Question : Evaluate the significance of addressing fears of uncontrolled Muslim population
growth in India based on recent demographic data. Analyze the trends in Total Fertility Rate
(TFR) and their implications for future population patterns in India.
Introduction

• A recent study by the PM-Economic Advisory Council in India confirms a trend of changing
demographics in OECD countries.
The Great Replacement Theory

• This theory claims a conspiracy by elites to replace white Europeans with non-Europeans.
• The theory is gaining traction in Europe, with surveys showing significant belief in it.
• Cities like Amsterdam, Hague, Rotterdam, London, and Brussels have high migrant
populations.
The PM-Economic Advisory Council Study

• The study by Ravi, Jose, and Mishra analyzes religious demographics in OECD countries.
• It covers 38 OECD countries over a 65-year period (1950-2015).
• 30 out of 35 OECD countries saw a decline in the majority religious denomination (Roman
Catholics).
• The average decline in the majority population across all 167 studied countries was 22%.
• The decline was steeper in OECD countries, averaging 29%.
Data from Africa

• Animism was the dominant religion in 24 African countries in 1950.

• By 2015, it was no longer the majority religion in any of those countries.
Findings in the Context of India’s Demographics
Countering Propaganda on Minority Status

• The study finds that India, in line with global trends of declining majorities, has also
witnessed a 7.81% decrease in the share of the majority religious denomination.
• The authors propose that the increase in the minority population could be a “good indicator”
to conclude that they are “flourishing” in that country.
• In the Indian context, a 7.81% rise in the populations of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, and
Buddhists (Parsis and Jains saw a decline) suggests that contrary to propaganda, especially
in Western media, minorities enjoy relative comfort in the country.
• The authors conclude the report by stating that “contrary to the noise in several quarters,
careful analysis of the data shows that minorities are not just protected but indeed thriving in
India.”
South Asian Neighborhood and Minority Status

• This is particularly noteworthy given the wider context of the South Asian neighborhood,
where the share of the majority religious denomination has increased, and minority
populations have shrunk alarmingly across countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Bhutan, and Afghanistan.
• India’s performance suggests a conducive environment to foster diversity in society.
Misconstrued Study Conclusion

• Rather than understanding the study’s purpose to negate the propaganda about the status
of minorities in India, the debate largely shifted to the growing numbers of minorities and
dangers to the majority community.
• A comprehensive study about the growing minority population in India, “Religious
Demography of India,” was published by J K Bajaj, M D Srinivas, and A P Joshi in 2003.
• Going down to the district level, that near-exhaustive study warned of the unbalanced growth
of minority populations in the country.
Addressing Fears of Uncontrolled Muslim Population Growth

• New data also reveals that population growth rates in India are gradually approaching a
healthy growth mark.
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) data (number of births a woman gives in her lifetime), a credible
indicator to project population growth, shows that in India, against the preferred TFR of 2.19,
the national average is hovering around 2.
• This is a decline from 2.2 in 2015 and 3.4 in 1991.
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 • This decline, according to the National Family Health Survey data, is across all religious
groups.
• Between 1991 and 2015, this decline for Hindus was from 3.3 to 2.1, while that of Muslims
was from 4.4 to 2.6.
• Today, the figures for Hindus and Muslims have further declined to 1.9 and 2.4 respectively.
Conclusion

• If the trend of decline in TFR continues, India is expected to see healthy population patterns
in the coming decades. PMEAC’s conclusions, in a way, indicate the same thing: that
minorities enjoy all benefits and lead a comfortable life in India, while demographic changes
in the whole world remain a concern.

2.Editorial Topic : Together, step by step

Question : Analyze the concept of “Women’s Empowerment” as critiqued in the discourse on

gender equality. Evaluate the implications of this critique on efforts to promote women’s agency
and advancement in society.
Women’s Equity in Public Discourse

• Non-linear progress: Gains and setbacks are part of a continuous struggle against
systemic misogyny.
• Global solidarity: Women’s movements are uniting across borders.
• Iranian women inspired by Afghan women and Kurdish chant “Women, Freedom,
Life!”
• Mexican women supporting US women on abortion rights.
• Chilean protest song “The Rapist Is You” becomes a global anthem.
Critique of “Women’s Empowerment” Term:

• Problem: Term suggests women lack agency and receive power as a handout from men.
• Impact: Creates a sense of powerlessness in women.
• Solution: Focus on women’s strategies to gain power within existing systems.
Case Study: Sexual Harassment in Workplaces

• Problem: Women quit due to harassment, losing leadership positions.

• Motivation for Harassment: Eliminating female competition, not sexual desire.
• Impact: Affects entire workplace environment.
• Solution: Shift focus from protecting victims to punishing perpetrators.
• Challenge: Existing male leadership might be ineffective in addressing this.
• Call to Action: More women in leadership are needed.
Global Status of Women (UN Women Reports):

• Leadership:
• Only 27% of parliamentary seats, 36% of local government seats, and 28% of
management positions held by women.
• Poverty: 8% of global female population survives on less than $2.15 a day.
• Labor Force Participation: Only 61% of prime working-age women participate, compared
to 91% of men.
• Unpaid Care Work: Women globally will still spend 9.5% more time on unpaid care work
than men by 2050.
• Legal Rights:
• 28 countries don’t have laws granting women equal rights in marriage and
divorce.
• 67 countries lack laws prohibiting discrimination against women.
Conclusion:

• Women’s struggle goes beyond gender divide.

• It’s about changing societal norms men haven’t faced.
• Women need collective action, not handouts or dropping out.

3. Editorial Topic : Supreme Court of India Recognizes Gender Identity in Pregnancy Cases

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 • Landmark Case: A three-judge Supreme Court bench led by Chief Justice D.Y.
Chandrachud (Feb. 2024) used the term “pregnant person(s)” in the case “A (Mother of X) v.
State of Maharashtra”.
• Reasoning: The court acknowledged a wider gender spectrum beyond cisgender women,
including non-binary people and transgender men.
• Significance: This decision promotes inclusivity for LGBTQIA+ rights in India.
• Part of Ongoing Efforts: This builds on the Court’s August 2023 “Handbook on Combating
Gender Stereotypes” emphasizing neutral language in legal discourse.
• Impact: CJI Chandrachud argued outdated language hinders equal rights guaranteed by the
Constitution.
Supreme Court Observation on Gender and Pregnancy

• Broadening Identity Categories: SC’s observation goes beyond words, urging a shift from
binary thinking to recognizing individual agency in gender identity.
• Legal Protections for Pregnancy: This could lead to legal protections for transgender men
and non-binary people who can become pregnant.
• Alignment with Same-Sex Marriage Judgment: This observation aligns with the SC’s
push for legislative safeguards for same-sex couples.
• Gender-Neutral Language in Law: This sets a precedent for using gender-neutral
language in legal discussions about pregnancy, abortion, and fertility.
• Long-Term Change: While legal battles like same-sex marriage take time, this observation
could pave the way for a more progressive understanding of gender and family structures.

4.Editorial Topic : From Home to Workplace: Empowering Women for a Developed India
Question : Discuss the challenges faced by women in accessing skilling programs and
transitioning to high-quality, formal jobs in India.
Introduction:

• A new government aims to achieve a developed India (“Viksit Bharat”) by 2047.

• Women’s economic empowerment is crucial, as they currently lag behind on well-being
indicators.
Policies for Gender Parity:
1.Focus on Labor-Intensive Sectors:

• India’s employment rate (50%) is lower than China (70%) and Bangladesh (55%) (ILO & World
Bank).
• Increasing women’s workforce participation (LFP) from 25% to 50% could raise GDP to 8%
and create a $5 trillion economy by 2030 (World Bank).
• Expand manufacturing (13% of GDP) – especially garments and footwear with high female
participation.
• Use Production Linked Investment (PLI) schemes in these sectors to create jobs and
overcome disadvantages for women.
2.Formalize the Economy:

• Developed countries have a dominant formal sector.

• India struggles with transitioning to “good jobs” and high-productivity activities.
• High-quality, relevant, and affordable skilling is crucial, especially for women.
• Only 25% of employed Indians have salaried jobs (compared to 55% in China and 40% in
Bangladesh).
• Structural transformation away from agriculture and the informal sector disproportionately
affects women.
• Policy lacks focus on gender imbalances in skilling.
Skilling for Women:

• Improve access, financial support, and job placement after training.

• Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) are affordable but have low female enrollment (7%).
• Consider more training institutes exclusively for women.
• Distance to centers and credit constraints hinder access.
• Families might hesitate to invest due to perceived low returns for women.
• Provide targeted credit access, scholarships, and stipend support.
• Employers can incentivize up-skilling with performance-based rewards and zero-interest
loans.
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Beyond Skilling:

• Women still face worse employment outcomes after training.

• Address this through career counseling and job placement support.
• Leverage alumni networks for female mentorship to bridge the gender gap.
3.Promoting Women-Friendly Urbanization:

• Rapid urbanization is underway in India.

• Young married women with children are less likely to migrate or enter non-farm sectors
compared to men.
• Limited physical mobility restricts urban women’s access to education and work.
• Policy needs a gender perspective on urban infrastructure, transportation, and public safety.
• High-quality, subsidized childcare facilities could free women from care work and create new
jobs.
4.Reducing Unpaid Domestic Labor:

• Public policies promoting India’s energy transition can incentivize clean technology adoption
in households, reducing women’s time spent on housework.
• Rural women spend roughly 20 hours per week cooking, equivalent to part-time work.
• Much of this cooking relies on inefficient and polluting fuels (e.g., firewood), requiring
significant time for collection and use. This negatively impacts women’s health and
productivity.
• The PMUY program is commendable for facilitating LPG adoption, but regular usage remains
low (around 25% of its potential).
• India can learn from the Biden administration’s Inflation Reduction Act. It offers cash rebates
to consumers for clean technology purchases alongside production incentives that create new
jobs in the clean energy sector.
Conclusion
History shows women’s empowerment is linked to education, good jobs, and venturing outside the home.
Improving the value of investments in women’s human capital, at a low cost,is our best bet for achieving
gender parity and building a developed society.

Flipkart Buy Link : (COD Available) : https://tinyurl.com/2cj58fbp

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Polity and Law

1.Editorial Topic : Pendency of Cases: A Multifaceted Issue

Question : Analyze the impact of government litigation on the caseload of Indian courts. What
measures can be taken to reduce the volume of government-related cases and improve the overall
efficiency of the judicial system?
The summer court break reignites the debate on judicial work hours, with a misplaced focus on vacations.
Real reasons behind case backlog:
1. Judge Shortage:

• Unfilled vacancies across all court levels:

• High courts: Average 30% vacancy, reaching nearly 50% in some states.
• Subordinate courts: Average 22% vacancy, exceeding 30% in Bihar and
Meghalaya for over 3 years.
• Long case pendency due to insufficient judges:
• Subordinate courts: Average 3 years per case (as of June 2020).
• High courts: Average 5 years per case (as of 2022).
• Inadequate judge-to-population ratio:
• Law Commission (1987) recommended 50 judges per 1 million people.
• India currently has only 15 judges per 1 million, falling short even by this low
benchmark.
• BRICS counterparts have significantly higher judge ratios.
2. Beyond Judges: Structural & Technical Issues

• Complex cases and lawyer strategies to prolong trials contribute to delays.

• Courtroom shortage and suboptimal conditions in existing ones.
• Staff shortages: National average of 26% vacancy for support staff.
• Uneven legal skills and knowledge lead to procedural delays and unnecessary appeals.
• Collusive legal practices: Unjustified applications, adjournments, and appeals.
• Slow adoption of technology due to various limitations.

Reducing Court Backlog in India: Key Solutions

• Reduce Government Litigation: Analyze and streamline government lawsuits clogging

courts (50% of caseload).
• Pre-legislative Impact Assessment: Evaluate new laws to minimize litigation burden and
draft clearer laws.
• Professional Court Management: Create permanent, qualified teams to improve efficiency
and free judges for adjudication.
• Raise Entry Standards: Set higher qualifications for judges and lawyers to enhance legal
expertise and reduce errors.
• Increase Investment: Allocate more resources for infrastructure, staffing, and overall
efficiency (current per capita spending < Rs 150).
• Alternative Dispute Resolution: Promote pre-trial mediation, Lok Adalats, and specialized
courts to ease regular court burdens.
• Streamline Procedures: Regularly review and update court procedures to eliminate delays
and bottlenecks.
• Prioritize Cases: Focus on resolving older cases and those involving liberty or potential harm.

2. Editorial Topic : Can Parties Be Punished for Breaking Election Rules?

Note: Today’s editorials are solely for informational updates; direct questions cannot be
formulated
• The Election Commission of India (ECI) expects politicians to follow the Model Code of Conduct
(MCC) during elections. This code aims to ensure fair and peaceful elections. A recent debate
has emerged regarding the ECI’s power to punish parties that violate the MCC.
Types of Political Parties in India
India has two categories of registered political parties:

• Registered Unrecognized Political Parties (RUPPs): These are basic registered parties
that meet fundamental requirements like loyalty to the constitution. They receive some

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 benefits like tax breaks and a common symbol for elections. There are over 2,700 RUPPs in
India.
• Recognized Parties (National and State): RUPPs that achieve good election results (seats
or votes) are upgraded to “national” or “state” status. This comes with additional perks like a
reserved election symbol and more “star campaigners” who can speak during campaigns.
There are only a handful of national and state parties compared to RUPPs.
The Challenge: Lack of Clear Rules for Deregistration

• The article highlights a crucial gap in the system. The Representation of the People Act (RP
Act) doesn’t explicitly authorize the ECI to deregister parties for not contesting elections, not
holding internal elections, or failing to submit required reports.
• A Supreme Court ruling further strengthens this point. In 2002’s Indian National Congress
case, the court held that the ECI cannot deregister parties under normal circumstances.
Deregistration is only possible in extreme cases like fraudulent registration, violation of the
constitution, or being declared unlawful.
Concerns and Potential Misuse

• RUPPs and Misuse of Funds: Many RUPPs don’t even participate in elections. This raises
concerns about the potential misuse of tax benefits they enjoy on donations. Some fear these
funds might be used for money laundering.
• Lenient Action Against Recognized Parties: Even recognized parties, which enjoy greater
privileges, have been caught violating the MCC by appealing to caste or religion for votes, or
using bribery or intimidation. However, the ECI’s response is often limited to short campaign
bans (2-3 days) for the offending leaders.
Election Commission’s Recommendations (2016 Memorandum)

• ECI suggested amending the law to empower itself to deregister political parties.
Law Commission’s Report (255th Report, 2015)

• Recommended amendments to allow de-registration of a party if it fails to contest elections

for 10 consecutive years.
• These recommendations should be implemented.
ECI’s Existing Powers (Para 16A of Symbols Order)

• ECI can suspend or withdraw recognition of a recognized political party for:

• Failure to observe Model Code of Conduct (MCC)
• Not following lawful directions of the Commission
Conclusion

• These powers have likely only been used once in 2015 when National People’s Party’s
recognition was suspended for 3 weeks for not following ECI directions.
• Strict action under this provision would ensure better adherence to the MCC.

3.Editorial Topic : A Welcome Message by the Supreme Court

Note: Today’s editorials are solely for informational updates; direct questions cannot be
formulated
The recent Supreme Court decision on the bail granted to Prabir Purkayastha, editor of Newsclick. The
case highlights the importance of fundamental legal principles and due process.
Key Principles Upheld:

•Bail not jail: The Supreme Court emphasized the presumption of innocence until proven
guilty. This principle is often diluted in cases under special laws like UAPA (Unlawful Activities
Prevention Act).
• Article 22(1): This article guarantees certain rights to arrested individuals, including being
informed of the grounds for arrest and having access to legal counsel.
The Newsclick Case:

• Purkayastha was accused of serious offenses under UAPA.

• The state argued against bail due to the seriousness of the charges.
• The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Purkayastha, citing Article 22(1).
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 • He was not informed of the arrest grounds in writing, violating his fundamental right.
Significance of the Judgement:

• Upholds Fundamental Rights: The Court reaffirms that even in UAPA cases, basic rights
cannot be ignored.
• Importance of Due Process: Legal procedures, like providing arrest grounds, are crucial and
cannot be bypassed.
• Curbs on “Alternate Justice System”: The judgement cautions against a separate system
for “heinous” crimes that neglects due process.
Rise in Cases Under Special Laws

• UAPA Cases: Increased by 23% in 2022 compared to previous years (NCRB data).
• PMLA Cases: Grew by 450% in the first 3 years of the current government’s second term
compared to the same period in the first term (NCRB data).
Conclusion:

• The Supreme Court acts as a guardian of individual rights.

• This judgement reminds investigating agencies to follow proper procedures.
Additional Notes:

• The Court’s decision doesn’t comment on the merits of the case against Purkayastha or
Newsclick.

Additional Information ( Arora IAS)

1.UAPA Explained: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, or UAPA, is an Indian law designed to combat terrorism and
other unlawful activities.
What it Does:

• Empowers the government to designate individuals and organizations as terrorists.

• Allows for preventive detention of individuals suspected of involvement in unlawful activities.
• Provides special procedures for investigating and prosecuting terrorist offenses.
Key Features:

• Broad Definition of Unlawful Activity: UAPA goes beyond just terrorism and encompasses
acts intended to disrupt India’s territorial integrity, sovereignty, or security.
• Preventive Detention: The law allows authorities to detain individuals for up to 18 months
without trial if they are suspected of involvement in unlawful activities. This provision has been
criticized for violating due process rights.
• Designation of Terrorist Organizations: The government can declare an organization as
terrorist if it believes it is involved in terrorism. This designation can have severe
consequences for the organization and its members.
• Special Courts: UAPA cases are tried in special courts with faster procedures compared to
regular courts.
• Seizure of Property: The law allows authorities to seize property suspected of being used for
financing terrorism.
Criticisms:

• Potential for Abuse: The broad definition of unlawful activity and the provision for preventive
detention raise concerns about potential misuse by the government.
• Violation of Due Process: Critics argue that preventive detention undermines the
presumption of innocence.
• Impact on Freedom of Expression: The law has been used to target activists and journalists,
raising concerns about its impact on freedom of expression.
2.Article 22(1) of the Indian Constitution
Article 22(1) is a fundamental safeguard against arbitrary arrest and detention in India. It guarantees
certain rights to individuals who are arrested, ensuring a fair and just legal process. Let’s break it down:
What it Protects:

• Right to be Informed: This guarantees that anyone who is arrested must be informed of the
grounds for their arrest “as soon as may be.” This means they should be told the reason for
their arrest promptly, without unnecessary delay.
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 • Right to Consult a Lawyer: The arrested person has the right to consult and be defended by
a legal practitioner of their choice. This ensures they have access to legal advice and
representation throughout the process.
Why it’s Important:

•Prevents Arbitrary Arrests: By requiring authorities to inform individuals of the arrest

reasons, Article 22(1) discourages baseless arrests and detainment.
• Ensures Fair Trial: Access to a lawyer empowers the arrested to understand their rights,
prepare a defense, and potentially challenge the arrest’s legality.
Landmark Cases:

• D.K. Basu vs. State of West Bengal (1997): This case established detailed guidelines for
police officers during arrest and detention, including providing a written arrest memo with the
grounds for arrest.
• Pankaj Bansal vs Union of India (2023): Here, the Supreme Court emphasized that
furnishing a written copy of the arrest grounds is mandatory even under the Prevention of
Money Laundering Act (PMLA), highlighting the importance of Article 22(1) across various
laws.
Criticisms and Challenges:

• Delay in Informing: Sometimes, informing the arrested person about the grounds for arrest
might be delayed due to ongoing investigations. This creates a tension between the right to
information and the need for effective investigation.
• Access to Lawyer: While the right to legal counsel exists, ensuring access, especially for
financially disadvantaged individuals, remains a challenge.
Conclusion:
Article 22(1) is a cornerstone of protection against arbitrary arrest and detention in India. It empowers
individuals and promotes a fair legal system. However, ensuring its effective implementation and
addressing access-related challenges remain ongoing tasks.

4. Editorial Topic : Misreading America’s Perspective on India

Misreading America’s Perspective on India

• India should not prioritize debates on how the West, especially the USA, views its democratic
credentials.
• India must keenly observe the US elections and their outcome due to their impact on India’s
trade and security interests.
Misplaced Indian Media Fixation

• Indian media often depicts the US as overly concerned with India’s “democratic backsliding”
and election interference.
• In reality, the US faces more pressing challenges:
• Russian invasion of Ukraine in Europe.
• China’s expansionism in Asia.
• Gaza conflict influencing American domestic politics.
• Inability to effectively counter the Sino-Russian alliance posing a threat to US
global interests.
• Visits by China’s Xi Jinping to Europe and the upcoming visit by Russia’s Vladimir
Putin to China underscore the growing strategic coordination between Beijing and
Moscow against the West.
Overlooking Crucial US Domestic Discourse

• Little attention in India on crucial US domestic debates, particularly regarding the upcoming
elections.
• Potential return of Donald Trump to the presidency concerns US allies, but Indian media
missed covering his recent interview outlining plans relevant to India.
• Indian media prioritizes commentary from US State Department spokespersons over actual
US domestic political discourse.
Western Media’s Limited India Coverage

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 • Western media’s coverage of Indian elections primarily relies on reports from India-based
correspondents, consumed more in India than the West.
• Indian foreign reporting focuses more on Western media’s coverage of India than the actual
political situation in the countries where reporters are stationed.
• Commentary on Indian democracy in Western media constitutes a small portion of their overall
output.
Western Interests over Ideology

• Debate about Western nations promoting democracy is inaccurate.

• Their foreign policies are driven by capitalist and security interests, not spreading a specific
ideology.
• Slogans like “democracy promotion” don’t reflect the reality of US foreign policy, just as
“strategic autonomy” discussions don’t reveal much about India’s actual foreign policy actions.
• Every country has its own narrative about its global role, but these are adjusted based on
realpolitik and external circumstances.
• US’s past support for Pakistan’s military, overlooking human rights abuses, contradicts the
idea of democracy being their top priority.
• Supporting China’s rise and aiding the rise of Islamic extremism in Afghanistan show US
foreign policy prioritizes interests over ideology.
• This is not a criticism of the US but highlights the gap between their stated goals and actual
actions.
• Geopolitical and economic interests, not spreading democracy, are the main drivers of US
foreign policy.
Concerns for India

• US elections matter to India beyond Indian democracy being a talking point.

• Potential fallout of a change of guard in Washington:
• Possible US trade policy changes under Trump, including a 10% import tariff, could
significantly impact India’s trade.
• Trump’s foreign policy towards Russia and China affects India’s strategic
partnership with the US.
• Trump’s immigration policies targeting undocumented immigrants, including many
Indians, should concern India.
• Potential changes to the US government under Trump could have global
implications, including for India.
Internal Battles for Indian Democracy

• Ultimately, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal’s warnings about a potential “dictatorship” in
India and Congress leader Rahul Gandhi’s use of the Constitution in his election rallies hold
more significance than editorials on Indian elections in The New York Times and The
Guardian.
• The true fight for Indian democracy is internal, not a contest between Delhi and Western
capitals.

5. Editorial Topic : Model Code of Conduct Violations in Indian Elections

Question : Examine the role and significance of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) in ensuring
free and fair elections in India. Analyze the challenges faced by the Election Commission of India
(ECI) in enforcing the MCC and suggest measures to strengthen its implementation.
Introduction

• The model code of conduct (MCC) has been repeatedly violated by senior politicians during
election campaigns in India.
• Framed by the Election Commission of India (ECI) based on a consensus among all political
parties.
Importance of Adhering to the Code

• MCC aims at ensuring peaceful, orderly, and civilized elections.

• Despite consensus during its framing, the competitive nature of Indian elections often leads
to violations.
• Elections in India witness distortions, falsehoods, misinterpretations, and slanging matches.
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Constitutional Mandate

• Constitution mandates ECI to conduct free and fair elections.

• Free and fair elections are a fundamental aspect of India’s Constitution.
• Article 324 grants ECI plenary powers to ensure the integrity of the electoral process.
Role and Powers of ECI

• In the case of Election Commission of India vs State of Tamil Nadu and Others (1993), the
Supreme Court reaffirmed the ECI’s role and powers.
• ECI is constitutionally mandated to ensure free and fair elections and the purity of the electoral
process.
• ECI possesses incidental and ancillary powers to fulfill its constitutional objectives.
Key Provisions of the MCC

• MCC aims at maintaining the purity of the electoral process and providing a level playing field.
• Prohibits activities aggravating differences or inciting communal hatred.
• Criticism of other parties must be limited to their policies and programs.
• Prohibits unverified allegations, distortions, and appeals to caste or communal feelings.
• Strictly prohibits corrupt practices and offenses under election laws.
ECI’s Duty and Responsibilities

• ECI must swiftly examine MCC violations and take appropriate action against violators.
• Ensuring the purity of the electoral process is the foremost responsibility of the ECI.
Note

• Despite the MCC’s significance in ensuring fair elections, its violations are rampant.
• Upholding the MCC’s provisions is crucial for maintaining the integrity of India’s electoral
democracy.
• ECI’s proactive role in enforcing the MCC is essential for preserving the sanctity of the
electoral process.

Legal Enforceability

• Model code of conduct (MCC) is not legally enforceable, making court relief for violations
impossible.
• Aggrieved parties must complain to the Election Commission of India (ECI) for intervention.
Legal Framework

• Neither The Representation of the People Act nor The Conduct of Election Rules includes
provisions for the MCC.
• The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, empowers ECI to address
MCC violations.
• Paragraph 16A of the Symbols order allows ECI to suspend or withdraw party recognition for
MCC violations.
Violation of Oath by Ministers
Oath Violation

• Ministers pledge to serve all citizens impartially through their oath.

• Speaking against any section of society demonstrates bias and violates this oath.
Legal Ramifications

• The Constitution and election law do not stipulate punishment for oath violations by Ministers.
• Section 125 of the Representation of People Act 1951 imposes a maximum three-year
sentence for promoting enmity between citizens based on religion.
Judicial Intervention

• The apex court can direct ECI to initiate criminal proceedings under Section 125 whenever
oath violations occur.
• Violators may be barred from campaigning until ongoing elections conclude.

Conclusion

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Judicial Emphasis

• The judiciary stresses maintaining the purity of elections.

• Promoting hatred between sections of society based on religion, caste, or community is
condemned.
ECI’s Empowered Role

• The Constitution grants significant powers to ECI to act when necessary.

• ECI must exercise its powers to preserve the integrity of elections.

6. Editorial Topic : The Era of Performance Politics

Question : Examine the role of institutional mechanisms in institutionalizing the vision of
competency-based politics, focusing on identifying skill gaps among elected officials and
facilitating continuous learning through existing training institutions and collaborations with civil
society organizations.

Focus on Competency in Political Discourse

• Competency should be a core principle in political discussions.

India’s Vibrant Democracy

• India’s democracy relies on elected representatives fulfilling the people’s mandate.

• Over 41,000 elected officials formulate policy, address citizen concerns, and work on
committees across central, state, and local levels.
• While 75% of MPs and 64% of MLAs are graduates, effective governance requires a broader
range of competencies.
Essential Competencies for Politicians

• Behavioral Skills: Effective communication (written & verbal), public engagement,

leadership, and negotiation are crucial for interacting with diverse stakeholders.
• Functional Competencies: Understanding legislative and policy processes, and translating
citizen grievances into actionable policy changes are essential.
• Domain-Based Competencies: Specific expertise relevant to constituencies and portfolios
is necessary. This includes:
• Urban planning, transportation systems, public works, and sustainable
infrastructure development.
• Awareness of technological advancements and their impact on public services and
economic growth.
Examples of Domain Expertise in Action

• The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, National Health Policy, Mental Healthcare Act, and
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Rules all demonstrate the impact of domain knowledge.
Avoiding the Competency Trap

• Overemphasis on specific skills shouldn’t stifle innovation and creativity needed for complex
problem-solving.
• We need to encourage critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration among
representatives with diverse backgrounds and expertise.
Institutionalizing the Vision

• Identifying Skill Gaps: The Karmayogi Competency Model from Mission Karmayogi can be
used to identify existing skill gaps among elected officials. This will involve consultation with
citizens, domain experts, and the officials themselves to determine evolving training needs.
• Facilitating Continuous Learning: Existing resources from central and state training
institutions can be leveraged. These include:
• Parliamentary Research and Training Institute for Democracies
• National and State Institutes of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj
• Integrated Government Online Training platform
Collaboration with civil society organizations like PRS Legislative Research, Participatory Research in
Asia, and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini can further support continuous learning.

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Conclusion

• Shifting Public Perception: The success of competency-based politics relies on a change in

public perception. Citizens need to demand more from their representatives, holding them
accountable for both promises made and the ability to deliver.
• Competency as a Central Pillar: As we strive for a developed India, let’s make competency
a core principle in political discourse. Effective leadership should not be an exception, but an
expectation.

7. Editorial Topic : India’s Global Rise vs. Regional Decline: A Paradox

Question : Discuss the significance of India’s regional presence in achieving its global ambitions.
Evaluate the potential impact of India’s ability to address its regional decline on its overall
geopolitical standing and influence.
India’s Global Rise:

• Strong economic growth

• Improved military capabilities
• Young population
• Membership in G-20, participation in Quad, BRICS, SCO
• Strategic location in the Indo-Pacific
Factors Contributing to Rise:

• Rise of Indo-Pacific as a strategic region

• US interest in countering China
India’s Regional Decline:

• Weakening influence in South Asia

• US withdrawal from region creates power vacuum filled by China
• Focus on global power balance may neglect regional dynamics and smaller countries
Reasons for Decline:

• Comparative power dynamics with China

• Geopolitical choices of South Asian nations
Potential Issue:

• Overlooking regional balancing acts in favor of major power struggles could be

counterproductive.
The Rise of China: Challenges and Opportunities for India
China’s Rise and India’s Response:

•
China’s growing power creates stiff competition for India in South Asia.
•
US withdrawal and India’s Indo-Pacific focus benefit China.
•
Smaller South Asian nations are balancing between India and China.
Recommendations for India:

1. Acknowledge the Change: Accept the transformed regional landscape and adjust policies.
2. Focus on Strengths: Play to India’s advantages instead of mimicking China’s approach.
3. Leverage Maritime Power: Utilize India’s maritime strengths to overcome continental
limitations (e.g., trade, partnerships).
4. Integrate Neighbors: Offer South Asian countries a stake in India’s Indo-Pacific strategy to
counter China’s influence.
5. Embrace External Partnerships: Welcome regional involvement beyond just India-centric
policies.
6. Boost Soft Power: Strengthen cultural and civil society ties with South Asian neighbors.
Conclusion:
India’s global ambitions require a strong regional presence. Can India address its regional decline while
achieving global influence?

Governance and Social Justice

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1.Editorial Topic : ESG: A Call for Standardization
Question : Examine the proposed solution of prioritizing emission reduction in Environmental,
Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks and also mention benefits and drawbacks of this
approach in simplifying the ESG framework and addressing critical environmental issues.

• ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) is a critical factor for today’s businesses, impacting
investment and risk management.
• The concept emerged in the 2005 UN report “Who Cares Wins”, urging collaboration for sustainable
practices.
• ESG investments are booming, exceeding a third of global assets (Global Sustainable Investment
Review, 2022).
• Measuring ESG credentials is a complex industry with inconsistent metrics and rankings across
various frameworks.
• Standardization is hindered by the vast number of factors involved.
• BlackRock, the world’s largest asset manager, reportedly views ESG as unsustainable due to a
lack of uniformity.
Current Limitations:

• Focus on Risk (Single Materiality): ESG ratings prioritize how environmental & social issues affect
companies (risk-based), potentially neglecting positive impact.
• Double Materiality Challenges: Europe’s “double materiality” struggles to accurately measure a
company’s external impact.
• Inconsistent Rankings: Companies with positive environmental actions (e.g., Tesla) can rank lower
than high-polluters (e.g., Exxon Mobil) due to social/governance factors.
• Avoiding Tough Decisions: Overemphasis on ESG metrics might distract from tackling critical
issues like climate change and inequality.
• Limited Comparability: Combining ESG factors hinders comparison across industries.
Proposed Solution:

• Prioritize Emission Reduction: Focus ESG efforts on reducing environmental impact, particularly
emissions. Separate evaluations can address social and governance aspects.
• Clarity and Focus: This approach improves clarity and prioritizes the most pressing issue: emissions
reduction.
Conclusion:

• Simplifying the ESG framework by focusing on essential aspects like emissions reduction can enable
better measurement and prioritize critical environmental issues for a sustainable future.

2. Editorial Topic : Smart Cities Mission – An Overview

Question : Discuss the significance of the pan-city approach in the Smart Cities Mission and
explain its relevance in urban development.
Launched: June 25, 2015

• Objective: Promote cities with core infrastructure, clean environment, and good quality of life
through “smart solutions”
Smart City Definition (Lacks Universal Standard):

• Emerged after 2009 financial crisis

• Initially envisioned as tech hubs with advanced infrastructure
Mission Strategy:

• Pan-city approach with at least one city-wide smart solution

• Step-by-step area development in three models:
• Retrofitting
• Redevelopment
• Greenfield
Core Infrastructure Elements:

• Water supply

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 • Electricity
• Sanitation & waste management
• Urban mobility & public transport
• Affordable housing
• IT connectivity & digitalization
• Good governance (e-Governance & citizen participation)
• Sustainable environment
• Citizen safety & security (women, children, elderly)
• Health & education
Financing:

• Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS)

• Central Government: Rs. 48,000 crore over 5 years (Rs. 100 crore/city/year)
• Matching contribution by State/ULBs (additional Rs. 1 lakh crore)

Smart Cities Mission: Concerns and Challenges

• Flawed Selection Process:

• 100 cities chosen competitively without considering diverse urban realities.
• Ignored dynamic nature of Indian urbanization compared to the West.
• Exclusionary Scheme:
• Focused development on less than 1% of a city’s area.
• State/local governments lack data to understand evolving community needs.
• SPV Model Misalignment: Designed SPV structure conflicted with 74th Constitutional
Amendment, leading to governance objections.
• Displacement and Disruption: Smart city projects displaced low-income residents (street
vendors) and disrupted public spaces.
• Increased Flooding: Infrastructure projects compromised natural water channels, making
historically flood-free areas vulnerable.

Way Forward:

• Data-Driven Approach: Need a rational understanding of urban issues through systematic data
collection.
• Land Acquisition and Resettlement: Facilitate smoother land acquisition for affordable housing
and modern transportation with proper rehabilitation & resettlement.
• Citizen Participation: Involve citizens in policy, implementation, and execution as they are the
ultimate beneficiaries.
• Smart Leadership: Requires collaborative leadership across all three levels of government.

3.Editorial Topic : Getting Back on Track with SDGs: A 2024 Call to Action
Question : Evaluate the urgency of taking immediate action to achieve the SDGs and ensure a
healthy planet and society.
The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

• Adopted in 2015 by UN General Assembly (Agenda-2030).

• 17 goals with 169 targets for achieving sustainable development by 2030.
• Voluntary program with global commitment.
Challenges:

•Slow progress: Improvements since 2015 insufficient to meet targets.

•COVID-19 and global crises halted progress.
•Environmental and biodiversity goals neglected (consumption, production, climate, etc.).
•Disjointed approach ignores interconnected nature of SDGs.
UN SDG Report 2023: Five Key Actions Needed:

1. Government Commitment:
• 7 years of accelerated action to deliver on SDG promises.
2. Integrated Policies:

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 •
Address poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation.
•
Focus on women, girls, and vulnerable populations.
3. Strengthen Capacity:
• Improve national and subnational institutions for faster progress.
4. International Support:
• Developed nations to assist developing nations.
• Strengthen UN development system.
2024: A Year of Opportunity:

•
64 countries (developed and developing) hold elections (49% of world population).
•
New governments can prioritize sustainability and align policies with SDGs.
Conclusion:

• Urgent action needed to achieve SDGs and ensure a healthy planet and society.
• 2024 elections offer a chance for renewed commitment and policy changes towards a
sustainable future.
4.Editorial Topic : Manipur: A Year After Ethnic Violence
Question :Examine the shortcomings of the Manipur state government in addressing the
aftermath of ethnic violence and promoting social cohesion.
Uneasy Calm in Manipur

• A year after ethnic violence, Manipur remains tense despite no large-scale violence in the last
eight months.
• However, sporadic clashes between Meiteis and Kuki-Zomis continue, undermining claims of
normalcy.
Scars of the Conflict

•Over 200 lives lost

•Families displaced in refugee camps
•Reports of gruesome violence against women
•Vigilante groups active
Recent Violence

• Gun battle between villages during Lok Sabha polls (1 death, 2 injured)
• CRPF personnel killed in Bishnupur district attack
Failed Attempts at Dialogue

•
Union Home Minister Amit Shah formed a committee for healing after the May 2023 violence.
•
The committee faced internal differences due to Manipur’s complex social structure.
•
Landholding patterns and colonial policies that divided the state further complicate matters.
•
CM Biren Singh’s government has done little to reassure communities, especially hill tribes.
•
His focus on insider-outsider rhetoric has stoked tensions.
State Government’s Shortcomings

•While cracking down on drug smugglers is positive, the government:

• Glosses over political and administrative failures.
• Blames illegal Myanmar migrants (of Kuki-Zomi ethnicity) for problems.
• Neglects measures to improve livelihoods (Manipur has the 3rd lowest per capita
income in India).
The Path to Healing

•
Manipur needs a combination of economic, political, and administrative remedies.
•
The Biren Singh government must prioritize these measures to fulfill its mandate.
Conclusion

• A year after the violence, Manipur requires a “healing touch” from the state government to
address ethnic tensions and build lasting peace.

Health
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1.Editorial Topic : India’s Tobacco Challenge
Question : Discuss the effectiveness of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA),
2003 in curbing tobacco consumption in India. Identify the key loopholes and suggest measures
to strengthen the implementation of this Act.

Devastating Impact:

• Tobacco – the leading preventable cause of death globally.

• India – world’s second largest consumer, with nearly 26 crore users (as per 2016-2017
estimates).
• Health risks extend beyond consumers: over 60 lakh tobacco industry workers are exposed
to dangers from skin absorption.
Environmental Costs:

• Tobacco cultivation depletes soil nutrients, requiring more fertilizers that further harm soil
quality.
• Deforestation driven by tobacco – 5.4 kg of wood needed to process just 1 kg of tobacco.
• Significant waste generation – tobacco production and consumption create nearly 1.7 lakh
tonnes of waste annually in India.
A Glimmers of Hope, But Concerns Remain:

• Positive trends: Surveys [(The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), the Global Youth
Tobacco Survey (GYTS), and India’s National Family Health Survey (NFHS)] show a decline
in tobacco use among surveyed demographics.
• Cause for alarm: Increase in female tobacco use (2.1% rise between 2015-2016 and NFHS
2019-2021).
• Crucial gap in data: No major surveys conducted since the COVID-19 pandemic.
Existing Measures and Implementation Gaps:

• FCTC signatory: India is committed to reducing tobacco use globally.

• National laws: Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce,
Production, Supply, and Distribution) Act (COTPA) (2003) regulates production,
advertisement, distribution, and consumption of tobacco.
• National Tobacco Control Program (NTCP): Launched in 2007 to raise awareness, improve
COTPA/FCTC implementation, and aid smoking cessation.
• Taxation: Used to deter use, but poorly implemented.
• Loopholes:
• Smokeless tobacco (SLT) packaging often violates COTPA guidelines.
• Smuggled tobacco (both smoked and smokeless) is prevalent.
• Surrogate advertising (promoting a similar brand using a different product)
bypasses COTPA’s advertising ban.
• Cricket World Cup 2023 showcased problematic surrogate advertising for tobacco
brands.
Affordability and Tax Evasion:

• Tax evasion: Lowers effectiveness of tobacco taxes. Methods include inter-state purchase
and smuggling.
• Rising affordability: Study shows cigarettes, bidis, and SLTs became cheaper over the past
decade due to:
• Insufficient tax hikes to match income growth.
• GST regime potentially making products more affordable.
The Power of the Tobacco Lobby:

• Arguments against high taxes: Lobby claims high taxes lead to tax evasion (disputed by
evidence).
• Lobbying influence:
• Bidi and small manufacturer tax exemptions repeatedly extended.
• Government officials engage with the tobacco industry.
• Government holds a stake in India’s largest tobacco company (ITC Ltd.).
• India’s tobacco interference index score has worsened (indicating increased
industry influence).
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Recommendations:

• Stricter enforcement: Strengthen implementation of COTPA, PECA, and NTCP.

• Increased taxation: Raise tobacco product taxes in line with FCTC recommendations,
inflation, and GDP growth.
• Supporting farmers: Help tobacco farmers transition to alternate crops with government
support. Jowar cultivation offers higher returns than tobacco.
• Data collection: Gather up-to-date data on tobacco use trends to counter industry’s sales
tactic adjustments.
Additional Information (Arora IAS Inputs)
Global tobacco consumption trends over the past 30 years:

• Decline: Overall, tobacco consumption has been on a gradual decline globally over the past
three decades. This is primarily due to increased public health awareness campaigns
highlighting the dangers of tobacco use, stricter tobacco control policies (including taxation
and advertising bans), and access to smoking cessation resources.
• Regional Variations: The decline is not uniform across all regions. High-income countries
have witnessed a sharper decrease compared to low- and middle-income countries. This is
likely due to earlier implementation of tobacco control measures and higher socioeconomic
development in these regions.
• Challenges Remain: Despite the decline, tobacco use remains a significant global public
health concern. Millions still consume tobacco, and the industry continues to develop new and
often addictive products like e-cigarettes. Additionally, some countries are lagging behind in
implementing effective tobacco control measures.
Additional Source : World Health Organization (WHO) Report on the Global Tobacco
Epidemic: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240032095

2.Editorial Topic : Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in children

Question : Evaluate the current healthcare infrastructure in India for managing chronic diseases
such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in children. What improvements are needed to enhance
care and support for these patients?
Basic Concept
• Imagine your digestive system as a long tube that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is like having an irritation or inflammation in the lining of this
tube. This irritation makes it hard for the body to digest food properly and absorb nutrients.
There are two main types of IBD:

• Crohn’s disease: This type of inflammation can happen anywhere in the digestive system,
from the mouth to the rectum (the end of the large intestine). It often goes deep into the layers
of the digestive tract and can cause patches of healthy tissue next to inflamed areas.
• Ulcerative colitis: This type of inflammation only affects the inner lining of the large intestine
(colon) and rectum. The inflammation is usually continuous, starting at the rectum and
spreading upwards.
Think of it like this:

• Crohn’s disease: Like patchy and deep irritation throughout the whole digestive tube.
• Ulcerative colitis: Like continuous irritation only on the inner lining of the large intestine and
rectum.
Both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can cause a variety of symptoms, such as:

• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain and cramping
• Urgent need to go to the bathroom
• Rectal bleeding
• Weight loss
• Fatigue

Back to The Editorial Analysis

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What is IBD?

• Chronic autoimmune condition affecting the gut.

• Body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy gut cells, causing ulcers.
• Symptoms: fever, abdominal pain, loose stools, bloody diarrhea.
• Two main types:
• Ulcerative colitis (affects large intestine)
• Crohn’s disease (affects any part of the gut)
• Indeterminate colitis: difficulty distinguishing between the two types.
Possible Causes (exact cause unknown):

• Weak or dysregulated immune system.

• Genetics (may run in families).
• Gut microbiota (microorganisms in the gut):
• Plays a role in IBD.
• Unique to each person and affects health.
• Frequent antibiotics and westernized diet may alter gut microbiota, increasing IBD
risk.
Treatment and Cure:

• Crohn’s disease:
• Medications:
• Steroids
• Biologics (newer drugs)
• Exclusive enteral nutrition (for milder cases): liquid diet to heal ulcers (without
drugs).
• Maintenance:
• Immunosuppressant drugs (to keep disease under control).
• Special Crohn’s disease exclusion diet (CDED).
• Ulcerative colitis:
• Medications:
• Aminosalicylates (for milder cases).
• Exclusive enteral nutrition not effective.
• Both IBD forms:
• Often chronic, requiring years of treatment.
• Some children achieve long-term remission (disease control) even off medication.
• Majority require medication for remission.
• Minority with uncontrolled inflammation may need surgery.
Challenges and Importance of Awareness:

• IBD symptoms mimic other diseases like tuberculosis, leading to misdiagnosis.

• Increased awareness needed among both public and medical professionals.

3.Editorial Topic : X chromosome revival in older women increases risk of autoimmune disease
Question : Explain the process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) and its significance in
maintaining gene expression balance between males and females. How does the discovery of Xist
and Tsix RNA molecules contribute to our understanding of XCI?

• The X chromosome plays a critical role beyond just sex determination in mammals. Females,
with two X chromosomes, undergo a fascinating process called X chromosome inactivation
(XCI) early in embryonic development. This inactivates one X chromosome, ensuring a
balance in gene expression compared to males with a single X chromosome. Recent research
suggests that XCI and its alterations might influence a woman’s susceptibility to various
diseases, particularly in later life.
Understanding the X Chromosome:
• The human X chromosome carries around 800 genes, responsible for protein production and
impacting a wide range of biological functions. This translates to potential influences on various
diseases throughout life. We can broadly categorize these X-chromosome linked conditions into
three main groups:

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 1. X-linked Genetic Diseases: These diseases primarily affect males as they inherit only one X
chromosome. Examples include red-green color blindness (affecting 8% of males) and
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (1 in 3500-5000 boys).
2. Diseases Influenced by XCI Escape: In some cases, not all genes on the inactivated X
chromosome are silenced, leading to an imbalance. This “escape” from XCI can contribute to
diseases like X-linked disorders, certain cancers, and autoimmune conditions.
3. X-chromosome Aneuploidies: Numerical abnormalities of the X chromosome also occur.
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) involves an extra X chromosome in males, while Turner syndrome
(X) results in females having only one X chromosome.
X Chromosome Inactivation:

•In 1961, Dr. Mary Lyon proposed a theory explaining how females prevent an overdose of X-
linked genes. This theory, now known as X chromosome inactivation, essentially “silences”
one X chromosome using epigenetic changes, which influence gene expression without
altering the DNA sequence itself.
• This process ensures a balance in gene expression between males and females. However,
recent research suggests a more nuanced picture. Incomplete inactivation (escape) or skewed
inactivation (favoring the silencing of one X chromosome over the other) can lead to abnormal
gene expression. This is linked to the development of various diseases, as mentioned earlier.
• The discovery of Xist, a non-protein-coding RNA molecule, provided a crucial piece of the
puzzle. Xist, along with another RNA called Tsix, orchestrates X chromosome inactivation by
coating the chosen X chromosome for silencing. Interestingly, not all genes on the inactive X
chromosome are completely shut down. Up to a quarter may escape this silencing and
continue to be expressed.
• Understanding the complexities of X chromosome inactivation and its potential impact on
health, particularly in older women, is an ongoing area of research. This knowledge could
pave the way for the development of novel strategies to prevent or manage diseases with a
link to X chromosome function.
X Chromosome and Disease:

•The X chromosome plays a more intricate role in health than just sex determination. Recent
research suggests a link between X chromosome inactivation (XCI) and the development of
certain diseases, particularly in females.
X Chromosome and Autoimmune Diseases:

•Several autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks healthy tissues, are more
prevalent in females. This includes conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Studies in mice suggest that disruptions in XCI can lead to the reactivation of genes on the
inactive X chromosome.
• This reactivation, particularly in genes involved in the immune response, has been linked to
the development of lupus-like symptoms in female mice.
• These findings highlight the potential role of altered XCI in autoimmune diseases, opening
doors for future therapies.
X Chromosome and Alzheimer’s Disease:

• Alzheimer’s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory and cognition, also

shows a sex bias, with women being at a higher risk.
• Research has identified a specific gene (USP11) on the X chromosome that escapes XCI and
might contribute to the accumulation of tau protein, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.
• This finding suggests that the X chromosome’s increased gene expression in females might
be a contributing factor to the higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
The Future of X Chromosome Research:

• Understanding the complex interplay between X chromosome function, XCI, and disease
susceptibility holds immense potential. By deciphering the intricate dance between genetics,
epigenetics, and disease development, researchers hope to pave the way for novel therapies
and interventions for various health conditions.

4.Editorial Topic : Obesity and Colorectal Cancer Risk

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Question : Examine the challenges and opportunities in translating research findings on obesity
and Colorectal cancer (CRC) risk into clinical practice and public health policies, considering
factors such as genetic testing, lifestyle interventions, and healthcare infrastructure.
Basic Concept : Colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is the chance of developing this type of cancer. Some
factors increase your risk, like:

• Age: Most cases occur over 50.

• Family history: Having close relatives with CRC raises your risk.
• Lifestyle: Diet high in red or processed meats, low in fiber, obesity, smoking, and heavy
drinking can increase risk.
• Medical conditions: Inflammatory bowel disease and certain genetic syndromes can also
play a role.
Back to the Editorial

• Higher risk: A study suggests both general obesity and central obesity (being tall with excess
weight around the waist) are linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).
• Global concern: Obesity rates are rising worldwide.
• India specific:
• A 2022 Lancet study estimated obesity rates at 9.8% for women and 5.4% for men.
• CRC risk is higher for obese individuals.
• CRC incidence is relatively low in India.
• Five-year survival rate for CRC patients in India is one of the world’s lowest (under
40%).
• CRC patients in India tend to be younger and diagnosed at later stages.
Obesity Measurement:

• Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to define obesity (overweight: 25 kg/m2, obese: 30 kg/m2).
• BMI doesn’t account for fat distribution.
New Study Findings:

• Researchers analyzed DNA of over 400,000 people to identify genetic variations linked to four
body shapes.
• Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to find correlations between genes and
traits.
• The study suggests different genes might be linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk based on
body fat distribution:
• Generally Obese (PC1): Variation in AKT gene (regulates cell survival and blood
vessel formation) might be linked to higher CRC risk.
• Tall & Centrally Obese (PC3): Variation in RAF1 gene (involved in cell
transformation) might be linked to higher CRC risk.
Gene Expression: These genetic variations were most highly expressed in the brain and pituitary gland
(hormone regulation).
Future Research: Studies needed to understand CRC risk in obese individuals without typical health
complications (heart disease, diabetes).

5.Editorial Topic : We need to stop the fear mongering on vaccines

Question : Discuss the risk of Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) associated
with COVID-19 vaccines. Analyze the significance of this risk in the context of public health
decision-making.
Basic Concept
Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) is a serious condition that involves two
main problems:

• Blood clots (Thrombosis): These can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain,
abdomen, lungs, and legs. Blood clots can block blood flow and cause serious damage to
organs.
• Low blood platelet count (Thrombocytopenia): Platelets are cells in the blood that help it
clot. When your platelet count is low, you have a higher risk of bleeding.
Here’s a breakdown of TTS:

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 • Causes: TTS can be caused by certain medications, particularly some adenovirus vector
COVID-19 vaccines like AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson. However, it’s important to
remember the risk of TTS from these vaccines is extremely rare. Other causes of TTS are still
being researched.
• Symptoms: Symptoms can vary depending on where the blood clot is located. Some
common symptoms include:
• Severe headache
• Blurred vision
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Back pain
• Shortness of breath
• Leg pain or swelling
• Easy bruising or bleeding
• Diagnosis: Doctors diagnose TTS based on symptoms, medical history, and tests like blood
tests and imaging scans.
• Treatment: Treatment typically involves medications to dissolve blood clots and prevent new
ones from forming. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a blood clot.
Here are some additional points to remember about TTS:

• It’s a very rare condition, even among people who receive the vaccines linked to it.
• The benefits of vaccination against COVID-19 far outweigh the very small risk of TTS.
• If you experience any of the symptoms listed above after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine, seek
immediate medical attention.
Back to the Editorial Topic
TTS (Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome) Risk:

•
• Occurs in young women (around 30 years old) at a very low frequency (1-2 per
100,000).
• Estimated at 2-3 cases per million people vaccinated.
• Significantly lower than the annual risk of dying in a road accident (10 per 100,000).
• Covishield Benefit:
• Over 80% protection against severe COVID-19.
• Over 90% protection against death from COVID-19 (including Delta wave).
• Corresponds to a mortality benefit of around 40 per 100,000.
• Reduces disease severity, minimizing healthcare burden and long-term
complications.
• Vaccination reduces risk of heart attacks and strokes compared to unvaccinated
individuals.
Similarities between Covishield and J&J Vaccine:

• Both use recombinant DNA platform technology, potentially increasing TTS risk.
• Both trigger production of antibodies similar to heparin-induced TTS.
• Effective DNA vaccines might carry a small risk of autoimmune side effects.
Age and Risk:

• Younger individuals (around 30 for TTS, young males for myocarditis) seem more susceptible
to specific side effects.
• Older individuals and those with diabetes benefit most from vaccines but have lower risk of
these side effects.
Killed Virus vs. DNA/mRNA Vaccines:

• Killed virus vaccines are safer but provide less protection against severe disease and death
(e.g., elderly deaths in Hong Kong’s Omicron wave).
India and Vaccine Development:

• India lacks data on critical side effects like TTS from Covishield (nearly 1 billion doses
administered).
• Covovax (protein-subunit vaccine) could have been a better option for booster shots.
COVID-19 Situation:

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 • SARS-CoV2 continues to circulate and evolve, causing silent surges like the JN.1 variant in
January 2024 (detected in sewage).
Overall:

• Vaccines are highly effective public health tools.

• Fear-mongering about vaccines should stop.
• India’s vaccination drive saved countless lives.

6.Editorial Topic : Climate Change and Mental Health

Question : Discuss the impact of climate change on mental health, focusing specifically on the
vulnerability of individuals with schizophrenia. How does rising global temperatures exacerbate
the risks associated with schizophrenia?
Basic Concept : Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects a person’s ability to think, feel,
and behave. People with schizophrenia have a distorted relationship with reality.
Example:

•Rahul has schizophrenia. He often hears voices that aren’t there (auditory hallucinations). He
also believes people are reading his mind or trying to control him (delusions). These
experiences make it difficult for Rahul to function in daily life.
Symptoms of schizophrenia can include:

• Delusions: Believing things that are not true, even when there is evidence to the contrary.
• Hallucinations: Hearing, seeing, or feeling things that are not there.
• Disorganized thinking and speech: Difficulty thinking clearly or expressing thoughts clearly.
• Extremely agitated or very little movement: Restlessness or lethargy.
• Flat or inappropriate emotional responses: Difficulty expressing emotions according to the
situation.
• Social withdrawal: Withdrawing from others or losing interest in connecting with them.
Back to Editorial
Heatwaves and Mental Health:

• Rising temperatures linked to climate change. (Unusually high temperatures reported in India)
• Climate change disproportionately harms vulnerable populations (elderly, poor, marginalized).
• Climate change linked to new mental health issues:
• Eco-anxiety (worry about environmental damage)
• Eco-paralysis (feeling helpless to act)
• Solastalgia (distress from environmental change)
• May worsen existing mental health conditions.
Heatwaves and Existing Conditions:

• Studies show heatwaves affect people with schizophrenia more than those with heart/kidney
disease.
• People with mental health conditions at higher risk of heat-related deaths, especially those
with:
• Schizophrenia
• Anxiety
• Bipolar disorder
• Study (2021): 8% of surveyed people had schizophrenia (up from 2.7% in 2012).
Why Schizophrenia Increases Heat Risk:

• Dysfunction of the hypothalamus, a brain region controlling body temperature, may be a key
factor.
• The hypothalamus also regulates heart rate, hunger, thirst, mood, and sleep.
• Antipsychotic medications can disrupt the hypothalamus, raising body temperature.
• This, combined with high ambient temperatures, can be fatal.
Mental Health Challenges for Schizophrenics:

• Psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions)

• Anosognosia: inability to recognize illness
• These challenges can make it difficult to seek help during heatwaves.

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Social Factors Affecting Vulnerability:

•
Marginalization, lower economic status, and loneliness are risk factors for both schizophrenia
and heat-related illness.
Recommendations:

• Families and caregivers of schizophrenics should be aware of the increased heat risk.
• Educate yourself on heat illness symptoms and emergency cooling measures.
• This will help ensure everyone’s safety during heatwaves.

7.Editorial Topic : Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question : Discuss the significance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in modern medical
diagnostics. How has MRI revolutionized the field of medical imaging?”

• What is it?
• A non-invasive diagnostic tool to image soft tissues within the body.
• Developed by Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield (Nobel Prize in medicine, 2003).
• Uses:
• Imaging brain, cardiovascular system, spinal cord, joints, muscles, liver, arteries
etc.
• Observing and treating cancers (prostate, rectal) and neurological conditions
(Alzheimer’s, dementia, epilepsy, stroke).
• Functional MRI: tracks brain activity through blood flow changes.
• Limitations:
• Strong magnetic fields, so people with metallic objects/implants may not be
eligible.
• The Working
• Uses hydrogen atoms (abundant in fat and water) in the body part being scanned.
• MRI machine:
• Looks like a giant donut with a hole (bore) in the center for the patient.
• Contains a powerful magnet to create a strong magnetic field around
the body.
• Emits radiofrequency pulses to excite hydrogen atoms.
• Detects the emissions and converts them to signals for image creation.
• Larmor frequency: specific frequency absorbed by hydrogen atoms, depends on
magnetic field strength and tissue type.
MRI – Pros and Cons
Pros

• High Resolution:
• MRI scans image the body from all directions and in very small increments.
• This creates detailed images of soft tissues that other imaging techniques can’t
achieve.
• T1 Relaxation Time:
• Different tissues have different water content, leading to variations in T1 relaxation
time.
• MRI uses this to show different tissues in various shades of grey, improving
contrast.
• Contrast agents can further enhance the visibility of specific tissues.
Cons

• Cost:
•MRI machines are expensive, ranging from tens of lakhs to a few crores depending
on features.
• Discomfort:
• Patients need to lie still for extended periods (tens of minutes) inside a narrow
bore.
• This can be uncomfortable, especially for claustrophobic individuals.
• The machine generates loud noises during operation, adding to the discomfort.

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 • Limited Research on Pregnancy:
• While generally safe, the effects of MRI scans on pregnant women are not fully
understood.
• More research is needed in this area.

8.Editorial Topic : Where does ‘us versus them’ bias in the brain come from?
Key Points:

• Implicit bias:
• People subconsciously favor their own social group (in-group) over others (out-
group).
• This bias is found universally, regardless of the participant’s racial identity.
• It is measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT).
• Brain regions involved:
• In-group and out-group processing activates different brain areas.
• The amygdala, responsible for fear and threat detection, is more active when
processing out-group members as threats.
• Learned behavior:
• Bias is not inherent but learned through cultural associations and brain biology.
• It doesn’t guarantee hostility towards out-group members, but threat perception
can lead to it.
• Biology behind social narratives:
• “Facts of life” narratives often rely on misinterpretations of brain responses.
• Understanding our own biology can help us critically evaluate such narratives.

9.Editorial Topic : Covishield and the Rare Case of TTS

Question : Discuss the significance of the thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) in
the context of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, particularly its manifestation in the Covishield
vaccine in India. How has the occurrence of TTS impacted vaccine confidence and public health
decision-making in India?
Post-Covid Risk: Rare Blood Clot Side Effect

• Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine linked to TTS (thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome).

Covishield in India:

• Manufactured by Serum Institute of India (SII) under brand name Covishield.

• Vaccinated nearly 80% of India’s population (1.75 billion doses).
• Potential lawsuit against SII by family of woman who died after Covishield vaccination.
Understanding TTS:

• Also known as VIPIT (vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia) or VITT.

• Rare syndrome in adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccines.
• Caused by immune response to the vaccine’s vector.
• Symptoms: blood clots (thrombosis) and low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) 4-42 days after
vaccination.
• Two Tiers:
• Tier 1: younger age groups, severe cases, higher mortality risk, uncommon
thrombosis sites (brain, gut).
Why Trials Missed TTS:

• Expedited COVID-19 vaccine development due to public health emergency.

• Clinical trials not designed to detect very rare events like TTS.
Is TTS a Serious Threat? Examining the Data and Decisions
TTS Reporting Rates:

• Range widely: 0.2 – 17.6 cases per million doses (every 21 days).
• Lower rates in Asia and Brazil compared to Nordic countries.
Fatality Rates:

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 • Similar variation: 0.1 – 1.3 deaths per million doses.
• Higher rates in Europe (Australia, Spain, France) compared to Asia and Brazil.
Possible Reasons for Variations:

• Lower overall reporting in some regions.

• Vaccination strategies prioritizing younger, female healthcare workers in some countries.
• Environmental and ethnic factors potentially influencing susceptibility.
Vaccine Suspension Decisions:

• South Africa suspended AstraZeneca use in February 2021 (one of the earliest).
• Over 20 European countries followed suit by mid-March 2021, focusing on younger adults.
• Canada suspended it in March 2021.
• AstraZeneca withdrew its US application despite stockpiled doses.
Divergent Views on Vaccine Safety:

•Vaccine safety experts advocated for pauses to investigate.

•Public health authorities prioritized managing the pandemic.
EMA’s PRAC Committee:

•Reviewed 25 TTS cases in Europe (20 million vaccinated).

•Concluded on March 18, 2021, that benefits outweighed risks.
•Emphasized sharing information about rare side effects.
WHO’s GACVS Committee:

• Reviewed data from Europe (20 million doses) and India (27 million doses).
• Agreed with EMA’s assessment of a positive benefit-risk profile on March 19, 2021.
Conclusion:

• Pandemic creates ethical dilemmas for courts regarding vaccine safety.

• WHO’s criteria for vaccine confidence: trust in effectiveness, safety, and policy maker
motivations.

10.Editorial Topic : Liquid Nitrogen in Food: Safety Concerns in Tamil Nadu

Question : Discuss the rationale behind Tamil Nadu’s decision to restrict liquid nitrogen use in
food to packaged items only. How does this address the safety concerns compared to direct
consumption?
Context: Tamil Nadu’s Food Safety Department restricts liquid nitrogen use in food to packaged items
only.
Liquid Nitrogen Facts:

• Produced by fractional distillation of liquid air.

• Chemical formula: N2 (two nitrogen atoms covalently bonded).
• Boiling point: -195.8°C (-320.4°F) at normal pressure.
• Liquid-to-gas expansion ratio: 1:694 (rapidly expands to gas).
• Properties:
• Non-toxic, odorless, colorless, inert, non-flammable.
• Slightly lighter than air (as gas), slightly soluble in water.
• Storage: Special insulated containers with vents to prevent pressure buildup.
• Leidenfrost effect: Rapid boiling creates an insulating gas layer, causing spilled droplets to
skitter.
Safety Precautions (Essential when handling liquid nitrogen):

1. Extreme Cold:
• Can cause severe frostbite on contact.
• Wear proper safety gear (cover and insulate skin) to prevent contact/inhalation of
very cold vapor.
2. Ingestion Hazard: Lethal if swallowed.
• Rapid expansion from liquid to gas ruptures the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Pressure Buildup:
• Do not enclose in sealed containers – risk of bursting or explosion.
• Rapid boiling creates pressure.
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 4. Asphyxiation Risk:
• Reduces oxygen levels in enclosed spaces.
• Cold nitrogen gas is denser than air, posing a greater risk near the ground.
• Use in well-ventilated areas.
5. Oxidation Risk:
• Containers can accumulate condensed oxygen from air.
• Nitrogen evaporation increases risk of violent oxidation of organic matter.
Liquid Nitrogen: Uses and Regulations
Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) Uses:

•Low temperature & low reactivity: Enables various applications.

•Examples:
• Freezing & transporting food
• Cryopreservation (sperm, eggs, genetic samples)
• Coolant for scientific equipment (superconductors, vacuum pumps)
• Cryotherapy (removing skin abnormalities)
• Shielding materials from oxygen
• Quick-freezing water pipes (for repairs)
• Source of dry nitrogen gas
• Cattle branding
• Molecular gastronomy (special food/beverage prep.)
• Material cooling (machining, fracturing)
Government & LN2 Misuse:

• Food Safety Concerns: Bans on using LN2 in food prep (except storage).
• Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 (FSS Act):
• Empowers action against misuse of LN2 in food consumption.
• Consolidates food safety regulations across departments.
Safer Alternatives:

• Mechanical Refrigeration: Safe cooling without chemical risks.

• Cryogenic Freezing with CO2: Less risk of asphyxiation compared to LN2.

11.Editorial Topic : Indian Spices Facing Heat

Question : Critically analyze the major challenges hindering food safety in India, highlighting the
specific issues faced by small and medium-sized businesses
Issue: Spice mixes from MDH and Everest (Indian brands) under investigation in at least 5 countries
(including Singapore, Hong Kong, and US) for exceeding permissible limits of Ethylene Oxide (EtO).

• EtO Concerns:
• Colorless, flammable gas used for sterilization (medical devices) and pest control.
• Used in food processing to extend shelf life (improper use leaves residues).
• Residues can form toxic and carcinogenic compounds (e.g., ethylene glycol linked
to cough syrup deaths).
• Long-term exposure linked to cancers like lymphoma and leukemia.
• India’s Response (as of April 30, 2024):
• Spice Board:
• Mandatory testing for shipments to Singapore and Hong Kong.
• Gathering technical data from food agencies.
• Proposing corrective measures to exporters.
• Inspections to ensure adherence to standards.
• Issued guidelines for EtO prevention (testing, storage, alternative
methods). (Similar advisory in Sept 2021)
• FSSAI: Directed state regulators to test major spice brands (including MDH &
Everest) for EtO.
Food safety challenges in India:

• Diverse food landscape, lack of record-keeping and intentional food fraud.

• Traceability is difficult for small and medium sized businesses.
• At least 10 States/Union Territories lack required food testing labs.
• Food safety officers are insufficient.

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 • FSSAI’s operations often lack transparency.
• $700 million worth of exports are at stake due to food safety issues.

12.Editroial Topic : National Health Policy (NHP) 2017: A System on the Rise
Question : Discuss the significance of the National Health Policy 2017 in achieving universal
access to quality and affordable healthcare in India. Highlight the key objectives and challenges
associated with its implementation.
Key Points:

• NHP 2017 aims for universal access to quality and affordable healthcare.
• Government health expenditure (GHE) as a proportion of GDP has increased significantly:
• 63% increase between 2014-15 and 2021-22.
• From 1.13% of GDP in 2014-15 to 1.84% in 2021-22.
• Per capita GHE nearly tripled from Rs 1,108 to Rs 3,156 in the same period.
• Expenditure on government-financed insurance has grown 4.4 fold:
• From Rs 4,757 crore in 2013-14 to Rs 20,771 crore in 2021-22.
• Reflects investments in Ayushman Bharat and state health insurance schemes.
• Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) as a share of total health expenditure has declined:
• Dropped from 62.6% to 47.1% between 2014-15 and 2019-20.

• Further dipped to 39.4% in 2021-22, even during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Factors Reducing Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) in India

• Reduced reliance on private healthcare: AB-PMJAY beneficiaries avoid borrowing or selling assets
for treatment (serious conditions, cancer included).
• Increased utilization of government facilities: National Sample Survey (2017-18) shows rise in using
government hospitals for inpatient care and deliveries.
• Free ambulance services, strengthened government healthcare: Initiatives like Pradhan Mantri
National Dialysis Programme (2.59 crore free sessions since 2016) contribute to reducing OOPE.
• Lower drug and diagnostics costs:
• Free services at Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) lead to significant savings:
• Sub-centre AAMs: 105 free medicines, 14 free diagnostic tests
• Primary health centre AAMs: 172 free medicines, 63 free diagnostic tests
• Early disease detection and treatment at AAMs helps prevent future high-cost complications.
• Jan Aushadhi Kendras: Over 1900 generic medicines and surgical items at low cost across
districts. Estimated savings of Rs 28,000 crore since 2014.
• Price regulation of essential medicines: Savings of Rs 27,000 crore per year for citizens.
Growing Investment in Social Determinants of Health

• Safe drinking water and sanitation:

• Jal Jeevan Mission (2019): Increased access to tap water in rural households (17%
to 76%).
• WHO estimates: Tap water access can save 4 lakh lives over 5 years.
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Grameen: Rural India declared Open Defecation
Free (ODF).
• WHO estimates: SBM Grameen averted over 3 lakh deaths (diarrhoea,
malnutrition) between 2014-2019.
• Strengthening healthcare infrastructure:
• Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (medical colleges, AIIMS).
• Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Infrastructure Mission.
• Emergency Response and Health System Preparedness Package (pediatric, adult
ICU development).
• 15th Finance Commission health grants to local bodies (Rs 70,000 crore).
Conclusion: Increased government funding for health and reduced OOPE indicate positive steps
towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India.

13.Editorial Topic : Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Turns 50

Question : In light of EPI’s 50th anniversary, outline a comprehensive strategy to transform the
program into an “Essential Program on Immunization” that addresses the needs of all age groups.

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Analyze the objectives, key interventions, and anticipated outcomes of this transformation,
emphasizing its potential to enhance vaccination rates and reduce health inequities.
50 Years of EPI

• In 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Expanded Programme on
Immunization (EPI).
• EPI aimed to leverage existing immunization infrastructure and trained personnel to expand
access to vaccines after the near-eradication of smallpox.
• India launched its EPI program in 1978, renaming it the Universal Immunization Programme
(UIP) in 1985.
• The last nationwide evaluation of India’s UIP, conducted with international experts, occurred
two decades ago.
Successes of EPI

• Globally, the percentage of children receiving three doses of DPT (a key immunization
indicator) rose from 5% in the early 1970s to 84% in 2022.
• Smallpox has been eradicated, polio nearly eliminated, and many vaccine-preventable
diseases significantly reduced.
• In India, child immunization coverage has steadily increased, with 76% of children receiving
recommended vaccines in 2019-2021.
• Government healthcare plays a crucial role in immunization, even in mixed health systems
with a strong private sector. (e.g., 85-90% of vaccines delivered in India come from
government facilities despite a two-thirds private sector share in overall healthcare)
Challenges
UNICEF’s 2023 report identified a concerning global decline in childhood immunization coverage in 2021,
the first in over a decade.

• While India’s national and state-wise immunization coverage has grown, inequities persist
across geographic regions, socioeconomic groups, and other factors.
• Urgent interventions are needed to address these inequities and ensure all children have
access to life-saving immunizations.
Vaccines for All Ages

•Contrary to popular belief, vaccines aren’t just for children. Early vaccines developed in the
1800s targeted adults (rabies, cholera, typhoid).
• Even the first plague vaccine (1897) from India aimed to protect all age groups.
• While children are prioritized due to vulnerability, vaccines have always been intended for
everyone.
Government Action Needed

• Many countries are expanding immunization to adults and the elderly. It’s time for India to
follow suit.
• Initial steps include policy discussions and technical considerations. The recent HPV vaccine
announcement for girls is a positive move.
• Following National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization
(NTAGI) recommendations, free government-provided vaccines should be available for all
age groups.
• NTAGI should also recommend adult and elderly immunization schedules.
• Proactive efforts are needed to address vaccine hesitancy and dispel myths.
• Medical professionals (community medicine experts, family physicians, pediatricians) should
raise awareness about adult and elderly immunization.
• Medical institutions should research the disease burden in India’s adult population.
The Way Forward: An Essential Program on Immunization

• Expanding adult and elderly immunization can improve childhood vaccination rates and
reduce inequities.
• To mark EPI’s 50th year, the program needs to focus on reaching zero-dose children,
addressing coverage gaps, and offering vaccines to all age groups.
• It’s time to transform EPI into an “Essential Program on Immunization.”

Poverty and Inequality

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1.Editorial Topic : Poverty and Inequality Trends in India
Basic Concept : Part-1
1.Uniform Reference Period (URP): Imagine asking people about their spending over the past 30 days
only. This is URP, a simple method but potentially inaccurate for less frequent purchases.

• In other Words : Uniform Reference Period (URP): This is a data collection method where
people are asked to recall their consumption expenditure for a single, fixed timeframe.
Typically, this period is 30 days. URP is simple to implement but might be inaccurate for
purchases made less frequently.
2.Mixed Reference Period (MRP): MRP acknowledges some things are bought less often. It might ask
about frequent items (food) in the past 30 days, but less frequent items (clothes) over a longer period
(like a year). This provides a more nuanced picture.

• In other Words : Mixed Reference Period (MRP): MRP recognizes that some items are
bought more often than others. It uses different recall periods for different categories. For
example, people might be asked about everyday items like food for the past 30 days, while
less frequent purchases like clothes could be reported based on the past year. This provides
a more comprehensive picture of consumption habits.
3.Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP): MMRP is the most detailed. It assigns different recall
periods to different categories. Imagine asking about everyday items (food) in the past 30 days, some
things (clothes) in the past year, and very infrequent purchases (furniture) over an even longer span
(maybe multiple years). This aims for the most accurate consumption picture.

• In other Words : Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP): MMRP is the most refined
approach. It assigns specific recall periods to various spending categories. Imagine
recollecting daily necessities (food) for the past month, occasional purchases (clothing) for
the past year, and very rare items (furniture) over an even longer span (multiple years). MMRP
aims for the most accurate representation of consumption patterns.

Basic Concept : Part-2

Important Committees on Poverty Estimation (without Data)
1.Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Consumption Standards (1979)

• Focus: Updated the poverty line considering inflation and changes in consumption patterns.
• Conclusion: Revised the minimum calorie intake and included other essential items in the
poverty line calculation.

2.Expert Group on Estimation of Proportion of Population Below Poverty Line (Lakdawala

Committee, 1993)

• Focus: Developed a methodology to estimate the number of people below the poverty line
based on consumption expenditure data.
• Conclusion: Introduced the concept of separate poverty lines for rural and urban areas,
considering regional variations in consumption patterns.
3.Expert Group on Poverty Estimation Methodology (Tendulkar Committee, 2005)

• Focus: Reviewed the Lakdawala Committee methodology and proposed revisions.

• Conclusion: Recommended revising the poverty line based on mixed reference period
(MRP) data for consumption expenditure, leading to a higher estimated poverty level
compared to URP (uniform reference period) data used earlier.
4.Rangarajan Committee on Poverty Estimation (2011)

• Focus: Further refined poverty line estimation methodology.

• Conclusion: Introduced a modified mixed reference period (MMRP) approach for a more
nuanced understanding of consumption patterns. This resulted in a lower poverty estimate
compared to the Tendulkar Committee’s approach.

Back to the Editorial Analysis

• Data Source: Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 by National

Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
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 •Poverty Ratio Decline:
• Rangarajan Committee Poverty Line: 29.5% (2011-12) to 10% (2022-23) – 1.77%
points/year decline
• Tendulkar Committee Poverty Line: 21.9% (2011-12) to 3% (2022-23) – 1.72%
points/year decline
• Inequality (Gini Coefficient):
• Rural: 0.278 (2011-12) to 0.269 (2022-23) – 0.009 point decline
• Urban: 0.358 (2011-12) to 0.318 (2022-23) – 0.04 point decline (More significant
decline in urban areas)
• Important Notes:
• Poverty decline is significant but slower than 2004-05 to 2011-12 period.
• Estimates depend on chosen poverty line.
• NSSO changed data collection method (reference period) to improve consumption
reporting.
• Three consumption estimates exist based on recall period: URP, MRP, MMRP.
• MMRP considered most accurate but requires consistent use for comparison.
• Tendulkar Committee (1993-94, 2004-05) and Rangarajan Committee (2009-10,
2011-12) used MMRP for comparable estimates with 2022-23.
• Maintaining the “appropriate mix” of recall periods is crucial for ongoing
comparison.
Measurement Issues in Poverty Estimation

• Tendulkar Committee (2004-05):

• Adopted official urban poverty line based on Lakdawala Committee methodology
(URP-based).
• Converted it to MRP for estimation (considered less accurate).
• Indirectly used Lakdawala’s calorie norms.
• Public Expenditure:
• Not fully captured in poverty line based on private consumption.
• HCES 2022-23 attempted imputation for some public goods (e.g., subsidies).
• Imputation has minimal impact on average monthly per capita expenditure
(MPCE).
• Need for better capture of public expenditure’s impact on poverty.
Note: Poverty likely declined, but measurement limitations exist. Public spending’s role needs better
consideration.

Vulnerable Groups

1.Editorial Topic : A safer web

Question : Discuss the observations made by the Delhi High Court regarding the need for
enhanced tools to safeguard minors in the digital age, particularly in navigating online
interactions safely. Analyze the challenges posed by the evolving digital landscape and its impact
on children’s safety online.
Protecting Children Online

• Challenge:Technology’s integration into daily life raises concerns about protecting vulnerable
populations.
Delhi High Court Observation (May 6th)

• Justice Swarana Kanta Sharma: Minors need tools to navigate online interactions safely and
recognize “virtual touch” risks.
• “Good touch” and “bad touch” education (physical world) is insufficient for the digital age.
The Evolving Digital Landscape

• Over 3 decades, understanding the web’s impact on society (especially children) struggles to
keep pace with technology.
• “Digital natives” (born late 1990s onwards) lack experience of a world without the internet.
• Adults designing safeguards may use outdated (analog) approaches to digital challenges.
Threats to Children Online

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 • Increased exposure to dangers: child sexual abuse, online
harassment, cyberbullying, blackmail.
Legislative Efforts

• Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act

• Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act (parental consent required for child data
processing)
Limitations of Legislation

• The internet’s dynamic nature makes legislation a limited tool.

Effective Protection Strategies

• Start at home and in classrooms.

• Foster open communication between children and adults.
• Address children’s concerns and experiences.
• Teach about:
• Appropriate online behavior
• Recognizing signs of predatory behavior
• Importance of privacy settings and online boundaries
Quote: Justice Sharma: “Equip minors with knowledge and tools to navigate online interactions safely…”

Keeping Children Safe Online

Education (Teach):

• Strong Passwords & Personal Info Security

• Caution with Links & Downloads (Unknown Sources)
• Critical Thinking: Question Online Information
Positive Online Behavior:

• Discuss Cyberbullying & Online Etiquette

Tools (Use):

•
Parental Controls (Devices & Platforms)
•
Antivirus & Anti-Malware Software
Open Communication (Practice):

• Safe Space for Concerns (No Punishment)

• Regular Conversations about Online Activities
• Be a Role Model (Good Online Habits)
Note:

• Internet a valuable resource for children.

• Balanced approach needed (Safety & Access Rights).
• Focus on facts and figures: No mention of specific software/platforms.

Additional Information ( Arora IAS)

POCSO Act Features

1. Child Definition:POCSO defines a “child” as anyone under 18 years old.

2. Gender Neutrality:The Act applies equally to the protection of girls and boys.
3. Offenses Covered:Defines various forms of sexual abuse including
assault, harassment, pornography, and trafficking.
4. Severity:Prescribes rigorous imprisonment for aggravated offenses, including the death
penalty in extreme cases.
5. Special Courts:Establishes dedicated courts for faster and more sensitive handling of child
sexual offense cases.
6. Confidentiality:Protects the identity of the victim throughout the legal process.
7. Mandatory Reporting:Makes it a legal duty to report suspected child sexual abuse.
8. Child-Friendly Approach:Ensures a child-friendly investigation process to minimize re-
traumatization.

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2. Editorial Topic : Reservation within Constitutional bound
Question : Analyze the significance of landmark court cases like the Indra Sawhney Case and the
Janhit Abhiyan Case in shaping reservation policies in India. How have these cases influenced
the limitations and implementation of reservation?

• Political Debate: A heated political debate surrounds reservation policies in India.

• Constitution:
• Aims for social justice and guarantees equality as a fundamental right (Articles
15 & 16).
• Allows special provisions for advancement of disadvantaged groups (OBC, SC,
ST).
• Reservation Categories:
• OBC (Other Backward Classes): Socially and educationally backward castes.
States have varying reservation percentages.
• SC (Scheduled Castes): Formerly untouchables.
• ST (Scheduled Tribes): Adivasi communities.
• MBC (Most Backward Classes): Implemented by some states.
• Landmark Cases:
• Indra Sawhney Case (1992): Upheld 27% reservation for OBCs. Caste
considered a determinant of class. Economic criteria alone is insufficient.
• Janhit Abhiyan Case (2022): Upheld 10% reservation for Economically Weaker
Sections (EWS). Economic criteria can be a valid basis for reservation.
• Reservation Limits:
• Indra Sawhney Case: Set a 50% cap on reservations unless exceptional
circumstances exist. (Current total: 49.5%)
• Creamy Layer Exclusion: Excludes wealthy individuals from OBC benefits
(income limit: ₹8 lakhs/year).
• Parental Government Service Exclusion: Excludes children of certain
government officials from OBC benefits.
• Key Takeaways:
• Reservation aims to address social inequality and promote social justice.
• The balance between equality and affirmative action is a complex issue with
ongoing debate. Landmark court cases have shaped reservation policies and their
limitations.
Constitutional Stand on Reservation:

• The Constituent assembly opposed reservation solely based on religion.

• Constitution prohibits discrimination only based on religion under Articles 15 and 16.
Muslims and OBC Quota in Karnataka:

• In Karnataka, all Muslim communities are included in the OBC quota, forming the basis of
BJP’s current campaign.
• Sub-categorization for Muslims within the OBC quota existed since 1995.
• The four percent sub-categorization introduced in 1995 was later removed by the Basavaraj
Bommai-led government.
Reservation for Backward Communities:

• Muslim and Christian communities deemed socially and educationally backward are provided
reservations under the OBC/MBC category.
• Sub-categorization within the OBC/MBC quota for Muslim communities exists in states like
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.
Constitutional Provisions:

• The Constitution uses the term ‘socially and educationally backward classes,’ which
encompasses backward communities from all religions.
• The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 specifies Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism
for SC membership, but no such requirement exists for STs.
The Way Forward:

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 • Reservation aims at affirmative action to balance historical discrimination against OBCs, SCs,
and STs.
• The Rohini Commission was established to recommend sub-categorization among OBC
castes, with its findings awaited.
• Deliberations on suitable policies are necessary to ensure the benefits of reservation reach
the extremely marginalized sections progressively.
• The focus should be on achieving social justice while maintaining harmony with the equality
guaranteed in the Constitution.

3.Editorial Topic : Strengthening Animal Protection Laws in India: A Pressing Need

Question : Evaluate the weaknesses of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960, in
addressing animal cruelty in India. Suggest reforms to strengthen the Act.

• India’s primary law for animal protection is the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act,
1960. This Act criminalizes various forms of cruelty against animals.
Global Trend: Stronger Animal Cruelty Laws

•Many countries are reforming animal cruelty legislation (e.g., Croatia’s stricter penalties for
pet abandonment).
Weaknesses of the PCA Act (1960)

•Misalignment with Punishment Theories: The Act fails to achieve:

• Retribution: Most offences are bailable/non-cognizable, hindering punishment.
• Deterrence: Meagre fines (as low as ₹10) haven’t been revised in over 130 years,
offering weak deterrence.
• Rehabilitation: No provisions for community service or offender rehabilitation
programs.
• Loopholes and Weak Enforcement:
• Judicial Discretion: Courts can choose between imprisonment and fines,
allowing perpetrators to escape harsh punishments.
• Lack of “Community Service”: The Act doesn’t consider alternative punishments
like animal shelter volunteering.
Consequences of a Flawed Legal Framework

• Insignificant penalties and weak enforcement mechanisms embolden perpetrators and

discourage reporting of animal abuse.
Importance of Stronger Laws

• Stronger animal protection laws are needed to:

• Discourage animal cruelty through stricter penalties.
• Encourage reporting of animal abuse.
• Provide for rehabilitation of offenders to prevent future cruelty.
India’s Moral Obligation: Upholding Ahimsa

• India, a nation known for ahimsa (non-violence), has a moral duty to strengthen animal
protection laws.
A Call to Action: Prioritizing Animal Welfare Legislation

• The new government forming in June 2024 should prioritize passing amendments to the PCA
Act (1960).
• A revised Act with stricter penalties, improved enforcement, and rehabilitation measures is
crucial.
Moving Forward: A Global Leader in Animal Protection

• By taking decisive action, India can fulfill its moral responsibility and become a leader in animal
protection legislation.

International Relations

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1.Editorial Topic : Nuclear Issues Regaining Importance: Beyond Pakistan Debate in India
Question : Evaluate the strategic implications of the increasing sophistication and expansion of
Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal. How can India develop a more effective deterrence strategy to address
the dual nuclear threats posed by Pakistan and China?

The Current Landscape

• The focus on Pakistan’s nuclear weapons in Indian elections ignores broader nuclear
challenges.
• Nuclear factors are resurfacing in global power dynamics and regional conflicts (Europe,
Middle East, Asia).
• Civil nuclear energy is gaining renewed interest due to climate change concerns.
India’s Waning Nuclear Debate

• Intense discussions about acquiring nuclear weapons occurred in India during the 1990s.
• The 2000s saw a shift towards reconciliation with the global non-proliferation order (US civil
nuclear deal).
• Since then, public and political interest in nuclear issues has declined in India.
A World on the Brink?

• The UN warns of a potential return to nuclear war due to rising tensions between major
powers.
• The Ukraine war and Russia’s nuclear threats are prompting the West to rethink deterrence
strategies.
• Ideas include strengthening NATO’s nuclear forces, France-UK collaboration, and a European
nuclear deterrent.
Nuclear Abstinence Reconsidered in Asia

• China’s assertiveness and potential US isolationism under Trump 2.0 worry Asian neighbors.
• Japan and South Korea are currently seeking to strengthen the US nuclear umbrella.
• A Trump victory could lead to a more serious debate on national nuclear arsenals in Northeast
Asia.
The Middle East’s Nuclear Concerns

•Fears of Iran’s nuclear ambitions are pushing Arab nations to consider acquiring nuclear
capabilities.
• Civil nuclear cooperation is reportedly part of the US-Saudi Arabia security pact negotiations.
New Technological Challenges

• The rise of AI and robotic weapons raises concerns about automated nuclear decision-making
and its impact on stability.
• The US urges China and Russia to commit to human control of nuclear weapons deployment.
• US concerns about Russia deploying anti-satellite nuclear weapons are heightened by
Russia’s veto of a space arms race prevention resolution (China abstained).
India’s Fixation on Pakistan’s Nukes

• Pakistan’s nuclear weapons and their impact on India’s security are a serious concern.
• India struggles to deter Pakistan’s cross-border terrorism under the shadow of nuclear
weapons.
• The Modi government’s attempts to limit Pakistan’s atomic advantage have had limited
success.
Pakistan’s Growing Nuclear Arsenal

• Dismissing Pakistan’s nuclear capabilities is unwise.

• As India’s conventional power grows, Pakistan might increase its nuclear arsenal to
counterbalance.
• India’s rhetoric on reclaiming Pakistan-occupied Kashmir could strengthen Pakistan’s resolve
to bolster its nukes.
• Pakistan has a sizable and sophisticated nuclear arsenal, potentially aided by China.
China’s Nuclear Threat

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 • China’s nuclear arsenal is a growing challenge for India.
• China is rapidly expanding its nuclear arsenal, estimated to reach 1,500 by 2035.
• China’s expanded arsenal aims to:
• Deter the US
• Achieve a balance of power with the US
• Underwrite China’s geopolitical influence
India’s Response

• Building deterrence against China’s nuclear arsenal should be a national priority for India.
• India’s current approach of “technology demonstrators” and “symbolic capabilities” is
inadequate.
• A more purposeful program to build credible nuclear and missile capabilities is needed.
The Way Forward for India

• The next Indian government needs to:

• Conduct a comprehensive review of the changing global nuclear landscape and
regional challenges.
• Modernize India’s nuclear arsenal and doctrine.
• Accelerate India’s civilian nuclear energy program (lagging behind China and
South Korea).
• Overhaul the legal and institutional frameworks governing India’s atomic energy
development.
Conclusion
India’s nuclear debate needs to broaden its focus beyond Pakistan. The rapidly changing global nuclear
dynamics necessitate a revamped Indian nuclear policy to ensure security and strategic relevance.

2. Editorial Topic : The ICC’s challenge

Question : Examine the territorial jurisdiction of the ICC, particularly in cases involving non-
member states like Israel and Russia. How does the ICC justify its jurisdiction over crimes
committed by individuals from these countries?
Why in News?

• International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor Karim Khan requested arrest warrants against:

• Israeli leaders: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Defence Minister Yoav Gallant
• Hamas leaders: Yahya Sinwar, Mohammed Diab Ibrahim Al-Masri (Deif), Ismail Haniyeh

• Charges: War crimes and crimes against humanity over the October 7 attack on Israel and
subsequent Gaza war
Significance:

• ICC criticized for targeting third-world leaders, not Western powers/allies

• First time seeking arrest warrants against Israeli leaders
• Seen as an attempt at balanced approach by charging both Hamas and Israeli leaders
ICC overrides Head of State immunity:

• International law grants immunity to Heads of State from foreign/international courts

• ICC statute denies immunity, as ruled in 2019 Jordan Referral re Al-Bashir Appeal judgment
• Enabled ICC to issue 2023 arrest warrant against Russian President Vladimir Putin for Ukraine
war role
Territorial jurisdiction of the ICC:

• Israel and Russia are not members of the ICC

• Question raised if ICC can issue arrest warrants for Israeli leaders
• Basis of ICC’s jurisdiction: Palestine is a state party to the court
• ICC can exercise territorial jurisdiction
• If crime committed on territory of a state party to ICC, court can exercise jurisdiction
• Even if crime committed by non-member state’s people
• Crimes by Israeli soldiers in Gaza fall under ICC’s jurisdiction
• Hamas’ conduct in Israel also falls under ICC’s jurisdiction, despite Israel’s non-membership
ICC’s Dismal Record Against High-Level State Officials:
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 • Poor track record, especially against heads of states
• Omar al-Bashir case (Sudan) – Arrest warrant in 2009, ousted in 2019 but not surrendered
• William Ruto, Uhuru Kenyatta (Kenya) – Charges dropped
• Simone Gbagbo (Ivory Coast) – Charges dropped
• Putin’s arrest warrant limits travels, but surrender unlikely
Significance of Arrest Warrants Against Israeli PM:

• Momentous event for 3 reasons:

1. Legal and diplomatic blow to Israel if issued
2. Curtails Netanyahu’s travel to ICC member states
3. Shows international law can hold the powerful accountable
• Litmus test for ICC’s credibility and legitimacy
Conclusion:

• ICC warrants against Israel, Hamas leaders show the powerful can be held accountable
• No immunity for heads of state at ICC
• Sends strong signal about international law

3. Editorial Topic : India’s Expanding Connectivity Projects

Question : Analyze the strategic importance of the IMEC project for India’s foreign policy. How
does it align with India’s broader goals of enhancing connectivity and securing regional supply
chains?
Chabahar Port Deal (May 13, 2024):

•
• 10-year agreement between India and Iran.
• Links India with Afghanistan and Central Asia.
India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC) (Signed Sept 9, 2023):

• Initiated under the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII).
• Aims for economic development through better connectivity between Asia, Middle East, and
Europe.
• Two corridors:
• East: India to Arabian Gulf (ports like Kandla to Fujairah).
• North: Arabian Gulf to Europe (through Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel to ports like Haifa).
• Includes:
• Railway network for efficient goods and service movement.
• Undersea cables for electricity and digital connectivity.
• Pipelines for clean hydrogen export.
• Target: Secure regional supply chains, improve trade accessibility.
• Benefits:
• Reduce travel time and cost between India and Europe by 40% and 30% respectively.
• Seen as a counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• Major stakeholders include US, EU, France, Germany, Italy, UAE, and Saudi Arabia.

Impact of Gaza war on IMEC project:

• Announced in Sep 2023, IMEC project aimed to improve connectivity between Asia, Middle
East and Europe.
• Gaza war (Oct 7, 2023) highlighted missing links in IMEC’s plan.
Issues with current plan:

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 • Red Sea Blockade: Houthi rebels blocked access for Israel and allies, forcing them to take
longer Cape of Good Hope route.
• Strait of Hormuz Threat: Iran can potentially close the strait, disrupting oil and gas supplies as
witnessed during 2019 Persian Gulf Crisis.
• Indian Navy had to launch ‘Operation Sankalp’ to ensure safe passage for Indian
ships.
Missing Links:

• UAE ports are all in Persian Gulf, vulnerable to disruptions.

• Oman offers alternate route:
• Ports open into Arabian Sea, away from Iranian threats.
• Traditionally strong trade ties with India.
• Good relations with all stakeholders including Israel.
• Egypt as western connection:
• Major player in West Asia.
• Ports on Mediterranean Sea offer safe route to Europe.
Conclusion:

• Including Oman and Egypt strengthens IMEC against future conflicts.

• IMEC, if built on reconciliation triggered by Abraham Accords, can:
• Counter China’s BRI.
• Integrate the region.
• Mitigate threats to connectivity.

4.Editorial Topic : China’s Taiwan Drills

China’s recent military exercise around Taiwan is a complex issue with historical baggage and
potential for future conflict.

• China’s Aggressive Display: The drills involved all branches of the People’s Liberation Army
(PLA) – Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. Their focus on “seizing power” around Taiwan
sends a clear message of potential military action.
• Triggering the Drills: The election of Lai Ching Te, a pro-independence figure, as Taiwan’s
president on May 20th likely triggered China’s response. Beijing views Taiwan as a breakaway
province and the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), which Lai leads, as “separatists.”
• A Cycle of Tension: These drills aren’t new. China has conducted similar exercises in 2022
and 2023. It’s a calculated strategy to intimidate Taiwan’s leadership and discourage them
from pursuing independence formally.
• The Delicate Balance: Interestingly, both sides maintain a precarious equilibrium. Taiwan
enjoys a great degree of self-governance (de facto autonomy) despite China’s claim over the
island (de jure claim). Taiwan avoids declaring independence to prevent a military escalation
that China would likely respond with.
• Beyond Sabre-rattling: While some see the drills as mere posturing, two factors raise
concerns:
1. Xi Jinping’s Agenda: President Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized
“reunification” with Taiwan as a key part of his legacy. He hasn’t ruled out using
force, even if it’s primarily political rhetoric for domestic consumption.
2. China’s Expansionist Aims: These drills are more than just intimidation tactics.
They project and assert China’s power in the region. China has a history of
territorial disputes with its neighbors and actively seeks to expand its influence in
the South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific as a whole. This expansionism creates
significant unease in countries with close economic ties to China.
• The Bigger Picture: China’s actions reflect a desire to reclaim its perceived past glory.
However, this aggressive approach towards Taiwan and other neighbors can destabilize the
region. Major powers with interests in the region, like the US, need to carefully monitor the
situation and advocate for peaceful resolution.
The situation remains fluid, and the potential consequences of miscalculation are high. Both
China and Taiwan need to find ways to peacefully co-exist and avoid actions that could trigger a
major conflict.

5.Editorial Topic : Humanity’s law

Controversial Move, Polarizing Reactions
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 • The International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutor’s decision to seek arrest warrants for Israeli
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, and three Hamas
leaders, including Yahya Sinwar, has stirred a hornet’s nest of controversy. While the move
has been applauded by some as a necessary step toward accountability, it has also drawn
fierce criticism from various quarters, reigniting debates around the ICC’s legitimacy, selective
attention, and enforcement challenges.
A Reputation at Stake
• For Israel, the warrant seeking represents a significant blow to its reputation, with the ICC
accusing the nation of deliberately starving civilians and violating the laws of armed conflict in its
military operations in Gaza. The disproportionate civilian-to-combatant death ratio in these
conflicts has long been a subject of humanitarian concern, with some even labeling it a potential
genocide.
Challenging the Liberal International Order
• The United States’ condemnation of the ruling and threats of sanctions against ICC officials have
raised eyebrows, as it appears to undermine the very “liberal international order” it has
championed. This seemingly contradictory stance, welcoming the ICC’s ruling against Putin while
threatening the court over the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, exposes the double standards at play
and the potential intimidation of international institutions.
A Test of Resolve
• The arrest warrant gambit has put ICC member states in a bind, as they are obligated not only to
execute its warrants but also to defend the court against intimidation. This situation presents a
litmus test for the international community’s commitment to upholding the rule of law and the
principles of the liberal international order they claim to espouse.
• As the saga unfolds, the world watches eagerly to see if the ICC’s move will catalyze meaningful
action or further erode the credibility of international institutions in the face of great power
exceptionalism and selective enforcement.

ICC vs. ICJ and the Israel-Palestine Conflict

• ICC vs. ICJ:

• ICC prosecutes individuals for war crimes etc.
• ICJ resolves disputes between states.
• Israel-Palestine Conflict:
• ICC investigation highlights need for accountability.
• Both sides need to move beyond entrenched positions.
• International law’s effectiveness relies on public support.
• Negative Consequences:
• ICC investigation may harden stances and hinder progress.
• Debate could increase cynicism about international law.
• US Campus Protests:
• Common moral ground exists but empathy is lacking.
• Importance of recognizing existential threats of others.
Facts:

• ICC investigates potential war crimes in Israel-Palestine.

• Both Israel and Hamas condemn the ICC investigation.
• Author argues for international law and accountability.
• US campus protests lacked empathy for opposing viewpoints

6.Editorial Topic : A time for para diplomacy

• The Shiromani Akali Dal’s (SAD) recent manifesto proposal to reclaim Kartarpur Sahib through
territorial exchange with Pakistan reignites a complex debate. While the ambition to regain lost
ground is understandable, the practicalities of redrawing borders in Punjab or retrieving Pakistan-
occupied Kashmir (PoK) are daunting.
• Instead, a more pragmatic approach lies in transforming the nature of India-Pakistan’s existing
borders. These frontiers have long been entrenched in military hostility, hindering economic
cooperation. Reopening trade routes like Attari and Hussainiwala, as the SAD suggests, could
be a significant step.
• However, the challenge lies not with India, but with Pakistan’s longstanding policy. The
Pakistani military prioritizes resolving the Kashmir issue before engaging in economic ties.

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 This is evident in their refusal of Most Favored Nation (MFN) status to India and their
suspension of trade after the abrogation of Article 370. Even a brief thaw in February 2021,
with a ceasefire agreement and hints of renewed trade, was met with domestic opposition in
Pakistan.
• This highlights the need for unconventional diplomacy. Track II channels, where unofficial
representatives from both sides engage in dialogue, can bypass official roadblocks and foster
understanding. By focusing on shared economic interests and people-to-people connections,
Track II diplomacy can pave the way for a more cooperative future for India and Pakistan.

Can Special Economic Zones Boost Indo-Pak Ties?

• The incoming government in India has an opportunity to revive dialogue with Pakistan, building
on the tentative steps taken in February 2021. One intriguing proposal suggests creating a
“special economic zone” along the entire Punjab border.
• The Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) envisions this zone fostering collaboration between small
and medium enterprises from both sides. Increased trade and economic cooperation across
the border hold immense potential. Imagine a mirrored free zone on the Pakistani side, paving
the way for integrated development.
• While seemingly ambitious, similar projects have found success. The previously
unthinkable Kartarpur Sahib Corridor project became a reality in 2018-19.
• Cross-border economic zones are not a new concept. Discussions of such zones along
the Pak-Afghan border have occurred, though hampered by regional instability. Examples of
successful trans-border economic zones exist in Southeast Asia, while China actively
promotes cross-border collaboration in its frontier provinces.

The Role of Para Diplomacy in India’s Neighbourhood Policy

Para Diplomacy

• Defined as “sub-state diplomacy” or interactions between regional governments for national

goals.
• Complements, not opposes, national government diplomacy.
• Creates opportunities for cooperation where national positions struggle.
India-Pakistan Context:

• Punjab chief ministers have occasionally met to discuss cooperation.

• National-level conflicts often hinder the success of such initiatives.
State Engagement Variations:

• Indian border states show varying interest in cross-border cooperation.

• West Bengal (Mamata Banerjee) and Tamil Nadu (Tamil parties) influenced India’s foreign
relations with neighbors.
Central-State Government Dynamics:

• UPA government (2004-14) faced resistance from state partners in neighborhood policy.
• Modi government’s “cooperative federalism” faces challenges with non-BJP states.
Conclusion:

• Next government should consider para diplomacy as a valuable tool.

• Successful neighborhood policy requires considering border state interests.
• Consensus between central and regional parties is crucial for productive relationships.

7.Editorial Topic : Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi Dies in Helicopter Crash

Note: In This editorial are solely for informational updates; direct questions cannot be formulated

• Incident: Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi died in a helicopter crash on May 19th in the
mountainous northwest bordering Azerbaijan.
• Destination: Raisi was traveling to Tabriz after inaugurating a dam project with Azerbaijani
President Ilham Aliyev.
• Interim Leader: Supreme Leader Khamenei appointed First Vice-President Mohammad
Mokhber as interim president, following the Iranian constitution.
• Purpose of Swift Action:
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 • Reassurance for the Iranian people.
• Signal of stability and continued government operations.
• Expected Developments:
• Enquiry into the cause of the crash.
• Potential foreign involvement speculation (denied by Israel).
• Possible accusations against foreign powers by Iran, depending on domestic
pressure.
• Regional Impact: Accusations against foreign powers could further complicate the already
tense situation in the region, especially with ongoing Israeli operations in Gaza.
Understanding Iranian Leadership:

• Supreme Leader Holds Ultimate Power: Iran’s final authority lies with the Supreme Leader,
not the President.
• President’s Limited Role: The President is elected but faces restrictions; the Supreme
Leader has veto power.
• Clerical Rule Since Revolution: Only clerics have held the Supreme Leader position since
the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
• Ayatollah Khomeini’s Legacy (1979-1989): Established the “Rule of the Jurisprudent” and
led the revolution.
• Khamenei’s Leadership: Succeeded Khomeini, navigating popular sentiment while
maintaining control.
• Rise of Pragmatists: Allowed for presidents like Khatami (1997-2005) and Rouhani (2013-
2021) who favored engagement.
• Trump’s Impact: Withdrawing from the nuclear deal weakened pragmatists and strengthened
hardliners.
• Hardliners’ Agenda: Oppose nuclear deals, advocate for revolutionary purity (including
social issues), and pursue a more assertive regional role.
• Hardliners Gain Influence: With Khamenei’s approval, they control councils vetting election
candidates.
USA’s Pressure and Decline in Pragmatic Leadership in Iran:

• Trump withdrawing from nuclear deal dealt blow to pragmatists

• Hardliners gradually overshadowed pragmatists
• Hardliners opposed nuclear deal, favored maintaining revolutionary purity including on gender
issues
• Favored assertive regional policy
• With Supreme Leader’s backing, filled vetting councils for elections
About President Raisi:

• From judicial background, known for harsh sentences including capital punishment
• Hardliners’ choice for President in 2021, easily won election
• Thought he may succeed Khamenei who is 85 years old
What Will Happen Now?

• New President to be elected within 50 days under constitution

• Doubts if Khamenei/Guardian Council will allow pragmatist candidate
• Revolutionary Guard favors hardliner for continuity
• Unclear who hardliners with Khamenei’s backing will choose as next President
• Unexpected figures have emerged in past after vetting process
Iran’s Geopolitical Struggles and Relations with World:

• Continues to struggle under Western sanctions

• Moved strongly into Russo-Sino orbit, esp. after Trump ended nuclear deal
• Raisi’s death won’t impede this process
• Iran attacked Israel after strike on embassy in Damascus killed IRGC officer
• But both avoided situation escalating to point of no return
• Will avoid all-out war despite enmity, Iran’s support to Hamas etc.
• Biden admin, China will also restrain both sides
• Unease with Arab states to continue despite Iran-Saudi rapprochement
India and Iran Relations Going Forward:

• New President unlikely to change Iran’s regional orientations including towards South Asia
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 •Support to India on Chabahar port unlikely to be endangered
•But will balance with outreach to Pakistan as Raisi did recently
Conclusion:

• Raisi’s death likely to reopen hardliner vs pragmatist succession tussle

• Real crunch will come when vacancy arises for Supreme Leader’s position

8.Editorial Topic : U.S.-India Trade Needs Higher Ambition

Question : Examine the significance of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in fostering
trade relations between developed and developing countries, with a focus on its role in facilitating
economic reform and market access. How does the renewal of GSP contribute to the
enhancement of US-India strategic relationship?
Basic Concept :

• The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a program by developed nations to give

developing countries a helping hand in international trade. Imagine you own a small shirt
factory in India. Normally, when you export shirts to the US, you pay a tax (called a tariff) on
them. But, under the GSP, the US might reduce or eliminate that tariff for your shirts, making
them cheaper for American consumers and giving your business a boost.
• The GSP isn’t a handout though. There are rules about what products qualify and which
countries benefit. Not all developing countries are included, and there might be limits on how
much of a certain good a country can export with GSP benefits. The GSP is just one way
international trade can be used to promote development.
Pros:

• Boosts Developing Economies: GSP lowers import costs for developing countries, making
their exports cheaper and more competitive in developed markets. This can lead to increased
production, jobs, and economic growth.
• Promotes Diversification: GSP encourages developing countries to diversify their exports
beyond raw materials by offering benefits on a wider range of products.
Cons:

• Distortion of Markets: Lower tariffs for some countries can hurt domestic industries in
developed nations facing competition from cheaper imports.
• Graduation Challenges: Highly successful developing countries may “graduate” out of the
program, potentially hindering their continued growth.
• Compliance Requirements: Maintaining eligibility for GSP can involve meeting labor and
environmental standards, which can be a burden for some countries.

Back to the Editorial Analysis

• Context: Stronger trade ties needed to boost US-India strategic relationship.

• GSP (Generalized System of Preferences):
• Offered by developed countries for economic reform in developing countries
through lower tariffs.
• Oldest “aid for trade” approach in WTO.
• GSP Renewal Importance:
• Bipartisan support exists for restarting talks with India.
• Creates stable market access for developing countries (esp. small businesses).
• Offers alternative to Chinese imports and reduces tariff burden for US companies.
• Aligns with friendshoring/nearshoring goals.
• Goal: Increase bilateral trade beyond $200 billion (current level).
• Challenge: US not negotiating FTAs (Free Trade Agreements) currently.
• Opportunity: GSP renewal can be a stepping stone for broader trade talks (potentially
reaching a $10 billion deal).
US-India Trade Relationship:

• GSP renewal seen as a springboard for broader trade talks.

• Goal: Increase bilateral trade beyond $200 billion.
• Talks before GSP expiration almost reached a wide-ranging deal (up to $10 billion).
• US not currently negotiating FTAs, but India is with other partners.

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 • Existing dialogues lack leverage for ambitious trade deals.
• Private sectors see opportunities but need regulatory certainty.
Conclusion:

• Stronger trade ties needed alongside growing strategic partnership.

• GSP renewal a positive step, but a more comprehensive approach is ideal.

9.Editorial Topic : Putin & Xi

Putin & Xi
Question : Discuss the recent developments in Russo-Chinese relations as highlighted by the
43rd meeting between Putin and Xi in Beijing. How does this growing convergence of interests
pose challenges to India’s strategic outlook?
Introduction:

• 43rd meeting between Putin and Xi in Beijing last week

• Highlights growing anti-Western convergence of interests
• Causing uneasiness among India’s strategy makers
Putin and Xi: Strengthening Russo-Chinese Relations:

• Since 2000, Putin boosted ties with China while exploring modus vivendi with West
• At 2000s turn, rising China had special US/Europe ties but developed strong Russia ties
• Under Xi, China challenged US primacy in Asia, doubled down on Russia partnership
• As contradictions with US deepened, Putin/Xi elevated ties to comprehensive strategic
partnership
• Putin proclaimed “alliance without limits” before Ukraine invasion
Sino-Russia Bonhomie Surprised the World:

• Surprised Western observers who thought their interests would limit closeness
• Put aside divergences to build new axis challenging the West
• Latest summit highlighted coordination, mutual support on Ukraine (Russia) and Taiwan
(China)
Sino-Russian Partnership to Counter US-led World Order:

• Denounced US interventions in Europe and efforts like Quad

• Committed to build “multipolar world”
• Reaffirmed ambition to counter American hegemony in international finance
• Xi showed rare warmth toward Putin despite US pressure on China over Russia ties
Reevaluating India’s Strategic Assumptions:

• Delhi had bet Moscow and Beijing won’t collaborate too closely
• Delhi hoped Putin won’t ignore India’s concerns while getting close to China
• Need to reexamine Russia thesis and its corollary
• Moscow more dependent than ever on Beijing after burning bridges with West
• China is the senior partner in relationship with Russia
• Worry Putin’s support for China’s Indo-Pacific positions undermines India’s multipolar Asia
efforts
Conclusion:

• As Russia-China alliance solidifies, India faces heightened security vulnerabilities

• Must reconsider strategies to navigate evolving power dynamics in Asia
• Proactive, nuanced approach essential to safeguard interests in changing world order

10.Editorial Topic : Chabahar Port Deal

Basic Concept
Chabahar Port is a significant port located on the Gulf of Oman in the southeastern region of Iran. It holds
strategic importance for India for several reasons:

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 • Alternative Trade Route: Instead of going through Pakistan, Chabahar Port provides India
with an alternative route for trading with Afghanistan and Central Asian countries.
• Sea-Land Connectivity: Chabahar Port has the potential to connect India with Afghanistan
by road and rail routes through Iran. This would boost trade between the two nations.
• International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): Chabahar Port serves as a key
entry point for this multinational transport corridor linking India, Russia, Iran, Europe, and
Central Asia. This unlocks greater trade possibilities.
• Strategic Competition: Chabahar Port is located close to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, which is
being developed by China. For India, developing Chabahar helps counter China’s growing
influence in the region.
• Economic Development: There are plans to establish a free trade zone around Chabahar
Port. This would promote economic development in Iran and the wider region.
In essence, Chabahar Port presents a crucial opportunity for India to enhance trade, strengthen
connectivity, and solidify its strategic position in the region.

Back to the Editorial Analysis

Chabahar Port Deal: Key Points

• 2003: Landmark visit by Iranian President Khatami to India led to agreements, including
developing Chabahar Port for access to Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Europe.
• 2015-Present: Despite US-Iran tensions and India-US ties growing closer, India has
continued pursuing Chabahar Port development.
• May 2024: India Ports Global Ltd. (IPGL) signed a 10-year deal with Iran’s Ports and Maritime
Organisation to operate a Chabahar port terminal.
• Investment:
• IPGL to directly invest ~$120 million.
• India to offer credit equivalent to ~$250 million.
• Significance: Project’s strategic importance remains, though Taliban takeover of Afghanistan
may impact coordination.
Chabahar Deal’s Sanction Concerns

• Apprehensions over US sanctions on Iran affecting India’s strategic Chabahar bet, may be
exaggerated.
• Under Donald Trump’s tenure in 2017, despite his hawkish stance on Iran, Delhi secured a
waiver from sanctions for Chabahar project, citing access to Afghanistan.
• On the commercial front, complications arise over permissible products, volumes for trade
with/through Iran, concerning some Western allies.
• China’s deep entrenchment in Central Asian markets, including via Belt and Road Initiative,
poses challenges.
Uncertain Connectivity Projects

• Chabahar is a potential component of the Russia-Iran-India envisioned International North-

South Transport Corridor, linking South Asia to Central Asia and Europe.
• Tensions within Europe and between Iran-West make this project challenging.
• The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor, announced at 2022 G20 Delhi summit as
a counter to BRI, seeks to build road, rail, shipping networks through India’s near-West to
Western Europe.
• However, the Israel-Hamas conflict has paused gains of the Abraham Accords, slowing down
the project.
Delhi’s Strategic Pursuit

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 • These diverse partnerships illustrate Delhi’s pursuit of multiple routes as it looks westward.
• India is willing to negotiate the complex global strategic environment to achieve its connectivity
goals.
Additional Notes ( Arora IAS)
Impact of Chabahar Port on Pakistan and China
1. China & Pakistan view Chabahar as India’s counter to their China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC).
2. India uses Chabahar to bypass Pakistan and access Afghanistan and Central Asia.
3. China might be concerned about India gaining influence in the region.
4. Pakistan fears Gwadar port (CPEC) losing importance to Chabahar.
5. However, some argue both ports can coexist. Gwadar can handle larger ships that feed
cargo to Chabahar.
6. Iran maintains Chabahar isn’t a rival and invites Pakistan to join its development.
7. Tensions could rise if China uses Gwadar for military purposes.
8. Afghanistan benefits from a new trade route bypassing Pakistan.
9. Pakistan might develop alternative routes through China to avoid Chabahar.

11.Editorial Topic : Investment lessons from the India-EFTA trade deal

Question : Analyze the significance of India’s stalled free trade agreements with major economies
like the UK and EU in the context of the country’s elections. Evaluate the impact of the India-EFTA
Trade Deal on boosting trade volumes and its innovative investment chapter’s potential in
facilitating investment and job creation.
Basic Concept :
• A free trade agreement (FTA) is a pact between two or more countries to reduce barriers to trade
and investment. Imagine it as an agreement to lower or eliminate customs duties (taxes on
imports), quotas (limits on imports), and other restrictions on trade. This makes it cheaper and
easier for businesses in each country to sell goods and services to each other.
• Think of it like creating a special economic zone between countries, but without the physical
borders. FTAs can also include provisions on other areas like intellectual property rights and labor
standards. The goal is to boost economic activity and create a win-win situation for all parties
involved.
Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): Merits and Demerits
Merits (Benefits):

1. Increased Trade:FTAs eliminate or reduce tariffs and barriers, making imports and exports
cheaper and easier. This stimulates trade between countries, boosting economic activity.
2. Economic Growth:Increased trade leads to higher production, which creates jobs and
generates government revenue. FTAs can foster innovation and competitiveness.
3. Foreign Investment:FTAs often create a more stable and predictable trade
environment, attracting foreign investment. This injects capital, creates jobs, and promotes
technological advancements.
4. Consumer Benefits:Lower import costs from FTAs translate to cheaper goods and a wider
variety of products for consumers. This increases purchasing power and improves living
standards.
5. Global Integration:FTAs promote closer economic ties between countries, fostering
international cooperation and potentially leading to political stability.
Demerits (Drawbacks):

1. Job Losses:Increased competition from imports can lead to job losses in domestic industries
that struggle to compete. This can be disruptive for workers and communities.
2. Environmental Concerns:Lower trade barriers may incentivize production in countries with
less stringent environmental regulations. This can lead to increased pollution and resource
depletion.
3. Unequal Benefits:FTAs can disproportionately benefit large corporations and developed
countries. Smaller businesses and developing economies may struggle to compete, hindering
their growth.
4. Loss of Sovereignty:FTAs can limit a country’s ability to control its own policies, such as
setting tariffs or enacting environmental regulations. This can raise concerns about national
sovereignty.
5. Social Disparity:FTAs can exacerbate income inequality as benefits may concentrate on
certain sectors or regions. This can widen the gap between the rich and the poor.
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Back to The Editorial
Why in News?

• India’s free trade agreements with major economies like the UK and EU are stalled due to
Indian elections.
India-EFTA Trade Deal:

• Signed in March 2024 with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) –
Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland.
• Expected to boost low trade volumes between India and EFTA countries.
• Notably, India agreed to include environment and labor issues, which it previously opposed.
Investment Chapter:

• A key differentiator from recent India FTAs (Australia, UAE, Mauritius).

• Focuses on investment facilitation, not just protection.
• Unique Feature:EFTA countries will “aim to” increase FDI in India:
• $50 billion within 10 years of the FTA.
• Another $50 billion in the following five years.
• “Aim to” facilitate creation of one million jobs in India.
• This is an obligation of conduct, requiring a good-faith effort to achieve the goals, not a
guaranteed outcome.
• Indian negotiators are praised for this innovative approach in the investment chapter.
Significance:

• Sets a precedent for ongoing trade negotiations with the UK, EU, and others.
Trade and Investment in India’s FTAs
Economic Linkage:

• Trade and investment are interconnected, especially in global supply chains.

• FTAs typically include rules for both trade and investment.
India’s FTA Strategy:

• Early 2000s FTAs (Japan, Korea, etc.) included investment protection chapters.
• Recent FTAs (Australia, UAE, etc.) decoupled trade and investment rules (FTA 2.0).
• Separate agreements for trade and investment are being explored (e.g., UAE).
FTA 3.0 Recommendations:

• Clear FTA policy needed for trade and investment laws.

• Negotiate trade and investment together in one comprehensive treaty.
• Expand investment focus from facilitation to protection with strong dispute settlement.
• Legal protection for foreign investors will boost confidence.
Importance:

• Foreign direct investment in India has dropped.

• A clear and comprehensive FTA policy is needed for higher economic growth.

12.Editorial Topic : Europe in the Midst of Great Power Politics

Note: Today’s editorials are solely for informational updates; direct questions cannot be formulated
Xi Jinping’s Visit to Europe:

• Context: Highlights China’s attempt to exploit divisions within Europe and between Europe
and the US.
• Europe’s dilemma: Balancing US, Russia, and China.
China’s Economic Play:

• Xi’s trip comes amidst:

• Spying scandal raising concerns over Chinese influence.
• Potential EU sanctions against Chinese electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers for
dumping.
• China’s goals:
• Dissuade Europe from escalating trade tensions.
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 • Reverse “de-risking” trend by European companies (reducing reliance on China).
• China’s tactics:
• Offering economic incentives (investments) to European countries.
• Example: Hungary supporting China (EV factory) despite Europe’s own EV
ambitions.
• Significant investments in Serbia’s economy.
• France’s approach:
• Seeks Chinese investment and rejects US-led isolation of China.
• Emphasizes EU-China economic ties and strategic autonomy (balancing US &
China).
• Xi’s interest:
• Assessing Europe-US divergence on China strategy.
China and Russia:

• Xi’s support for Russia’s invasion worries Europe about Central European stability.
• Macron’s shift:
• Initially advocated for including Russia in European security architecture (2022).
• Now sees Putin as the biggest threat to Europe’s future.
• Europe’s security debate:
• Acknowledges US support but emphasizes European responsibility.
• Macron proposes sending troops to Ukraine (faces German resistance).
• Views on China’s role:
• Some see Xi as a potential moderating influence on Putin and want him involved
in peace talks.
• Xi’s visits to pro-Russian Serbia and Hungary:
• Highlight divisions within Europe and support for the China-Russia alliance.
US vs. China Narrative:

• US views China-Russia as an “axis of authoritarians.”

• Xi rejects “Cold War mentality,” appealing to European peace advocates.
• Xi’s visit to Serbia coincides with the anniversary of the NATO bombing of the Chinese
embassy.
• China uses this to challenge Western views on international law and a rules-based
order. (Word count: 368)
• Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin intensifying political attacks on NATO
• Donald Trump, likely Republican nominee for US President, criticizing Europe’s lack of
defense spending in NATO, vowing not to defend countries that don’t contribute enough
• Trump condemning EU’s protectionist policies, pledging to advocate for fairer trade relations
• Macron emphasizing building European sovereignty to navigate US and China’s dominance
in politics, economics, and technology
• Critics highlighting internal divisions in Europe that could hinder Macron’s vision of “European
strategic autonomy”
• Despite tensions, close US-Europe relationship remains significant, preventing easy severing
of ties
India’s Strategic Challenge: Europe’s Response Matters

• Europe’s View:
• Russia – Threat
• China – Opportunity
• US Pressure: Increase defense spending (Europe) & counter China (Asia)
• India’s Concerns:
• China – Primary Challenge
• Russia – Part of the Solution
• US Domestic Politics: Shapes Global Power Dynamics
• India’s Response: Increase Engagement with Europe (Trade & Security)
• Existing Ties: France, Nordics, EFTA, EU
Need for Further Strategic Engagement

13.Editorial Topic : Myanmar Crisis:

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Question : Evaluate the role of the Border Guard Force (BGF) in exacerbating the instability in
Myanmar and its implications for regional security. Suggest measures to mitigate the influence
of non-state actors like the BGF on Myanmar’s internal dynamics.
Myanmar’s Fragile State:

• Myanmar’s army retook Myawaddy from anti-government forces, highlighting ongoing

instability.
• Ethnic conflicts and the 2021 coup have weakened the state’s control over its territory.
Border Guard Force (BGF):

• This powerful, militia-like group benefits from the conflict, operating criminal networks in the
region.
• Their rise reflects the breakdown of state authority in Myanmar.
External Players:

• Collapsing state authority attracts interventions from China, the US, and other regional
powers.
• This creates a complex geopolitical situation on India’s eastern border.
India’s Lack of Response:

•Despite the crisis’ impact on India’s security, the government hasn’t effectively engaged with
different actors in Myanmar.
Needed Change:

• India needs a new Myanmar policy that:

• Rethinks its past bias favoring the military junta.
• Engages with the National Unity Government (NUG) and ethnic armed groups.
• Opens communication channels with local forces controlling Myanmar’s border
regions.
• Moves beyond a purely defensive approach like border fencing.
External Intervention:

• As the threat posed by the collapsing Myanmarese state engulfs the region, external powers
are increasingly intervening.
• While the regional forum ASEAN has been unable to address the challenges, major powers
are stepping in.
• China, under the guise of stabilizing its border with Myanmar, has deeply inserted itself into
the nation’s internal affairs.
• The US supports Myanmar’s pro-democracy movement and has provided nearly $500 million
in assistance under the Burma Act of 2021, including some non-lethal military support.
India’s Strategic Silence:

• Despite the significant impact on India’s internal and external security, there has been minimal
discussion in Delhi regarding how to tackle the Myanmar crisis.
• It’s time for the Indian government to reconsider its previous policy bias favoring Myanmar’s
military, which is no longer capable of securing India’s interests.
• Delhi must now initiate dialogue with Myanmar’s National Unity Government, comprising the
democratic opposition and ethnic armed groups.
• While engaging with the military is crucial, New Delhi should also open communication
channels with local forces controlling regions along the 1,600-kilometer land border with
Myanmar.
Conclusion:

• The Myanmar crisis has brought major power play to India’s neighborhood. India needs a
clear Myanmar policy. Simply playing defense by fencing the border with Myanmar is wholly
inadequate in addressing the challenge on India’s eastern frontier.

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Economy

1.Editorial Topic : Heatwaves: A Double Threat for India’s Informal Workers

Questions : Discuss the socio-economic vulnerabilities of informal workers in India during

heatwaves. What policy measures can be implemented to provide social safety nets and job
security for these workers?

Extreme Heat and Laborers:

• A recent death highlights the dangers of heatwaves for manual laborers.

• Urban heat islands trap heat, making cities even hotter for workers.
Vulnerability of Informal Workers:

• No job security or social safety nets leave them exposed.

• Lost work hours due to heat translate to lost income.
• Existing socio-economic disadvantages make them more susceptible.
Heat Action Plans (HAPs):

• Can be effective tools to reduce heatwave casualties if implemented correctly.

Current Problems with HAPs:

• Many cities lack them entirely.

• Existing plans often overlook informal workers.
• Focus on immediate responses rather than long-term solutions.
• Not designed for urban environments or challenges faced by informal workers.
Impact of Heat on Workers:

• Reduced income across various informal jobs.

• Increased burden on women workers due to heat-related issues.
• Lack of healthcare access leads to heat-related illnesses.
• Financial strain from buying protective measures and replacing spoiled goods.
Policy Measures for a Solution:

• Shifting Perspective:
• Recognize heatwaves as long-term issues.
• Integrate Heat Action Plans (HAPs) with urban planning and climate strategies.
• Prioritizing Vulnerable Workers:
• Include informal workers in urban HAPs.
• Develop national guidelines for worker-specific interventions.
• Holistic Approach:

• Consider heat’s impact on both indoor and outdoor informal labor.

• Worker Participation: Include worker representatives in developing and implementing HAPs.
• Gender-Sensitive Measures: Address the unequal impact of heat on women workers.
• Income and Health Security: Implement social safety nets and compensation programs to offset
heatwave losses.
• Labor Law Reforms: Adapt labor laws to consider the impact of climate change on informal
workers.
• Urban Redesign: Design cities with worker well-being in mind (water, shade, rest areas).
• Worker Visibility: Acknowledge informal workers’ contributions and advocate for their rights.

2.Editorial Topic : India, Liberalism and its Crisis of Legitimacy

Question : Examine the global decline of liberalism and its implications for liberal democracies,
with a focus on India. How has public perception of liberal values changed in recent years?

• Context: The editorial argues for a renewed vision of liberalism in India, given the global decline in
its popularity.
India’s Tryst with Liberalism (1990s):

• After the 1991 elections, India embraced liberalism, seen as the pinnacle of human progress.
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 • This ideology emphasized democracy, free markets, and rule of law.
Global Decline of Liberalism:

• Criticism from both left and right has challenged liberalism worldwide.
• The number of liberal democracies has shrunk to 34 since the Cold War.
• Public dissatisfaction with liberal values is rising. (e.g., 2023 Pew survey in India)
Attacks on Liberalism in India:

• Left Critique:

o Liberalism is seen as elitist, favoring the rich and widening inequality.

o It prioritizes individualism over collective needs.
o The left sees a contradiction between liberal democracy and market capitalism.

• Right Critique:

o The right emphasizes social values, community, identity, and tradition.

o They see liberalism as a Western import that clashes with Indian values.
o Right-wing populism often champions strong leadership over individual freedoms.

• Liberal Values in Indian Tradition: (Against “western import” critique)

•Thinkers like Amartya Sen argue core liberal values (liberty, justice, harmony) exist in Indian
history.
• Examples: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, B.R. Ambedkar
Challenges and Suggestions for Reform:

•1. Engage with Tradition and Identity: Indian liberalism needs to reconcile with ideas of
tradition and identity.
• 2. Reform Economic Approach: Move beyond “neoliberalism” for a more inclusive and
socially just market system.
• 3. Political Reform and Representative Institutions: Strengthen democracy and revive
representative bodies.
• 4. Liberal Consensus: Develop a shared understanding of liberalism amidst diverse views
and criticisms.
Conclusion:

• Urgent reform and revival are needed for Indian liberalism.

Additional Information ( Arora IAS Inputs)
Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) Differences in India

Feature Liberalisation Privatisation Globalisation

Transferring ownership of Integrating the Indian

Reducing government
Focus public sector enterprises to economy with the world
control in the economy
private entities economy

Increased efficiency,
Impact on Increased competition, Increased trade, foreign
access to new
Indian improved efficiency, and investment, and exposure
technologies, and potential
Economy foreign investment to international competition
for job creation

Reduction of tariffs, Trade liberalization,

Sale of government-owned
relaxation of industrial reduction of trade barriers,
Policy Tools companies, disinvestment,
licensing, deregulation of Foreign Direct Investment
public-private partnerships
financial markets (FDI) promotion

Sale of Air India,

Examples in Reduction in import duties, Removal of trade quotas,
disinvestment in Coal
India delicensing of industries, participation in World Trade
India, Public Private

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 deregulation of banking Partnerships in Organisation (WTO), Free
sector infrastructure projects Trade Agreements (FTAs)

Increased economic
Improved efficiency,
growth, improved product Access to new markets,
reduced government
Benefits quality, access to a wider technology transfer,
burden, potential for
variety of goods and potential for job creation
innovation
services

Increased income
Loss of public control, Competition from foreign
inequality, job losses in
potential for monopolies, companies, environmental
Challenges certain sectors,
social impact on concerns, exploitation of
vulnerability to external
employees cheap labor
shocks

Negotiate trade
Create a conducive Develop a transparent and
Government agreements, facilitate
regulatory environment for efficient disinvestment
Role foreign investment,
private sector participation process
promote exports

The pace and extent of The government needs to

LPG reforms have been a
reforms have been balance economic growth
Additional key driver of India’s
debated, with concerns with social welfare and
Points economic growth in recent
about managing the social environmental
decades.
impact. sustainability.

3.Editorial Topic : AMRUT Scheme

Question : Critically analyze the goals and objectives of the AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation
and Urban Transformation) scheme. How does it aim to address the challenges of urban growth
and infrastructure in India?

• Urban Growth: India’s urban population is booming – 36% today, projected to be over 50%
by 2047.
• Infrastructure Needs: World Bank estimates a staggering $840 billion needed for basic urban
infrastructure in the next 15 years.
• AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation): Launched in June
2015, with AMRUT 2.0 launched on Oct 1, 2021.
• Addressing Challenges: Aims to tackle water, mobility, and pollution issues in cities.
• Centralized Funding: Financial assistance provided by the Central Government, with states
and cities mobilizing additional funds.
• AMRUT Mission Goals:
• Universal access to assured water supply and sewerage connections.
• Enhanced city value through green spaces and parks.
• Reduced pollution via public transport and non-motorized options (walking,
cycling).
• AMRUT 2.0 Focus: Aims for “water secure” cities and functional water taps for every
household in all statutory towns.
• Ambitious Targets: 100% sewage management in the original 500 AMRUT cities.
AMRUT Scheme: The Reality on Ground

• Health Crisis:
• 200,000 deaths annually due to poor water, sanitation, hygiene.
• Disease burden from unsafe water 40 times higher than China in 2016.
• Water Scarcity:
• Untreated wastewater increases disease risk.
• Reservoir levels at 40% capacity.
• 21 major cities facing groundwater depletion.
• NITI Aayog report: 40% of India may lack drinking water by 2030.

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 • 31% urban households lack piped water.
• Average urban water supply: 69 litres/day (required: 135 litres).
• Air Pollution:
• Quality worsening in AMRUT cities and other major urban areas.
• National Clean Air Programme launched in 2019 (AMRUT 2.0 focused on
water/sewerage).
• Scheme’s Issues:
• Flawed foundation: project-oriented vs. holistic approach.
• Top-down implementation: minimal city government participation.
• Bureaucratic & private sector driven, neglecting community needs.
• Ignores local climate, rainfall patterns, existing infrastructure.
• Real estate focus disrupts natural water systems.

4.Editorial Topic : India’s Trade Landscape (FY24)

Question: Critically analyze the ‘Make in India’ initiative in the context of reducing dependence
on Chinese imports. What specific policies could enhance domestic manufacturing of electronics
in India?
Basic Concept

• A trade deficit occurs when a country imports more goods and services than it exports over a
specific period.
• Imagine Country A buys Rs100 worth of electronics from Country B, but only sells Rs70 worth
of clothing to Country B.
• In this scenario, Country A has a trade deficit of Rs30 because they are spending more money
on imports than they are earning from exports.

Back to the Editorial Analysis

• China: Top trading partner (6th time in 10 years).

• High import volume from China (>50% of mobiles, computer parts).
• Trade deficit with China widens fastest: $85.1 billion.
• United States: Opposite trade dynamic.
• Growing trade surplus: $36.7 billion (exports > imports).
• Exports to US increasing more than imports.
• Russia: Trade deficit skyrockets to $57.2 billion.
• Discounted oil imports drive the surge.
• Netherlands: Trade surplus increases due to sanctions.
• India refines Russian oil and exports petroleum products to Netherlands.
Additional Notes:

• India relies heavily on China for electronics and electrical goods.

• Trade imbalances exist with both China (deficit) and US (surplus).
India’s Imports from China (FY15-FY24)

• Dominant Source: China is the major source for most electronics and electrical items.
• Top Imports:
• Mobiles/telephones: $75 billion (54% sourced from China)
• Automatic data processing units
• Semiconductor devices and diodes (70% from China)
• Electronic integrated circuits and micro assemblies (32% from China)
Additional Information (Arora IAS Inputs)
Strategies for India

• Spreading the Net: Diversify supply chains by sourcing electronics and electrical goods from
multiple countries, reducing dependence on a single source.
• Make in India: Incentivize domestic manufacturing through subsidies and tax breaks, creating a
strong local electronics industry.
• Innovation Engine: Invest heavily in research and development for key technologies like
semiconductors, fostering domestic innovation.
• Global Partnerships: Build strategic partnerships with other countries for trade and technology
exchange, creating alternative import channels.

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 • Building Domestic Champions: Implement policies that support local manufacturers, making
them competitive in the global market.

5.Editorial Topic : Taming Inflation: A To-Do List

Question : Critically Analysis the government’s response to high pulse inflation, including the
liberalization of pulse imports and the implications for farmers.
Challenge:

• Controlling food inflation (around 8%) while managing overall inflation within RBI’s target
range (4+/-2%).
Recent Development:

• India’s agri-imports declined by 8% in 2023-24 ($32.8 billion vs $35.7 billion in 2022-23).

• Average annual growth rate (AAGR) of agri-imports also slowed down under the current
government (9% vs 14% during UPA rule).
Reasons for Decline in Agri-Imports:

• Main factor: Drop in international edible oil prices (28.5% decline in import value).
• Quantity of edible oil imports remained stable (15-16 million MT in both years).
• India imports 55-60% of its edible oil needs.
• Palm oil (over 50% share) is the major import, followed by soybean and sunflower.
• FAO’s vegetable oil sub-index reflects lower global prices (168.5 in 2022-23 vs
123.4 in 2023-24).
Other Agri-Imports:

• Pulses, fresh fruits & vegetables, sugar, spices, cashew, etc.

Pulse Price Fluctuations in India

Historical Context (2016-2023):

• Pulse imports peaked at $4.2 billion (6.6 MT) in 2016-17.

• Domestic production also surged to 6 MT in 2016-17,leading to a glut.

• Prices fell below minimum support prices (MSP).

• Government imposed import tariffs (30-60%) and quantity restrictions.
Current Status:

•Pulse production stagnant at 25-27 MMT.

•Import restrictions and slow production growth lead to high pulse inflation.
•April 2024: Pulses inflation – 17%, Tur inflation – 31%.
Government Response:

• Liberalized pulse imports with zero duty until December 2024.

• Aims to control consumer prices but may hurt farmers.
Pulse Policy:

• Gradual reduction in import duty, not a sudden drop to zero.

• Landed price of imported pulses should not fall below MSP.
• NAFED to buy pulses at MSP if domestic prices fall, to create buffer stocks and support
farmers.
Edible Oil/Oilseed Policy:

• Landed price of imported oil shouldn’t be below MSP of domestically produced oilseeds
(converted to oil equivalent).
• Self-sufficiency through traditional oilseeds (mustard, groundnut, soybean) is impractical
(needs 35-40 million hectares extra land).
• Promote palm oil cultivation on 2 million hectares of suitable land (high yield – 4 tonnes/ha).
Key Takeaway:

• Integrate trade policy (import) with domestic MSP policy.

• This is crucial for pulses and oilseeds (low water & fertilizer requirements).

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Protects farmers’ income and promotes sustainable agriculture

6.Editorial Topic : RBI’s Record Surplus

Question : Explain the legal framework governing the surplus transfer from the RBI to the
government as per the RBI Act, 1934 (Section 47). How does this framework ensure transparency
and accountability?
Basic Concept : Part-1
RBI earns income in several ways:

• Interest from government securities: Just like you earn interest on bonds, RBI earns
interest by holding Indian government bonds. (Example: If RBI holds a ₹100 crore bond with
a 5% interest rate, it earns ₹5 crore annually).
• Open Market Operations (OMOs): RBI buys and sells government bonds to manage money
supply. When RBI buys bonds, it injects money into the economy and earns interest on those
bonds. (Example: RBI buys ₹100 crore of bonds from banks. The banks get cash, and RBI
earns interest on the bonds).
• Foreign Exchange Operations: RBI buys and sells foreign currencies to stabilize the rupee’s
exchange rate. Sometimes, these trades generate profits. (Example: RBI buys dollars when
they’re cheap and sells them dearer later, pocketing the difference).
• Loans & advances: RBI lends money to banks in short-term situations. These loans come
with interest. (Example: A bank might borrow ₹10 crore from RBI for a week at a 1% interest
rate, paying ₹1 lakh in interest).
• Income from LAF (Liquidity Adjustment Facility): RBI provides short-term liquidity to banks
through repo (buying government securities) and reverse repo (selling government securities)
operations. These transactions generate income for RBI. (Example: A bank sells ₹100 crore
of government securities to RBI through repo at 4% interest. RBI holds the securities and
earns interest).

Basic Concept : Part-2

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has various expenses to manage its operations:

• Operating Expenses: Salaries for RBI staff, electricity bills for offices, and maintaining its
technology infrastructure.
• Interest on Deposits & Borrowings: If RBI accepts deposits from banks, it might pay interest
on them. Also, RBI might borrow money to manage cash flow, incurring interest charges.
• Currency Issue Expenses: The cost of printing new rupees, transporting them to banks, and
replacing worn-out notes. Imagine the cost of secure paper, high-quality printing, and secure
delivery of new currency.
• Contingencies & Reserves: Funds set aside for unexpected situations. This could include
potential losses from loans banks take out from RBI or economic downturns impacting the
financial system. For example, RBI might need reserves to help banks facing a sudden surge
in loan defaults.

Back to the Editorial

• RBI to transfer ₹2.11 lakh crore surplus to government (2023-24):

• Welcome boost for the new government’s budget in July.
• Reflects RBI’s prudent asset management during global uncertainty.
• Reasons for the high surplus:
• Higher interest income on overseas holdings.
• Gains from forex interventions to stabilize the rupee.
• Increased forex reserves (by $67.1 billion to $645.58 billion in a year).
• Income from Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) operations.
• Surplus calculation based on Economic Capital Framework (ECF):
• Maintains a Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) of 5.5-6.5% of the balance sheet for
unforeseen events.
• Surplus is transferred to government only after risk provisioning.
• CRB includes provisions for monetary, financial, credit, and operational risks.

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 • Surplus transfer as per RBI Act, 1934 (Section 47).
RBI Income, Expenditure and Surplus

• Income:
• Interest from government securities, OMOs, forex operations, loans & advances,
LAF.
• Expenditure:
• Operating expenses, interest on deposits & borrowings, currency issue expenses,
contingencies & reserves.
• Surplus: Net income minus expenses, after reserves & contingencies.
Benefits:

• Increased provisioning (6.5% of balance sheet):

• Signals RBI’s confidence in domestic economy.
• Strengthens buffer against global financial risks.
• Bountiful surplus for new government (post-June 4 elections):
• Opportunity for increased capital spending.
• Bridge fiscal gap and reassure investors.
Conclusion: RBI lays the foundation for a confident start for the next government.

7.Editorial Topic : RBI Transfers Record Surplus to Government

Question : Critically analyze the factors contributing to the higher surplus transfer by the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI) to the government this fiscal year.
Amount: Rs 2.1 lakh crore (surplus transferred to government)
Significance:

• Higher than anticipated – government estimated Rs 1.02 lakh crore in budget.

• Strengthens government finances.
RBI Buffer:

• Increased contingency risk buffer to 6.5% of balance sheet (from 6% in 2022-23).

• Acts as a financial stability buffer for unforeseen crises.
• Based on Bimal Jalan Committee recommendations.
Bimal Jalan Committee Recommendations:

• Clearer distinction between realized equity (usable for losses) and revaluation balances
(market gains not distributable).
• Expected Shortfall (ES) methodology for measuring market risks.
• Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) target range of 6.5% to 5.5% of balance sheet.
• Surplus distribution only when realized equity exceeds required level.
• Periodic review of economic capital framework (every 5 years).
Why High Surplus for RBI This Year?
Possible Reasons for Higher Transfer:

• Increased interest income from domestic and foreign assets, forex transactions.
How Can Government Use the Surplus?

•Fiscal Space: Creates room for additional spending in the upcoming full budget (post-
election).
• Reduce fiscal deficit further (current target: 5.1% of GDP in 2024-25).
• Offset potential revenue shortfalls (e.g., disinvestment).
• Increase capital expenditure (current budget: 3.4% of GDP).
• Market Impact: 10-year bond yield already shows a decline.
Government’s Fiscal Strategy:

• Committed to fiscal consolidation (reducing deficit).

• Target: Bring deficit below 4.5% of GDP by 2025-26.
• Increasing capital expenditure alongside deficit reduction.
• Capex to GDP ratio:
• 2.5% in 2021-22
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 • 3.23% in 2023-24
• 3.4% in 2024-25 (interim budget)
Conclusion:

• RBI’s surplus transfer creates an opportunity for the next government.

• Options: Reduce fiscal deficit or increase capital spending.
8.Editorial Topic : Food Inflation and the “TOP” Trio

• Inflation and its Impact: Inflation is a key measure of an economy’s health, reflecting changes
in living costs.
• Measuring Inflation in India: The Consumer Price Index (CPI) tracks inflation in India, with
vegetables holding a 6.04% weight in the basket.
• The “TOP” Trio: Tomatoes, onions, and potatoes (TOP) have a significant influence on both
food and overall inflation, despite a seemingly low 2.2% weight in the CPI basket.
• Higher Consumption in Lower Income Groups: The “TOP” trio makes up a larger portion
of the consumption basket for lower income groups, impacting them more (3.6% in urban and
5% in rural areas for the bottom 5%).
• Recent Price Surge: Vegetable prices rose 15% year-on-year in FY2023-24, with significant
volatility (from a -0.7% drop in June to a 37.4% rise in July).
• “TOP” Trio’s Inflationary Contribution: During July’s price surge, vegetables contributed
31.9% to headline inflation, with the “TOP” trio contributing 17.2%.
Volatility of TOP’s Prices:

• A key feature of tomatoes, onions, and potatoes (TOP) is their significant price fluctuations.
• The Coefficient of Variation (CoV) – a volatility measure – of TOP’s inflation was 5.2 from Jan
2015 to March 2024.
• This is considerably higher than volatility in the overall food group, vegetable subgroup, and
headline inflation.
• TOP’s high CoV highlights their sensitivity to market forces, weather variations, and supply
chain disruptions.
Impact on Farmers and Consumers:

• The volatility and importance of TOP in inflation necessitate effective policy interventions and
a deeper understanding of agricultural supply chains.
• Being perishable crops, TOP are susceptible to various stresses.
• Lack of Minimum Support Price (MSP) and dependence on private traders expose farmers to
price volatility, despite them being net buyers of these vegetables.
Possible Solutions:

• To reduce price volatility, solutions include:

• Overhauling agricultural value chains.
• Improving cold storage facilities.
• Offering better prices to farmers to incentivize production.
• Reducing exorbitant input costs of fertilizers and pesticides.
Short-Term vs. Long-Term Measures:

• The recent lifting of export bans on onions before Maharashtra elections exemplifies a reliance
on short-term measures.
• Long-term solutions, as demanded by farmers, are necessary for sustainable management.

9.Editorial Topic : Indian Economy on the Rise

Economic Growth Projections:

• National Statistical Office (NSO) initially projected 7.3% growth for 2023-24, revised upwards
to 7.6% in February.
• A recent RBI report forecasts a 7.5% growth in Q1 of FY2024-25, exceeding their earlier
estimate of 7.1%.
• This potentially positions India’s growth at nearly double the global average in recent years.
Positive Momentum Across Sectors:

• Leading indicators in the RBI report show healthy growth momentum.

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 • Strong growth in GST e-way bills, toll collections, and steel consumption (construction sector)
is observed.
• Rural spending is recovering, with Nielsen IQ data indicating higher rural FMCG demand than
urban in Q1 (Jan-March).
• Two- and three-wheeler sales are experiencing steady growth.
Areas of Concern:

• Merchandise exports saw a meagre 1.1% growth in April.

• Broad-based revival in private investment is yet to materialize.
• Job and wage concerns persist.
• Divergence in food and core inflation is a challenge (food inflation at 7.9% in April vs. core
inflation at 3.2%).
• Uncertainty around food prices contributes to the uneven pace of inflation aligning with the
RBI’s target.
• The report predicts a “durable alignment” with the inflation target only in the second half of the
year, suggesting a long-drawn disinflation process.
Looking Ahead:

• National election results in early June will be followed by government formation, RBI’s
monetary policy meeting, and the Union budget presentation.
• These upcoming events will be crucial factors shaping India’s future growth trajectory.

10.Editorial Topic : India’s Manufacturing Ambitions: Growth and Empowerment

Question : Evaluate the strategies employed for workforce empowerment in India’s manufacturing
sector, focusing on pre-election plans, state-level initiatives to attract major manufacturers, and
efforts towards industrial development and worker accommodation. How do these strategies
contribute to improving worker skills, productivity, and reducing turnover?

Target:

• Economy: Reach $10 trillion by 2035.

• Manufacturing: Increase share of GDP from 15% to 25% (4x growth).
Initiatives:

• Leverage post-Covid opportunities.

• Implement Production Linked Incentives (PLIs).
• Promote “Make in India” campaign.
• Focus on electronics and semiconductors.
Workforce Empowerment:

• Pre-election focus: 100-day plans to address worker challenges.

• States attracting major manufacturers (Foxconn, Micron, Tata).
• Industrial Development: Assembly, EV hub, and mega factories.
• Worker Strategies: Safe accommodation (on-site or nearby) for all levels.
Benefits:

• Improved worker skills and productivity.

• Reduced worker turnover.
Challenges:

• Most workers live in ad-hoc housing, leading to long commutes (2 hrs each way) costing
₹5,000/month (Bengaluru example).
• Long commutes exhaust workers, affecting productivity.
International Examples:

• China: Large-scale worker housing (Foxconn’s Guangzhou factory – 300,000 workers).

Concerns during Covid.
• South Korea: Stringent labor laws and worker-friendly policies might be a better model for
India (similar democracies).
Lessons from India:

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 • Public Sector: Bhilai Steel Plant (housing & community infrastructure).
• Private Sector: Tata Steel Jamshedpur (integrated worker accommodations).
Key Takeaway: Proper worker housing is crucial for India’s manufacturing growth (practical & ethical).
Policy Implications:

• Land Allotment:
• Include worker accommodation in industrial land allocation.
• Adjust regulations (state level) for flexible operating arrangements:
• State government run
• Company run
• Specialized institutions managing housing (like student housing model)
• Union Government Role:
• Tax incentives (GST reduction) for worker accommodation investments.
• Priority sector tag for construction finance for worker housing.
• Collaborative financing via National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF).
• Private Sector Leadership:
• Economic benefits of worker housing:
• Reduced transportation expenses
• Increased productivity & training
• Reduced workforce attrition
• Lower carbon footprint
Conclusion:

• Worker housing is key to unlocking India’s manufacturing potential.

• Collaboration between Central & State governments and private sector (“Triangular
Leadership”) is crucial.
• Economic factors will drive this “enlightened self-interest”.

11.Editorial Topic : Ease of compliance

• While recent record-breaking GST collections are positive, the editorial argues that these
numbers shouldn’t mask the ongoing difficulties associated with the daily application of the law.
One Nation, One Tax – A Dream Yet to be Fully Realized
• The core idea behind GST – the merging of central and state indirect taxes – was to simplify the
tax system and facilitate seamless crediting of tax paid on inputs across the supply chain. This
aimed to eliminate the cascading effect of double taxation, a major burden for businesses
previously.
Understanding the Problem: A Manufacturer’s Example
• Let’s consider a manufacturer with a monthly tax liability of Rs 1,00,000. They might have paid
Rs 60,000 in GST on their inputs. Ideally, they should only pay the remaining Rs 40,000 in cash.
However, the problem arises when:

• The manufacturer has only Rs 10,000 in readily available cash.

• The current GST portal only accepts returns with full tax payment.
• Unpaid returns lead to a snowball effect as subsequent returns can’t be filed.
The Ticking Time Bomb: Input Tax Credit Deadline

• The deadline to claim input tax credit is November 30th of each year. Failing to pay the entire
tax amount by this date means the manufacturer loses the Rs 60,000 input tax credit
permanently.
The Impasse: Stuck Between a Rock and a Hard Place
The current system creates a catch-22 situation:

• The manufacturer has paid GST on inputs (Rs 60,000), but lacks the cash to pay the remaining
Rs 30,000 due to delayed payments or other business challenges.
• Because of the shortfall, the manufacturer loses the entire input tax credit, leading to a tax
liability of Rs 1,00,000 instead of Rs 40,000.
Urgent Need for GST Portal Adjustments

• Accepting Monthly Returns with Shortfalls: The portal should allow filing returns even if
the full tax isn’t paid.

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 • Recording Tax Arrears: The portal needs to reflect the outstanding tax amount (Rs 30,000
in our example) and accrue interest until the dues are settled.
• Preserving Input Tax Credit: Allowing input tax credit claims despite the shortfall provides
some relief to the manufacturer.
Payment Delays and the Plight of SMEs

• Delayed payments from government agencies that exceed the 45-day limit mandated by the
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act (2006). These delays create a cash
flow crunch, making it difficult for SMEs to meet their tax obligations.
Seeking Fairness in Tax Liability

•
Income tax is based on net income, which considers both sales and expenses.
•
The current GST system unfairly penalizes businesses for delayed payments by denying input
tax credit, even though the tax on purchased inputs has already been paid.
Recommendations for a More Equitable System

• The GST portal should accept all returns and record tax arrears with accruing interest.
• The deadline for clearing tax arrears can be set as November of each year, with stricter
penalties for non-compliance.
• Instead of denying input tax credit, the system should levy interest and penalties for persistent
defaulters.
Conclusion: A Call for Action

• The current system disproportionately affects SMEs and overlooks genuine business
challenges beyond their control. Until the GST portal is modified to accept returns with
shortfalls, enforcing the November 30th deadline for availing input tax credit should be
suspended.
• By acknowledging these challenges and implementing the proposed solutions, the GST
system can move closer to its intended goal of simplifying tax compliance and fostering a more
equitable business environment.

12.Editorial Topic : Next Government’s Economic Priorities

Question : Evaluate the challenges facing household consumption in India and propose policy
recommendations to address issues with a focus on tax reforms and income enhancement
strategies.
India’s Growth:

• Achieved over 7% GDP growth for 3 years, but pre-Covid growth not fully recovered.
Key Areas for Focus:

1. Revive Private Investment:

• Government spending (capex) drove infrastructure growth (roads, railways).
• Sectors like steel, cement benefitted.
• Private investment needed for sustained growth.
• Investment decisions depend on strong consumer demand (return on capital).
• PLI scheme (Production Linked Incentive) had limited success (mobiles, solar
panels, partially electric vehicles).
• Improvements needed: Expand PLI scheme to small businesses (SMEs), offer
incentives like investment allowances.
2. Increase Household Consumption:
• Volatile household consumption pattern:
• Surge in services and some manufactured goods during pandemic.
• Hospitality and tourism sectors boomed.
• Consumer goods demand remained weak.
• Surplus capacity and high inflation dampen consumer goods investment and
demand.
• Weak rural demand due to poor farm output (sub-normal monsoon).
• Policy Suggestions:
• Reconsider tax rates to increase disposable income.
• Lower direct tax rates and rationalize GST slabs.
• Address decline in household savings by reviewing tax structures.
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 • Reconsider old tax scheme and offer more avenues for saving.

3. Job Creation (Indirect Government Influence):

• Led by private sector investment driven by consumer demand.

• Government can fill vacant positions but large-scale job creation relies on economic growth.

4. Focus on Agriculture:

• Address farm laws through discussions with stakeholders.

• Consider government participation through cooperatives to manage price fluctuations.
• Provide clear communication on agricultural trade policies.
• Implement standardized procedures for procurement and distribution.
• Revoke bans on futures trading to improve price discovery and productivity.

5. Integration into Global Supply Chains:

• Negotiate more free trade agreements with major trading partners.

• Boost merchandise exports alongside the success of service exports (IT sector).

5. Fiscal Deficit Reduction:

• Target 4.5% of GDP by 2025-26.

• Long-term goal of reaching 3% of GDP requires careful economic management.

13.Editorial Topic : India’s Inflation: A Mixed Bag

Question :Evaluate the factors contributing to the decline in headline inflation and the persistent
concerns related to food inflation. Discuss the implications of these trends for the Indian
economy.
Basic Concept : Part-1
Headline Inflation

• Headline Inflation is the measure of total inflation within an economy. It includes price rise in
food, fuel and all other commodities.
• The inflation rate expressed in Wholesale Price Index (WPI) usually denotes the headline
inflation. Though Consumer Price Index (CPI) values are often higher, WPI values traditionally
make headlines.
Core Inflation (Underline Inflation or Non-food Inflation)

• Core inflation is also a term used to denote the extend of inflation in an economy. But Core
inflation does not consider the inflation in food and fuel. This is a concept derived from headline
inflation.
• There is no index for direct measurement of core inflation and now it is measured by excluding
food and fuel items from Wholesale Price Index (WPI) or Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Core inflation = Headline inflation – (Food and Fuel) inflation.

Basic Concept : Part-2

Inflation: Merits and Demerits
Merits of Inflation

1. Stimulates economic activity: Low levels of inflation can encourage people to spend,
increasing demand and driving economic growth.
2. Boosts company profits: Inflation allows companies to raise prices and increase profits,
potentially fueling investment and development.
3. Reduces debt burden: As inflation erodes the value of currency, the real value of existing
debt decreases, benefiting borrowers.
4. Discourages hoarding: Inflation discourages people from holding onto cash, as they know
its value will decline over time. This incentivizes them to invest and put their money to work.
5. Promotes exports: Inflation can make domestic goods relatively cheaper, potentially
increasing exports.

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 6. Wage demands: In an inflationary environment, workers may demand higher wages to
maintain their purchasing power.
7. Increases government revenue: Inflation can lead to higher government revenue from
taxes, as tax brackets typically don’t adjust automatically.
8. Investment redirection: To hedge against inflation, investors may shift towards real assets
like stocks and real estate, boosting investment in various sectors.
9. Adoption of new technologies: Companies may be incentivized to adopt newer, more
efficient technologies due to rising costs, leading to productivity gains.
10. Prevents deflation: Mild inflation can help prevent the economy from entering a deflationary
spiral.
Demerits of Inflation

1. Decreased purchasing power: Inflation reduces the amount of goods and services that can
be purchased with a fixed amount of money, lowering people’s living standards.
2. Discourages saving: Saving becomes less attractive in inflationary times as the future value
of money diminishes.
3. Economic uncertainty: Inflation creates uncertainty as it makes predicting future prices
difficult, hindering investment and business decisions.
4. Widens income inequality: The impact of inflation is not uniform across society. Low-income
earners and those on fixed incomes are disproportionately affected.
5. Reduced investment: High inflation can discourage investment due to uncertain future
returns.
6. Strikes and social unrest: When wages lag behind inflation, it can lead to strikes and social
unrest.
7. Higher import costs: The cost of imported goods can rise due to a weakening domestic
currency caused by inflation.
8. Currency devaluation: Excessive inflation can significantly devalue a country’s currency,
impacting international trade and investment.

Back to the Editorial

• Headline Inflation: Eased slightly to 4.83% in April (down from 4.85% in March) as per
National Statistical Office data.
• Core Inflation: Remained subdued.
• Food Inflation: Edged upwards to 8.7% (from 8.52% in March). This is a key concern despite
the overall decline.
• Reasons for Decline: Softening of prices in fuel and light segment.
• Food Basket Inflation Breakdown:
• Elevated inflation in cereals, meat & fish, eggs, vegetables, and pulses.
• Hope for improvement: Expectation of a good monsoon season (predicted by India
Meteorological Department) could boost agricultural production and control food
prices.
• Non-Food Inflation: Remained subdued in most segments like clothing, footwear, household
goods, and recreation.
• Food Inflation Concern: High food inflation (>8% for many months) creates uncertainty for
the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC).
• RBI’s Stance: Governor Das emphasizes vigilance due to continuing food price challenges.
An RBI study warns that unanchored inflation expectations could worsen the situation.
• Global Rate Cut Dilemma: Major central banks haven’t begun cutting rates yet.
• US Fed: Inflation remains a concern (March CPI – 3.5%, up from 3.2%).
Reassessment of rate cut timeline and magnitude is underway.
• European Central Bank: Likely to begin rate cuts in June.
• Bank of England: Possibility of rate cuts this summer.
• India’s Situation:
• RBI inflation projection for 2024-25: 4.5%.
• Policy pivot unlikely in the near future due to food price uncertainty (as per MPC
minutes).
Overall: While core inflation is subdued, rising food prices and their uncertain trajectory make it unlikely
for RBI to cut rates soon.

14.Editorial Topic : Employment in India: An Analysis (1983-2023)

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Question : Analyze the trends in employment growth in India from 1983 to 2023, focusing on the
distinction between principal and subsidiary employment. Evaluate the factors contributing to
this growth and discuss its implications for the Indian economy.
Data and Methodology:

• Analysis based on NSSO data from 1983 to 2023.

• Focuses on “principal employment” (stable, full-year work) vs. “subsidiary employment” (part-
time/short-term).
• Only principal employment considered for growth calculations.
Key Findings:

•Consistent Growth: Employment has grown steadily since 1983 across all sub-periods.
There has been no period of “jobless growth.”
• Fastest Growth: Highest increase (80 million new jobs) occurred between 2017-18 and 2022-
23, translating to a 3.3% annual growth rate (outpacing population growth).
• Broad-Based Growth: This growth is spread across sectors (rural/urban, manufacturing,
agriculture, construction, services), age groups, and genders (including women).
Women and Older Workers:

• Women’s Employment: Highest growth rate (over 8% annually) observed for women.
• Possible Reasons:
• Traditional view: Distress due to economic hardship forces women and older
people to work.
• Alternative view: Falling fertility rates, improved living standards, and greater
lifespans create more flexibility for women and older adults to enter the workforce.
Sectoral Growth:

• Manufacturing & Construction: Growth observed (3.4% and 5.9% annually), but not as high
as in previous years.
• Agriculture & Services: Strongest growth seen in these sectors.
• Within Agriculture: Livestock and fisheries may have seen the most significant rise,
compared to traditional cropping.
Employment Growth in India: Complexities
Growth Composition:

•Total employment growth of 80 million (2017-18 to 2022-23)

•44 million (55%) in self-employment and unpaid family work
•May reflect lack of better employment options
Government Intervention:

•PMMY scheme (Mudra): Provided loans to 380 million accounts (disbursed nearly Rs. 23 lakh
crore)
• Direct Cash Transfers: Increased in recent years
Wage Growth Concerns:

• Average annual salary/wage growth (2017-18 to 2022-23):

• 6.6% nominal
• 1.2% real (after inflation)
• Possible reasons for stagnant real wages:
• Large workforce influx suppressing wage growth
• Stagnant labor productivity
Conclusion:

• Need for deeper analysis of employment surge causes:

• Government programs
• Economic & demographic shifts
• Distress factors
• Simple explanations are insufficient for a complex situation.

15.Editorial Topic : Make it farmer friendly

Note : Please Don’t Stress on Data
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Performance

•Agricultural exports in 2023-24: $48.9 billion (target: $60 billion)

•Decline of 8% compared to 2022-23 ($53.2 billion)
•Average annual growth rate: 1.9% (2014-15 to 2023-24)
Comparison with UPA Era

• Average annual growth rate: 20% (2004-05 to 2013-14)

• Exports surged from $8.7 billion (2004-05) to $43.3 billion (2013-14)
Reasons for Decline

• Momentum not sustained under NDA government

• Trade surplus decline: $27.7 billion (2013-14) to $16 billion (2023-24)
Major Exports

• Rice (16.3 million tonnes, $10.4 billion) – 21% share

• Marine products ($7.3 billion) – 15% share
• Spices ($4.25 billion) – 9% share
• Bovine meat ($3.7 billion) – 8% share
• Sugar ($2.8 billion) – 6% share
Opportunity

• Potential to reach $200 billion if UPA era growth sustained

Main Influences

• Global agri-produce prices

• Indian agri-export policies
Global Prices

• High global prices lead to higher Indian exports (e.g., UPA era).
• Low global prices hurt Indian competitiveness (e.g., initial Modi years).
Indian Policies

• Recent export restrictions/bans on wheat, rice, sugar, onions:

• Driven by domestic food inflation concerns.
• Examples:
• May 13, 2022: Ban on wheat exports.
• June 2022: Restrictions on sugar exports.
• July 20, 2023: Ban on non-basmati white rice and broken rice exports.
• August 25, 2023:
• 20% duty on parboiled non-basmati rice exports.
• Minimum export price (MEP) on basmati rice
($1200/tonne, later reduced to $950/tonne).
• Recent onion export ban lifted, replaced with:
• 40% duty.
• MEP of $550/tonne.
Impact of Rice Export Restrictions (Example)

• International rice price surged 25% after India’s restrictions (April-June 2023: $494/tonne, Jan
2024: $620/tonne).
• Helped basmati and parboiled rice exporters get better prices.
• Rice export volume dropped 27% (22.3MT in 2022-23 to 16.3MT in 2023-24).
• Export value only decreased 6% ($11.1 billion to $10.4 billion).
Optimal Export Quantity

• Global rice market: 53 MT

• India’s 2022-23 rice exports: 22 MT
• Trade theory: optimal export tax for maximizing revenue
• Research suggests optimal Indian rice exports: 15-16 MT
• More exports beyond this lead to diminishing returns
Policy Recommendations

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 • Lift export ban on rice.
• Implement 15% export duty on common and parboiled rice.
Environmental Concerns

• 65% of India’s rice cultivation is irrigated.

• Depleting groundwater, especially in Punjab-Haryana.
• High water usage: 3,000-5,000 liters per kg of rice.
• Exporting 16.3 MT of rice uses 32.6 billion cubic meters of water.
Sustainable Export Practices

•Reduce reliance on subsidized power and fertilizers.

•Invest in agricultural R&D, seeds, irrigation, and resource-efficient practices.
•Lower per-unit production costs through strategic investments.
•Enhance global competitiveness and increase agricultural exports.
Consumer Bias in Onion Export Policy

• Recent onion export policy:

• Opened before Maharashtra elections.
• High MEP ($550/tonne) and 40% duty.
• Effective export price: Rs 65/kg (below production cost).
• Farmers selling onions domestically at Rs 13-15/kg (loss-making).
• Export opportunity could have increased domestic prices for farmers.
Conclusion

• Recent government policies favor consumers, hurting farmers’ income.

• Policy shift needed to improve farmers’ well-being.

16.Editorial Topic : Flip Flop Flip: Unpredictable Policies Hurt Farmers

Critically evaluate the need for a new agriculture import-export policy in India, emphasizing the
importance of balancing consumer and producer interests. Propose strategies for the
government to ensure policy stability and promote sustainable growth in the agricultural sector.
Introduction

• Economic growth depends on predictable government policies.

• Businesses and farmers both need stability for planning and investment.
Recent Policy Flip-Flops

• May 2022: Government banned wheat exports after earlier discussing increased exports.
• November 2023: Onion exports restricted with a minimum price of $800 per tonne.
• December 2023: Onion exports completely banned.
• April 2024 (pre-election): Onion export ban lifted with a minimum price of $550 per tonne and
a 40% duty.
Impact on Investment Climate

•Frequent policy changes create uncertainty for businesses.

•This discourages investment and makes it harder to improve the ease of doing business.
Government’s Justification

• Export curbs aim to control food inflation and protect consumers.

• This approach ignores the interests of farmers who have limited bargaining power.
Impact on Farmers

• A small price increase for consumers can significantly impact farmer income.
• For example, a Rs 5/kg decrease in onion prices translates to a Rs 50,000 loss for a farmer
harvesting 10 tonnes.
• Unlike consumers, farmers cannot easily switch crops based on price fluctuations.
Decline in India’s Agricultural Exports

• An analysis in the Indian Express newspaper shows that India’s agricultural exports fell to
$48.8 billion in 2023-24, down from a record high of $53.2 billion in the previous fiscal year.
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 • This decline is largely due to the export bans and restrictions imposed by the government in
response to concerns about food inflation and domestic shortfalls.
Need for a New Agriculture Import-Export Policy

• The country needs a new export-import policy that balances the interests of both consumers
and producers, while also considering the short-term and long-term needs of the agricultural
sector.
• Controls, even when necessary, should be temporary and based on clear rules. Tariffs are
preferable to outright bans or quantitative restrictions.
• The government can also create buffer stocks of essential commodities to intervene in the
market and curb excessive price volatility.
• Ultimately, the government needs to recognize that building export markets takes time and
effort, while destroying them can be done with a single stroke of the pen.
• In the long run, hurting producers does more harm to consumers than good.
Conclusion: India needs a policy that balances the interests of both consumers and producers. Controls,
if necessary, should be temporary and follow clear rules, taking the form of tariffs instead of outright bans.

17.Editorial Topic : The recovery debate

Question : Examine the debate surrounding the use of Gross Value Added (GVA) and Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) as indicators of economic growth . Discuss Assess the reliability of GVA
and GDP measurements in the context of India’s economic performance
Two Views on Growth Trajectory:

•View 1: Recent slowdown reflects fundamental flaws, requiring new policies.

•View 2: Sufficient reforms initiated a virtuous growth cycle. Counter-cyclical policies and
supply-side actions needed to sustain it.
Arguments Against Growth:

• Downward revision of data: Not supported by actual upward revisions.

• Overestimation due to low inflation deflators: Doesn’t hold as high WPI inflation wouldn’t
underestimate growth.
• Decelerating growth based on quarterly data: Doesn’t consider base effects (e.g., low
growth in Q1 2020-21 creates a high base for subsequent quarters). Recent quarterly growth
shows acceleration (Q3 2023-24 exceeding Q1).
Counter-arguments:

• Double deflation (needed for accurate measurement) not feasible: India lacks a services
price index. Research suggests double deflation can under or overestimate growth.
Continuous improvement is necessary.
• Non-comparability with past data due to improvements: Inevitable as the economy
changes.
GVA vs. GDP as Growth Indicators:

• Critics argue lower GVA growth (6.5%) in Q3 2023-24 is more reliable than GDP growth.
• Counterpoint: Net product taxes are added to GVA to get GDP, reflecting government
contribution.
• GDP measurement in India is robust from the production side. Discrepancies exist between
production and expenditure side measurements in all countries.
Global Growth and Domestic Policy:

• Argument: India’s growth benefits from high global growth.

• Counterpoint: India didn’t perform well in 2019 despite good global growth, highlighting the
importance of domestic policy.
Household Investment and Savings:

• Concern: Fall in household financial savings indicates low growth expectations.

• Counterpoint: Rise in household physical savings (investment) is ignored.
• Informal enterprises borrow to invest, leading to rising liabilities but healthier investment
compared to the 2010s consumption binge.
Current Account Deficit and Investment:

• Current account deficit has fallen due to better financial intermediation.

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 • Healthy credit-led growth supported by a strong financial sector will raise savings as incomes
rise.
• India’s private credit ratios are low compared to peers.
• Gross capital formation (32.2% of GDP in 2022-23) is not low and is driven by rising private
capex.
Conclusion:

• India’s growth, controlled inflation, and poverty reduction suggest sufficient reforms have been
implemented.
• Policy continuity is crucial for sustained private capex growth (CMIE data shows high new
project investments in Q4 2023-24).

18. Editorial Topic: Human Development in India: A Cause for Concern

Question : Discuss the concerns raised by recent studies regarding rising income inequality in
India and its impact on human development outcomes
Income Inequality: A recent study shows a vast income gap in India. The top 1% earn an average of
₹5.3 million, while the average Indian earns ₹0.23 million (23 times less).

• HDI Ranking: India’s performance in the Human Development Index (HDI) is not
encouraging.
• Ranked 134 out of 193 countries in 2022 (improvement from 135 in 2021).
• Still falls behind Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and China (all in “medium human
development” category).
• Gender Gap: A positive development is the improvement in India’s Gender Inequality Index
(108th in 2022 compared to 122nd in 2021).
• Labor Force Participation: Despite the progress, India has a significant gender gap in
workforce participation.
• Women’s participation rate is just 28.3%, compared to 76.1% for men (a difference
of 47.8%).
Concerns in Human Development

• Rising Inequality: The report raises concerns about rising inequality and its implications for
advancing human development.
• Widening Gap Between Countries: The gap between countries at the top and bottom of the
HDI has been increasing since 2020.
• Economic Concentration: This divergence is compounded by substantial economic
concentration, with nearly 40% of global trade concentrated in just three or fewer countries.
• Income and Agency: The reports state that the share of people reporting high control over
their lives is low and relatively equal for the bottom 50% of the population, but increases with
income for higher deciles. This suggests income inequality shapes agency, and often
intersects with other human development inequalities.
Widening Inequality in India

• Unequal Income Distribution: The World Inequality Lab study shows that the bottom 50%
of earners received only 15% of India’s national income in 2022-23.
• Impact on Demand and Consumption: This stark income inequality has significant
implications for aggregate demand, consumption, and human well-being in India.
• Unequal Growth Rates: The real income growth rate across income percentiles shows that
growth for the top 10% has been significantly higher than for the rest of the population.
• Economic Polarization: When growth is concentrated at the top, economic polarization
accelerates, eventually leading to the emergence of two classes: the haves and have-nots.
• High Debt Levels: A recent report indicates that household debt levels in India reached a
record high of 40% of GDP by December 2023, while net financial savings plunged to 5.2%
of GDP.
The Way Forward
Given low human development levels, high inequality, low savings, and high debt, it’s time to consider an
alternate growth strategy. This strategy should prioritize human development as a path to accelerating
overall growth. This requires political will and a shift in thinking beyond short-term electoral gains.

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Additional Information (Arora IAS)
Widening Inequality in India: Pros and Cons
Cons:

• Reduced aggregate demand: With a large portion of the population having low income,
overall demand for goods and services falls, hindering economic growth.
• Social unrest: Stark income inequality can breed social resentment and unrest, leading to
instability.
• Limited human development: Low resources for education, healthcare, and other essential
services hinder overall human development.
• Debt burden: Unequal income distribution may lead to high debt levels for the poor, further
worsening their situation.
Pros (limited):

• Short-term economic growth: Focus on high-income earners might initially boost specific
sectors, but long-term sustainability is questionable.
• Increased investment: High earners may invest more, potentially stimulating certain areas
of the economy.
About Human Development Index (HDI
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index that gauges the quality of life for people in a
country. It considers three key dimensions:

• Long and Healthy Life: Measured by life expectancy at birth.

• Knowledge and Education: Takes into account adult literacy rate and average years of
schooling.
• Decent Standard of Living: Measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita based on
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
An HDI score between 0 and 1 reflects a country’s level of development. Higher scores indicate a better
standard of living.

19. Editorial Topic : Impact of Climate Change on Labour

Question : Examine the key impacts of climate change on the labour force in India, focusing on
sectors such as agriculture, MSMEs, and construction.
Source: International Labour Organization’s (ILO) report, ‘Ensuring safety and health at work in a
changing climate’
Key Impacts of Climate Change on Labour

• Excessive heat
• Solar ultraviolet radiation
• Extreme weather events
• Workplace air pollution
• Vector-borne diseases
• Agrochemicals
Most Affected Sectors in India (and Workforce Size)

• Agriculture (80% of 600 million workforce): Informal farm laborers with little to no protection
from heat.
• Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) (123 million workers): Highly informal
sector with limited oversight by Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) departments.
• Construction (Urban-Centric): Workers face urban heat island effect, prone to physical
injuries and air pollution related health hazards.
Additional Notes

• Gig workers (1.5% of workforce in 2023, projected to grow to 4.5% by 2030) are also highly
susceptible to heat stress.
• Many Indian cities are among the most polluted globally, further endangering construction
workers.
Existing Laws on Workplace Safety in India

• Over 13 Central Laws regulate work conditions across sectors. Examples include:
• Factories Act, 1948

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 •
Workmen Compensation Act, 1923
•
Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996
•
These were consolidated into the Occupational Safety, Health and Working
Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code, 2020).
• Enforcement Issues
• OSH Code, 2020 not yet officially enforced.
• Unions critical of the OSH Code for potentially weakening safety standards.
• Majority of MSMEs (over 64 million) not registered under the law, escaping
inspections.
• Heat Stress
• Factories Act offers vague guidelines on ventilation and temperature.
• Needs amendments to address rising heat stress.
• Occupational Illness
• Potential rise in silicosis cases due to:
• Increased coal production (highest ever in 2023-24)
• More mines opening
• Exposure to silica dust
Side Notes

• Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhaling crystalline silica dust. Over time,
exposure to silica particles causes permanent lung scarring, called pulmonary fibrosis.
• Silicosis is a serious and potentially fatal disease. There is no cure for silicosis, but there are
treatments that can help ease symptoms and improve quality of life. Early diagnosis and
treatment are important to slow the progression of the disease.
• Silicosis is most common in workers in the following industries:

• Sandblasting
• Mining
• Foundry work
• Stone cutting
• Construction
• Pottery making
Conclusion

• Focus on climate resilience often overlooks worker health and productivity. The need for
universally accepted regulations to protect workers from climate impacts is crucial.
Additional Notes
The International Labour Organization (ILO)
Structure

• The ILO accomplishes its work through three main bodies:

• International Labour Conference (ILC):
• Sets international labour standards and broad ILO policies.
• Meets annually in Geneva.
• Functions as an “International Parliament of Labour”.
• Governing Body:
• Executive council of the ILO.
• Meets three times a year in Geneva.
• Makes policy decisions and establishes program and budget.
• Supported by tripartite committees and committees of experts.
• International Labour Office (ILO):
• Permanent secretariat of the ILO.
• Focal point for overall activities under Governing Body and Director-
General.
• Regional meetings are held periodically.
Functions

• Create coordinated policies and programs for social and labour issues.
• Adopt international labour standards (conventions and recommendations) and oversee
implementation.
• Assist member states with social and labour problems.
• Protect human rights related to work.
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 • Conduct research and publish works on social and labour issues.
Objectives

• Promote and realize standards and fundamental principles and rights at work.
• Create greater opportunities for decent employment for all.
• Enhance social protection coverage and effectiveness.
• Strengthen tripartism and social dialogue.
Key Concepts

• International Labour Standards:

• Set by ILO through conventions (ratified by member states) and recommendations
(non-binding).
• Conventions are adopted by the ILC and become legally binding instruments upon
ratification.
• Decent Work Agenda:
• Aims to achieve decent work for all through social dialogue, social protection, job
creation, and respect for labour standards.
• ILO provides technical support to over 100 countries with development partners.

20. Editorial Topic : India’s Trade Performance in a Declining Global Market

Question : Examine the performance of India’s major export categories, including petroleum
products, electronics goods, and miscellaneous products, in the context of recent global trade
dynamics.
Global Trade Slowdown

• Global merchandise trade has been shrinking since mid-2022 (UN Conference on Trade and
Development data).
• Global merchandise exports fell by 4.6% in 2023.
• However, the January-March 2024 quarter showed some improvement.
India’s Trade Performance

• India’s merchandise exports mirrored the global trend, falling 4.7% in 2023.
• This performance was better than developing Asia as a whole (exports down 6.8%).
• In 2023-24, India’s merchandise exports:
• Stood at $437.1 billion (down 3.1% from 2022-23).
• Showed signs of recovery:
• After an 8.9% contraction in the first half of the year.
• Exports grew by 2.8% in the second half.
• Exports grew at a faster pace of 4.5% in the last quarter of 2023-24.
Performance of Major Export Categories
1.Petroleum Products:

• Sharp decline in crude oil prices led to a significant drop in overall export value.
• Petroleum export bill was $13.3 billion lower due to a $13 per barrel drop in crude oil prices.
• Oil remains India’s largest export item (over 20% share), impacting total earnings.
• However, India exported more petroleum products in volume terms last year.
2.Electronics Goods:

• Impressive 24% growth in electronics goods exports, driven by:

• Surging telecom equipment/mobile handset exports due to the Production Linked
Incentive scheme.
• Significant increase in electronics goods’ share of total exports (from 2% in 2017-
18 to 6.5% in 2023-24).
• Trade deficit in electronics goods persists, but the ratio of electronics exports to imports has
improved (from 0.11 to 0.34) due to telecom equipment surge.
3.Miscellaneous Products (excluding Petroleum & Gems & Jewellery)

• Core exports (excluding petroleum and gems & jewellery) grew 1.4% despite declining global
commodity prices.
• This suggests India shipped a higher volume of goods.

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 • Ministry of Commerce and Industry estimates show growth in items comprising 45% of India’s
merchandise exports.
• Other core categories like pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, and agricultural products also
saw healthy export growth.
• Notably, agriculture and allied exports remained healthy despite export curbs on some items,
driven by categories like meat, poultry, spices, fruits & vegetables, and oilseeds.
India’s Largest Export Destinations

• US (India’s largest market):

• Despite strong US economic growth in 2023, India’s exports to the US contracted
in 2023-24 (US growth led by services).
• Uptick in recent months.
• Eurozone:
• Exports grew despite a sharp economic slowdown and geopolitical uncertainties.
• Led by petroleum products, machinery, pharmaceuticals, auto & auto parts.
• Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries:
• Exports rose, reflecting an increase to the UAE (India’s largest export destination
in the GCC).
• Notably, India’s gems & jewellery exports to the UAE surged 42.3% (Apr-Feb 2023-
24) despite an overall decline in gems & jewellery exports.
Concern: Low Exports from Labour-intensive Sectors

• Exports from Labour-intensive sectors declined in 2023:

• Gems & jewellery
• Textile products (ready-made garments)
• Leather & leather products
• Marine products
• Plastics
• Share of these categories in India’s merchandise exports has fallen drastically over the last
decade.
• Gems & jewellery: 13.2% (2014-15) to 7.5% (2023-24)
• Textiles: 11.1% (2014-15) to 7.5% (2023-24)
• Arresting this decline is a priority.
Positive Outlook for India’s Exports

• Upward revision of global growth and trade projections by multilateral agencies favour’s India’s
export growth.
• S&P Global: Global growth at 3.2% in 2024 (up from 2.8%)
• WTO: World trade volume to grow 2.6% in 2024 (from -1.2% in 2023)
• Bilateral free-trade agreements and focus on manufacturing should also spur exports.
Conclusion

• Base case scenario: Exports grow at a healthy rate, contributing to overall growth.
• Potential spoilers: Uneven global growth and geopolitical tensions.

21. Editorial Topic : Inheritance Tax and Inequality: A Debate in India

Question : Evaluate the effectiveness of inheritance tax as a tool for reducing wealth inequality.
How does the implementation of inheritance tax align with constitutional mandates for reducing
inequality and providing equal opportunity?

• Sparked by: Sam Pitroda, Chairman of Indian Overseas Congress, proposed an inheritance
tax for wealth redistribution.
• Main concern: Wealth inequality allows a few to control resources and influence decisions,
harming the majority.
Impact of inequality:

• Hurts economic growth (reduced productivity, income, education spending).

• Limits opportunity (place of birth dictates life outcomes – 1/3 variation in consumption in India).
• Increases social unrest (political polarization and conflict).
• Creates negative economic cycle (low income leads to low consumption, savings, high debt,
hindering future growth).
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Government’s obligation: The Constitution mandates reducing inequality and providing equal
opportunity.
Inheritance Tax

•Differs from wealth tax: levied once on inherited wealth above a threshold.
•Reduces wealth concentration and encourages productive investments.
•Counters argument of “freebie” for inheritors who didn’t earn the wealth.
•Funds innovation through tax revenue (vs. dynastic control).
•Example: Japan’s inheritance tax reaches 55%.
•India abolished its “estates duty” (inheritance tax) in 1985 due to administrative costs.
•Economist Rishabh Kumar shows its effectiveness (reduced top 1% wealth share from 16%
to 6% between 1966-1985).
Land Value Tax (LVT)

• Taxes rental value of land, not the buildings on it.

• Borne by landowner, not tenants.
• Efficient revenue source as land is unresponsive to tax changes (unlike labor).
• Useful for redistribution in rural India (feudal caste structures) and urban India (politician-
builder nexus).
Potential Benefits

• Economists Ghosh & Patnaik suggest a 2% wealth tax & 33.3% inheritance tax on top 1%
could raise 10% additional GDP for public spending.
• Funds social programs like living wages, healthcare, employment, and food security.
Conclusion
Inheritance tax and land value tax can be instruments for reducing inequality and funding social programs.
Technological advancements make these achievable with political will.
Additional Information by Arora IAS
Inheritance Tax: Pros and Cons
Pros:

• Reduces Inequality: By taxing large inheritances, inheritance tax can help redistribute wealth
and reduce income inequality. This can lead to a more balanced and stable society. (Example:
Studies show that countries with inheritance taxes tend to have lower Gini coefficients, a
measure of income inequality.)
• Funds Social Programs: Revenue generated from inheritance tax can be used to fund
important social programs like education, healthcare, and infrastructure. This can benefit
everyone in society, not just the wealthy. (Example: Proposals in the US suggest using
inheritance tax revenue to fund free college tuition.)
Cons:

• Disincentivizes Investment: High inheritance taxes could discourage wealthy individuals

from investing or taking risks, potentially harming economic growth. (Example: Some argue
that high inheritance taxes in Europe have led to capital flight, where wealthy individuals move
their assets to countries with lower taxes.)
• Double Taxation: In some cases, inherited assets may have already been taxed once when
earned. Inheritance tax can be seen as an additional burden on these assets. (Example:
Businesses argue that inheritance tax on family-owned companies essentially taxes the same
wealth twice.)
• Administrative Complexity: Valuing and collecting inheritance tax can be complex and
expensive for the government. (Example: India abolished its inheritance tax partly due to the
challenges of administration.)

Land Value Tax (LVT)

Pros:

1. Promotes Efficient Land Use: By taxing vacant land at the same rate as developed land,
LVT discourages land speculation and encourages owners to use their land productively.
2. Boosts Revenue: LVT provides a stable source of income for governments, as land value is
less volatile than property values.
3. Reduces Urban Sprawl: Discourages sprawling development by making it less profitable to
hold onto undeveloped land.

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 4. Fairer Taxation: LVT taxes location, a benefit bestowed by society, not the effort or
investment of the landowner.
5. Economic Efficiency: Doesn’t penalize investment in buildings and improvements,
encouraging development and innovation.
Cons:

1. Transitional Issues: Shifting from a property tax to LVT can be complex and require careful
planning.
2. Potential Short-Term Disruption: May initially disrupt land markets and construction as
landowners adjust.
3. Administrative Challenges: Determining land value can be complex, requiring accurate land
valuation systems.
4. Impact on Low-Income Landowners: Could disproportionately burden those holding
undeveloped land with limited financial resources.
5. Political Opposition: Landowners who benefit from the current system may resist its
implementation.

22. Editorial Topic : Carbon Farming

Question : Examine the concept of carbon farming, elucidating how it combines regenerative
agricultural practices with climate change mitigation efforts. What are the key practices involved
in carbon farming and how do they contribute to soil health and carbon storage?
Basic Concept :
Carbon farming is an agricultural system that focuses on sequestering carbon in the soil and plants. The
purpose of this process is to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and improve soil fertility. Carbon farming
involves the following methods:

1. Zero tillage or minimum tillage: This helps maintain soil structure and minimize soil carbon
sources.
2. Continuous plant cover: This promotes soil carbon sequestration and protects the soil from
erosion.
3. Integration of livestock: Soil carbon sequestration can be increased by integrating pastures
and livestock.
4. Use of recycled organic waste: Such as manure, straw, and other agricultural residues, which
add carbon to the soil.
5. Improved crop rotations: Including legumes, grasses, and mixtures can increase the level of
carbon in the soil.
Thus, carbon farming is an environmentally friendly system that removes carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and improves soil quality.
Back to the Editorial
What is it?

• Combines regenerative agriculture with climate change mitigation.

• Improves soil health, agricultural productivity, and carbon storage.
• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
Practices

•Rotational grazing
•Agroforestry (silvopasture, alley cropping)
•Conservation agriculture (zero tillage, crop rotation, cover cropping)
•Integrated nutrient management (organic fertilizers, compost)
•Agro-ecology (crop diversification, intercropping)
•Improved livestock management (rotational grazing, feed quality, manure management)
Carbon Farming Challenges

• Effectiveness varies: Depends on location, soil, crops, water, biodiversity, farm size.
• Land management, policy, community engagement are crucial for success.
• Ideal conditions: Long growing seasons, good rainfall, irrigation for high carbon
sequestration.
• Challenges in dry areas: Limited water hinders plant growth and carbon storage.
• Right plant selection matters: Fast-growing trees and deep-rooted grasses are good but
may not suit arid climates.

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 • Financial assistance needed: Farmers, especially in developing countries, may lack
resources for sustainable practices.
Carbon Farming Schemes

• Examples: Chicago Climate Exchange, Carbon Farming Initiative (Australia), Kenya’s

Agricultural Carbon Project.
• Practices: No-till farming, reforestation, pollution reduction.
• Potential: Address climate change, food security in developing countries (e.g., Kenya’s
project).
• ‘4 per 1000’ initiative: Launched at COP21 to highlight the role of carbon sinks in reducing
emissions.
Carbon Farming Opportunities in India

• Combats climate change: Climate-resilient agriculture can benefit from carbon farming
practices.
• Organic farming potential: Grassroots initiatives show promise for carbon sequestration.
• Suitable regions: Indo-Gangetic plains, Deccan Plateau have good potential.
• Challenges in Himalayas and coastal areas: Mountainous terrains and salinisation limit
adoption.
• Carbon credits: Incentive for farmers through additional income for environmental services.
• Potential impact: Studies show agricultural soils can absorb 3-8 billion tonnes of CO2
equivalent per year, bridging the gap for climate stabilisation.
Conclusion: Promoting carbon farming benefits India by mitigating climate change, improving soil health,
and creating economic opportunities.

23. Editorial Topic : MSME Challenges in India

Question : Discuss the unintended consequences of reducing payment cycles for MSMEs,
including the possibility of large companies canceling orders and pressuring MSMEs to
deregister.
MSME Importance:

•Key part of Indian economy

•Significant share in manufacturing output, exports
•Employs a large portion of workforce
MSME Hardships:

•Lack of access to credit

•Delayed payments – especially for micro and small enterprises
Government Initiatives:

• Introduced Samadhaan portal to monitor outstanding dues to MSMEs

• MSMEs can file applications and check status online
• Provides information about pending payments from government agencies
• Introduced provision in Union Budget 2023-24 for timely payments within 45 days
Issues with new provision:

• Well-intentioned but unintended consequences

• Not mentioned how to enforce 45-day payment cycle
• Large companies may delay payments due to fear of penalties
• This can strain MSME cash flow further
Unintended Consequences of Reducing Payment Cycles for MSMEs

• Large companies cancelling orders: Prefer longer payment cycles offered by unregistered
MSMEs.
• Reduced tax benefits for large companies: Can’t deduct payments to MSMEs until they are
actually paid.
• Pressure to deregister: Large companies pressuring MSMEs to deregister to avoid payment
cycle limitations.
• MSME deregistration: Over 3.16 crore MSMEs registered, but some are choosing to
deregister to secure orders.

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Way Forward

• Government consultations with stakeholders for solutions.

• Seeking suggestions for ensuring timely payments to MSMEs.
Conclusion

• Delayed payments are a long-standing issue for MSMEs.

• Access to low-cost credit is also a challenge.
• Timely resolution of payment cycle issues is crucial.

24. Editorial Topic : India Employment Report 2024

Question : Discuss the findings and implications of the India Employment Report 2024,
highlighting both positive and negative aspects of the country’s employment landscape.

• Official Data: The report relies primarily on official data from:

• Employment and Unemployment Surveys (EUS)
• Periodic Labour Force Surveys (PLFS) conducted by NSSO
• Comparability: Despite changes in PLFS sample design, estimates are comparable to EUS
due to high precision in all-India and state-level data.
• Analysis Period: The report analyzes data from four years: 2000, 2012, 2019, and 2022,
covering the past 22 years, including the Covid period.

Highlights of the India Employment Report 2024: Positive Aspects

1. Improvement in Employment Conditions:

i. The report shows an improvement in employment quality across all states, as
measured by a robust Employment Condition Index.
ii. This is further supported by the rise in the share of non-farm employment (and decline
in agricultural employment) between 2000 and 2019, which is a typical trend in
developing economies and indicates a structural transformation of the Indian
economy.
iii. This trend was accompanied by a steady increase in regular employment and a
decrease in unorganized sector employment, which only halted during the Covid
period.
2. Rise in Female Workforce Participation Rate (FWPR):
i. The significant increase in the FWPR from 24.5% in 2019 to 37.0% in 2023 is
noteworthy, even though most of this participation is concentrated in the agricultural
sector and consists of own-account and unpaid family work.
3. Growth in Real Wages:
i. The labor market displayed strong recovery despite the global slowdown caused by
Covid.
ii. Compared to regular worker wages, the wages of casual workers even increased
during 2019-22.
iii. Notably, the increase was more significant for lower-income groups.
iv. This, along with several social safety measures, likely played a crucial role in reducing
extreme poverty and deprivation.
v. It’s also worth mentioning that while farm jobs saw a massive increase during the
pandemic (almost 9% per year), non-farm jobs also grew by more than 2.6%,
exceeding the growth rate achieved between 2012 and 2019.
4. Decline in Unemployment and Underemployment:
i. Unemployment and underemployment rates increased until 2018 but declined
thereafter.
ii. The overall unemployment rate has significantly decreased from 6% in 2018 to 3.2%
in 2023.
iii. This trend holds true for the youth unemployment rate as well, which dropped from
17.8% to 10% during this period.

Highlights of the India Employment Report 2024: Negative Aspects

1. Stagnant Growth in Labor-Intensive Manufacturing:

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 • The employment pattern remains heavily skewed towards agriculture, employing around 46.6%
of workers (compared to 42.4% in 2019).
• This necessitates active steps to accelerate the creation of non-farm employment opportunities.
• The increasing capital and skill-intensive nature of production processes leads to labor market
distortions, where despite rising educational attainment, unskilled and semi-skilled workers
remain abundant.
• This highlights the need for a stronger focus on labor-intensive manufacturing.

2. Low Female Workforce Participation Compared to Global Standards:

• Women’s participation in the workforce remains low, and they are primarily engaged in less
remunerative jobs in agriculture, unpaid family work, and as own-account workers.
• To address this, there is a need to create more non-farm employment opportunities, particularly
in rural areas, through investments in transportation, connectivity, and childcare access.

3. Paradox of Rising Unemployment Among Educated Youth:

• With a significant increase in educational attainment, the unemployment problem in India is

increasingly concentrated among educated youth, who account for nearly two-thirds of total
unemployment.
• This trend has persisted for several decades.
• The unemployment rate rises with higher education levels, reaching 28% among graduates and
above (with a higher proportion among women). While this has declined from 35.4% in 2018, the
report identifies skill and qualification mismatches, especially at higher education levels.

• Improving the quality of education and imparting relevant skills in collaboration with the private
sector remains a key priority for the coming years.
• Paradoxically, the proportion of youth not in employment, education, or training (NEET) is quite
high at around 28% in 2022, with females accounting for about five times the number of males.
This group requires greater policy focus.

4. Prevalence of Informal and Low-Productivity Jobs:

•Despite improvements in employment conditions over time, jobs largely remain informal and have
low productivity.
• Over 90% of employment is informal, and 83% are in the informal sector (which was close to 90%
in 2000).
• Robust wage growth, particularly for casual and lower-strata regular workers, strengthening social
protection, active policies for formalization, and boosting labor productivity are crucial steps to
improve the overall quality of employment.
Recommendations for Improving India’s Job Scenario:

• Promote employment-intensive growth: Focus on labor-based manufacturing and job-generating

services and agriculture.
• Improve job quality: Enhance overall working conditions and productivity.
• Address labor market inequalities: Boost women’s employment and tackle the NEET (Not in
Education, Employment, or Training) population.
• Strengthen skill training: Bridge the gap between job demands and available skills through effective
training programs with private sector involvement.
• Reliable data collection: Develop systems to capture the complexities of the changing labor market
due to technological advancements.
Conclusion: India’s demographic advantage can be leveraged for at least another decade, alongside
robust economic growth, to create a positive employment scenario

25. Editorial Topic : US Fed Holds Rates Steady

Basic Concept :
The US Federal Reserve (Fed) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) are the central banks of their
respective countries, responsible for managing the money supply and influencing economic activity. Their
primary tool for achieving this is setting interest rates.
Interest Rates:
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• Interest rate is the fee that banks charge borrowers and the interest they pay to depositors.
• A higher interest rate discourages borrowing and encourages saving.
• A lower interest rate encourages borrowing and discourages saving.
Impact of Interest Rate Changes:

• Fed Rate Cuts:

• Stimulates the Economy: Lower borrowing costs make it easier for businesses and
individuals to take out loans, invest, and spend more. This can boost economic growth.
• Weakens the Dollar: Lower rates make US investments less attractive compared to
other countries, weakening the US dollar. This can make US exports cheaper and imports
more expensive.
• Fed Rate Hikes:
• Cools the Economy: Higher borrowing costs slow down economic activity by making
loans more expensive. This can help control inflation.
• Strengthens the Dollar: Higher rates make US investments more attractive,
strengthening the US dollar.
RBI Rate Cuts:

• Similar effects as Fed rate cuts:

• Stimulates economic growth by encouraging borrowing and investment.
• May weaken the Indian Rupee.
• Additional factors for RBI:
• RBI also considers inflation when setting rates.
• Rate cuts may be used to control inflation if it falls below the target range.
RBI Rate Hikes:

• Similar effects as Fed rate hikes:

• Cools the economy by discouraging borrowing and investment.
• May strengthen the Indian Rupee.
• Primarily used to control inflation if it rises above the target range.
Example:
Imagine you want to start a business. Lower interest rates from the Fed or RBI would make it cheaper for
you to borrow money for equipment or inventory. This would encourage you to invest and potentially
create jobs, boosting the economy.
Back to the Editorial

• Reason: Inflation remains high (3.5% in March, exceeding expectations).

• Fed Chair Jerome Powell: “Inflation is still too high.”
• Last mile of disinflation proving difficult.
• Rate cuts on hold:
• Expected multiple cuts earlier in 2024.
• Fed “dot plot” suggested possibility of 3 cuts.
• Cuts now depend on “greater confidence” on inflation.
• Strong US economy allows Fed to keep rates higher:
• Solid economic growth.
• Strong job gains.
• Low unemployment rate.
Global Interest Rate Trends
US Fed keeps rates steady: High inflation (3.5% in March) delays cuts.
Diverging trends among central banks:

• European Central Bank (ECB): Christine Lagarde suggests rate cuts in June, data-dependent
approach.
• Bank of England: Rate cuts expected before US Fed due to moderating inflation (3.2% in March).
RBI’s dilemma:

• Kept rates unchanged in last meeting.

• High food inflation vs. subdued core inflation.
• Real interest rates at 2% (potentially excessive with 4.5% inflation projection for 2024-25).
• Above-normal monsoon could provide space for rate cuts if food prices stabilize.
Conclusion: Global rate cuts depend on controlling inflation. US Fed waits for more certainty.

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26. Editorial Topic: Indian Economy: Cautious Optimism
Note: (While there may not be direct questions from today’s editorials, it’s essential to glean
valuable points for your notes)
Growth Projections

• National Statistical Office: 7.6% for 2023-24

• IMF: 6.8% for 2024-25 (up from 6.5%)
• RBI: 7% for 2024-25
• Asian Development Bank: 7% for 2024-25
• World Bank: 6.6% for 2024-25 (South Asia Development update)
• Rating agencies:
• Crisil – 6.8%
• ICRA – 6.5%
Reasons for Optimism

•Above-Normal Monsoon Expected (IMD):

• 60% chance of La Nina conditions (NOAA)
• Positive for food production and rural demand
• Pick-up in Private Investments:
• Rising capacity utilization rates
• Healthy bank and corporate balance sheets (Nomura report)
• Bank Non-Performing Loans (NPLs): 3.2% (Sept 2023)
• Corporate debt-to-equity ratio: 0.85 (2022-23) vs 1.16 (2014-15)
• Government Capex Push (long-term driver)
Concerns

• Job Creation: Need for more productive employment opportunities (millions entering workforce
annually)
• Fiscal Consolidation: Government debt needs to be brought down
Overall

• Indian economy likely to remain the fastest growing large economy globally (6.5-7% GDP growth
range).
• Momentum expected to continue, but job creation and fiscal consolidation remain concerns.

27.The New Productive Force: Challenges and Opportunities for India

Note: (While there may not be direct questions from today’s editorials, it’s essential to glean
valuable points for your notes)
Global Focus on Technological Advancement

China’s Deep Tech Push:

• Aims to surpass the US in science and technology.

• Focus on areas like electric vehicles, space exploration, and artificial intelligence (AI).
• Seeks to transition from “cheap manufacturing” to technological leadership.

The West Responds:

• US – Regaining leadership in advanced technology sectors.

• Bipartisan legislation for infrastructure, chips, and inflation reduction.
• Limiting support for Chinese tech development.
• Building technology coalitions (Quad, Chip-4 alliance, iCET with India).
• Europe – Reclaiming a major spot in global technological power.
India’s Stance on Technology

• Science and technology as a key part of India’s development strategy.

• PM Modi’s Initiatives:
• Leveraging digital technologies for service delivery.
• Investing in renewable energy.

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 • Reviving domestic semiconductor production.
• Accelerating AI capabilities.
• Technology as a key element in foreign policy partnerships.
• BJP Manifesto Promises:
• Become a leading space power.
• Strengthen national R&D infrastructure.
• Establish a research fund.
• Launch a new mission for quantum computing.
Challenges for India

• Overhaul of technology departments.

• Significantly increase R&D expenditure.
• Encourage private sector participation in research, development, and production of modern
technologies.
Conclusion

• Modernizing India’s technological foundation is critical for global competitiveness.

• The next government must prioritize becoming a part of the global map of “new and high-quality
forces of production.”

28.Editorial Topic : India vs. China: Consumption Powerhouse Showdown

Question : Analyze the demographic shifts in India and China and their implications for consumer
markets and economic growth. How does India’s population surpassing China’s influence consumer
behavior and expenditure patterns in both countries?
Basic Concept
• Imagine you live in Delhi and your friend lives in Mumbai. Here’s how PFCE and PPP can help compare
your spending:
• Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE): This tracks what households spend on goods and
services in India. Think of it as your monthly budget for groceries, rent, and movie tickets.
• Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): This adjusts prices between cities in India based on what a basket of
common goods (like rice, milk, or clothing) costs in each city. It allows a fairer comparison of living
standards. Maybe movie tickets are cheaper in Delhi, but rent is higher. PPP considers these differences
to show your true purchasing power.
• Example: Your PFCE might be ₹20,000 a month, while your friend’s in Mumbai might be ₹25,000. But
with PPP, you might see you both have similar purchasing power because ₹25,000 in Mumbai can buy
roughly the same amount as your ₹20,000 in Delhi due to price variations.
• In short: PFCE shows what Indian households spend, and PPP helps compare that spending across cities
by adjusting for price differences.
Back to the Editorial
Population:

• India surpassed China as the world’s most populous nation in 2023.

• China’s birth rate (6.4 births per 1,000) and fertility rate (~1%) are declining.
Consumer Base:

• Both India and China have large consumer bases (spending > $12/day based on PPP, 2017).
Consumption Expenditure:

• Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE): Measures household and non-profit spending on
goods and services.
• India: PFCE contributes significantly more to GDP (over 58%) compared to China (38%).
• Final Consumption: Includes government spending.
• India: 68% of GDP (steadily increasing)
• China: 53% of GDP (declining)
• Aggregate PFCE: Despite a smaller economy, India’s PFCE is only 3.5 times lower than China’s.
• Growth: China’s PFCE has increased significantly in the past four years, despite a decline in 2022.
• India’s PFCE has grown steadily from $1.64 trillion (2018) to $2.10 trillion (2022).
• Ratio: India has narrowed the PFCE ratio gap with China (from 3.3 to 3.1).
• This signifies India’s faster growth rate compared to China.
Per Capita PFCE:
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• Similar trends to aggregate PFCE, except:
• India witnessed marginal growth in per capita PFCE in 2022, while China saw a decline.
Nominal vs. PPP:

• Nominal PFCE figures can be misleading due to cost-of-living differences.

• PPP figures provide a clearer picture of consumption volume.
• On PPP basis, the gap between India and China narrows (China’s PFCE ~1.5 times India’s).
• Notably, India increased its PPP consumption expenditure by $1 trillion in 2022.
Consumption Basket:

• India: Higher spending on essentials (food, clothing, transport) and lower spending on discretionary
items (education, healthcare, recreation).
• China: More balanced consumption basket, with a declining share for food and beverages (sign of a
maturing market).
• Higher spending on housing, appliances, recreation, education, and healthcare
compared to India.
• Advanced economies prioritize spending on non-essentials.
India’s Advantage?

• India spends significantly less than China on basic necessities.

• Unclear if this translates to a more attractive market for foreign businesses (considering the “China+1”
strategy).

Science and Technology

1.Editorial Topic : Microcephaly and the SASS6 Gene

Question : Critically analyze the role of centrioles in cell division and their significance in the
context of microcephaly. How does the malfunction of centrioles during neural cell development
lead to this condition?

Microcephaly: A Serious Condition

• Microcephaly is a birth defect where a baby’s head is significantly smaller than expected.
• This condition often leads to intellectual disability, poor motor function, speech difficulties, and
abnormal facial features.
• Microcephaly originates during a critical stage of brain development in the embryo when
neural cells divide abnormally.
• Prenatal diagnosis using ultrasound and MRI scans is possible.
The Role of SASS6 Gene

• Since 2014, research has linked SASS6 gene variations to microcephaly development.
• Recent studies (March 2024) solidify this link.
• Interestingly, one functional copy of SASS6 seems sufficient, suggesting embryos with two
non-functional copies might not survive.
• A February 2024 study showed that even without functional SASS6 genes, cells could still
form rudimentary centrioles (cellular structures).
• However, these cells failed to differentiate into neurons when SASS6-guided centriole
formation was blocked.
The Link Between SASS6 and Microcephaly

• SASS6 provides instructions for building centrioles, crucial for cell division.
• When SASS6 function is compromised, proper centriole formation is disrupted during neural
cell development.
• This disrupts the critical division process, leading to microcephaly.
Further Research Needed

• Understanding the precise mechanism by which SASS6 malfunction disrupts neural

development is crucial.
• This knowledge can pave the way for potential therapies to prevent or manage microcephaly.
Consanguinity and Microcephaly Link
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 • 70% or more of microcephaly cases in clinics are linked to consanguineous marriages (close
relatives, e.g., uncle-niece, first cousins).
• Consanguinity increases the chance of inheriting mutated genes from both parents,
especially for rare mutations.
• Mutations in 30 genes cause microcephaly. Ten of these genes code for proteins essential
for centriole assembly and function.
Centrioles and Cell Division

•Centrioles are cellular structures that help form the spindle during cell division.
•The spindle acts like a handrail, guiding cells through the division process.
•Proper cell division is crucial for normal development.
The SASS6 Gene and Microcephaly

•Discovered in 2004, the SASS6 gene produces a conserved protein found across animals.
•Suppressing SASS6 in worm embryos halted centriole assembly and arrested development.
•The Ile62Thr mutation in the SASS6 gene replaces an amino acid at position 62.
•This mutation allows individuals to be born with (likely) unaffected organs but may cause
microcephaly.
Why Neurons are Affected

• Different cell types have varying tolerances for centriole function deficits (as per Feb 2024
study).
• Neurons are particularly sensitive and require perfectly formed centrioles for proper
development.
• This explains why individuals with a slightly defective SASS6 gene can survive but have
severe brain and intellectual disabilities.

2.Editorial Topic : Deep Fake Videos

Question : Evaluate the challenges deep fakes pose to the integrity of the electoral process in
India. How has the Election Commission of India responded to these challenges?
Introduction:

• Deep fake videos have emerged as a powerful tool for manipulating information.
• Targets include PM Modi, West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee, opposition leader Rahul
Gandhi, singer Taylor Swift, and actor Anil Kapoor.
• Despite their potential utility, the notorious use of deep fakes overshadows their benefits.
What are Deep Fakes?

• According to Merriam-Webster, a “deep fake” is an image or recording convincingly altered to

misrepresent someone’s actions or words.
Recent Example:

• Scarlett Johansson claimed her voice from the 2013 film Her was used without consent by
OpenAI for the voice ‘Sky’ in its chatbot.
Indian Elections and Use of Deep Fakes:
Integrity of the Electoral Process:

• The integrity has been based on the ballot box, the independence of the Election Commission
of India (ECI), and accurate vote counting since the first general election in 1951-52.
New Challenge:

• The rise of AI, particularly deep fakes, poses a new threat to the electoral process.
ECI Advisory:

• On May 6, the ECI issued guidelines to political parties for the responsible and ethical use of
social media during campaigns.
• Political parties are required to remove fake content within three hours of detection.
Implications:

• Deep fakes can distort public perception and influence electoral outcomes.

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 • The ECI’s proactive measures aim to safeguard the integrity of the electoral process against
AI-driven manipulation.
Mechanism to Deal with Deep Fakes in India:
Legal provisions:

• Information Technology Act, 2000

• Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code)
Rules 2021
• Indian Penal Code, 1860
Indian Penal Code, 1860:

• Section 468: Forgery of document/electronic record for cheating

• Section 505: Making/publishing statements to cause public fear/alarm
• Used against alleged deep fakes of UP CM Yogi Adityanath
• Section 416: Criminalizes cheating by personation
Information Technology Act, 2000:

•Section 66(c): Punishes deceptive/misleading electronic messages (up to 3 years

imprisonment)
• Sections 66 & 67: Punish cheating by personation, privacy violation, and
transmitting/publishing private images (up to 3 years imprisonment)
• Useful but lacks comprehensive protection against AI-generated misinformation/deep fakes
No Remedy for External Influence on Elections using AI:

• Existing laws lack provisions for hostile nations influencing electoral outcomes
• 2024: Over half the world, including India, US, UK, go to polls
• UK Home Secretary James Cleverly warned of adversaries like Iran/Russia generating
content to sway British elections (Feb 2023)
• Microsoft warned China could amplify AI-generated content to benefit interests in Indian,
South Korean, and US elections (April 2023)
• Forbes reported Russia aims to influence US opinion against Ukraine and NATO using deep
fakes (May 2024)
Need for New Legal Provisions:

• Battle for electoral integrity and informed public opinion has shifted to the “virtual” world
• Requires new legal understanding of impersonation and misinformation
• Europe’s Artificial Intelligence Act, 2024 (effective June 2024) offers ideas for legal regime
against deep fakes aimed at “manipulating human behavior”
• India needs to build on existing laws to craft new provisions addressing AI and deep fakes
influencing electoral outcomes
Conclusion:

• Electoral integrity battle has entered the digital world

• Existing laws inadequate against virtual malice
• India and the world need specific legal provisions targeting misinformation spread via AI and
deep fakes to influence elections

3.Editorial Topic : Venus: A Planet Parched by Sun and Atmosphere? New Theory Emerges
Question : Discuss the contrasting theories explaining the water loss on Venus over billions of
years. How do thermal and non-thermal processes contribute to this phenomenon?
Facts and Figures:

• Billions of years ago, Venus likely held a vast ocean 3 km deep. Today, it has barely enough
water for a 3 cm ocean.
• Two main theories explain Venus’ water loss: thermal and non-thermal processes.
• Thermal escape (hydrodynamic escape) suggests the Sun’s heat caused Venus’ atmosphere
to expand and lose hydrogen gas around 2.5 billion years ago.
• Non-thermal escape focuses on individual hydrogen atoms escaping due to Sun’s radiation,
leaving behind oxygen with fewer partners for water formation.
• New Theory Hint: The editorial suggests an overlooked molecule might play a crucial role in
the water loss story.
New Culprit in Venus’ Water Loss: The HCO+ Molecule
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Key Findings:

•Scientists studied the role of a charged molecule called formyl cation (HCO+) in Venus’
atmosphere.
• HCO+ is known to drive hydrogen escape on Mars, and researchers suspected a similar effect
on Venus due to their similar upper atmospheres.
• Modeling revealed a crucial reaction: HCO+ dissociative recombination (DR) occurring
around 125 km above Venus’ clouds.
• HCO+ formation: A carbon monoxide molecule (CO) loses an electron and captures a
hydrogen atom.
• DR reaction: HCO+ gains an electron and splits into CO and a high-energy hydrogen atom
that escapes to space.
• Simulations showed HCO+ DR doubled the rate of water loss by hydrogen escape
compared to previous models.
• This implies Venus’ oceans (if they existed) could have persisted longer than previously
thought due to faster water depletion.
• The model predicted a constant water level on Venus since ~2 billion years ago, suggesting
DR might be ongoing.
• However, Venus still has some water today, prompting further investigation.
New Theory, Lingering Doubt:

• Scientists propose the HCO+ molecule as a key player in Venus’ water loss through the HCO+
DR process.
• However, there’s no confirmation of HCO+ ions existing in Venus’ atmosphere or participating
in the DR process.
• Past space missions weren’t equipped to detect HCO+ ions or their chemical signatures.
Future Missions: The Search Begins

• Scientists plan future Venus missions to hunt for HCO+ in the upper atmosphere.
• NASA’s MAVEN mission to Mars serves as a model for such atmospheric studies.
An Unexplained Anomaly

• Venus’ extreme dryness compared to Earth remains a mystery.

• The search for answers like “Is Venus abnormal?” guides scientific exploration.

4.Editorial Topic : AI in Drug Development

Question : Discuss the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in revolutionizing drug development and
its implications for the pharmaceutical industry in India.
Introduction:

• Drug development is expensive and time-consuming

• AI offers possibilities to fast-track drug development
The Process:
Target Identification:

• Starts with identifying and validating a target (biological molecule like gene/protein)
• Majority of targets are proteins with ideal sites for drug binding (druggable proteins)
Discovery Phase:

• Target protein sequence fed into computer to find best-fitting drug from library of small
molecules
• Assumes structures of target protein and drug are known, else uses models
• Avoids time-consuming lab experiments with expensive chemicals/reagents
• High failure rate
Pre-clinical Phase:

• Potential drug candidates tested outside biological system using cells and animals
• Tests for safety and toxicity
Clinical Phase:

• Drug tested on small number of human patients

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 • Further testing on more patients for efficacy and safety
Final Phases:

• Regulatory approval
• Marketing
• Post-market survey
Discovery limits drugs proceeding due to high failure rate.
How AI helps:

•Revolutionizes target discovery and drug-target interaction: reduces time, increases

prediction accuracy (up to 80%), saves money.
• AlphaFold 3 & RoseTTAFold All-Atom (2023): Breakthrough in protein structure prediction
using deep neural networks.
• New capabilities: predict structures and interactions for proteins, DNA, RNA, small
molecules, ions.
• Generative diffusion-based architectures used for complex predictions.
Drawbacks:

• Limited accuracy: AI tools may not always be precise.

• Single-phase impact: Affects only target discovery, not later stages.
• Model hallucinations: Diffusion models might generate incorrect predictions due to
insufficient data.
• AlphaFold 3 access: Restricted code limits independent verification and broad use.
Way forward for India:

• Large-scale computing infrastructure: Needed to run complex AI models (GPUs).

• High cost and rapid advancements: GPUs are expensive and require frequent upgrades.
• Skilled AI scientists: India lags behind US and China in this area.
• India’s potential: Pharmaceutical companies can use AI for target discovery, identification,
and drug testing.

5.Editorial Topic : Sandboxes for AI

Basic Concept
Imagine a safe testing ground for AI! Regulatory sandboxes are like that. They’re controlled environments
where developers can experiment with new AI applications. Think of a self-driving car company testing
its technology in a closed track, but for AI. This allows for:

• Safeguarding:Testing AI for potential risks before real-world deployment (like bias or safety
issues).
• Innovation:Encouraging experimentation with new ideas without full regulatory burden.
• Learning:Gathering valuable data to inform future AI regulations.
For example, a bank might test an AI-powered loan approval system in a sandbox to ensure fairness
before launching it publicly.
Back to the Editorial Analysis
Regulatory Sandboxes for AI:

• Balancing Innovation and Responsibility:With AI booming in healthcare, finance, and

more, concerns rise about ethics, data privacy, and deployment risks. Regulatory sandboxes
offer a solution.
• Testing Ground for Policymakers:These sandboxes provide a controlled environment (with
time limits and oversight) to assess AI innovations’ benefits and potential risks. This informs
policymakers for creating effective regulations.
• Benefits for Businesses:A ‘fintech regulatory sandboxes’ study suggests sandboxes help
businesses access funding by reducing information asymmetry and regulatory costs.
• Global Adoption:As of November 2020, there were 73 operational or announced regulatory
sandboxes in finance across 57 jurisdictions (World Bank data).
• India’s Sandbox Initiatives:All major Indian financial regulators
(RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA, IFSCA) have launched sandboxes.
• Beyond Finance:Karnataka’s Innovation Authority Act (2020) promotes and regulates new
technologies through a sandbox model.

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 • Telecom Sandbox Proposed:The Telecommunications Act 2023 proposes a regulatory
sandbox under the central government’s authority.
Benefits of Regulatory Sandboxes for AI:

• Testing Ground for Innovation:Sandboxes offer a controlled environment to experiment with

AI, fostering collaboration between developers and regulators. This provides valuable insights
into AI’s capabilities and limitations.
• Transparency and Accountability:Participants must disclose information about their AI
models, addressing concerns about opacity and enabling tailored regulations.
• Mitigating Risks:By mandating risk assessments and safeguards, sandboxes encourage
responsible AI development and minimize potential societal impacts.
India’s Approach to AI Regulation:

• National Strategy:NITI Aayog released a discussion paper outlining a national AI

strategy, leading to the creation of a national AI Portal.
• AI Vision 2023:MeitY released a report highlighting India’s AI vision through working groups.
• Digital India Act (2023 Proposal):Proposes a separate set of laws and regulations for AI.
• Multifaceted Approach:India’s focus on AI regulation considers economic growth, ethics, job
creation, industrial transformation, and societal well-being.
• Global Leadership:As chair of the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence and the Delhi
Declaration, India aims to foster innovation aligned with its values.
Regulatory Sandboxes: A Stepping Stone

• Precursor to Formal Legislation:Sandboxes shouldn’t be seen as direct governance but as

a step before formal laws.
• Tailored for India:They serve as a preparatory measure to pave the way for future regulations
fitting India’s AI landscape.
• Collaboration and Refinement:Sandboxes allow stakeholders to assess risks, refine
regulations, and foster collaboration for responsible AI deployment.
• Positioning India as a Leader:This collaborative approach positions India at the forefront of
shaping effective and adaptable frameworks for emerging technologies.

6.Editorial Topic : Sun’s Activity and Solar Storms

Basic Concept: Part-1

About Auroras

• Auroras, also known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) and southern lights (aurora
australis), are dazzling displays of colored lights dancing across the night sky.
• They occur when energetic particles from the Sun, carried by solar wind or coronal mass
ejections (CMEs), collide with Earth’s atmosphere.
• These particles excite atoms in the atmosphere, causing them to emit light in various colors
depending on the gas they interact with. Red and green hues are most common, but blue,
purple, and even white can be seen.
• Auroras are a beautiful but harmless phenomenon, and their appearance is influenced by the
Sun’s activity and Earth’s magnetic field.
Basic Concept : Part-2
Coronal Mass Ejection (CME),

• A coronal mass ejection (CME), also sometimes referred to as a coronal mass eviction, is a
large-scale expulsion of plasma and accompanying magnetic field from the Sun’s corona. This
massive cloud of charged particles and magnetic field is one of the most significant events in
space weather.
Key points about coronal mass ejections (CMEs):

• Origin:The Sun’s corona, which is the Sun’s outermost atmosphere and is extremely hot
(around millions of degrees Celsius).
• Composition:Charged particles (mainly protons and electrons) and the Sun’s tangled
magnetic field.
• Cause:CMEs are triggered by sudden and violent events on the Sun, such as solar flares.

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 • Impacts:They can damage spacecraft, disrupt Earth’s atmosphere (leading to auroras), and
disrupt power grids.
• Prediction:Scientists are developing ways to predict CMEs, but it’s still a challenging task.
Additional Information:

• CMEs don’t spread out in all directions. They often take on a spiral shape after escaping the
Sun’s atmosphere.
• Auroras (northern lights and southern lights) on Earth are usually caused by CMEs. These
occur when CMEs collide with Earth’s magnetic field and the charged particles enter the
atmosphere.
• CMEs can be a threat to spacecraft, especially those outside Earth’s atmosphere. The
charged particles can damage spacecraft electronics.
Basic Concept : Part-3
About Aditya-L1
Launched in March 2024, Aditya-L1 is India’s first satellite dedicated to studying the Sun. It orbits the Sun
at the L1 Lagrange point, roughly 1.5 million kilometers away from Earth. This special position offers an
uninterrupted view of the Sun, free from any eclipses.
Aditya-L1 carries seven scientific instruments to comprehensively analyze the Sun, including its
atmosphere, corona, and magnetic field. By studying these aspects, the mission aims to:

• Understand solar activity:This includes solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that
can disrupt Earth’s communication and power grids.
• Improve space weather prediction:By understanding the Sun’s behavior, scientists can
better predict these events, allowing for necessary precautions.
• Gain insights into stellar evolution:Studying our closest star can provide valuable
knowledge about the formation and evolution of stars like our Sun.
With Aditya-L1, India takes a significant step forward in solar research, aiming to safeguard our planet
from solar storms and enhance our understanding of the Sun’s influence on Earth’s environment.

Back to the Editorial

Sun’s Activity and Solar Storms: Key Points
• Beautiful Auroras, Potential Disruptions:Auroras (like the recent ones) are caused by solar
events that can also trigger disruptions on Earth.
• Geomagnetic Storms and Particle Interactions:Charged particles from the Sun interact
with Earth’s magnetic field, causing geomagnetic storms (rare, occur every few decades).
• Sun’s Solar Cycle:The Sun’s activity fluctuates in an 11-year cycle. Recent auroras and
particle blasts coincide with the Sun nearing its peak activity period.
• Sunspot Activity:Sunspots (magnetically active patches) grow and shrink during solar
cycles. Recent solar events originated from sunspot activity.
• Sun “Waking Up”:Recent activity suggests the Sun is becoming more active compared to
the last solar cycle.
Solar Storms and CMEs: Sunspots can trigger sudden reconnections, releasing bursts of charged
particles {(coronal mass ejections (CMEs)} into space.
• Solar Flares and the Term “Solar Storms”:CMEs often occur with solar flares (radiation
bursts). These events are collectively called “solar storms.”
Solar Storm’s Impact and India’s Aditya-L1 Mission: Key Points
• Charged Particles and Aurorae:Earth’s magnetic field deflects solar particles, but some
reach the poles. Interactions with atmospheric gases cause auroras (red, green, and purple
lights).
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 • Geomagnetic Storms and Infrastructure:Geomagnetic storms can induce surges in power
grids (like in Sweden and South Africa in 2003) and disrupt communication/GPS satellites.
• Predicting Solar Storms:Scientists aim to predict solar storms before they
erupt. Currently, they can only detect them after they occur.
• Monitoring from L1 Point:Spacecrafts monitor the Sun from the L1 point (1.5 million km
towards the Sun).
• India’s Aditya-L1 Mission:Launched in March 2024, Aditya-L1 is still under calibration and
hasn’t provided data on the May solar storm.
• ISRO’s Other Instruments:ASPEX, SoLEXS, and HEL1OS detected signatures of the solar
storm (increased particle flux and flares).
• Chandrayaan-2:The lunar orbiter also detected solar emissions.

7.Editorial Topic : Worms Develop and Inherit Food Habits (Princeton University Research)
Question : Examine the mechanism of trans-generational learning observed in C. elegans,
particularly in acquiring and passing on avoidance behavior towards harmful bacteria.

Basic Concept :
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), affectionately nicknamed “the worm” by researchers, is a free-
living, transparent roundworm widely used in biological research. It holds several distinctions:
• First Multicellular Organism with Sequenced Genome:Scientists have completely mapped
its genetic code, providing a foundational understanding of gene function in complex
organisms.
• Simple Yet Informative:Despite its basic anatomy, C. elegans shares many biological
processes with humans, offering valuable insights into human development, physiology, and
diseases.
• Rapid Life Cycle:elegans completes its entire life cycle, from fertilized egg to adult, in just 3-
5 days. This rapid development allows scientists to study multiple generations within a short
timeframe.
• Transparent Body:elegans’ transparent body allows researchers to directly observe its
internal organs and development under a microscope, making it ideal for cell and
developmental biology studies.
Due to these unique characteristics, C. elegans has become a powerful tool for researchers in various
fields, including genetics, neuroscience, aging, and drug discovery.
About DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, but they play distinct roles in the cell:
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid):The blueprint of life. It’s a double-stranded molecule shaped
like a twisted ladder. Each rung is made of paired chemical bases (A, C, G, T). This code
stores the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. DNA is found in the nucleus
of most cells and mitochondria.
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid): The messenger and worker bee. It’s a single-stranded molecule
with a similar structure to DNA, but with one key difference: it uses the base uracil (U) instead
of thymine (T). RNA carries out DNA’s instructions. There are three main types of RNA:
• Messenger RNA (mRNA):Carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to
ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are built.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):Forms the core of ribosomes, the protein-building
factories of the cell.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA):Delivers amino acids (protein building blocks) to ribosomes
based on the mRNA code.
In short, DNA stores the information, and RNA uses it to build the cell’s machinery (proteins). They work
together to orchestrate all the activities of life.

Back to The Editorial

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)
• Nicknamed “the worm” for its frequent use in biological research.
• First multicellular organism with sequenced genome and mapped neural wiring.
• Grows from egg to adult (1 mm) in 3-5 days.
• Offers insights into human biology and broader biological principles.
Trans-generational Learning
• elegans worms can learn to avoid harmful bacteria.
• Worms exposed to disease-causing Pseudomonas vranovensis bacteria:
• Acquire ability to avoid this bacteria (avoidance behavior).
• Pass on this behavior to offspring for up to 4 generations.
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 • Similar finding observed previously with P. aeruginosa bacteria.
Mechanism
• vranovensis produces a small RNA molecule (sRNA).
• When worms ingest the bacteria, they also ingest sRNA.
• sRNA alters worm’s feeding behavior to avoid the harmful bacteria.
Understanding RNA
• DNA molecule: double-stranded ladder with sugar-phosphate backbone and A, C, G, T
bases.
• RNA molecule: single-stranded with sugar-phosphate backbone and A, C, G, U bases.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA): RNA copy of a DNA gene sequence, carries instructions for protein
assembly.
Significance
• Potential for cross-generational inheritance of learned behaviors in simple organisms.
• Further research needed to understand implications for complex organisms like humans.
sRNA and Gene Expression
• Some genes in C. elegans code for small RNAs (sRNA) instead of proteins. (length ~100-200
nucleotides)
• sRNA bind to other proteins and RNAs, affecting the expression of other genes.
Diet and Learned Behavior
• Worms trained to avoid harmful bacteria (P. vranovensis) also avoid non-pathogenic
P. mendocina (food source).
• This suggests learned avoidance of similar bacteria types.
Mechanism
• sRNA from P. vranovensis triggers learned avoidance in worms.
• Worms take up sRNA when feeding on the bacteria.
• sRNA is then:
• Maintained within the worm’s body.
• Transmitted to offspring for multiple generations (RNA interference).
Open Questions
• Can humans take up sRNA from gut microbes?
• Can sRNA modify human behavior across generations? (Needs further research)
Significance of C. elegans Research
• elegans studies led to Nobel Prizes (2002, 2006, 2008).
• This tiny worm contributes significantly to scientific and medical advancements.

8.Editorial Topic : Methane Emissions: New Study Reveals Microbes as Major Source

Question : Explain the traditional understanding of methane sources and how recent research
has shifted this perspective. Discuss the role of microbes, particularly archaea, in methane
production and the various environments where methane is generated.

Basic Concept :
Microbial emission refers to the process of releasing gases produced by the life and metabolism of
microbes. Microbes are single-celled organisms such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa.
Some microbial emissions are beneficial to the environment, while others can be harmful. Some
examples:
• Beneficial emissions: Certain microbes help transfer nitrogen from the atmosphere to the
soil through a process called nitrogen fixation, which is essential for plant growth. Other
microbes decompose organic matter, contributing to increased soil fertility.
• Harmful emissions: Some microbes produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Methane
is even more effective than carbon dioxide at warming the atmosphere. Additionally, some
microbes are pathogens that can cause disease in humans, animals, and plants.
Human activities, such as intensive agriculture and poor waste management practices, can often promote
the unbalanced growth of microbes, leading to increased harmful emissions.
Back to the Editorial
Methane – A Potent Greenhouse Gas
• Methane (CH4) is the second most abundant human-caused greenhouse gas after CO2.
• Over a century, its warming potential is 28 times greater than CO2, and even higher over
shorter periods.
• Recently, reducing methane emissions became a focus for mitigating global warming (e.g.,
the UN’s 2021 Global Methane Pledge).
Shifting Understanding of Sources
• Traditionally, fossil fuel burning was considered the primary methane source.
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 • New research suggests microbes are the biggest contributors, with emissions from human
activities further increasing the problem.
Microbial Methane Production
• Microbes called archaea (distinct from bacteria) produce methane in oxygen-deficient
environments.
• These methanogens exist in animal digestive tracts, wetlands, rice paddies, landfills, and
lake/ocean sediments.
• Methane production is part of the natural carbon cycle, but human activities disrupt this
balance.
• Agriculture, dairy farming, and fossil fuel production all contribute to increased methane
emissions.
Biogenic vs. Thermogenic Methane
• Biogenic methane comes from microbial activity.
• Thermogenic methane originates from deep within the Earth’s crust (released during fossil
fuel extraction).
• Isotope analysis helps differentiate these sources:
• Less carbon-13 (¹³C) indicates a biological source.
• More ¹³C indicates a thermogenic source.
New Study Findings
• Researchers used a supercomputer model to analyze methane isotopes.
• Their findings contrasted with existing emissions inventories (EDGAR & GAINS):
• EDGAR reported rising methane emissions from oil/gas exploration (1990-2020).
• GAINS suggested a large, unconventional emissions increase since 2006.
• The new study contradicts both reports, suggesting a microbial source for the increase.
Possible Explanations for Increased Microbial Emissions
• Increased cattle rearing in Latin America.
• More waste emissions in developing regions (South/Southeast Asia, Latin America, Africa).
• Global wetland expansion.
Challenges and the Way Forward
• Satellite data used in past studies has limitations:
• Difficulty measuring actual methane changes over time.
• Reliance on models, leading to uncertainties.
• Ground-based models are needed to confirm interpretations from satellite data.
Conclusion: Reducing Methane Emissions
• Regardless of source, reducing methane emissions is crucial.
• Focus on controlling human activities that contribute most:
• Waste management (landfills)
• Rice cultivation
• Animal digestion (enteric fermentation)
• Oil and gas production

Disaster Management and Environment Conversation

1.Editorial Topic : Strengthening Disaster Management

Question : Analyze the impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of extreme
weather events in India. How has this shift in the disaster landscape necessitated changes in
disaster management strategies?

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

• Established in 2005 after the 1999 Odisha super cyclone and 2004 tsunami.
• Apex body for disaster management in India (Disaster Management Act, 2005).
• Led by the Prime Minister with a focus on:
• Disaster response coordination.
• Capacity building for resilience.
• Policy & guideline development for effective disaster management.
• Vision: A safer, disaster-resilient India through holistic, proactive strategies.
Shifting Disaster Landscape

• Increased Frequency & Intensity: Extreme weather events are becoming more common and
severe (likely due to climate change).

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 • New Threats Emerge: Previously unconsidered events like extreme heat are now significant
threats.
• Rise of Multi-Hazard Disasters: Most concerning trend – cascading disasters triggered by one
another, causing greater destruction.
• Example: Recent Northeast landslides caused by heavy rains from Cyclone
Remal.
Strengthening Disaster Management in India

• Empower Agencies: Allocate more resources and training for proactive response and
preparedness by disaster management agencies.
• Focus on Mitigation: Minimize risks from man-made disasters through stricter construction
regulations.
• Disaster-proof Infrastructure: Integrate disaster resilience into new and existing
infrastructure projects.
• Leverage Expertise: Utilize India’s Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) for
domestic standards.
• Community Awareness: Educate communities on disaster preparedness and risk reduction
strategies.
• Early Warning Systems: Invest in robust early warning systems for timely evacuation and
mitigation.
• Multi-Hazard Approach: Plan for cascading disasters where one event triggers another.
(e.g., landslides after cyclones)
• Mock Drills & Simulations: Conduct regular drills to prepare communities and test disaster
response plans.
• Post-Disaster Recovery: Ensure efficient post-disaster response with a focus on rebuilding
and rehabilitation.
• Climate Change Adaptation: Integrate climate change projections into disaster risk
management strategies.

2.Editorial Topic : Fire Safety Regulations in India

Question : Evaluate the impact of temporary and poorly constructed structures on fire safety in
urban and rural areas of India. What specific regulations and enforcement mechanisms can be
implemented to mitigate the associated risks?
Basic Concept
In India, Model Building Bye-Laws (MBBL) act as a guideline for states to establish their own building
regulations. They provide a framework for:

• Construction standards: MBBL specifies minimum requirements for building materials,

structural design, and safety features. (Example: MBBL may mandate fire escapes in high-
rise buildings).
• Occupancy regulations: They define rules for different building types, like residential,
commercial, or educational. (Example: MBBL may specify minimum space requirements per
person in residential buildings).
• Amenities and services: MBBL outlines basic amenities required in buildings, such as
ventilation, sanitation, and parking. (Example: MBBL may mandate a certain number of
parking spaces per apartment in a residential complex).
While not directly enforceable, MBBL serves as a blueprint for states to ensure safe and well-
designed buildings.

Back to the Editorial Analysis

Deadly Fire Reignites Safety Debate
A recent fire at a gaming center in Rajkot, Gujarat, tragically claimed 32 lives. This incident underscores
the critical need for stricter fire safety regulations and enforcement in public buildings across India.
Current Regulatory Framework

• The Model Building Bye-Laws, 2016 (Chapter 11) outlines fire safety requirements for state
governments, which are responsible for fire safety enforcement.
• States have the authority to adopt and enforce the National Building Code (NBC) Part 4, which
lays down fire safety norms and standards.
• The regulations define various building types, including assembly buildings (theatres,
restaurants, etc.), institutional buildings (hospitals), and others.

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 • All structures must comply with fire safety provisions specified by the Fire Authority under the
Fire Prevention and Life Safety Measures Act, 2013.
Loopholes and Enforcement Issues

• The Rajkot gaming center reportedly bypassed regulations by constructing a non-standard

structure. Investigations will determine if it met safety standards for assembly buildings.
• A Gujarat High Court notice highlights the lack of fire safety compliance across the state.
Earlier reports indicated hundreds of hospitals and schools lacked valid fire No Objection
Certificates (NOCs).
• State governments often cite practical difficulties, like manpower and infrastructure limitations,
as reasons for lax enforcement.
The Path Forward

• Stricter enforcement of existing regulations, including the Model Building Bye-Laws and NBC
provisions, is essential.
• Both state governments and enforcement agencies must be held accountable for fire safety
compliance.
• Temporary and poorly constructed structures in urban and rural areas pose a significant fire
risk and require stricter regulations.
Data Underlines the Urgency

• According to NCRB data (2022), fire incidents in commercial and government buildings
claimed 257 lives.
• These figures underscore the need for immediate action to prevent future tragedies.
Conclusion
Strengthening fire safety regulations and ensuring their rigorous enforcement is crucial to safeguard lives
in public buildings across India.

Additional Information (Arora IAS Inputs)

Concern on Fire Safety Regulations in India

•Model Building Bye-Laws (2016): These guidelines set fire safety requirements for state
governments, responsible for enforcement.
• National Building Code (NBC) Part 4: States adopt and enforce these fire safety norms and
standards established by NBC.
• Building Classification: Regulations categorize buildings based on usage (assembly halls,
hospitals, etc.) with specific safety needs.
• Fire Authority Compliance: All structures must adhere to fire safety provisions mandated by
the Fire Authority.
• Loopholes and Weak Enforcement: Non-standard structures, like the Rajkot center, may
bypass regulations, raising safety concerns.
• Lack of Compliance: Many buildings, like hospitals and schools, reportedly lack valid fire
safety certificates.
• State Accountability: State governments often cite resource limitations as reasons for lax
enforcement.
• Urgent Need for Action: Considering fire-related deaths in buildings (NCRB data, 2022),
stricter enforcement is crucial.
Way Forward with International Examples

• Sprinkler Systems Mandatory: Many developed countries have stricter regulations, making
sprinkler systems mandatory in most buildings. (Example: The US National Fire Protection
Association mandates sprinklers in most commercial and residential buildings).
• Fire Alarms and Detection Systems: Advanced fire alarm and detection systems are often
required, with regular inspections and maintenance. (Example: The UK mandates
interconnected fire alarms in all dwellings).
• Fire Escape Plans and Drills: Regular fire escape plan training and drills are compulsory for
occupants in various building types. (Example: Singapore enforces fire drills in schools and
workplaces).
• Fire Safety Awareness Programs: Public education and awareness campaigns promote fire
safety knowledge and responsible behavior. (Example: Canada conducts fire safety education
programs in schools and communities).

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3.Editorial Topic : Pune Accident Raises Concerns
Question : Analyze the lessons learned from the Pune case and propose stricter measures to
prevent future tragedies related to underage drinking and driving.
Incident:

• Two deaths (Aneesh Awadhiya & Ashwini Koshta) in Pune car crash on May 19.
• Alleged driver: 17-year-old under the influence of alcohol.
Public Outrage:

• Anger over initial bail conditions (work with traffic police & write essay).
• Concerns about due process and potential influence due to suspect’s background (father is a
prominent realtor).
Demands:

• Thorough investigation into the accident.

• Fair and impartial application of the law, regardless of the accused’s background.
Key Issue:

• Balancing due process with public demands for justice.

Pune Case Aftermath
Following Public Outrage:

• Police booked teen’s father for allowing him to drink and drive.
• Sealed 2 restaurants that served alcohol to the minor.
• Arrested 3 people from the establishments.
Looking Ahead:

• Over 50% of India’s population is under 25.

• Need for a wider conversation on underage drinking and driving.
• This should involve:
• Bars/pubs/alcohol sellers
• Young people
• Parents
Learning from Pune:

• Hold individuals accountable (Pune case).

• Implement stricter measures to prevent future tragedies.

4.Editorial Topic : Attributing Extreme Weather Events to Climate Change

Challenges of Climate Modeling:

• Climate models struggle to accurately predict extreme weather events, particularly rainfall.
• While better at regional temperature predictions, local accuracy remains limited.
Value of Extreme Event Attribution:

• Formal cost-benefit analysis of attribution is lacking, but experts see its importance for the
“Loss and Damage” (L&D) process.
• The L&D process, evolving under the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, aims
to address climate change’s impact on vulnerable countries.
• Developing countries, especially those highly vulnerable, seek compensation through the L&D
fund.
• Identifying “particularly vulnerable” countries is crucial (e.g., India is vulnerable but unlikely to
qualify for L&D funding).
• Developed nations oppose legal accountability for extreme events due to potential lawsuits.
Case Study: Asian Heatwaves

• World Weather Attribution (WWA) recently reported a 45-fold increase in the likelihood of
Asian heatwaves due to climate change.
• Understanding “rapid extreme event attribution” methods is essential.
• WWA acknowledges insufficient data, especially for rainfall extremes.

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 • Climate models’ limitations in capturing rainfall further complicate attribution.
Gap Between Attribution and Action:

• L&D discussions and climate law are gaining traction, but attribution exercises seem
disconnected from government strategies.
• Addressing these challenges is crucial to bridge the gap and inform adaptation and mitigation
efforts.
Selecting Events for Attribution:

• Scientists face challenges in choosing extreme events for attribution studies.

• The World Weather Attribution (WWA) study on Asian heatwaves used inconsistent methods
across regions (daily, 3-day, or monthly temperatures).
• Natural factors (El Niño) and human activities (urbanization, deforestation) can influence
heatwaves, complicating attribution.
• Unprecedented events make attribution at local scales difficult; subcontinental scales are
more reliable.
Beyond the Event: Vulnerability and Impact

• The true impact of extreme events depends on:

• The severity of the event itself (hazard)
• The vulnerability of the affected population
• Their level of exposure to the event
• Financial consequences are similarly multifaceted.
Considering the Bigger Picture:

• Given these challenges, a broader look at international climate finance is necessary.

• This includes:
• Adaptation funding for developing countries
• Closing adaptation gaps
• Building adaptation capacity
• Global mitigation efforts
The Need for Practical Solutions:

• In the real world with limited resources, attribution needs a clear purpose.
• While a valuable scientific exercise in theory, cost-benefit analysis is crucial to determine its
role in climate action strategies.

5.Editorial Topic : Analysing local environmental footprints

Question : Discuss the findings of a recent study on household environmental footprints in India,
particularly focusing on the disparities in consumption patterns across economic classes. How
do luxury consumption choices impact CO2 emissions, water usage, and air pollution?
The Problem:

• Climate change is a global threat, but environmental issues like water scarcity and air pollution
often hit closer to home.
• Understanding how households contribute to these local burdens is crucial.
The Divide:

• A recent study in India examined the environmental impact of different economic classes.
• It compared the environmental footprints (CO2 emissions, water usage, and air pollution)
associated with basic needs vs. luxury consumption across income levels.
The Findings:

• The study found a clear correlation between income and environmental impact.
• The richest 10% of households have footprints nearly double the national average.
• This jump is most dramatic for air pollution (68% increase) and least significant for water usage
(39% increase).
• This suggests India’s consumption patterns are still evolving, with the wealthiest segment
driving a significant rise in environmental impact through luxury spending.
Luxury Consumption and its Environmental Toll
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 • Consumption Choices: The Indian study delves deeper, examining how specific spending
habits within income brackets impact the environment.
• Dining Out Drives the Increase: Eating at restaurants is a major culprit for the rising
environmental footprint, especially among the top earners. This applies to all three
environmental measures – CO2 emissions, water usage, and air pollution.
• Fruits, Fashion, and Hidden Costs: The study also highlights the role of specific luxury
items. Consumption of fruits and nuts contributes significantly to the water footprint of the
wealthiest households. Additionally, personal goods, jewelry, and frequent dining out inflate
CO2 emissions and air pollution footprints.
• Lifestyle Shifts and Hidden Impacts: While switching from polluting biomass fuels to cleaner
LPG cooking gas reduces direct household emissions, the affluent lifestyle itself creates a
hidden cost. Choices associated with wealth, like owning multiple cars and indulging in
frequent travel, contribute to increased PM2.5 air pollution (which in turn raises CO2
emissions).
• A Global Concern, Unequal Impact: The average annual CO2 footprint of India’s top 10%
earners is a stark 6.7 tonnes per person. This exceeds both the global average (4.7 tonnes in
2010) and the sustainable level needed to meet the Paris Agreement goals (1.9 tonnes). While
lower than Western nations, this disparity highlights the need for action.
• Policy and Nudging Affluence: Given the influence of wealthy lifestyles on societal
aspirations, policymakers should focus on encouraging this demographic to consume less and
align their habits with sustainability goals.
• Local Issues, Unequal Burdens: The study underscores a crucial point – global
environmental footprints don’t always reflect local and regional issues. While global climate
change demands attention, luxury consumption exacerbates local environmental issues like
water scarcity and air pollution. These disproportionately affect marginalized communities who
lack resources to cope, further widening the gap between rich and poor.
• The Call for Multi-Footprint Analysis: This research emphasizes the importance of
analyzing environmental impact beyond just global CO2 emissions. A “multi-footprint”
approach is needed to address environmental justice concerns and ensure equitable solutions
are implemented for a sustainable future.

6.Editorial Topic : Uttarakhand Forest Fires: A Complex Problem

Deadly Blazes:

• Five people have died in Uttarakhand since November due to wildfires.

• The state government claims the fires are entirely man-made.
Causes of the Fires:

• Out-migration: People leaving the hills for cities have resulted in less maintenance of forests.
• High-tension wires: Electrical sparks can ignite dry vegetation.
• Abundance of pine trees: Pine needles are highly flammable.
• Lack of education: Younger generations lack knowledge about fire safety and prevention.
• Reduced forest use: Ujjwala Yojana providing cooking gas has lessened firewood collection,
leading to denser forests with more fuel for fires.
• Dry conditions: Droughts and low snowfall create drier environments prone to fires.
• Human activity: Burning agricultural stubble, discarded cigarettes, and intentional burning to
clear land all contribute to the problem.
Forest Management:

• Uttarakhand has 38,000 sq km of forests, covering 71% of the state.

• The Forest Department manages 26.5 lakh ha of reserved forests with restricted human
access.
• Van Panchayats, community forest managers, handle 7.32 lakh ha.
• Ironically, reserved forests have suffered more damage than those managed by local
communities.
The situation highlights the need for a multi-pronged approach that addresses human activity, forest
management practices, and educating younger generations about fire safety and environmental
protection.
Government Actions:

• The Uttarakhand government claims all fires are man-made.

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 • The State Disaster Response Force and National Disaster Response Force are deployed for
firefighting.
• The Indian Air Force is using Bambi Buckets to extinguish flames.
• Collaboration with IIT Roorkee to explore cloud seeding for rain.
• The Compensatory Afforestation Fund is being used entirely for firefighting and prevention.
• Filling vacant forest department positions at the field level.
Where Solutions Lie:

•Chir Pine Management:

• A significant source of timber, fuelwood, furniture materials, decorations, charcoal,
resin, and coal tar (no specific figures mentioned).
• The state has a concept to generate electricity from pine needles.
• The recently launched “Pirul Lao-Paise Pao” scheme offers ₹50 per kg for pine
needles, compared to the previous ₹3 per kg.
• Community Participation:
• Increased focus on community involvement to reduce fires.
• Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR):
• A low-cost forest restoration technique promoting natural regrowth.
• Involves removing invasive species, creating seedling microsites, and protecting
regeneration.
• Addressing Snowball Effect:
• Repetitive fires weaken mountains and reduce soil strength (no specific details
mentioned).
• Loose soil from fires causes flash floods and landslides.
Way Forward:

• Environmentalist Ravi Chopra suggests empowering local communities for better fire control.
• He emphasizes the incapability of the current forest department.

7.Editorial Topic : Hurdles on path to green

The scorching reality of climate change, with 2023 confirmed as the hottest year on record, intensifies
scrutiny on major carbon-emitting sectors. As the world’s third-largest emitter, India faces significant
challenges in transitioning to a cleaner future.
Government Initiatives:

• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: This scheme incentivizes domestic

manufacturing of solar modules, a crucial component for solar power generation.
• Viability Gap Funding: Provides financial assistance to make offshore wind and battery
storage projects more commercially viable, promoting renewable energy sources with grid
integration capabilities.
• FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) Scheme: Aims to
promote electric vehicles by offering subsidies for purchase and setting up charging
infrastructure.
• National Green Hydrogen Mission: Focuses on developing green hydrogen, a clean fuel
source, for sectors like refining, chemicals, fertilizers, and transportation.
• Energy Conservation Bill Amendments: Enhance energy efficiency standards for
industries, promoting responsible resource consumption.
• Green Bonds: These financial instruments raise capital specifically for environmentally
friendly projects.
Voluntary Steps and Risks:

• While some entities are proactively adopting greener technologies, several challenges persist.
• Transition Risks: The shift to a cleaner future involves various risks, including:
• Policy and Regulatory: Uncertainty in government policies and regulations can
hinder investments in green technologies.
• Technology: Technological advancements in clean energy solutions are crucial,
and delays can impede progress.
• Market: Unstable markets for clean energy products can discourage investments.
• Reputation: Companies with high carbon footprints may face reputational damage
from consumers and investors.
• Legal: Stringent environmental regulations and potential lawsuits can pose
challenges.

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 •
Technological Risk: Among these risks, ensuring reliable and affordable clean
energy technology is the most immediate concern.
Renewable Energy Targets and Investments:

• Fossil fuel power plants are a major source of carbon emissions in India.
• The government aims for an ambitious target of 50% non-fossil fuel power by 2030.
• ICRA, a rating agency, projects India can achieve this goal, with the share of non-fossil fuel-
based power generation capacity rising significantly by 2029-30.
• However, achieving this target necessitates substantial investments:
• ₹11-12 lakh crore in renewable energy generation capacity.
• ₹5-6 lakh crore in power transmission and storage infrastructure.
Ensuring Round-the-Clock Renewable Energy Supply:

• To meet clean energy targets, ensuring a continuous and reliable supply of renewable energy
is critical.
• This can be achieved through:
• Hybrid RE projects: Combining wind and solar energy projects with energy
storage systems like batteries can provide a more stable and consistent power
supply.
• Carbon Sequestration: Capturing and storing carbon emissions from hard-to-
abate sectors like steel and cement production can help mitigate their
environmental impact.
Challenges for Cement and Steel Industries:

• Cement:
• Producing one tonne of cement releases an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.
• The industry is highly resource and energy-intensive, contributing significantly to
CO2 emissions.
• Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS): This technology captures
carbon emissions and stores them permanently underground. It is considered a
crucial solution for the cement industry.
• Niti Aayog estimates a CCUS capacity of 2 million tonnes per annum by 2030 is
needed.
• High capital cost (Rs 1,600-1,800 crore) is a major challenge for CCUS
implementation.
• Steel:
•
Coal usage in steel production leads to high carbon emissions.
•
Domestic steelmakers are working towards reducing their carbon footprint by 25-
30% by 2030.
• Technological advancements are needed to achieve significant emission
reductions.
National Green Hydrogen Mission:

• Green hydrogen, produced using renewable energy sources, is a clean fuel alternative for
various sectors.
• The National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to develop green hydrogen for use in refining,
chemicals, fertilizer production, and transportation.
• This mission faces a high capital expenditure of approximately Rs 8-9 lakh crore.
• Several Indian entities are launching pilot projects and planning green hydrogen/ammonia
production facilities.
Conclusion
The conclusion emphasizes that achieving a clean energy future in India requires a two-pronged
approach:

1. Voluntary action by industries: While some companies are taking initiative to reduce their
carbon footprint, broader industry adoption of green technologies is necessary.
2. Crucial government support: Government policies and financial aid are essential for
accelerating the clean energy transition, especially in hard-to-abate sectors like steel and
cement. This support can take various forms:
• Policy interventions: Implementing clear, stable, and long-term policies that
incentivize clean energy investments and technologies.

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 • Subsidies: Providing financial assistance to make clean technologies more
affordable for industries.
• Duty exemptions or tax benefits: Offering tax breaks or exemptions on duties
related to clean technologies to encourage their adoption.
By combining proactive industry efforts with robust government support, India can overcome the hurdles
on its path to a greener future.

Security Challenges

1.Editorial Topic : The CDS : A Work in Progress

Question : Discuss the significance of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) in the context of India’s
military modernization efforts, highlighting the complexities associated with the role and the
challenges faced in its implementation.

• Policy Issue: Rewiring the Indian military into integrated theatre commands (ITC) gaining
traction.
• Key Role: Appointment of a Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and supporting staff.
The Complexities of the CDS Role:

•Four-star General (equal to service chiefs).

•Secretary to the Government (Ministry of Defence).
•Principal advisor to Defence Minister (inter-service issues).
•Balancing military expertise with bureaucracy and political duties.
A Checkquered History:

•General Bipin Rawat (1st CDS):

• Appointed January 2020 (after retirement as Army Chief – Dec 2019).
• Tragically died in December 2021.
• Some policies left unfinished, others questioned.
• Lt Gen Anil Chauhan (retd) (2nd CDS):
• Appointed October 2022 (after 9 month vacancy).
• Appointment from retirement raised eyebrows.
• Limited progress on operational readiness by end of Modi 2.0 term.
• Current command structure remains for immediate war scenarios.
Why New Posts?

• Enhance jointness (sharing expertise and assets) and improve combat capability.
• Concerns:
• Vice CDS in four-star rank creates hierarchy issues.
• Potential for three four-star theatre commanders.
• Service chiefs (original four-star) would lack command responsibility.
Strengthening India’s Military: Recommendations for the CDS

• Reduce CDS workload: Revise the role of Secretary to the Government for CDS to avoid
overload.
• Delegate Bureaucracy: Consider a four-star Vice CDS to handle bureaucratic tasks, freeing
the CDS for core duties.
• Maritime Theatre Command Location: Review the proposed Coimbatore base for the MTC.
Karwar’s existing infrastructure suggests a more logical choice.
The Importance of the CDS Role:

• National Security Threats: Ongoing border disputes with China and Pakistan, plus terrorism,
pose significant challenges.
• Historical Examples: Kargil (1999), Mumbai (2008), and Galwan (2020) highlight the need
for military preparedness.
• Evolving Threats: The CDS was created in 2019 to enhance combat efficiency and address
emerging techno-strategic threats.
• Recent Conflicts: Ukraine and Palestine conflicts demonstrate the need to adapt to changing
situations.
Limited Progress Since 2019: Measurable improvement in India’s overall combat efficiency remains
elusive since the CDS announcement.

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Conclusion: In a potential war scenario, current command structures with service chiefs would manage
the situation. This underlines the urgency of a well-functioning CDS.

2.Editorial Topic : It is time to operationalise the Indian Defence University

Question : Critically assess the necessity of a dedicated Indian Defence University (IDU) in light
of the evolving nature of warfare and global trends in military education. Discuss the potential
benefits of establishing the IDU for India’s national security and defense preparedness.
Key Points:

• Need for Military Education:

• The changing nature of warfare demands well-educated military officers capable
of handling complex security challenges.
• This requires a strong Professional Military Education (PME) system.
• Global Trend:
• Many nations have established dedicated “defence universities” to enhance
strategic thinking within their armed forces.
• Pakistan has 2, China has 3+ (60+ with military links), highlighting the global trend.
• India’s Lacking IDU:
• India’s long-overdue Indian Defence University (IDU) remains non-operational,
raising concerns.
• This delays crucial advancements in military education and strategic preparation.
Slow Progress in Establishing the Indian Defence University (IDU)
Need for Broad-Based Military Education:
• The Indian armed forces, like others, require a comprehensive education system with strong
academic rigor.
• This need was recognized soon after independence, leading to the proposal for a Defence
Services University in 1967.
• In principle, the IDU’s establishment in Gurgaon received approval in May 2010. However,
progress has been slow despite positive reports in 2017-18.
Shortcomings of Existing System:
• While India boasts world-class training institutions within its armed forces, they lack:
• An integrated Professional Military Education (PME) framework.
• A multi-disciplinary approach to strategic thinking.
IDU as the Solution:
• The IDU aims to address these shortcomings by providing:
• A central institution for higher military learning.
• A qualified faculty combining academics with serving/retired military and civil
service officers.
• A curriculum that unites theory with practical application.
• Diverse courses relevant to national security and defense across various
disciplines.
Why RRU Doesn’t Replace IDU:
• Some argue the recently established Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU) in Gujarat renders
the IDU unnecessary.
• This argument is flawed due to fundamental differences:
• The RRU Act doesn’t explicitly mention “defence” education in its objectives.
• Its curriculum isn’t solely focused on military requirements for war management
and plan execution.
Urgency for IDU Operationalization:
• Delays in establishing the IDU compromise:
• Defence preparedness.
• Strategic culture development.
• Inter-service integration.
• Operationalizing the IDU with a well-designed and future-oriented military education
curriculum is crucial for building a strong foundation for joint warfighting capabilities.

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GS-4 Mains Exam : Ethics

1.Editorial Topic : Enduring Relevance of Immanuel Kant in a Globalized World

Kant’s Legacy: A Resurgence

• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), a philosopher from Königsberg (Kaliningrad), experiences

renewed interest in his 300th birth year.
• Both Russia and Germany claim his intellectual heritage.
• Works like “Critique of Pure Reason” and “Perpetual Peace” are reevaluated as the global
order faces challenges.
Kant’s Vision for a Globalized World:

• Opposed imperialism, colonialism, and slavery.

• Envisioned a world with:
• Open trade
• Free movement of people (including refugees)
• “World citizenship”
• Emphasized reason, rationality, and morality in international relations.
Kant and Decolonization:

• Kant’s focus on reason and ethics remains relevant.

• 17 territories still await self-determination as per the UN Charter.
• Former colonial powers resist granting full freedom despite advocating democracy.
Challenges to Kant’s “Perpetual Peace”:

• Multilateral Institutions: UN structure with veto power might surprise Kant.

• New Actors: Global organizations, corporations, powerful individuals operate in unforeseen
ways.
• Existential Threats: Weapons of mass destruction and AI weaponry pose new threats.
• Information Warfare: Misinformation and online hate speech challenge Kant’s vision of
reason and morality.
• Persistent Prejudices: Racism and bigotry continue to hinder peace.
Challenges to Morality and Reason in a Globalized World:

• Blurred Reality: Geopolitical narratives and manipulation make it difficult to distinguish

reality from fiction.
• Double Standards: Inconsistent judgments on democracy (e.g., US vs. India) raise ethical
concerns.
• Shifting Identity: Digitalization and globalization challenge traditional national identity and
authority.
• Reason vs. Rationale: Biases like nationalism and religion can corrupt reason, leading to
justifications (rationale) over moral action.
• Ethics vs. Rationale: Self-interest often trumps ethical principles in global affairs.
• Dysfunctional Global Order: The UN, designed to be an ethical framework, is hindered by
power politics.
India’s Ancient Wisdom Offers Guidance:

• India’s historical strategic thinking offers contemporary relevance.

• Texts like Arthashastra and Tirukkural (predating Kant) promote ethics in governance and
warfare.
• India’s cultural heritage emphasizes a global perspective on human well-being.
• India’s G20 presidency promoted “One Earth, One Family, One Future,” echoing the ancient
ideal of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (world as one family).
Conclusion:

• Combining Kant’s ideas with ancient wisdom can provide a new moral compass for a better
world.

2.Editorial Topic : The Age of Stupid

Main Idea: We live in an age where stupidity is more visible and influential.
Decline of Institutions:
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 • Traditionally, institutions (like universities) were trusted sources of knowledge.
• They attracted brilliant minds who collaborated and advanced knowledge.
• Now, leadership in these institutions lacks integrity and courage, leading to:
• Lower quality intellectual output.
• Difficulty adapting to rapid societal changes.
• Loss of public trust.
Rise of Social Media Influencers:

• The decline of institutions creates a gap in intellectual leadership.

• Social media fills this gap, but with a focus on popularity, not deep knowledge.
• Influencers shape public opinion on shallow topics (consumption, lifestyle)
• This “gospel of stupid” emphasizes constant visibility over critical thinking.
Result: Public discourse is filled with superficiality, not serious engagement.
How Institutions Choose Leaders:

•Moral relativism and partisanship influence who gets picked.

•Leaders prioritize navigating internal politics over brilliance and moral courage.
•Nominations favor the status quo, not innovative thinkers.
Consequences of Poor Leadership:

• Illiberalism and suppression of dissent rise.

• Lowered intellectual standards lead to societal stagnation.
Opportunists Thrive in the Age of Stupidity:

• Infotainment, media fragmentation, and political polarization allow bad ideas to spread.
• Money and power interests support opportunists who promote nonsense.
• Loss of authority by traditional gatekeepers like universities allows nonsense to be
mainstream.
Exploiting the Age of Stupidity:

• No real effort from powerful institutions to address the issue.

• Some use public disengagement for their own gain.
• Others exploit the wave of stupidity for personal benefit.
The Bottom Line: This isn’t just about a lack of intelligence, it’s a crisis of values.

Flipkart Buy Link : (COD Available) : https://tinyurl.com/2cj58fbp

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