CHAPTER 10 ACCESSING MySQL AND USING PHP WITH MySQL Accessing MySQL —Using MySQL Client and Using PHP MyAdmin, MySQL Commands, Using PHP with MySQL: PHP MySQL Functions, connecting to MySQL and Selecting the Database, Executing Simple Queries, Retrieving Query Results, Counting Returned Records, Updating Records with PHP, ACCESSING MySQL: In order to create tables, add records, and request information from a database, some sort of client is necessary to communicate with the MySQL server. Client applications focus on two: the mysql client and the Web-based phpMyAdmin. A third option, the MySQL Query Browser (www.mysql.com). If you are working on your own computer, see Appendix A, “Installation,” for instructions on installing MySQL, starting MySQL, and creating MySQL users. If you are using a hosted server, your Web host should provide you with the database access. Depending upon the hosting, you may be provided with phpMyAdmin, but not be able to use the command-line MySQL client. [tor USING THE MySQL CLIENT ihn The MySQL client is normally installed with the rest of the MySQL software. Although the mysql client does not have a pretty graphical interface, it’s a reliable, standard tool that's easy to we and behaves consistently on many different operating systems, The mysq] client is accessed from a command-line interface, be it the Terminal application in Linux or Mac OS X or a DOS prompt in Windows. If you're not comfortable with command-line interactions, you might find this interface to be challenging, but it becomes easy to use in no time. To start the application from the command line, type its name and press Return or Enter: MySQL sag Pending upon the server (or your computer), you may need to enter the full path in order to the application.For example: MP) using MA! /Applications/MAMP/Library/bin/m, oa sql (Mac OS X- OA Termina window in Mac OS . - ce i noory Leer ona nian [| console (although San = affect how it runs. The i i icatic can add arguments to Most When invoking this application, you 3 Bs asine) URL aa common arguments are the username, password, address). You want to connect using. ‘You establish these arguments like so: mysq] -u username -h hostname -p Where, > The -p option will cause the client to prompt you for the password. © You can also specify the password on this line if you prefer by typing it directly afer, the -p prompt but it will be visible, which is insecure. > The -h hostname argument is optional © you can leave it off unless you cannot connect to the MySQL server without it. > Within the mysql client, every statement (SQL command) needs to be terminated by a semicolon. > These semicolons are an indication to the client that the query is complete and should be run. » The semicolons are not part of the SQL itself (this is a common point of confusion). What this also means is that you can continue the same SQL statement over several lines withit the mysq] client, which makes it easier to read and to edit, should that be necessary. ‘As a quick demonstration of accessing and using the mysql client, th all show you how to start the mysql client, select a database to use, ea the client. aallowing these se eps The MySQL server must be running You must have a username an mame and password w; hy ith proper access. ¢ following steps and co ope the fo “ontinue to provide dows #e OS X. While the appearance sy Frovide images using the mysql client on both Win Mo ff 5 hort, The concemed about Why one image ie the steps and results will be identical. So - a a qt veal cent ‘ows the DOS prompt and the next a Terminal ys 1, Access your system from & comman, » On Unix systems and Mac og 4 : bic a similar application S X, this is just a matter of bringing up the Termil \d line interface. Press Enter (or click OK) to bring up a DOS prompt. — 9 ED RD ergs mer totes, document or tenet TOMES. andl Window wail open Ror you |) Seen cmd @ Executing cmd within the Run prompt in Windows ‘one way to access a DOS prompt interface, Invoke the mysql client, using the appropriate command /path/to/mysqV/bin/mysql -u + username -p The /path/to/mysql part of this step will be largely dictated by the operating system you are running and where MySQL was installed. Already provided two options, based upon installations of MAMP on Mac OS X or XAMPP on Windows (both are installed in Appendix A). 1 /Applications/MANP/Library/bin/ays4l —u rest —p Enter password: Mt @ Access the mysq| client by entering the full path to the utility, along with the proper arguments. The basic premise is that you are running the mysql client, connecting as username, and requesting to be prompted for the password. Not to overstate the point, but the aPHP & Mys ie episod in M50 ablish aust already be estab! username and password values that you use ™ valid user enter 3. Enter the password at the prompt and press Return/t user yO > The password you use here should be for oo bination step. If you used the proper username/passw' d access). x specified in the prec (ie., someone », correct values (see Appendix A fir > — Ifaccess is denied, ou! polar not using the correct IB C\Windows aystem i) Nome ene Seeeeveetentate 25 sor SO icopet te che Myst monitor; Commands ond with S°8 AysGL Community Server (GPL? ait righto wy tee ecle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporstteo,cceive ei * Other nance nay be tradenarks of eae Ke> 2098, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates Type ‘help:’ or *\h’ for help. Type *e' | Je input statenent. + co clear the current input | pyeai> E | f like this, @ ityou are successfully able to log in, you'll see a welcome message Il 4. Select the database you want to use. USE test; > The USE command selects the database to be used for every subsequent command, > The test database is one that MySQL installs by default. > Assuming it exists on your server, all users should be able to access it. mysql> USE test; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A cacebasachisogee mya Bh @ After getting into the mysql client, run a USE command to choose the database with which you want to work. 5. Quit out of mysql. exit > You can also use the command quit to leave the client. > This step you enter in the mysql client-does not require a semicolon at the end.Go (_-—__ wysgh_and Using PUP with Mysoy 16h Type either exit or Give the mysql client, “4* '© terminate your MySQL session and 4 Quit the Terminal or DOS console session ait » The command exit will terminate the curent session » On Windows, it wll also close the DOS prompt window. we! matters 1, Ifyou know in advance which database you will want to use, you can simplify Pe starting mysql with /path/to/mysqUbin/mysql -u username - databasename To see what else you can do with the mysql client, type /path/to/mysqUbin/mysql help 3, The mysql client on most systems allows you to use the up and down arrows to scroll through previously entered commands. If you make a mistake in typing a query, you can scroll up to find it, and then correct the error. 4, In the mysql client, you can also terminate SQL commands using \G instead of the semicolon. For queries that return results, using \G displays those results as a vertical list, as opposed to a horizontal table, which is sometimes easier to peruse. 5. If you are in a long statement and make a mistake, cancel the current operation by typing ¢ and pressing Return or Enter. If mysql thinks a closing single or double quotation mark is missing (as indicated by the '> and "> prompts), you'll need to enter the appropriate quotation mark first. 102 USING PHP MyADMIN PHPMyAdmin (www.phpmyadmin.net) is one of the best and most popular applications ‘tte in PHP. Its sole purpose is to provide an interface toa MySQL server. It's somewhat easier ‘ad more natural to use than the mysql client but requires a PHP installation and must be accessed ‘rough a Web browser. Ifyou’re running MySQL on your own computer, you might find that using the mysql client ‘makes more sense, as installing and configuring phpMyAdmin constitutes unnecessary extra worki (although all-in-one PHP and MySQL installers Web host is virtually guaranteed to provide PhpM: and the mysql client may not be an opti U To use PHPMyAdmin: Note: > > Pur u), [fusing a hosted ser yor ay do this for om xian as the primary way (0 ei on ' rough the basics un th sing phpMyAdmin isn’t hard, but the next steps ™ ser. 1. Access phpMyAdmin through your Web browser: The URL you use will depend upon your situation his might be Mp2” Jp host will provide y' hough the site’s control pang locathost/phpMyAdmin/. If runni yor mputer, tl ing on your own compl ou with the proper URL. If running on a hosted site, your Wel In all likelihood, phpMyAdmin would be available # (should one exist). © The fst phpMyAdmin page (when connected 8 Srutiple databases). ans phpMyAdmin will only work if it’s been properly configured to connect to MySQL with a valid username/ password/hostname combination. ‘You're probably not using the correct values (see Appendix A for instructions on creating users).ypsigland Using PHP with MySQL 163 i Welcome to phpMyAdmin @ Every client application requires a proper none cori ves AGL a saat RO possword/mostname combi See econo ee ert mtoract with te MySOL server. how to change the MySQL user that phpMyAdmin is connecting as? That user might have aceess to one database, several databases, or every database. On a hosted site where you have just one database, that database will probably already be selected for you. On your own computer, with phpMyAdmin connecting as the MySQL root user, You would see a pull-down menu or a simple list of available databases. 3. Click on a table name in the left column to select that table. from the left column changes the options ‘on the right side of the page.pur form common task os he page) (0 PO ight side of t : a SELECT auery 4. Use the tabs and links (on the F J the Insert tab cr For example, the Browse tab performs for adding new records to enter SQL commands dow 5. Use the SQL tab or the SQL query Win! celal —e- nae oo comin pen pn Komen precy Bow m js epee ecm = @ The SQL tab, in the main part of the window, can be used to run any | SQL command. populate, and manipulate tables. These mig SQL commands that must be run to create, look like INSERT INTO tablename (coll, col2) + VALUES (x, y) @ The SQL window can also be used to run commands. It pops up after clicking the SQL icon at the top of the left side of the browser (see the second icon from the left in (3). These commands can be run using the mysq] client, dmin, other i pod a , PhpMy Admin, or amy interface. as run them within phpMyAdmin, just enter them into one of the SQL a and click 0.10.3 MySQL COMMANDS, USING PHP WITH MySOL } MySQL commands in PHP are used to interact with a MySQL database from a PHP seript The emphasis is on two topics: how to define a database using MySQL's rules and data types. ynd how to connect with the MySQL server SQL, which stands for Structured Query Language, is a set of special words that are only a toconnect with databases, SQL is a deceptively simple language to learn and use, but it is incredibly powerful Using PHP with MySQL involves executing MySQL commands within PHP code to interact with a MySQL database. [104 PHP MySQL FUNCTIONS: : —__— PHP provides several functions for interacting with MySQL. databases. Enabling you to: Create, read, update, and delete data (CRUD operations). Execute various SQL queries to manage and manipulate data. Types of Functions: 1. Legacy (mysql_*): > Avoid using these in new projects due to security concerns and deprecation. > Ifyou encounter them in older code, migrate to mysqli or PDO. DO (PHP Data Objects): > General-purpose database abstraction layer, supporting various database systems (including MySQL). > Provides consistent interface for working with different databases. > Often preferred for new projects due to its flexibility and database-agnostic nature. 3. Modern (mysqli): > — Object-oriented approach for enhianced security and performance. > Supports prepared statements to prevent SQL injection attacks. 10.4.1 MySQL-related PHP Functions: 1. Database Connection Functions: In PHP, you can use the PDO (PHP Data Objects) or MySQLi (MySQL Improved) extension to connect to databases, mysqli_connect(): Opens a new connection to the MySQL server. mysqli_close(): Closes the connection to the MySQL server.166 —PHP & u, Example: 7 <2php Sconn = mysqli_connect(“localhost”, “username”, “password”, “dbname”); Check connection if ({Sconn) { die(“Connection failed: ” . mysq) } // Perform database operations mysqli_close(Sconn); > connect_error()); 2. Query Execution Functions: | In PHP, you can execute SQL queries using various functions provided by database extensions like MySQLi and PDO. mysqli_query(): Performs a query on the database. mysqli_fetch_assoc(): Fetches a result row as an associative array. mysqli_fetch_array(): Fetches a result row as an associative, numeric array, or both. Example: <2php $result = mysqli_query(Sconn, “SELECT * FROM your_table”); while (Srow = mysqli_fetch_assoc(Sresult)) { // Process each row 3 > 3. Error Handling Functions: In PHP, error handling can be done using various functions and techniques to manage and log errors during script execution. mysqli_error(): Returns a string description of the last error. mysqli_errno(): Retuns the error code for the most recent MySQLi function call. Example: ‘ Transaction Functions: In PHP, transactions are used to group multiple database operations into a single, atomic unit. ‘Irnsactions ensure that either all the operations within the unit are executed successfully or none of them are. p mysqli_begin_transaction(): Initiates a transaction. ‘mysqli_commit(): Commits the current transaction. mysqli_rollback(): Rolls back the current transaction. Eumple: ‘ These are some essential MySQL funetions in PHP. 10.4.2 MySQL commands that are frequently w! MySQL: When working with PHP and MySQL, you often use a vari operations on the database. se me i A we establishing a connection between your PHP script and sed when working with PHP ang ty of SQL commands to perform 10.5 CONNECTING TO MySQL Connecting to MySQL in PHP involves a MySQL database server. Using MySQLi (MySQL Improved): 1. Setting up Connection Parameters: Sservername = “localhost”; // Replace with your MySQL server address Susername = “your_username”; // Replace with your MySQL username Spassword = “your_password”; // Replace with your MySQL password Sdatabase = “your_database”; // Replace with your MySQL database name 2. Creating a Conneetior Sconn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $database);EP UP vein, et h Mysoy F “pecking Connection = * j(¢6conn->connect &rror) die(*Connection faiieg, oun connect erry) 5 performing Operations, Now, YOU CAN USe the Seonn Closing Connection; biect to execute SQL queries and perform database he 5 sconn->close(); a 6 SELECTING THE pay Selecting @ database in pp involves estabtishin ay SQL : Cstablishing a ion to a My ane fying oe any ore Want 0 Work with, Ths oe a crucial bocanse it ines Which database the Subsequent ‘queries will target Setting up Connection Parameters: Sservername = “locathoser, $username = “Your_username; Spassword = “your Password”; Sdatabase = “your_database™; Creating a Connection: Sconn = new mysqli(Sservernam, Checking Connection: if (Sconn->connect_error) { die(“Connection failed: ” } | Selecting the Database: Sconn->select_db(Sdatabase); Afer this step, all the subsequent queries using Sconn will be executed on the specified Gabase, and om, fas and 3 Sconn->connect_error); 5. Closing Connection: Sconn->close();170 then sending SQL queri to execute simple queries like SE 10.7 EXECUTING SIMPLE Q UERIES involves establis ver, Below are © et TE, and DI ntoaM, amples using both MySQT ELETE ; hing a connection Executing simple queries in PHP inv 1es to the database 8 ike 8 RECT, INSERT, UPDA Setting up Connection Parameters: Sservername = “localhost”; Susername = “your_username”s Spassword = “your_password”s -your_database”; Sdatabase Creating 2 Connection: seword, Sdatabase); Sconn = new mysqli(Sservername, Susernamer Spat ‘Checking Connection: if (Sconn->connect_error) { die(“Connection failed: ” - Sconn->connect_error); } Executing SELECT Query: Sresult = Sconn>query(“SELECT column, column2 FROM my_table WHERE condition”); while (Srow = Sresult->fetch_assoc()) { // Process each row } Executing INSERT Query: Sconn->query(“INSERT INTO my_table (columnl, column2) VALUES (‘valuel’, ‘value2’)”); Executing UPDATE Query: $conn->query(“UPDATE my_table SET columml = ‘new_value’ WHERE condition”); Executing DELETE Query: Sconn->query(“DELETE FROM my_table WHERE condition”); Closing Connection: Sconn->close();7 OO — and Using PHP sity ysolan PUP with Mysoy v7 5 ae RETRIEVING QUERY RES) Ts - = ”q executing SQL queries i PHP. : whe a YOU need to re \ scuting SELECT Query ‘Oretrieve the results returned by thowe queries Fs galt = SCON>qQuery(“SEL BE-y wil n aition”)s » column? FROM my table WHERE ot geiching Results: p site (SOW = Sresultfetch_assoc() ( Process each row echo Srow|‘columnt?} ,«, >, Srow|‘column2'}, «

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, ERE To count the number of returned records after executing a SELECT query in PHP, you can use lie COUNT) SQL function or count the rows in the result set. 1. Executing SELECT Query: Sresult = Sconn->query(“SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM my table WHERE condition”); Srow = Sresult->fetch_assoc(); Scount = $row[‘count’]; echo “Number of records: ”. Scount; you don't want to use the COUNT( function, you can use the num_rows property of the elt object:172 Fi vine WHERE condition”); Sresat = Scons->query(“SELECT * FROM™ Scount = Sresult--num_rowss echo “Number of records: ”. Scounts E } 10.10 UPDATING RECORDS WITH ‘ ing an UPD/ volves executing an UPDATE query Updating records in a MySQL database using PHP in 1. Setting up Connection Parameters: ‘Sservername = “localhost”; Susername = “your_username”; Spassword = “your_password”s Sdatabase = “your_database”; 2. Creating a Connection: eoun = new myoqiSeervername, Seseraamn, Spassmordy SUMtADA2:) 3. Checking Connection: if (Sconn->connect_error) { J die(“Connection failed: ”. Sconn->connect_error)} 4. Updating Records: Snew_value = “updated_value”; Scondition = “your_condition”; ‘Ssql = “UPDATE my_table SET Sresult = Sconn->query(Ssa);cing MPSOL and Using PHP with Myso1 “ — 173 ig.11 MODEL QUESTIONS kK” wa gnswer the following questions, 2 coin 1. How to access MySQL? 2. What are the query execution function? 3. What are functions used in database connection? 4. What are the functions used in transaction? 5. What are an error handling functions? 6 or 8 marks answer the following questions. i. Zz 3: 4. 5, Explain about how to use the MySQL client. Describe how to use phpMyAdmin. Briefly explain about the PHP MySQL function. Explain how to establish a connecting to MySQL? Briefly explain about how to run a simple query with example. kk kkk