Lesson 01 LESSON 2 THE NATURE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT LESSON 03 PRINCIPLES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT

The INTRODUCTION CHILD DEVELOPMENT From the beginning of time philosophers have pondered at The process of growth and development of the child follows an
length about the nature of children and how They should be orderly pattern swinging back between a period of slow and
Why we study child development? raised. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans heldrich rapid maturation as said by Arnold Gesell (Salkind, 2002).
conceptions of children's development
To become more precise when taking care of children, to turn out Cephalocaudal Principle-According to this principle, children
better teacher, parents and child care. -The original sin view was especially advocated during the develop From head to toe. This also states that muscular control
Middle Ages. Children here were regarded as being born evil. occurs from the head downward.
To understand children and facilitate them to build better future
or world. - THE TABULARASA “ MEANS THE BRAIN IS LIKE A BOX” Proximal-Distal Principle-The second principle met occurs is
when children develop motor skills from the center of the body
ASSESSING REALISTIC EXPECTATIONS.-Knowledge about child The end of the 17th century, the “tabula rasa” view was outward
development helps you to have realistic expectations for kids but espoused by English philosopher John Locke.
somehow, that expectation do not fit in reality. General to Specific Principle-Development from being able to use
He claimed that children are not innately bad but, instead, start the whole body.
COMPREHENDING WORRISOME TRENDS At these days children out like a "blank slate."
has a many problem with their parents, not because of about
them but they have illness inside called: AUTISM ,ATTENTION The 18th century , the innate goodness view was posed by Swiss-
DEFICIT DISORDER born French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He emphasized LESSON 04 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW CONCEPT OF CHILD
“that children are inherently good”. Since children are basically
FACTORS AFFECTING CHILD DEVELOPMENT-POVERTY, good, according to Rousseau, they should be allowed to grow Ancient Greece and Rome-In the Ancient Greece and Rome of
naturally 600 BC to AD 400, children were subjects to sacrifices for the
Documenting normal child development -Start to make a new gods. Some were treated as servants and became victims of
step , like there first birthday, the study of child development in Child development in Modern Times infanticide.
detail.
The impasse was broken when some daring thinkers began to try Medieval Period-As opposed to the early eras unwanted children
Abnormal is not that abnormal -when a children is facing or new methods of studying infants, children, and adolescents. For were shipped away or left in monasteries and convents instead
experience something that bad ex. Typhoon they may feel trauma example, near the turn of the century, of being killed or left in the forest.
or crying that are called normal response.
French psychologist Alfred Binet invented many tasks to assess Renaissance Period-In the sixteenth century, John Calvin was the
Normal is just that Normal -Is something that is the parent would attention and memory. He used them to study his own most influential leader in Child Development, He believed that
like to make them child happy but no one encountered without daughters, other normal children, children with mental children are born with original sin and are naturally inclined
their childhood being abuse, bully, serious losses . retardation, children who were gifted, and adults.Eventually, he toward evil.
collaborated in the development of the first modern test of
Analyzing abnormal development The Calvinist approach believed that children have a great
intelligence (the Binet test).
capacity to learn which is why children were encouraged to be
1. Physical – there are children cannot function there
At about the same time, G. Stanley Hall pioneered the use of independent, self-reliant, resist temptation, and develop self-
body like what others do, maybe born prematurely, or
questionnaires with large groups of children. control.
have a chronic illness
2. Learning – there are children have a great Another passionate observer was named Arnold Gessel (1928)
achievement when it comes to learning somehow observes children without interrupting them, he recording what
other may feel, learning difficulties, attention a specific child is like in a specific ages. He claimed that children
problem. basically “bloom” with age duebto biological maturation
3. Autism- difficulties to interact with others, learn, and blueprint.
behave.
4. Emotional disorders – discover self control, ability to
control their crying, and distress them selves.
5. Behavior disorders – misbehaves, trantrums,
6. Trauma and abuse- tragedies and trauatc events,
maybe about their abused parents.
1.THOMAS HOBBES (1651-1904) This refers to the income a family makes to meet the needs of all LESSON 7 Research Methods in Child Development
members.
Observation-A set of skills is needed to be a good observer. And
Doctrine of original sin children were inherently egoist. He
Descriptive Research-Descriptive research designs are targeted to to be a good and systematic observer requires continuous
believe that parents should control children egoistic , and observe and record behavior a researcher wants to explore how practice.
selfishness in ways that would e sociably acceptable. children socialize.
Laboratory Observation-Some studies require certain parameters
Correlational Research-This type of research design aims to to be controlled or regulated, and some researches about life
2.JEAN- JACQUES ROUSSEAU
determine strengths and relationships between two or more span development are done in the laboratory setting for
parameters. observation. It is well known that the "real world".Surveys, like
Doctrine of innatate purity illustrated ,children were born with interviews, use structured instruments, or what is known as a
sense of right and wrong. Experimental Research- An experiment refers to a carefully questionnaire
regulated procedure where one factor or variable influences the
behavior being studied independent, dependent. Standardized Test-In using this data collection procedure,
3.JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)
uniformity in administering and scoring is observed. Through this
Research Time Span-In this specific discipline, factors such as the method, the researcher can compare one's performance with
The childs mid a piece of a white paper, a tabularasa pr blank relationship of age to some other variables are studied. another.
slate.
LESSON 06 RESEARCH DESIGNS IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. In this test, the
performances can be assessed and compared with many other
4.CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882) Importance of Research in Child Development-Child
respondents who took the same test.
Development is a science that aims to understand and explore
Produced many studies so called baby biographies. Children how a child develops, the factors affecting it, the changes in the Clinical Method-A clinical method is a flexible approach that
factors that might affect children's behavior, and the behavioral allows the researcher to probe deeper into a participant's
studied were recorded
patterns of a child among others. psyche, as well as provides for greater interaction, treating
5.GRANVILLE STANLEY HALL (1846-1924) him/her as a unique individual.
Research Designs-The approach by which one answers the
research problem is essential. After the formulation of the Case Study-This method gives an in-depth look at a single
THE FOUNDER OF DEVELOPMNTAL PSYCHOLOGY OR FATHER OF research problem, the next step involves choosing the most individual. This procedure is done by mental health practitioners.
appropriate research design and then the proper combination of It aims to provide information on various aspects of an individual
PSYCHOLOGY
data collection methods. The design is critical to the study as it such as fears, traumatic experiences, health, and relationships
gives organization and structure to it. In choosing the design, the among others.
Studying children through a systematic format produced a
researcher should consider the following: the main idea of the
research tool known today as questionnaires. study; the respondents and samples; the purpose of the Physiological Method-This method involves the direct or indirect
research, its scope and limitation; and data collection and observation of variables that are related to the normal function
analysis among others. of the human body.

LESSON 5 THE CONTEXT OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT Observation-A set of skills is needed to be a good observer. And
to be a good and systematic observer requires continuous
Family Context-The family becomes the primary context of the practice.
child at birth. The family context encompasses the structure of
the family, the resources available in the home, health and well- Laboratory Observation-Some studies require certain parameters
being, and the relationship between the members (Keenan, to be controlled or regulated, and some researches about life
Evan, & Crowley, 2016) span development are done in the laboratory setting for
observation.
Neighborhood Context-The neighborhood context is where
children can be found in their next immediate social setting Naturalistic Observation-Is the least intrusive form of
where they interact with other people outside the family (Moore observation which enables the researchers to observe the
et al., 2011). respondent doing everyday activities in a natural setting.

Socio-demographic Context-Children can also be found within Interview and Survey-Which can be done through an interview.
the socio-demographic context of a family or household.
LESSON 09 DOING ETHICAL RESEARCH LESSON 10 MATURIONAL THEORY Psychosocial Theory. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) acknowledged
Freud's contributions but believed that Freud misapprehended
1. Non-harmful Procedures. Children have the right to be protected from Refers to the process of changing reacting as one grows and some important aspects of human development.
physical/psychological harm. When harm seems possible, the researcher develops. This is hard for learners to recall the past.
must find other means to obtain desired information
Developmental focus on the changes that occurs over a time. Gessel
2. Informed Consent. All participants including children have the right to focused on maturation defining its process of childs development
have researchers explain to them in language appropriate to their level all that is determined by genes.
aspects of the research that may affect their willingness to participate
According to ARNOLD GESSEL (1880-1961) an American clinical
3. Parental Consent. Consent of parents and/or guardians who can act on
psychologist who was pioneer in developmental psychology.
the child's behalf should be obtained in writing:
Gessel cycles of development are divided into six:
4. Additional Consent. Informed consent of any other persons, such as
teachers, whose interaction with the child is the subject of the study
Smooth, Break-up, Sorting out, Inward zing, expansion and Neurotic “
should be obtained.
fighting together”.
5. Incentives. The incentives to participate in research project must be fair
LESSON 11 Psychoanalytic Theories
and must not unduly exceed the range of incentives that the child
normally experiences.
A theory is defined as an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that
6. Deception. Whenever withholding information or deception is needed, helps to explain and to make predictions. For instance, a theory on
the investigator should satisfy research colleagues that such judgment is mentoring could try to explain and infer why unrelenting support,
correct. guidance, and concrete experience positively affect the lives of
disadvantaged children. The theory could center on opportunities
7. Anonymity. A researcher can access institutional records once he/she where children can model the behavior and strategies of mentors.
obtains permission from responsible authorities. Such information should
be anonymous. Psychoanalytic Theories-Psychoanalytic theories view development TRUST VS. MISTRUST which occurs first year of life .Trust in infancy
as primarily beyond awareness (unconscious) and deeply affected by creates the condition for a lifelong expectation that the world will be
8. Mutual Responsibilities. There should be a clear agreement between emotion. a good and pleasant place to live.
the Investigator or parents/guardians and the child that defines
responsibilities of each. Psychosexual Theory-Having been able to listen to, query, and AUTOMY VS. SHAME and doubt is Erikson's second stage, which takes
examine his patients, Sigmund Freud became convinced that their place in late infancy and toddlerhood (one to three years). Infants
9. Jeopardy. If there are information that will jeopardize the child's well-
problems were effects of their early life experiences. Freud believed start to discover that their behavior is their own after gaining trust in
being, it is the researcher's responsibility to discuss it with the parents/
guardians and with those experts in the field and provide necessary
that as children grow up, their focus of pleasure and sexual impulses their caregivers. They start to claim their sense of independence.
assistance. moves from the mouth to the anus and in due course to the genitals. They recognize their will. If restrained too much or punished too
Consequently, we experience five stages of psychosexual harshly, infants and toddlers may probably develop a sense of shame
10. Unforeseen Consequences. The investigator should immediately use development: oral, anal. and doubt.
appropriate measures to correct unforeseen undesirable consequences
Stage Developmental Period Characteristics
and redesign procedures as necessary if they be included in subsequent INITIATIVE VS. GUILT Erikson's third stage of development, transpires
studies. Oral Stage Birth to 1.5 Years Infant's pleasure centers on the mouth, during the preschool years. As preschoolers encounter a wider social
world, they confront new challenges that need active, purposeful,
11. Confidentiality. Any information obtained by the researcher should be such as sucking from breast or bottle,
and responsible behavior. If the child is irresponsible and is made to
kept in confidence, including participants' identities as well as any Anal Stage 1.5 to 3 Years Child's pleasure focuses on the anus. Infants and feel too anxious, feelings of guilt may arise, though.
informal discussions.
toddlers enjoy holding and releasing urine and feces.
12. Informing Participants. Immediately after data are collected, the INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY is Erikson's fourth developmental stage.
Phallic Stage 3 to 6 Years Child's pleasure focuses on the genitals. Oedipus conflict arises for boys,
researcher must clarify any misconceptions that may have arose and must . while Electra conflict arises for girls.
This takes place approximately in the elementary school years.
report general findings to participants. Children in this stage need to focus on mastering knowledge and
Latency Stage 6 Years to Puberty Child represses sexual interest and develops social and .
intellectual skills. Consequently, a child may develop a sense of
, intellectual skills.
13. Reporting Results. Children have the right to be informed of the results inferiority-feeling incompetent and unproductive-as a negative
of the research in language appropriate to their level of understanding. Genital Stage Puberty Onward Sexual impulses reappear, and teens' sexual interest tends to outcome.
. focus on the opposite sex outside the family
14. Implications of Findings. Researchers should be mindful of the social,
In adolescence, individuals explore their identity, what they are all
political, and human implications of the research.
about, and where they intend to be in life. This is Erikson's fifth
developmental stage, IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION .
If adolescents explore roles in a healthy manner and reach a positive happens With respect to classical conditioning the food is the
path to follow in life, then they achieve a positive identity; otherwise, unconditioned (unlearned, natural) stimulus, while salivation is an
role confusion rules. unconditioned (unlearned, natural) response.
Watson believed that Pavlov’s principle of classical conditioning
INTIMACY VS. ASOLATION is Erikson's sixth developmental stage. maintained the key of appreciating human development. Connection
Individuals experience this during the early adulthood years. At this of stimulation and responses.
time, individuals deal with forming intimate relationships. If young
Operant Conditioning
adults are able to develop healthy friendships and an intimate
Another behavioristic approach to development may be derived from
relationship with another, intimacy will be attained. otherwise,
a set of learning principles referred to as operant conditioning. This
isolation will be the consequence
term was coined by Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990), the most
prominent advocate of this theory (Skinner, 1953, 1980). Operant
GENERAVITY VS. STAGNATION Erikson's seventh developmental
conditioning involves learning to replicate or prevent behaviors due
stage, takes place during middle adulthood. Generativity denotes
to the consequences they generate.
primarily a concern for helping the younger generation to develop
Reinforcement is anything that strengthens or increases the behavior
and have useful lives. The sense of having not done anything to help
it follows
the next generation is stagnation.

Negative reinforcement, on the other hand, happens when an

INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR is Erikson's eighth and final stage, which
individual learns to do a specific behavior to cause something
happens in late adulthood. In this stage, a person reviews life in
unpleasant to stop. Coughing, for instance, is an unpleasant
retrospect. If it reveals a life well spent, it will result in integrity,
experience for most of us, and taking a dose of cough medicine
otherwise, the retrospective glances likely lead to doubt or gloom-
normally stops it.
the despair Erikson characterized.

Albert Bandura (b. 1:325), whose thoughts are more prominent

among developmental psychologists than those of the behaviorists,
Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theories. contends that learning does not always involve reinforcement
(1977'b, 1982, 1989). According to him, learning nay also arise as a
result of observing someone else carry out some action and
experience punishment or reinforcement. This type of learning called
Psychoanalytic theories influenced how farnilies and other significant observational learning, or modeling, is involved in wide-ranging
adults view children. These theories focused on the importance of
early experiences in children's development. Children's interactions Bandura stressed that what an observer gathers from observing
with parents and other caregivers as well as early childhood someone else will depend on two cognitive factors: what one pays
educators can determine how they will view future relationships. attention to and what orie can remember.

LESSON 12 LEARNING THEORIES According to Bandura, as a child, one learns not only overt behavior,
but also ideas, expectations, internal standards, and self-concepts,
John Watson (1878-1958), an American psychologist, promoted ideas from models. An individual, at the same tirne, acquires expectancies
about human development that were very distinct from those of about what he/she can and cannot. Bandura (1997) calls this self-
Sigmund Freud. Watson held that children could be trained to be or efficacy.
do anything through manipulation of the environment (Jories, 1924; Appraising Learning Theories
Watson & Rayner, 1920). Watson invented the term behaviorism to Some implications of learning theories are worth stressing. First,
refer to this point of view. Behaviorism defines development in terms learn theories can explicate both consistency and change in behavior.
of changes in behavior caused by environmental influences. As For instance child who is friendly and smiling both at home and
Watson (1930, p. 104) school would be explained.

Classical Conditioning
A lot of Watsons ideas about the relationship between learring an
development were Pavlovian in origin Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Russian
physiologist found that organisms are able to develop new signals for
existing responses (behaviors). This principle was later termed as
classical conditioning Every incidence of learning starts with a
biologically programmed shes response connection or reflex For
instance, when you put food in your mour salivation naturally