NAVOTAS POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Bangus St., Corner Apahap St., NBBS, City of Navotas

Course Title: GE 4
Name of Faculty: Ms. Bernardita S. Solatorio

Module Number: (Unit 2 – Lesson 3)

Lesson Title Topic: The Sexual Self: Sexual behavior and Sexual Health

Week Number: 8

This module increases awareness and understanding of sexual behavior and sexual health and apply these concepts to
the complex world around them. We are born with innate tendencies of behavior to help us survive and reproduce. The
behavioral functions of adults reflect a mix of nature and nurture; that is, genetic inheritance and environmental
molding. If the environment differs from what the genes are tuned to, the result may be sub-optimal. Sex is a key
element of procreation, thus there are strong innate tendencies, typically in the form of feelings, aimed at promoting
relevant behavior. These tendencies were designed for a different lifestyle compared to what people experience in
industrialized societies, which means that sexual behavior may become distorted. Human beings are also sexual beings
and for us to become responsible with our sexual self, we also have to be knowledgeable or educated enough to control
this aspect of the self, thus, sex education takes place as one of the ways to further understand this aspect of the self.

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:

1. Explain the role of hormones in sexual motivation

2. Describe human sexual behavior and responses
3. Discuss about love, lust and attachment
4. Discuss the ways of preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases
5. Describe various methods of contraception

Module, PowerPoint presentation, worksheets, prescribe websites, pen & paper

Adolescence is a time of self-discovery and physical, as well as cognitive, development. It is within this context that
adolescent sexual development and sexual behavior occur. While curiosity and experimentation are normal, sexual
behaviors, both coital and non-coital, place adolescents at risk for undesired consequences including sexually
transmitted disease acquisition and pregnancy. Trends in adolescent sexual behavior are changing, and health care
professionals must be aware of these trends to provide necessary medical care and education to this population.

Sexual behavior refers to the manner in which humans experience and express their sexuality. It encompasses all
activities which gratify an individual's sexual needs. This human sexual activity has sociological, cognitive, emotional,
behavioral and biological aspects; these include personal bonding, sharing emotions and the physiology of the
reproductive system, sex drive, sexual intercourse and sexual behavior in all its forms.

In some cultures, sexual activity is considered acceptable only within marriage, while premarital and extramarital sex are
taboo. Some sexual activities are illegal either universally or in some countries or subnational jurisdictions, while some
are considered contrary to the norms of certain societies or cultures. Two examples that are criminal offenses in most
jurisdictions are sexual assault and sexual activity with a person below the local age of consent. Sexual behaviors have
been studied in the context of sexual practices, sexual relationships, reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), and contraception.

Why is learning about sexual behavior important?

Sexuality education has positive effects, including increasing young people's knowledge and improving their attitudes
related to sexual and reproductive health and behaviors. Early education and support can establish constructive skills
and minimize unhealthy patterns of behavior. Every child needs to know their body and sexuality is under their control.
No one has the right to force or trick them into any type of sexual behavior. Sexuality education – in or out of schools –
does not increase sexual activity, sexual risk-taking behavior or STI/HIV infection rates.

The Desire for Pleasure and the Role of the Mind in Sexual Self

Sex is commonly engaged by married couple not only procreation but a source of pleasure. For Sigmund Freud, an
Austrian Psychologist, all humans are motivated by the desire to feel pleasure which is controlled by two instincts,
sexuality and aggression. He’s theory mainly focuses on these two features in which he believes that people’s actions are
driven by mostly unconscious thoughts that lie with sexual urges and aggressive tendencies. These instincts are driven
by, “libido” which is the seeking the pleasure of the flesh (physical and sexual needs of the body) which can be satisfied
through sex. The human cognition or mind plays an important role in sexuality and sexual behavior. Humans are able to
control their urges. Thus, before doing any sexual act, one must put first his or her values while taking into account the
possible consequences and responsibilities that come after.

Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics

As the child develops in different areas, the features of human development also continue to develop including
physical and sexual features. An individual becomes physically mature upon reaching the stage of puberty and the
development of secondary sexual characteristics begin.

Sex Hormones and Sexual Motivation

Sex hormones are important in our sexual development.

Functions of sex hormones:

1. influence our sexual development from conception to sexual maturity.

 2. promote the development of sex organs, secondary characteristics of males and females
3. responsible for activating the reproduction-related behaviors of sexually mature adults that includes the sexual
drives and responses.

Hormones that modulate women’s sexual desires: (ovarian steroids)

1. Estradiol – produced by the ovaries
2. Testosterone – from ovaries and adrenal gland
3. Progesterone - secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum, adrenal cortex and gonads (ovaries and the testes)

Women’s sexual behavior:

⮚ Receptive under any hormonal condition and irrespective of their levels of sexual desire

⮚ More sexual interest around the time of ovulation

⮚ Associated with cultural and social norms (ex. Sexual intercourse is avoided during menstruation but increases
during celebrations or holidays in some cultural context.

Men’s sexual behavior:

⮚ Influenced by culture and social relationships (freedom to have multiple sexual partners and relationship
problems like communication, trust issues, unresolved conflicts and loss of attraction)
⮚ Affected by physical and mental health

⮚ Production of testosterone that control and synchronize male sexual desire and arousal.

Erogenous Zone:

Erogenous zones are the part of the body that is highly sensitive, and the stimulation of which leads to sexual responses
such as relaxation, fantasies, arousal and orgasm. The stimulation of a person’s erogenous zone is considered an act of
physical intimacy that arouses positive emotion. They are found all over the body and are complex and intricately
connected. In addition, male and female have differences on their erogenous zones.

Body Parts Erogenous zones (highest to lowest arousal)

Female Male
Clitoris Penis
Vagina Mouth/Lips
Mouth/Lips Scrotum
Nape of neck Inner thigh
Breasts Nape of neck
Nipples Nipples
Inner Thigh Perineum (the area between the
anus and the scrotum or vulva)
Back of neck Pubic hairline
Ears Back of neck
Lower back Ears

Human Sexual Responses

Sexual desire is typically higher in men than in women. (Van Anders 2012) Men reported to be more open to casual sex
(sexual interactions that take place outside a committed relationship) and multiple sex partners while women are more
likely to combine sex with romantic relations.

Human sexual responses refer to the stages of sexual arousal that happens during sexual intercourse. Adolescents
commonly engage with sexual activities because of curiosity about how and what it feels to do this act. However, they
tend to act impulsive doing this act with less consideration of the possible effects and responsibility it may bring.
Knowing these sexual responses should be considered as a way to protect, prevent and make people more responsible
in making proper decisions to address their curiosity before engaging to any sexual activity.

Male and female biological response to sexual stimulation:

1. Vasocongestion – refers to the swelling of bodily tissues due to the increased blood flow that causes the
erection of the penis and swelling of the nipples and the surrounding area of the vagina.
2. Myotonia is a muscle contraction and tension that causes spasms of orgasm (the climax of sexual excitement,
characterized by intensely pleasurable feelings centered in the genitals and (in men) experienced as an
accompaniment to ejaculation) and spasms of the hands and feet.

The following are the human sexual responses cycle:

1. Excitement phase –this is the initial phase of the sexual cycle wherein increase heart rate, muscle tension,
increase breathing, erection of penis and nipples, tightening of scrotum, and release of pre-ejaculation happens.

⮚ In the male, blood flows into the penis, causing it to become erect;

⮚ in the female, the vaginal walls become moist, the inner part of the vagina becomes wider, and the clitoris
enlarges.

2. Plateau phase – an advanced state of arousal before the orgasm. Individual during this stage experience
intensified breathing, high blood pressure, faster heart rate, muscle contraction, continued swelling of reproductive
cells

3. Orgasmic phase – also called as the climax of the cycle wherein the individuals breathing, heart rate and
blood pressure increase or intensify and involuntary muscle contractions begin. It's the shortest of the phases and
generally lasts only a few seconds.

⮚ Orgasm in female involves rhythmic contractions of the vaginal walls, anal sphincter and uterus.

⮚ For males, contraction of muscle continues and there is a powerful release of sexual tension.

4. Resolution – in this stage, the body gradually return to normal level of functioning.

⮚ Men lose their erection and enter refractory period during which they cannot experience another orgasm or
ejaculate. The testes and scrotum return to its original size.
⮚ Females do not experience a refractory period and therefore can become quickly re-aroused to the point
of multiple orgasm if there is continued sexual stimulation.

Diversity of Sexual Behaviors

Individuals are likely to engage in sexual activities to satisfy sexual urges. A person who is sexually attracted to someone
can experience physiological changes such as sexual urges, become more sensitive to sexual stimuli, and feel sexual
arousal. However, the kind of sexual activities they engage may vary.

These are some examples of sexual behavior:

1. Masturbation or solitary sexual behavior – refers to a sexual behavior focused on self-gratification or

self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal. It’s a sexual act of stimulating one’s own genitals done alone by an
individual. Both men and women masturbate although studies say that men do the act more often.

2. Marital sex – refers to any sexual activity happen within the boundaries of marriage.

3. Extramarital sex – sexual activities that married people engage in with people they are not married to.
4. Heterosexuality – a sexual behavior or sexual attachment happen between persons of the opposite sex such as
male and female not regarding themselves as other gender.
5. Homosexuality –refers to a sexual attraction and activities that happen between two persons of the same sex
such as gay, lesbian and bisexuals.

6. Premarital Sex is defined as the voluntary sexual intercourse between unmarried persons. In some cultural
and religious context, it is considered a moral issue. Others see it is as a way to express intimacy, or following their
own concept of liberty in doing sexual acts.

In the Philippines, there has been an increasing number of Filipinos aged 15-24 have engaged in premarital sex and
majority of them do not use any form of protection according to the 2013 study Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study
(YAFS) conducted by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI). 35.5 % of young male Filipinos and
28.7 % of young females have engaged in PMS (11% of surveyed Filipino females 15-19 yrs. old are already either
mothers or 13.6 have begun childbearing. In terms of engaging in premarital sex (PMS), more males have engaged in
PMS at 35.5% compared to females at 28.7%. 73.4 percent of males and 83.8 percent of females did not use any form
of protection during this first sexual act. In addition, every year, 209,000 or more than 10 percent of childbirths in the
country involve women less than 20 years old. The sexual behavior of today’s youth aged 15 – 24 years old is also worth
noting. The previously mentioned data points the fact that the youth has been impulsive in addressing sexual behavior
that are risky. While the prevalence of premarital sexual activity and other risky sexual behaviors are increasing, the level
of knowledge about reproductive health in general, about conception in particular have remained poor. In relation to this
issue, there is really a need for adolescents even adults to have more knowledge or proper education in managing their
sexual self.

Love, Lust and Attachment

Sexual relationships can be described based on the kind or level of relationship that is shared between partners. At the
basic level is sex which is a physical or biological need aimed at releasing sexual tension and experiencing pleasure and
satisfaction.

In modern times, takes the form of hook-ups, one-night stands, or friends with benefits. When partners not only
physically desire, but seek for an enduring union with each other, sexual relationship already elevates to a higher plane.
Romantic love is usually associated with attachment goals and sharing of life together.

Robert Sternberg’s triangle model of love comprises three essential components:

1) Intimacy – refers to couple’s sense of closeness and presence of mutual concern and sharing of feelings and
resources.
2) Passion – means romance and sexual feelings
3) Commitment – means deciding to enhance and maintain the relationships

The ideal form of love – consummate love – combines all three.

The stages of love/Chemistry of LOVE

For centuries people have romanticized the idea of love and have said that it comes from the heart, however, we now
understand that contrary to popular belief, it comes from our brains.

Perhaps people originally thought that love stemmed from our hearts as most of us have experienced the feeling in our
chest as our heart thumps and thuds when we find ourselves attracted to somebody. Other physiological reactions that
may accompany this feeling are sweaty palms and flushed cheeks, not to mention the butterflies that one feels and the
occasionally foolish behaviour and choice of words that seem to emerge out of nowhere when we see the object of our
affection.
Research has shown that all of these crazy, haywire feelings and physical reactions are, in fact, led by the brain and the
chemicals released as a result of attraction and desire. Experts believe that three neurotransmitters (chemical
messengers that transmit impulses (i.e. messages) between nerve cells) play a significant role during the initial stages of
love.

According to a team of experts who conducted a study on the science of love, led by Helen Fisher from Rutgers
University in America1, the biology behind romantic love can be divided into three different categories. These categories
are lust, attraction and attachment. Although there are various overlaps as well as subtleties to each of these ‘types of
love’, they are still uniquely characterized by their own set of neurotransmitters and the release of specific hormones
during each stage, these are as follows:
1) Lust – Testosterone and estrogen
2) Attraction – Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
3) Attachment – Oxytocin and vasopressin

So, let’s dive into the chemicals behind the chemistry of love and explore these different categories in detail…

1. Lust – Testosterone and Estrogen

The first stage of romantic love, lust is defined as having an intense sexual desire towards someone, therefore, lust is
driven by having a desire to achieve sexual gratification. This is based on an evolutionary need to reproduce,
something that is common among all living species. It is through reproduction that we are able to pass on our genes
and this aids in contributing to the continuation of our species.

The hypothalamus of your brain plays a major role in lust as it stimulates the production of the sex hormones
estrogen and testosterone. It is a common misconception that these hormones should be labelled as female and
male respectively, as these play a role in both women and men’s physiology and sexuality.
 ⮚ Testosterone is known to increase libido in both genders. In women, the effects of testosterone may be less
significant than in men due to the presence of higher levels of estrogen.
⮚ Estrogen promotes the function of two hormones, testosterone, which increases sex drive, and oxytocin,
commonly referred to as ‘the love hormone’ which is released during physical contact and sexual climax. It is
little wonder then that women report being more sexually aroused during the ovulation stage of their
menstrual cycle when estrogen levels are at their peak.

Lust then leads to the next stage of love, which is attraction.

2. Attraction – Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

Attraction, although regarded as a distinct category in the stages of love, is closely related to lust and while one can
be linked to the other and vice versa, they can also be mutually exclusive (i.e. one can occur without the other).
Attraction is associated with the ‘reward’ pathways in the brain that influence our behaviour.

The ‘reward’ pathway is connected to parts of your brain that control memory and behaviour and begin in the
ventral tegmental area (VTA) and prefrontal cortex, this is where neurons release dopamine to induce feelings of
pleasure when we do something that feels good to us such as food consumption, sex and even gambling or drug use.

⮚ Dopamine, which is produced by your hypothalamus, is released during the stage of attraction, specifically
when we spend time with someone we are attracted to or when we engage in sexual intercourse with them.
Dopamine is a natural stimulant that fills you with emotions of ecstasy, this is often why the way falling in
love feels is regarded as the natural equivalent to the high experienced from taking an illicit drug.

Dopamine is also involved in focus and attention, which explains why you cannot get that one special person
out of your head and when you are with them as, during this stage, you are ‘hyper-focused’ on their
presence and the way they make you feel.

⮚ Another hormone that is released during the stage of attraction is norepinephrine. Norepinephrine, also
referred to as noradrenaline, plays an important role in our ‘fight or flight’ response to stressful situations
and keeps us alert. When it comes to love, the combination of dopamine and norepinephrine allows us to
feel energetic, euphoric and even giddy. These hormones may also lead to insomnia and a decreased
appetite. Basically, these are why you can be so attracted to someone that you can’t sleep or eat.

⮚ Serotonin is the final hormone associated with attraction. This hormone is a vital neurotransmitter that aids
in the regulation of social behaviour, mood, memory, appetite, digestion and sexual desire. Interestingly, it
is believed that serotonin levels begin to decline during the attraction phase. Cortisol (also known as the
stress hormone) levels increase during the initial stage of falling in love, which allows for our bodies to deal
with the ‘crisis’ or ‘stressful situation’ that romantic love is perceived by the body to be on a physiological
level. As chemicals flood the reward center of the brain, our hearts race, palms sweat, cheeks flush and we
are overwhelmed with emotions of anxiety and passion.

The anxiety and stress element that is associated with falling in love is linked to our body’s natural ‘flight or fight’
response, cortisol levels begin to rise, and as they do, serotonin levels start to drop. Depleted levels of serotonin
led experts to believe that low levels of serotonin drive the overpowering feeling of infatuation that is common
during the initial stages of falling in love that contribute to the maddeningly intrusive and preoccupying
thoughts, terrors and hopes that are linked to early love, which resemble the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive
behaviors.

Both lust and attraction have been known to blur the functioning of the prefrontal cortex of our brains due to the
increase of hormones that drive sexual desire and reward, this leads to irrational behaviour, which in this case, is not
necessarily a total eclipse of the heart, but rather, a total eclipse of the brain.

3. Attachment – Oxytocin and Vasopressin

 The final stage of falling in love is attachment, this is the predominant factor in defining the success of long-term
relationships. Although the previous stages of lust and attraction are seen as exclusive to a more romantically
euphoric stage of falling in love, the attachment stage refers to a more meaningful bond developing between two
people, moving a romantic relationship to an advanced level of falling in love wholeheartedly. The two main
hormones involved in the stage of attachment include oxytocin, as well as vasopressin.

⮚ Oxytocin is referred to as ‘the love hormone’ or ‘the cuddle hormone’ is also produced by the hypothalamus and
is released in substantial amounts during sexual intercourse and is stimulated through skin-to-skin contact.
Interestingly, oxytocin is also released during childbirth and breastfeeding. Oxytocin, or OT, plays an important
role in forging bonds representative of the depth of love and attachment to a partner as it heightens the feelings
of calmness, security and contentment that are so often linked to bonding with a mate2.

⮚ Vasopressin is the second hormone involved in the phase of attachment is one that is released in large quantities
directly after having sex. The pituitary gland in both men and women release vasopressin. Experts believe that
vasopressin plays a role in social interactions between humans and encourages pair-bonding (monogamous,
long-term relationships). Researchers have also noted that this hormone may in actual fact, have a taming effect
on more promiscuous people, thus, when this hormone is increased after sex with someone that you are in love
with, this may affect your brain by triggering your neural reward system which stimulates feelings of happiness,
encouraging you to want to stay with that person as a result.

These two hormones provide us with an explanation as to why euphoric love will begin to fade as attachment
and long-term love grow.

Dopamine, which runs the reward pathways in our brain, is great in moderate doses, helping us enjoy food, exciting
events, and relationships. Similarly, too much dopamine in a relationship can underlie unhealthy emotional dependence
on our partners. And while healthy levels of oxytocin help us bond and feel warm and fuzzy towards our companions,
elevated oxytocin can also fuel prejudice.
Types of attachment styles anchored on Mary Ainsworth’s theory: (that young children form bonds with their caregivers)

1. Secure – is defined by an ability to build healthy, long-lasting relationships

Securely attached people grow up feeling secure emotionally and physically and can engage in the world with
others in a healthy way.
People with secure attachment styles tend to navigate relationships well. They’re generally positive, trusting,
and loving to their partners.
2. Anxious-resistant –people with anxious attachment styles usually feel unworthy of love and need constant
reassurance from their partners. “They often blame themselves for challenges in the relationship and can
exhibit frequent and intense jealousy or distrust due to poor self-esteem.”
Type of insecure attachment characterized by:
⮚ fear of rejection

⮚ fear of abandonment

⮚ depending on a partner for validation and emotional regulation

⮚ codependent tendencies
3. Anxious-avoidant - defined by failures to build long-term relationships with others due to an inability to engage
in physical and emotional intimacy. “Some avoidant-producing parents are outright neglectful but others are
simply busy, slightly disinterested, and more concerned with things like grades, chores, or manners than
feelings, hopes, dreams, or fears.” These children may learn to adopt a strong sense of independence so they
don’t have to rely on anyone else for care or support.
4. disorganized (aka fearful-avoidant in children) - is defined as having extremely inconsistent behavior and
difficulty trusting others. They tend to have unpredictable and confusing behavior. They alternate between
being aloof and independent and being clingy and emotional.

SEXUAL HEALTH

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines sexual health as a state of physical, emotional, mental and social
well-being in relation to sexuality – it is not just the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a
positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and
safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.

For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and
fulfilled. Most adults are sexually active and good sexual health matters to individuals and communities. Sexual health
needs vary according to factors such as age, gender, sexual orientation and ethnicity. However, there are certain core
needs common to everyone, including high-quality information and education enabling people to make informed
responsible decisions, and access to high-quality services, treatment and interventions.

The consequences of poor sexual health include:

⮚ unplanned pregnancies and abortions

⮚ psychological consequences, including from sexual coercion and abuse

⮚ poor educational, social and economic opportunities for teenage mothers, young fathers and their children

⮚ HIV transmission

⮚ cervical and other genital cancers

⮚ hepatitis, chronic liver disease and liver cancer

⮚ recurrent genital herpes

⮚ recurrent genital warts

⮚ pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause ectopic pregnancies and infertility

⮚ poorer maternity outcomes for mother and baby

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) or Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)

⮚ infections that get passed from one person to another during sex.

⮚ They can spread by contact with an infected partner:

✔ Skin

✔ Genitals

✔ Body fluids

✔ Mucous membranes eg. eyes, mouth

Why is it important to learn about STIs?

1. It helps one be able to take care of one's own body

2. Untreated STIs can cause problems for a person's health and future ability to have children

3. It helps a person to discuss STIs with a partner

4. It helps to identify myths like “It’s easy to tell if a person has a STI/HIV because they will look sick” that could
prevent a person from using effective prevention methods or seeking needed treatments

Bacterial/Parasitic: If bacteria or a parasite causes an infection, it can be treated with antibiotic or antimicrobial
medication

Viral: If a virus causes an infection, it is possible for it to remain “asymptomatic” for periods of time (meaning there are
no symptoms). It is possible to have the virus and not know it, and it is possible to pass it to another person without
either person knowing it. Viral STIs can be treated with medications; but not cured.

Common STI’s Classification: Bacterial, Parasitic, Viral

Chlamydia Bacterial

Genital herpes Viral

Genital warts (HPV) Human Papillomavirus Virus Viral

Gonorrhea Bacterial

Hepatitis B/C (also a blood borne infection) Viral

HIV and AIDS (also a blood borne infection) Viral

Syphilis Bacterial

Pubic Lice (crabs) Parasitic

Scabies Parasitic

What are common symptoms?

⮚ burning while urinating

⮚ itching
 ⮚ discharge (for females, different colour, amount or foul smell. For males, anything other than semen or urine)

⮚ sores, bumps or a rash on or around the genitals.

It is common to have NO SYMPTOMS at all!

Complications of STIs:

1. Infertility (male and female)

2. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in woman
3. Epididymitis in men
4. Urinary tract complications
5. Cervical cancer
6. Psychological impact
7. Serious illness and death

How can STIs be prevented?

Abstinence – No skin to genital, genital to genital, body fluid to genital contact

Limiting number of sexual partners
Use condoms correctly and consistently
Communication with partner – sexual history
Not having sex if you see a sore, etc.
Regular STI testing (at least annually, more often if you’ve had multiple partners)

Methods of Contraception (Natural and Artificial)

Contraception is the deliberate use of certain methods to prevent pregnancy.

Benefits of contraception:

1. Delaying pregnancy
2. Reducing unwanted pregnancies
3. Spacing pregnancies
4. Limiting number of children
5. Securing maternal and child health

NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING – a way to achieve or prevent pregnancy by applying proper sexual behavior during the
fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle. Do not involve medications or devices to prevent pregnancy but
rather rely on behavioural practices and/or making observations about a woman's body and menstrual cycle

NATURAL METHODS:

⮚ Checking cervical mucus (becomes thin, watery and stretchable during the fertile period)

⮚ Basal body temperature (there is slight increase in body temperature during the fertile period)

⮚ Calendar/rhythm method (calculating the fertile period from the menstrual cycle)

⮚ Standard days method (woman’s menstrual cycle of 26 – 32 days, day 1 is counted as the first day of
menstruation, days 8 to 19 are fertile and days 1-7, days 20 until the next menstruation are safe days.
⮚ Withdrawal/Coitus interruptus

⮚ Abstinence

ARTIFICIAL

METHODS:

Method How it works

Male condoms Forms a barrier to prevent sperm and egg from meeting
Female condoms Forms a barrier to prevent sperm and egg from meeting

Male sterilization (Vasectomy) Keeps sperm out of ejaculated semen

Female sterilization (tubal ligation) Eggs are blocked from meeting sperm
 caps or diaphragms

combined pill

contraceptive injection

contraceptive patch

Lets’ Check!
Questions:
1. How do you prevent sexually transmitted diseases?
2. Have you personally known someone who has been afflicted with HIV? How did they cope? What support are
they receiving?
3. What are the advantages and challenges in using the natural and artificial method of contraception?
4. Why are sex hormones important in our sexual development?
5. At this point in your life, are you ready to engage in a romantic relationship? Why and why not?

SELF HELP: Refer to the sources below:

1. Macayan, J.V., Pinagu, J.N., Castillo, J.C. D. (2018) Understanding the Self: Outcome-Based Module Courseware.
Q.C.: C. E. Publishing Inc.
2. Copuz, B. B., Lucas, M. R. D., Andas, C. D., Dayagbil, F. T., Gacasan, E. M. P. (2020) Understanding the Self: OBE-
Based: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
3. https://lesley.edu/article/perception-is-reality-the-looking-glass-self
4. https://www.sociologyguide.com/george-herbert-mead/me-i.php