Functional Analysis
Compact Operators – Lecture 3
Binod Chandra Tripathy
Theorem. Let X, Y be normed linear spaces. Let,
FBL(X,Y), GBL(Y,Z) and one of them be
compact. Then GFCL(X,Z).
Proof. Let, FBL(X,Y) and GBL(Y,Z), Let F be a
compact map. Let (xn) be a bounded sequence in X,
than by a known result (F(xn)) will have a
convergent subsequence. Let F ( xn j ) be the
convergent subsequence of (F(xn)).
Now, GBL(Y.Z), implies G is a continuous map,
so G F ( xn j ) is a convergent sequence in Z.
That is (G F )( xn j ) is convergent in Z.
Hence, for (xn) a bounded sequence in X, we have a
convergent subsequence (G F )( xn j ) of
(G F )(xn ) in Z.
Thus, GF is a compact map by a known result.
Next, let GCL(Y,Z). Let (xn) be a bounded
1
sequence in X, then (F(xn)) is a bounded sequence
in Y. Since GCL(Y,Z) and (F(xn)) is bounded in Y,
so by a known result (G(F(xn))) has a convergent
subsequence in Z. Let (G F )( xn j ) be the
convergent subsequence of the bounded sequence
(xn) in X.
Therefore by a known result we have
GFCL(X,Z).
Theorem. Let Y be a Banach space, FnCL(X,Y),
for all nN, FBL(X,Y) and ||Fn - F||→0, as n→∞,
then FCL(X,Y).
Proof. Let Y be a Banach space, FnCL(X,Y) for all
nN and FBL(X,Y).
Let, nlim || Fn F || 0 . Then for a given >0,
there exists n0N such that
|| Fn F ||
3 , for all n≥ n0 . . . . . . . . (1)
Now, by hypo thesis, FnCL(X,Y), choose n such
that n> n0.
2
By a known result Fn is totally bounded. Thus there
exist x1, x2, . . . ., xm such that
m
Fn(U) U
j 1
Fn ( x j ),
3
. . . . . . . (2)
Now, we have
||F(x) - F(xj)||
= ||F(x)-Fn(x)+Fn(x)-Fn(xj)+Fn(xj)-F(xj)||
≤ ||F(x)-Fn(x)|| + ||Fn(x)-Fn(xj)|| + ||Fn(xj)-F(xj)||
< 3+ 3 + 3
= .
Thus for xU, we have xjX, such that
||F(x) - F(xj)|| < , for all j=1, 2, . . . , m
U F ( x ),
m
Hence, F(U) j 1
j
This implies F(U) is totally bounded, so by a
known result F is compact.
_______________
