ARDUINO PROGRAMMING AND

INTERFACING FUNDAMENTAL
HANDBOOK

Prepared by

Arduino Team PTSB

HUSAINI AZA MOHD ADAM

(Head of Department)
MAHDZIR BIN JAMIAAN
ASMAYUZIE BINTI AHMAD
ZARINA ISMAIL
AHMAD BIN ZULKIFLI
AZMAN SALLEH
ISHAM SAHAR ISMAIL
NURAKHYAR NORDIN
MOHAMAD ZHAHIR MOHAMAD ZULKUFLI

FEBRUARY 4, 2017
CENTRE OF TEKNOLOGY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah
Table of Content

LESSON 1 : ARDUINO HARDWARE& SOFTWARE ................................................ 1

1.1. Introduction to Arduino Hardware ......................................................... 1
1.1.1. Arduino Pins .................................................................................... 1
1.2. Introduction to Arduino Software .......................................................... 3
1.2.1. Install the software .......................................................................... 3
1.2.2. The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) ............................. 3
LESSON 2 : Experiment with INPUT and OUTPUT (I/O) ...................................... 4
2.1. Task 1: Working with LED as an OUTPUT ............................................... 4
2.1.1. Overview ......................................................................................... 4
2.1.2. Connection Diagram ........................................................................ 4
2.1.3. Code ................................................................................................ 5
2.1.4. Exercise ........................................................................................... 7
2.2. Task 2: Working with active buzzer ....................................................... 8
2.2.1. Overview ......................................................................................... 8
2.2.2. Connection Diagram ........................................................................ 8
2.2.3. Code ................................................................................................ 9
2.3. Task3: Working with LED and Switch – INPUT & OUTPUT .................... 11
2.3.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 11
2.3.2. Connection Diagram ...................................................................... 11
2.3.3. Code .............................................................................................. 12
2.3.4. Exercise ......................................................................................... 14
2.4. Task 4: Using Arduino Serial Function .................................................. 15
2.4.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 15
2.4.2. Connection Diagram ...................................................................... 15
2.4.3. Code .............................................................................................. 16
2.4.4. Exercise ......................................................................................... 18
2.5. Task 5: Working with LCD Display ........................................................ 20

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 2.5.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 20
2.5.2. Connection Diagram ...................................................................... 20
2.5.3. Code .............................................................................................. 21
LESSON 3 : EXPERIMENT WITH ANALOG SIGNAL ............................................. 22
3.1. Task 6: Working with potentiometers .................................................. 22
3.1.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 22
3.1.2. Code .............................................................................................. 23
3.1.3. Exercise ......................................................................................... 25
3.2. Task 7: Working with LM35 temperature sensor ................................. 26
3.2.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 26
3.2.2. Connection Diagram ...................................................................... 26
3.2.3. Code .............................................................................................. 27
3.3. Task 8: Working with LDR sensor ......................................................... 29
3.3.1. Overview ....................................................................................... 29
3.3.2. Connection Diagram ...................................................................... 29
3.3.3. Code .............................................................................................. 30
Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 32

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Table of Figures

Figure 1-1: Arduino Board.................................................................................. 1

Figure 1-2: Arduino IDE ...................................................................................... 3
Figure 2-1: LED to Arduino Connection .............................................................. 4
Figure 2-2: Active Buzzer ................................................................................... 8
Figure 2-3: Connecting buzzer to Arduino .......................................................... 8
Figure 2-4: Switch Connection ......................................................................... 11
Figure 2-5: Switch and LED to Arduino............................................................. 11
Figure 2-6: Schematic diagram Switch and LED to Arduino .............................. 12
Figure 2-7: Push button arrangement .............................................................. 12
Figure 2-8: Debounce from example................................................................ 14
Figure 2-9: Serial monitor ................................................................................ 15
Figure 2-10: Schematic Diagram of Serial Monitor........................................... 16
Figure 2-11: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) .......................................................... 20
Figure 2-12: LCD Connection............................................................................ 21
Figure 3-2: Types of potentiometer ................................................................. 22
Figure 3-1: Potentiometer pins ........................................................................ 22
Figure 3-3: Potentiometer connection diagram ............................................... 23
Figure 3-4: LM35 .............................................................................................. 26
Figure 3-5: LM35 symbol ................................................................................. 26
Figure 3-6: LM 35 connection .......................................................................... 26
Figure 3-7: LDR ................................................................................................ 29
Figure 3-8: LDR Connection ............................................................................. 29

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 LESSON 1 : ARDUINO HARDWARE& SOFTWARE

1.1. Introduction to Arduino Hardware

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a
physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software,
or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload
computer code to the physical board.

 Arduino is open source hardware Platform

 Arduino does not need a programmer hardware
 Arduino IDE an open-source and easy-to-use programming tool uses a simplified version of
C++
 Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-
controller into a more accessible package.

Figure 1-1: Arduino Board

1.1.1. Arduino Pins

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit (probably in
conjunction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that allow
you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of
which is label LED on the board and used for different functions.

 GND: Ground Pin. There are several GND pins on the Arduino.
 5V & 3.3V: the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts.

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  Analog (6): The areas of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) are
Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analogue sensor (like a temperature
sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read.
 Digital (13): Across from the analogue pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO).
These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital
output (like powering an LED).
 PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10,
and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for Pulse-
Width Modulation (PWM).
 AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. It is use to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analogue input pins.
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which,
although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino
language.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire
library (documentation on the Wiring website).

Although all the ports have only two states, HIGH / LOW, some of them (marked by tildes ~) can be
switched on and off very rapidly. Although the actual voltage can only take on two values, by varying
the percentage of time in each state anywhere from 0-5V can be achieved.

2
1.2. Introduction to Arduino Software

1.2.1. Install the software

You’ll need to download the Arduino Software package for your operating system from the Arduino
web site https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software.

1.2.2. The Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

You use the Arduino IDE on your computer (picture following) to create, open, and change sketches
(Arduino calls programs “sketches”). Sketches define what the board will do. You can either use the
buttons along the top of the IDE or the menu items.

Figure 1-2: Arduino IDE

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 LESSON 2 : Experiment with INPUT and OUTPUT (I/O)

2.1. Task 1: Working with LED as an OUTPUT

What you will need Specification - LED

 1 x Arduino UNO R3  As LED forward voltages
 1 x Small size Breadboard Red and green: 2 volts
 1 x Red LED
 1 x 220Ω Resistor  LED current
 Jumper Wires 20mA will work for most regular LED. Super
bright LED can go from 30mA up to several
amps.

2.1.1. Overview
This is your first sketch, your task is to light up a LED and make it blink. Next you are given tasks to
code playing with multiple LEDs.

2.1.2. Connection Diagram

Connect everything as shown in Error! Reference source not found.. Make sure that your LED is
connected the right way with the longer leg connected to Digital Pin 10.

Figure 2-1: LED to Arduino Connection

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2.1.3. Code
Open the Arduino IDE and start write following code,

Sketch #1

// -- Activity #1 –LED // -- Activity #1 –LED

void setup () { intLED1 = 13;

pinMode (13, OUTPUT);
} void setup () {
OR pinMode (LED1, OUTPUT);
void loop () { }
digitalWrite (13, HIGH);
} void loop () {
digitalWrite (LED1, HIGH);
)

NOTES

5
 Sketch #2 – LED BLINK
// -- Activity #2 –LED BLINK

void setup () {
// initialize digital pin 13 as an output.
pinMode (13, OUTPUT);
}

//the loop function runs over and over again forever

void loop () {
digitalWrite (13, HIGH);
delay (1000);
digitalWrite (13, LOW);
delay (1000);
}

NOTES

6
You can compile your sketch by click on VERIFY button. Click UPLOAD button to download your
compiled code to Arduino.

2.1.4. Exercise
Connect multiple LED and do the exercise below;

a) Blink between two LEDs (D1& D2)

b) Light chaser with four LEDs
c) Combine exercise (a) and (b) in one code.

Exercise Connection diagram Code

Blink
between 2
LED

Light chaser
with four
LEDs

Combine
exercise (a)
and (b) in
one code

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2.2. Task 2: Working with active buzzer

What you will need Specification - Active Buzzer

 1 x Arduino UNO R3
 1 x Small size Breadboard
 Active Buzzer
 Jumper Wires

Figure 2-2: Active Buzzer

2.2.1. Overview
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or
piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of
user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Active buzzer is easy use, just apply voltage to the buzzer and it makes sound. The active buzzer has
built-in oscillating source, so it will beep as long as it is electrified, but it can only beep with a fixed
frequency. Disadvantage is that you can't determine the frequency of the sounds, for this you need a
passive buzzer.

2.2.2. Connection Diagram

Figure 2-3: Connecting buzzer to Arduino

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 2.2.3. Code

Sketch #1 –OUTPUT digital ( On and OFF)

1.
2. int buzzer = 13;
3. void setup () {
4. pinMode (buzzer, OUTPUT);
5. }
6.
void loop () {
digitalWrite (buzzer, HIGH);
delay (1000);
digitalWrite (buzzer, LOW);
delay (1000);
}

NOTES

9
 Sketch #2 – OUTPUT with analog ( PWM)
7.
8. intspeakerPin = 8;
9. void setup ()
{
pinMode (speakerPin, OUTPUT); //Define pin 8 as output

void loop () {
digitalWrite (speakerPin, HIGH);
delay (50); // Pin 8 on for 0.5sec
digitalWrite (speakerPin, LOW);
delay (50); // Pin 8 off for 0.5sec

}
10.
NOTES

10
2.3. Task3: Working with LED and Switch – INPUT & OUTPUT

What you will need Specification - LED

 1 x Small size Breadboard  As LED forward voltages:
 4 x Red LED Red and green: 2 volts
 4 x 220Ω Resistor Blue and white: 3.0 - 3.5 volts
 2 x 220Ω Resistor  LED current:
 2 x Tactile Switch Push Button 20mA will work for most regular LEDs.Super
 Jumper Wires brightLEDs can go from 30mA up to several
amps.

2.3.1. Overview
The easiest way to change the voltage from 0 to 5 V (or vice versa) is by using a button. A button is
just a switch that closes an electrical circuit.

Figure 2-4: Switch Connection

2.3.2. Connection Diagram

Figure 2-5: Switch and LED to Arduino

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 Figure 2-6: Schematic diagram Switch and LED to Arduino

Figure 2-7: Push button arrangement

2.3.3. Code

11. Sketch #1 - Turn on a LED when the button is pressed

void setup () {
pinMode (2, OUTPUT);
pinMode (8, INPUT);
}

void loop () {
intbuttonState = digitalRead (8);
if (buttonState == HIGH) {
digitalWrite (2, HIGH);
else {
digitalWrite (2, LOW);
}
}

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 NOTES

Sketch #2 –Turn on a LED when the button is pressed and let it on when the button is released

IntpinButton = 8;
IntLED = 2;
void setup () {
pinMode (LED, OUTPUT);
pinMode (PinButton, INPUT);
}

void loop () {
intstateButton = digitalRead (pinButton);
if (stateButton == 1) {
digitalWrite (LED, HIGH);
}
}

NOTES

13
2.3.4. Exercise

 Use digital sensor instead of switch.

 Try example Debounce

Figure 2-8: Debounce from example

Code Circuit Diagram

14
2.4. Task 4: Using Arduino Serial Function

What you will need Specification -

 Computer
 USB cable,
 Arduino UNO
 Arduino IDE
 DuPont jumper wires

2.4.1. Overview
Serial is used for communication between the Arduino board and a computer or other devices. All
Arduino boards have at least one serial port (also known as a UART or USART): Serial. It
communicates on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) as well as with the computer via USB. Thus, if you use
these functions, you cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital input or output.

We’ll learn how to use the Serial Library to communicate from the Arduino board back to the
computer over the USB port. Then we'll learn how to manipulate numbers and data.

2.4.2. Connection Diagram

Figure 2-9: Serial monitor

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 Figure 2-10: Schematic Diagram of Serial Monitor

2.4.3. Code
Open the Arduino IDE and start write following code,

Sketch #1 – Serial Monitor

void setup () {

Serial.begin (9600); //opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps

Serial.println (“Kursus Arduino”);

}

void loop () {
}

Once the Arduino sketch has been uploaded to the Arduino. Open the Serial monitor, which looks
like a magnifying glass at the top right section of the Arduino IDE. Please note that you need to keep
the USB connected to the Arduino during this process, as the USB cable is your communication link
between your computer and the Arduino.

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 NOTES

Sketch #2 – Serial monitor with push button

void setup () {
pinMode (2, OUTPUT);
pinMode (8, INPUT);
Serial.begin (9600); //opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps
}

void loop () {
intbuttonState = digitalRead (8);
Serial.print (“KeadaanSuisadalah logic : ”);
Serial.println (buttonState);

if (buttonState == HIGH) {
digitalWrite (2, HIGH);
Serial.println (“LEDmenyala ”);
}
else {
digitalWrite (2, LOW);
Serial.println (“LEDpadam ”);
}
delay (1000);
}

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 NOTES

2.4.4. Exercise

Sketch #2 – Serial with input from keyboard

void setup()
{
//start serial port at 9600 bps
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
If (Serial.available())
{
char ch = Serial.read();
if (ch==’A’) {
Serial.println(“Key A was pressed”);
Serial.println(“LED on”);
}
If (ch==’B’) {
Serial.println(“Key B was pressed”);
Serial.println(“LED blink”);
}
}
}
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 NOTES

TASK: Solve the problems below

(HINT: Refer Task 2.1, Task 2.3 and Task 2.4)

a) ON LED 1 using keypad ‘A’. Display “LED 1 ON” on the serial monitor.
b) ON LED 2 using push button. Display “LED 2 ON” on the serial monitor.

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2.5. Task 5: Working with LCD Display

What you will need Specification - LCD

 Arduino UNO Board
 1 x Small size Breadboard
 LCD 16 x 2 with female pin headers
 5k ohm potentiometer
 10k ohm resistor
 DuPont jumper wires

2.5.1. Overview
Before wiring the LCD screen to your Arduino or Genuino board we suggest to solder a pin header
strip to the 14 (or 16) pin count connector of the LCD screen, as you can see in the image above. To
wire your LCD screen to your board, connect the following pins:

Figure 2-11: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Additionally, wire a 5k potentiometer to +5V and GND, with its wiper (output) to LCD screens VO pin
(pin3). A 220 ohm resistor is used to power the backlight of the display, usually on pin 15 and 16 of
the LCD connector.

2.5.2. Connection Diagram

Connect everything as shown in figure below

LiquidCrystallcd (RS, E, 5, 4, 3, 2);

Arduino LCD Potentiometer
D12 LCD RS
D11 CLD E
D5 LCD D4
D4 LCD D5
D3 LCD D6
D2 LCD D7
R/W & VSS to GND GND
VDD to 5V 5V
VEE VEE

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 Figure 2-12: LCD Connection

2.5.3. Code
Open the Arduino IDE and start write following code,

Sketch #1 – LCD Hello world

//include the LCD Library code

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins
LiquidCrystallcd(12,11,5,4,3,2);

Void setup(){
//set up the LCD’s number of columns and rows
lcd.begin(16,2);
//print the message to the LCD
lcd.print(“Hello World!”);
}
void loop(){
//setthe cursor to column 0 and row 1
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
//print the number of seconds since reset
lcd.print(mills()/1000);
}

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 NOTES

LESSON 3 : EXPERIMENT WITH ANALOG SIGNAL

3.1. Task 6: Working with potentiometers

What you will need Specification

 Arduino UNO Board :
 Potentiometers
 pin headers to solder to the LCD display pins
 220 ohm resistor
 DuPont jumper wires
 breadboard

Figure 3-1:
Potentiometer pins

3.1.1. Overview

Figure 3-2: Types of potentiometer

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Connect everything as shown in figure below,

Figure 3-3: Potentiometer connection diagram

3.1.2. Code
Open the Arduino IDE and start write following code,

Sketch #1 – basic VR

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // open serial port, set the baud rate to
9600 bps
}
void loop()
{
int val;
val=analogRead(0); //connect grayscale sensor to Analog 0
Serial.println(val,DEC);//print the value to serial
delay(100);
}
NOTES

23
 Sketch #2 – using “if else”
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // open serial port, set the baud rate to 9600
bps
}
void loop()
{
intval;
val=analogRead(0); //connect grayscale sensor to Analog 0
Serial.println(val,DEC);//print the value to serial

if ( val> 512)
{
Serial.println(" Value besardari 2.5V");
}
else
Serial.println(" ");

}
NOTES

24
3.1.3. Exercise

 Try to convert digital value to voltage

 Use if—else to manipulate data condition.
o If Value > 500 send to serial to print “ data above 500”
o if value <500 send to serial to print “ data below 500”

TASK

25
3.2. Task 7: Working with LM35 temperature sensor

What you will need Specification

Arduino UNO R3 Board Can be used to detect ambient air
LM 35 temperature
pin headers to solder to the LCD display pins Sensitivity: 10mV per degree Celsius
hook-up wires Functional range: 0 degree Celsius to
10k potentiometer 100 degree Celsius

3.2.1. Overview

Figure 3-4: LM35

Figure 3-5: LM35 symbol

3.2.2. Connection Diagram

Figure 3-6: LM 35 connection

26
3.2.3. Code

Sketch #1 – LM35 Digital Value

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);//Set Baud Rate to 9600 bps
}

void loop()
{
intval;
intdat;
val=analogRead(0);//Connect LM35 on Analog 0
Serial.print(val);
delay(500);
}

Sketch #2 – LM35 display temperature

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);//Set Baud Rate to 9600 bps
}

void loop()
{
intval;
intdat;
val=analogRead(0);//Connect LM35 on Analog 0
dat=(500 * val) /1024;;
Serial.print("Temp:"); //Display the temperature on Serial monitor
Serial.print(dat);
Serial.println("C");
delay(500);
}

TASK: Display the temperature value on the LCD. GOOD LUCK!!

(Write your sketch below)

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NOTES

28
3.3. Task 8: Working with LDR sensor

What you will need Specification - LED

 Arduino UNO R3  As LED forward voltages:
 1 x Small size Breadboard Red and green: 2 volts
 LDR Blue and white: 3.0 - 3.5 volts
 Resistor 10K  LED current:
20mA will work for most regular LED. Super
bright LED can go from 30mA up to several
amps.

3.3.1. Overview
LDR stands for Light dependant resistor. LDR is made of a semiconductor material doped with a
small percentage of a valency 5 material (commonly Arsenic), to make it an "N" material. Another
word for LDR is photoresistor. The resistance of LDR decreases with increase in the intensity of light.
LDR works in the similar manner as any other analogue device would work.LDRs are non-polarized.
That means you can connect it either way.

Figure 3-7: LDR

3.3.2. Connection Diagram

Figure 3-8: LDR Connection

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3.3.3. Code
Open the Arduino IDE and start write following code,

Sketch #1 – LDR display the value

Task: Write the sketch (HINT: Refer Sketch #1 – LM35 Digital Value)

TASK: Display the LDR value on the LCD. GOOD LUCK!!

(Write your sketch below)

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NOTES

31
Bibliography

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http://www.theengineeringprojects.com/
(n.d.). Retrieved 25 January, 2017, from instructables:
http://www.instructables.com/
(n.d.). Retrieved 4 February, 2017, from electro schematics:
http://www.electroschematics.com/
(n.d.). Retrieved 28 January, 2017, from http://www.hacdc.org:
http://www.hacdc.org/summer-school-2013/
Arduino. (n.d.). Retrieved 20 January, 2017, from
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software: https://www.arduino.cc/
micropinguino. (n.d.). Retrieved 5 February, 2017, from
http://micropinguino.blogspot.my/2011_04_01_archive.html
Sparkfun Electronics. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 February, 2017, from Sparkfun :
https://www.sparkfun.com
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