Transformers

Impact of dimensions on various parameters of Transformer

KVA Rating  (Core Dimension)4

Voltage Rating  (Core Dimension)2

Current Rating  (Core Dimension)2
No-Load Current  Core Dimension

Core Loss  Core Volume

Induced EMF in a Transformer

d
E1  N1
dt
d
E2  N2
dt
E1 (rms)  4.44fN1m
E2 (rms)  4.44fN2m
 Where E1 and E2 are emf in primary and secondary windings of Transformer respectively.
 Φ is the flux in the transformer and Φm is maximum value of flux.
 The polarity of emf is decided on basis of Lenz Law as currents in primary and secondary
should be such that primary and secondary flux should oppose each other.
 Also, primary current enters the positive terminal of primary winding as primary absorbs
power and secondary current leaves the positive terminal of secondary winding as
secondary delivers power and this way we can mark emf polarities.

Exact equivalent circuit

 Exact equivalent circuit w.r.t. primary

2 2 2
N  N  N 
R 2 = R 2  1  ; X 2 = X 2  1  ; Z L = Z L  1  ;
 N2   N2   N2 

 Approximately Equivalent Circuit

R 01 = R1  R 2

X 01 = X1  X 2

Tests Conducted on a Transformer

(i) Open Circuit Test

o Conducted on LV side keeping HV side open circuited

o Equivalent Circuit
 V12
o Power reading = P = V1 I0 cos 0 = -------- (i)
Rc
o Ammeter reading  I = I 0
P
o cos 0 =
V1 I0
o Calculate sin 0 = 1 - cos2 0
V12
o Q = V1 I0 sin 0 = ------- (ii)
Xm

Calculate R c from (i) & Xm from (ii)

(ii) Short Circuit Test

o Conducted on HV side keeping LV side short circuited

o Equivalent Circuit

o R 01 & X 01 are equivalent winding resistance & equivalent leakage reactor referred to
HV side.
Wattmeter reading = P = Isc R01 from this equation, we can calculate R 01
2
o
Vsc
o Z 01 = & X01 = Z012  R 012
Isc
o We obtain R 01 , X 01 & full load copper losses from this test.

Losses on Transformers

o Copper Loss

PCu = I12R1  I22R 2

= I12R01  I22R02

Where I1 = primary current

I2 = secondary current
 R 1 = primary winding resistance

R 2 = secondary winding resistance

2 2
N  N 
R 01 = R1   1  R 2 ; R 02 = R 2   2  R1
 N2   N1 

o Core Loss
(i) Hysteresis Loss

Pn = KnBm
x
f

X = 1.6

Bm = maximum value of flux density

Pn = KnBm1.6f

V
Bm 
f

V = applied voltage

f = frequency

1.6
V
Pn = Kh   f = K hV1.6f 0.6
f 

If V is constant & f is increased, Ph decreases

(ii) Eddy Current Loss

Pe = KeBm2 f 2

V
Bm 
f
2
V
Pe = K e   f 2 = K e V 2
f
Core loss = Pc = Pe  Pn
Efficiency

x KVA  cos 
=
x KVA  cos   Pi  x2PCu,FL

X = % loading of Transformer

cos  = power factor

Pi = iron loss

PCu,FL = Full load copper losses

KVA = Power rating of Transformer

For maximum efficiency,

Pi
x=
PCu,FL

Voltage Regulation of Transformer

VNL  VFL
Regulation down   100
VNL

VNL  VFL
Regulation up   100
VFL

Equivalent circuit with respect to secondary

N2
K = Transformation Ratio 
N1

No-load voltage  V2

Full-load voltage  V2

Approximate Voltage Regulation

I2 R 02 cos 2  X 02 sin 2 
VR =
V2
 cos 2 = power factor of load ZL

+ sign is used for lagging pf load

- sign is used for leading pf load

Condition for zero voltage regulation

R 
2 = tan-1  02 
 X 02 

The power factor is leading, Voltage Regulation can never be zero for lagging pf load.

Condition for maximum voltage regulation

X 
2 = tan-1  02 
 R 02 

The power factor is leading, Voltage Regulation can never be negative for lagging pf loads

Three – Phase Transformers

In a 3-Phase transformers; the windings placed parallel to each other at as primary & secondary of
single phase transformer.

Rules to draw Phasor diagram

1) Always draw phasors from A to B, B to C & C to A for line voltages.

2) The end points should have same naming as the input or output terminals.
3) If we draw primary phasor from dotted to undotted terminal and if secondary voltage is also
from dotted to undotted, then secondary voltage is in same phase else in opposite phase.

Some examples
o Here, we traversed primary from dotted to undotted terminal & in secondary from undotted
to dotted so all secondary phasor are out of phase wrt primary.

Parallel operation of Transformer

Necessary Conditions

1) Voltage ratings of both transformers should be same.

2) Transformers should have same polarity.
3) Phase sequence of both transformers must be same in case of 3- phase transformers.
4) Phase displacement between secondary’s of both transformers must be 0 .

If there are 2 transformers A & B supplying a load power SL .

ZB ZB
S A = SL ; SB = SL
Z A  ZB Z A  ZB

ZB = impedance of transformer B (in ohms)

Z A = impedance of transformer A (in ohms)

Auto Transformer

o Generally, auto transformer is created from 2- winding transformer.

o If rating of auto – transformer is LV/HV or HV/LV
LV = low voltage
HV = high voltage
LV
Transformation Ratio = K =
HV
 1 
o KVA rating of auto transfer =   (KVA rating of 2- winding Transformer)
1 - R 
o In auto- transformer, power is transferred from primary to secondary by 2 methods
induction & conduction.
o KVAinduction = 1 - K  Input KVA 

o KVAconduction = K  Input KVA 

o % Full load losses = 1 - K  %FL losses in2  winding Transformer 

o If copper & core losses are not given separately, then we consider losses as constant,
same as that of two winding transformer while calculating efficiency