University Roll – T91/ECE/204058, T91/ECE/204074, T91/ECE/204080

UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics

Project Report on Mini-Project on Active Filters Design

By
Archana Kumari (408)
Shwashwat Das (406)
Swastik Kumar Ghosh (425)

Topic: Active Filters Design

Subject: Electronics and Communication Engineering

Paper Code: EC3.2.10
Paper Name: Mini-Project on Electronic Design
Year: 2023
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GROUP MEMBERS

ARCHANA KUMARI
Class Roll: 408
University Roll – T91/ECE/204058
University Regn – D01-1211-0077-20

SHWASHWAT DAS
Class Roll: 406
University Roll – T91/ECE/204074
University Regn – D01-1111-0206-20

SWASTIK KUMAR GHOSH

Class Roll: 425
University Roll – T91/ECE/204080
University Regn – D01-1111-0068-20

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CONTENTS

S. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

NO
.
01 DECLARATION BY GROUP MEMBERS 5

02 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 6

03 ABSTRACT 7

04 THEORY 8

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List of Figures

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DECLARATION BY GROUP MEMBERS

We the group members solemnly declare that the project is based on our own under the
supervision of our Professor Saumya Pandit. We assert the statements made and conclusions drawn are an
outcome of our project work. We further certify that:

· The work contained in the report is original and has been done by us under the general
supervision of our supervisor.

· Whenever we have used materials (text, diagrams, etc) from other sources, we have given due
credit to them in the text of the report and giving their details in references.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Soumya Pandit, for his valuable
guidance, encouragement and support throughout the duration of this project. He has been a constant
source of inspiration and motivation for us.
I am grateful to the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta for providing us with
the necessary facilities and resources for conducting this project. I appreciate the assistance and
cooperation of the faculty and staff members of the department.
I would like to acknowledge the support and guidance of Analog Devices lab assistant Mr. Deb Kumar
Majhi, who have kindly helped in completion of our project and given us constructive feedback.
Finally, we would like to thank our families and friends for their love, care and encouragement throughout
this project. They have been my pillars of strength and have always stood by me in times of difficulty.
This project report is a result of the collective efforts of many people, and we are indebted to them for their
help and cooperation.

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ABSTRACT

Active Filters
Archana Kumari, Shwashwat Das, Swastik Kumar Ghosh
B.Tech 3rd year, ECE
University of Calcutta

To implement Low pass, High pass, Band pass and Band stop active filters using OPAMP. An
active filter is a type of analog circuit implementing an electronic filter using active
components, typically an amplifier. Amplifiers included in a filter design can be used to
improve the cost, performance and predictability of a filter.
The project gives us a view how an active filter works. In this project we implement first
order Butterworth low pass and high pass filters and second order Butterworth band pass
and band stop active filters. We then compare the theoretical and practically obtained gain
vs frequency response of these filters.

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THEORY
A filter is a device that transmits freely through it signals having frequencies in a certain band and severely
attenuates signals having frequencies outside this band. The band of frequencies passing freely is called the
pass band and the band of frequencies highly attenuated is termed as the attenuation band or stop band of
the filter. The frequencies demarcating the transition from the pass band to a stop band and vice-versa are
called the cutoff frequencies of the filter.

Low pass filter allows to pass all the frequencies up to a certain frequency and stops
frequencies beyond the cutoff frequency.
High pass filter allows to pass all the frequencies above a certain frequency and stops
frequencies below the cutoff frequency.
Band pass filter allows to pass all the frequencies in a certain frequency range and stops
frequencies outside this frequency band.
Band stop filter stops all the frequencies in a certain frequency band and allows frequencies
outside this frequency band.

FIRST ORDER LOW PASS FILTER

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FIRST ORDER HIGH PASS FILTER

SECOND ORDER BAND PASS FILTER

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SECOND ORDER BAND STOP FILTER

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
 FOR CIRCUIT DESIGN
1) 4 pc OPAMP 741 IC
2) RESISTORS (15 pcs total): a) 10k – 4 pcs
b) 120k – 2pcs
c) 15k – 1 pc
d) 4.7k – 1 pc
e) 5.7k – 7 pcs
3) CAPACITORS: (6 pcs total)
a) 10nF – 4 pcs
b) 0.47nF – 1 pc
c) 0.1µF – 1 pc
4) +12V and -12V Source for OPAMP
5) Connecting wires
 FOR PCB DESIGN
1. Double sided PCB substrate
2. Anhydrous Ferric Chloride
3. Nail polish remover
4. Drilling Machine
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5. Soldering Equipments
6. 8 pin IC base – 4pcs

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) DESIGN

A PCB mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using
conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from sheets laminated on to a
nonconductive substrate.
A PCB consists of a conducting layer that is made up of copper lamina. The insulating layer
dielectric is laminated together with epoxy resin. The most common used PCB dielectric is
FR-4. Boards may be single or double sided. In our project we have used both sided PCB.
PCB LAYOUT DESIGNING
PCB layout consists of the holes, tracks, pads, vias, components, etc positions in a given PCB
design. This can be done directly by hand on the PCB using a marker, if the design is very
simple, otherwise we need to take help of a software. We have used EasyEDA software for
PCB layout designing. Todays PCB which consists of multiple layers are very complex and can
be designed using software only.
PCB ETCHING PROCESS
All PCBs are made by bonding a layer of copper over the entire substrate. Sometimes on
both sides. Etching process has to be done to remove unnecessary copper after applying a
temporary mask, leaving only the desired copper tracks.
Though there are many methods available for etching, we have used the most common
method: etching by using Ferric Chloride solution.
PCB DRILLING
The components that have to be attached to the PCB is done by hole drilling. For a
multilayered PCB via drilling may be needed to connect tracks which are present on
different layers. A Dremel drill press is used to punch the holes. Usually a 0.035 inch drill kit
is used. For high volume production automated drilling machines are used.
PCB ASSEMBLING
PCB assembling includes the assembling of the electronic components on the respective
holes in the PCB. The components leads are then soldered to the PCB using soldering
equipments. The common aspect of PCB assembling is that the components leads are
electrically connected and mechanically fixed to the board using a molten metal solder.

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DESIGNED PCB LAYOUT

Fig 1: Designed PCB layout using EasyEDA (Consists of all the active filters in one PCB)

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Fig 2: The Top layer layout for printing for tonal transfer to the PCB

Fig 3: The Bottom layer layout for printing for tonal transfer to the PCB

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RESULTING PCB

a) Top layer b) Bottom Layer

Fig 4: After transfer of layout onto the PCB

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a) Top layer b) Bottom layer
Fig 5: After etching of unnecessary copper

RESULTS

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RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

1. The Band Stop filter is sowing different cutoff frequency due to some cheap,
misbehaving components.
2. Lowpass filter, high-pass and band-pass filters are showing cutoff frequency and
overall behaviour similar to the simulated values.

Type of Filter Theoretical cutoff Practical cutoff

frequency frequency
(Hz) (Hz)

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LOW PASS FILTER 2818.4 2511.9

HIGH PASS FILTER 3397 3423

Type of Filter Theoretical cutoff Practical cutoff

frequency frequency
(Hz)

BAND PASS FILTER 2818.4 2511.9

BAND STOP FILTER 3397 3423

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