UGC NET/SET
Paper -1 Unit -IX
People, Development and Environment
Guide- Md Mahasin Ali
1. Millennium Development Goal (2000-2015) :
international
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) were eight following
development goals for the year 2015 that had been established
2000, following the
the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in
Declaration. The Sustainable
adoption of the United Nations Millennium
Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.
" 8International Development Goals:
" To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
" To achieve universal primary education.
" To promote gender equality and empower women.
"Toreduce child mortality.
" To improve maternal health.
" To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
"To ensure environmental sustainability.
" To develop a global partnership for development.
2. Sustainable Development Goals (2016-2030):
global
" The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17
goals designed to be a"blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable
future for all".
" They are included in a UN-GA Resolution called the 2030 Agenda or what
is colloquially known as Agenda 2030.
" The SDGs were developed in the Post-2015 Development Agenda as the
future global development framework to succeed the Millennium
Development Goals which ended in 2015.
" 17 Global Goals:
1.No Poverty 2. Zero Hunger 3. Good Health and
Well-being, 4.
Education 5. Gender Equality 6. Clean Water and Sanitation 7. Quality
and Clean Energy 8. Decent Work and Affordable
Economic Growth 9. Industry,
Innovation, and Infrastructure 10. Reducing Inequality 11. Sustainable
Cities and Communities 12. Responsible
Climate Action 14. Life Below Water 15. Consumption and Production 13.
Life On Land 16. Peace,
and Strong Institutions 17. Justice,
Partnerships for the Goals.
3. Montreal Protocol:(Sept. 16,1987)
" Montreal Protocol, formally Montreal Protocol on
Deplete the Ozone Layer. Substances That
"Caring for all life under the Sun"
" That aimed to
regulate the production and use
contribute to the Depletion of Earth's Ozone Layer. of chemicals that
" Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between
2050 and 2070.
4. Kyoto Protocol: ( December 11, 1997)
" The Kyoto
Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan.
" The Kyoto Protocol implemented the
objective of the UNFCCC to
reduce the onset of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
" The Kyoto Protocol applied to the seven greenhouse gases
listed :
Carbon dioxide (c02), Methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20),
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCS), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6), Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
in 2008 and ended in
" The Protocol's first commitment period started
2012. 1% Commitment period GHG 5.2% against 1990.
agreed in 2012 known as the Doha
" Asecond commitment period was against 1990 levels.
Qatar 2020. 2nd Commitment period GHG 18%
Protocol in 2012.
" Canada withdrew from the Kyoto
2015)
5. Paris Agreement: (December 12,
adopted in Paris, France.
" The Paris Agreement was
agreement within the UNFCCC dealing with
" The Paris Agreement is an
and finance.
Greenhouse gas emissions, mitigation, adaptation
the Global climate change threat by
" The agreement aims to respond to
well below 2 degrees Celsius
keeping a global temperature rise this century limits the temperature
above Pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to
increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
6. International Solar Alliance ( 2015 ):
them being Sunshine
The ISA is an alliance initiated by India, most of
the " ropic of
Countries, which lie either completely or party between
Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn".
efficient exploitation
" The primary objective of the alliance is to work for
Fuels.
of Solar energy to reduce dependence on Fossil
"The initiative was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the
India - Africa Summit.
Alliance opened
" The framework agreement of the International Solar
for signatures in Marrakech, Morocco in November 2016.
in
" The ISA proposed by India as a founder member is headquartered
India. India has also put forward the concept of " One Sun One World One
Grid" and" World Solar Bank" to harness abundant Solar Power on Global
Scale.
" Headquarters- Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
" Field - Renewable Energy
7. Rio Summit :
" 1 Rio Submit hosted by -Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
" The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, the Rio Summit,
the Rio Conference, and the Earth Summit was a major United Nations
conference held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to June 14, 1992.
" The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:
" Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
"Agenda 21
"Forest Principles
" Convention on Biological Diversity
" Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)
" United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
" 2nd Rio Submit: Earth Summit 2002 "Rio+10" held in Johannesburg, South
Africa.
" 3rd Rio Submit: "Rio+20", hosted by 2012 Brazil in Rio de Janeiro.
" 4th Rio Submit: Rio + 30( 2022 ).
8. CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (December 29, 1993):
" The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as
the Biodiversity Convention.
" The Convention has three main goals -
biodiversity).
a. The conservation of biological diversity (or
b. The sustainable use of its components.
genetic
the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from
C. and
resources.
is to develop national strategies for the conservation and
" Its objective diversity, and it is often seen as the
key
sustainable use of biological
development.
document regarding sustainable
agreements
" CBD has two supplementary
a. Cartagena Protocol ( 2000)
b. Nagoya Protocol ( 2010)
PROTECTION ACT- 1986:
9. ENVIRONMENTAL
the Parliament of
Environment Protection Act, 1986 is an Act of
" the
the wake of the Bhopal gas Tragedy or Bhopal Disaster,
India. In Environment Protection Act of 1986
Government of India enacted the it camne
Constitution. Passed in March 1986,
under Article 253 of the
has 26 sections and 4 chapters.
into force on 19 November 1986. It
implement the decisions of the United
" The purpose of the Act is to Environment. They relate to the
Nations Conference on the Human environment and the
protection and improvement of the human creatures, plants
prevention of hazards to human beings, other living
and property.
designed to provide a framework
" The Act is an "umbrella" legislation
activities of various central
for central government coordination of the
laws, such as the
and state authorities established under previous
Water Act and the Air Act.
10. NATIONAL PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ( 2008):
" Published in 2008 by the then-Prime Minister's Council on Clinate
Change (Government of India), the National Action Plan on Climate Change
(NAPCC) aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the
public, different agencies of the government, scientists, industry and the
community as a whole, on the threat posed by climate change and the
steps proposed at the levelof India to counter these changes.
"8-goals are recommended :
" National Solar Mission
" National Mission for Enhanced Energy Etficiency
" National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
" National Water Mission
" National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystern
" National Mission for a Green India
" National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
" National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
MD MAHASIN ALI
UGC NET, PAPER-1, UNIT-9.
ENVIRONMENT :
" PEOPLE, DEVELOPMENT AND
"ECOLOGY:
Haeckel in 1869. Ecology deals with the study of
Ecology The term ecology was coined by Ernst the scientific study of the relations that living
organisms intheir natural home. Ecology is natural environments and ecosystems.
their
organisms have with respect to each other,
follows:
It is present at three levels, which are as
they,
individuals are affected by the environment and how
1. The individual organism (how
in turn, affect the environment)
2. The population
3. The community
" Ecology is defined as the study of ecosystems.
"Ecological Footprint:
comparison to
The ecological footprint measures human consumption of natural resources in
Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate them. Calculation of the footprint takes into account
our consumption habits both at (i) micro (individual) level and (ii) macro (area or nation) level.
The objective of its calculation is also to educate people about the need to change our
consumption behaviour to make it more sustainable. Ecological footprint is measured in global
hectares (gha).
"ECOSYSTEM:
The tern ecosystem was defined by Arthur Tansley in 1935, Ecosystem is aself-regulating
community of living organisms (populations ofspecies), interacting with each other and their
non-living, physical environment, for example, forest ecosystem and ocean ecosystem. Even a
clump of bushes can be an ecosystem. All ecosystems on the planet are interconnected and
interdependent, and together, they make up the biosphere.
There is also exchange of matter and energy with physical environment. In an open
ecosystem, there is free exchange of energy and matter with the outside world. In a closed
ecosystem, there is no or very limited exchange.
" DIFFERENT LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE:
"Troposphere :
The troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends 8to 14,5 kilonmeters high. This part
of
atmosphere is the most dense. Almost all weather is in this region. Example - Aircraft ( ua),
Clouds(cae) Mt. Everest etc.
" Stratosphere:
The stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers high. The
Ozone
layer, which absorbs and scatters the solar Ultraviolet radiation, is in this layer. Example
Radiosonde.
" Mesosphere :
The mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers high,
Example
Meteors( Eu) burn up in this layer.
Thermosphere :
The thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600
kilometers high,
Example - Aurora (®n), and Satelites occur in this layer.
" Exosphere:
This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extends from the top of the
thermosphere up to 10,000 kilometers.
" TYPES OF POLLUTION :
1. AIR POLLUTION :
Sources of Air pollution - Emission From Vehicles( more than 75% of
total Air Pollution),._Increase in Populatlon, Burning of Fossil fuels and
fires, Rapid Industrialization, Agricultural Actlvitles and Wars.
2. Water Pollution :
Sources of Water Pollution - Sewage and Domestic Wastes( more than
75% of total Water Pollutlon)._ Industrlal Effluents, Agrlcultural Discharges,
and
Fertilizers, Detergents, Toxlc Metals, Siltation, Thermal Pollutants
Radioactive Materials etc.
3. Soil Pollution:
Sources of Soil Pollution- Industrial Wastes ( more than 75% of total Soil
Pollution), Uban Wastes, Radioactive Pollution ( Nuclear devices,
nuclear dust, radioactive wastes, nuclear testing), Agricultural Practices
(Fertilizer, Pesticides- D. D. T, B. H. C., Fumigants, Chemical Agents,
Farm Wastes etc).
4. Noise Pollution:
Sources of Noise pollution - Machines, transport and propagation system(more than
75% of total noise pollution),
" Indoor sources include noise produced by-- Radio, T. V, Generators,
Electric Fans, Air coolers, Air conditioners, Different home appliances
and Family Conflict.
" Outdoor sources of noise pollution include by - Loudspeaker, Industrial activities,
Automobiles, Rail traffic, Aeroplanes, Market place, Religious, Social and Cultural
functions, Sports and Political rallies etc.
5. Ocean Pollution:
Various Causes of Ocean Pollution Sewage and Domestic Wastes ( Major
Cause), Toxic Chemicals From Industries, Land Runoff, Large Scale Oil Spills,
Ocean Mining, Littering ,Effect of Toxic Wastes on Marine Animals, Disruption
to the Cycle of Coral Reefs.
6. Thermal Pollution:
Sources of Thermal Pollution - 1. Water as a Cooling Agent in Power,
and Industrial Plants. Production and Manufacturing
Manufacturing
of thermal pollution. I. Soil Erosion. ll.
plants are the biggest sources
Deforestation. IV. Runoff From Paved
Surfaces. V. Natural Causes. VI. Retention Ponds. VIl. Domestic Sewage.
