1

Contents

List of Scilab Solutions 4

1 A Scilab Program Obtain Voltage Regulation And Efficiency

Of A Short Transmission Line. 6

2 A Scilab Program To Evaluate Performance Of Short Trans-

mission Line Using Graphical Method 9

3 Finding Voltage Regulation And Efficiency Of A Medium

Transmission Line Using Nominal T Method Through Scilab 12

4 Finding Voltage Regulation And Efficiency Of A Medium

Transmission Line Using Nominal Pi Method Through Scilab 15

5 Finding Voltage Regulation And Efficiency Of A Medium

Transmission Line Using End Condenser Method Through
Scilab 20

6 A Scilab Program To Evaluate Performance Of Medium

Transmission Line Using Graphical Method 25

7 Finding voltage regulation and efficiency of a long transmis-

sion line using Rigorous solution method through SCILAB 28

8 A Scilab Program To Evaluate Performance Of Long Trans-

mission Line Using Graphical Method 32

9 A Scilab Program To Find Permissible Frequency And Length

For Limiting Ferranti Effect In Long Transmission Lines. 35

2
10 A Scilab Program For Computing The Abcd Parameters Of
Short, Medium And Long Transmission Lines 38

11 A Scilab Program For Conversion Of Unsymmetrical Ac

Phasors Into Symmetrical Components 46

12 A Scilab Program For Conversion Of Symmetrical Compo-

nents Into Ac Phasors 51

13 Modification Of Zbus Matrix For Short Circuit Study Using

Scilab Programming 54

14 Symmetrical Fault Analysis Using Scilab Programming 64

3
List of Experiments

Solution 1.1 exp1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Solution 2.2 exp2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Solution 3.3 exp3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Solution 4.4 exp4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Solution 5.5 exp5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Solution 6.6 exp6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Solution 7.7 exp7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Solution 8.8 exp8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Solution 9.9 exp9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Solution 10.10 exp10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Solution 11.11 exp11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Solution 12.12 exp12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Solution 13.13 exp13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Solution 14.14 exp14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4
List of Figures

1.1 exp1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.1 exp2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1 exp3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1 exp4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.1 exp5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.1 exp6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

7.1 exp7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

8.1 exp8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

9.1 exp9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

10.1 exp10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
10.2 exp10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

11.1 exp11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
11.2 exp11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

12.1 exp12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

13.1 exp13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
13.2 exp13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

14.1 exp14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
14.2 exp14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5
 Experiment: 1

A Scilab Program Obtain

Voltage Regulation And
Efficiency Of A Short
Transmission Line.

Scilab code Solution 1.1 exp1

1 // Experiment −1
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 //Aim : A SCILAB program o b t a i n v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
and e f f i c i e n c y o f a s h o r t t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e .
7
8 clc ;
9 clear all ;
10 VRLL =220; VR = VRLL / sqrt (3) ;
11 Z = (0.15+ %i *2* %pi *60*1.3263 e -3) *40; // c h a n g e
frequency or length
12
13 disp ( ’ ( a ) ’ )

6
14 SR =304.8+ %i *228.6; // l e g g i n g power f a c t o r
15 IR = conj ( SR ) /(3* conj ( VR ) ) ;
16 IS = IR ;
17 VS = VR + Z * IR ;
18 VSLL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS )
19 SS = 3* VS * conj ( IS )
20 REG = ( VSLL - VRLL ) / VRLL *100
21 Eff = real ( SR ) / real ( SS ) *100
22 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d l i n e v o l t a g e = %f kV \n ’ , VSLL )
23 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g Apprent power = %f MVA \n ’ , SS )
24 mprintf ( ’ R e g u l a t i o n = %f %% \n ’ , REG )
25 mprintf ( ’ E f f i c i e n c y = %f %% \n ’ , Eff )
26
27 disp ( ’ ( b ) ’ )
28 SR =304.8 - %i *228.6; // l e a d i n g power f a c t o r
29 IR = conj ( SR ) /(3* conj ( VR ) ) ; IS = IR ;
30 VS = VR + Z * IR ;
31 VSLL = sqrt (3) * abs ( VS )
32 SS = 3* VS * conj ( IS )
33 REG = ( VSLL - VRLL ) / VRLL *100
34 Eff = real ( SR ) / real ( SS ) *100
35 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d l i n e v o l t a g e = %f kV \n ’ , VSLL )
36 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g Apprent power = %f MVA \n ’ , SS )
37 mprintf ( ’ R e g u l a t i o n = %f %% \n ’ , REG )
38 mprintf ( ’ E f f i c i e n c y = %f %% \n ’ , Eff )
39
40 // o u t p u t : −
41 // ( a )
42 // S e n d i n g e n d l i n e v o l t a g e = 2 5 0 . 0 1 8 6 5 0 kV
43 // S e n d i n g Apprent power = 3 2 2 . 7 9 5 1 6 5 MVA
44 // R e g u l a t i o n = 1 3 . 6 4 4 8 4 1 %
45 // E f f i c i e n c y = 9 4 . 4 2 5 2 0 6 %
46 //
47 // ( b )
48 // S e n d i n g e n d l i n e v o l t a g e = 2 1 0 . 2 8 8 3 8 3 kV
49 // S e n d i n g Apprent power = 3 2 2 . 7 9 5 1 6 5 MVA
50 // R e g u l a t i o n = −4.414372 %
51 // E f f i c i e n c y = 9 4 . 4 2 5 2 0 6 %

7
 Figure 1.1: exp1

52 //

8
 Experiment: 2

A Scilab Program To Evaluate

Performance Of Short
Transmission Line Using
Graphical Method

Scilab code Solution 2.2 exp2

1 // Experiment −2
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 //Aim : A SCILAB program t o e v a l u a t e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
s h o r t t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e u s i n g g r a p h i c a l method
7
8
9 clear all ;
10 clc ;
11 // T h i s program c a l c u l a t e s the percentage r e g u l a t i o n
of a short transmission line
12 // I t i s assumed t h a t t h e r e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e Vr
and m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t I r a r e c o n s t a n t

9
13 Vr = 220 e3 ; // r e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e
14 R = 33.5; // i n p u t l i n e r e s i s t a n c e
15 X = 138; // l i n e r e a c t a n c e
16 Z = R + X * %i ; // l i n e i m p e d a n c e
17 Irmag = 164.02; // r e c e i v i n g end c u r r e n t m a g n i t u d e
18 // T h i s Irmag i s assumed t o be c o n s t a n t . T h i s w i l l
change the a n g l e o f
19 // p h a s o r o f I r i n t h e v e c t o r d i a g r a m o v e r t h e r a n g e
of pf set in f o l l o w i n g l i n e
20 pf = 1: -0.001:0.5; // power f a c t o r

21 Irang = acos ( pf ) ;
22 Ir = Irmag * exp ( - %i * Irang ) ; // For
l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
23 Vs = ( Vr / sqrt (3) ) + Ir * Z ; // s q r t ( 3 )
i s u s e d h e r e a s we n e e d t o do a p e r
phase a n a l y s i s
24 VrNL = abs ( Vs ) ;
25 VrFL = abs ( Vr / sqrt (3) ) ;
26 per_vol_regu = (( VrNL - VrFL ) / VrFL ) *100;
27 plot ( pf , per_vol_regu , ’− ’ ) ;
28 xlabel ( ’ power f a c t o r ’ )
29 ylabel ( ’ v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n ’ )
30 title ( ’ Graph o f power f a c t o r v / s v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n ’
)
31
32 // For l e a d i n g power f a c t o r r a n g e , a n g l e s h o u l d be
p o s i t i v e So ,
33
34 Ir = Irmag * exp ( %i * Irang ) ;
35
36 Vs = ( Vr / sqrt (3) ) + Ir * Z ;
37
38 VrNL = abs ( Vs ) ; // a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f Vs
39
40 VrFL = abs ( Vr / sqrt (3) ) ; // a b s v a l u e o f Vr p e r p h a s e
41
42 per_vol_regu = (( VrNL - VrFL ) / VrFL ) *100;

10
 Figure 2.1: exp2

43 plot ( pf , per_vol_regu , ’ r ∗ ’ ) ;
44 legend ( ’ L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r ’ , ’ L e a d i n g Power F a c t o r ’
)
45 // g t e x t ( ’ Vreg v s l a g g i n g pf ’ )
46 // g t e x t ( ’ Vreg v s l e a d i n g pf ’ )

11
 Experiment: 3

Finding Voltage Regulation

And Efficiency Of A Medium
Transmission Line Using
Nominal T Method Through
Scilab

Scilab code Solution 3.3 exp3

1 // Experiment −3
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim ; F i n d i n g v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n and e f f i c i e n c y
o f a medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e u s i n g n o m i n a l T
method t h r o u g h SCILAB
7
8 clc ;
9 clear all ;
10 R =10;
11 XL =20;

12
12 Y = 4e -4;
13 VRLL =66 e3 ;
14 PR =10000 e3 ;
15 pf =0.8; // c h a n g e power f a c t o r o f l o a d
16 VR =66 e3 / sqrt (3) ;
17 Z = R + %i * XL ;
18 IR = PR /( sqrt (3) * VRLL * pf ) ;
19 IR_COMPLEX = IR *( cos ( acos (0.8) ) - %i * sin ( acos (0.8) ) ) ;
20 VM = VR + IR_COMPLEX *( Z /2) ;
21 IC = %i * Y * VM ;
22 IS = IR_COMPLEX + IC ;
23 VS = VM + IS *( Z /2) ;
24 [ VS_abs , Phase_VS ]= polar ( VS ) ;
25 [ IS_abs , Phase_IS ]= polar ( IS ) ;
26 VS_abs ;
27 IS_abs
28 VSLL = VS * sqrt (3) ;
29 VSLL_abs = abs ( VSLL ) /1000
30 PHASE_DIFF = Phase_VS - Phase_IS ;
31 SendingEnd_PF = cos ( PHASE_DIFF )
32 PS =3* abs ( VS ) * abs ( IS ) * cos ( PHASE_DIFF ) ;
33 EFF =( abs ( PR ) / abs ( PS ) ) *100
34 REG = 100*(( abs ( VSLL ) - abs ( VRLL ) ) ) / abs ( VRLL )
35 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d C u r r e n t = %f A \n ’ , IS_abs )
36 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d L i n e V o l t a g e = %f kV \n ’ ,
VSLL_abs )
37 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d Power f a c t o r = %f \n ’ ,
SendingEnd_PF )
38 mprintf ( ’ E f f i c i e n c y = %f %% \n ’ , EFF )
39 mprintf ( ’ R e g u l a t i o n = %f %% \n ’ , REG )
40
41
42 // Output : −
43 //
44 // S e n d i n g e n d Current = 100.533214 A
45 // S e n d i n g e n d L i n e V o l t a g e = 6 9 . 5 4 3 9 2 5 kV
46 // S e n d i n g e n d Power f a c t o r = 0 . 8 5 3 1 2 2
47 // E f f i c i e n c y = 96.796480 %

13
 Figure 3.1: exp3

48 // R e g u l a t i o n = 5 . 3 6 9 5 8 3 %
49 //

14
 Experiment: 4

Finding Voltage Regulation

And Efficiency Of A Medium
Transmission Line Using
Nominal Pi Method Through
Scilab

Scilab code Solution 4.4 exp4

1 // Experiment −4
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : F i n d i n g v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n and e f f i c i e n c y
o f a medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e u s i n g n o m i n a l PI
method t h r o u g h SCILAB
7
8 mode (0) ;
9
10 clc
11 clear all

15
12 disp ( ’ Nominal PI Method f o r medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
’)
13 R = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms :
’ ) ; // T o t a l L i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms l i k e 10
Ohms
14 XL = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e
i n Ohms : ’ ) ; // T o t a l l i n e I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e
i n Ohms l i k e 50 Ohms
15 Y = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e S u s e p t a n c e i n Seimen
: ’ ) ; // T o t a l l i n e S u s e p t a n c e i n Seimen l i k e 10
e −4 Seimen
16 f = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e F r e q u e n c y i n Hz : ’ ) ; //
F r e q u e n c y i n Hz l i k e 50 Hz
17 PR = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End Power i n Watt : ’
) ; // R e c i e v i n g End Power i n V o l t l i k e 20 e 6 W
18 VRLL = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End L i n e V o l t a g e i n
V o l t : ’ ) ; // R e c i e v i n g End L i n e V o l t a g e i n V o l t
l i k e 66 e 3 V
19 pf = input ( ’ E n t e r R e c i e v i n f End L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r
: ’ ) ; // R e c i e v i n f End L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r l i k e
0.9
20 Z = R + %i * XL ;
21 VR = VRLL / sqrt (3) ;
22
23 IR = PR /( sqrt (3) * VRLL * pf ) ;
24 IR_COMPLEX = IR *( cos ( acos ( pf ) ) - %i * sin ( acos ( pf ) ) ) ;
25
26 IC1 = %i * Y /2* VR ;
27
28 IL = IR_COMPLEX + IC1 ;
29
30 VS = VR + IL * Z ;
31
32 IC2 = %i * Y /2* VS ;
33
34 IS = IL + IC2
35
36 [ VS_abs , Phase_VS ]= polar ( VS ) ;

16
37 [ IS_abs , Phase_IS ]= polar ( IS ) ;
38 VS_abs ;
39 IS_abs ;
40 VSLL = VS * sqrt (3) ;
41 VSLL_abs = abs ( VSLL ) /1000
42 PHASE_DIFF = Phase_VS - Phase_IS ;
43 SendingEnd_PF = cos ( PHASE_DIFF ) ;
44
45 PS =3* abs ( VS ) * abs ( IS ) * cos ( PHASE_DIFF )
46 EFF =( abs ( PR ) / abs ( PS ) ) *100
47 REG = 100*(( abs ( VSLL ) - abs ( VRLL ) ) ) / abs ( VRLL )
48
49 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d C u r r e n t = %f A \n ’ , IS_abs )
50 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d L i n e V o l t a g e = %f kV \n ’ ,
VSLL_abs )
51 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d Power f a c t o r = %f \n ’ ,
SendingEnd_PF )
52 mprintf ( ’ E f f i c i e n c y = %f %% \n ’ , EFF )
53 mprintf ( ’ R e g u l a t i o n = %f %% \n ’ , REG )
54
55
56 // o u t p u t : −
57 //
58 // Nominal PI Method f o r medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
59 // E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms : 10
60 // E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e i n Ohms :
50
61 // E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e S u s e p t a n c e i n Seimen : 10 e −4
62 // E n t e r t h e F r e q u e n c y i n Hz : 50
63 // E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End Power i n Watt : 20 e 6
64 // E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End L i n e V o l t a g e i n V o l t : 6 6 e 3
65 // E n t e r R e c i e v i n f End L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r : 0 . 9
66 // I S =
67 //
68 // 170.90917 − 44.112456 i
69 // VSLL abs =
70 //
71 // 76.021348

17
72 // PS =
73 //
74 // 2 1 0 4 7 6 9 7 . + 1 . 0 9 4D−09 i
75 // EFF =
76 //
77 // 95.022274
78 // REG =
79 //
80 // 15.183861
81 // S e n d i n g e n d C u r r e n t = 1 7 6 . 5 1 0 2 0 8 A
82 // S e n d i n g e n d L i n e V o l t a g e = 7 6 . 0 2 1 3 4 8 kV
83 // S e n d i n g e n d Power f a c t o r = 0 . 9 0 5 6 0 4
84 // E f f i c i e n c y = 9 5 . 0 2 2 2 7 4 %
85 // R e g u l a t i o n = 1 5 . 1 8 3 8 6 1 %

18
Figure 4.1: exp4

19
 Experiment: 5

Finding Voltage Regulation

And Efficiency Of A Medium
Transmission Line Using End
Condenser Method Through
Scilab

Scilab code Solution 5.5 exp5

1 // Experiment −5
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : F i n d i n g v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n and e f f i c i e n c y
o f a medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e u s i n g End
C o n d e n s e r method t h r o u g h SCILAB
7
8 mode (0) ;
9
10 clc
11 clear all

20
12 disp ( ’ End C o n d e n s o r Method f o r medium t r a n s m i s s i o n
line ’)
13 R =25 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms : ’ )
14 X =80 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e l i n e I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e i n
Ohms : ’ )
15 Y =14 e -4 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e l i n e S u s e p t a n c e i n Seimen :
’)
16 f =50 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y : ’ )
17 PR =15 e6 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End Power i n Watt :
’)
18 VRLine =66 e3 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End L i n e
Voltage in Volt : ’ )
19 Pf =0.8 // ( ’ E n t e r R e c i e v i n f End L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r
: ’)
20 // X = 2∗ %pi ∗ f ∗L
21 Z = R + X * %i ;
22 //Y = %i ∗ 2 ∗ %pi ∗ f ∗C
23
24 IR = PR /( VRLine * Pf ) ;
25
26 Pfang = acos ( Pf ) ;
27
28 IR_Complex = IR *( Pf - %i * sin ( Pfang ) ) ;
29
30 IC_Complex = %i * Y * VRLine ;
31
32 IS = IR_Complex + IC_Complex
33
34 Voltage_drop = IS * Z ;
35
36 VS = VRLine + IS * Z
37
38 [ VS_abs , Phase_VS ]= polar ( VS ) ;
39
40 [ IS_abs , Phase_IS ]= polar ( IS ) ;
41
42 VS_abs ;
43 IS_abs ;

21
44
45 PHASE_DIFF = Phase_VS - Phase_IS ;
46 SendingEnd_PF = cos ( PHASE_DIFF ) ;
47 Sending_End_PF = abs ( SendingEnd_PF )
48 PS = abs ( VS ) * abs ( IS ) * cos ( PHASE_DIFF ) ;
49 EFF =( abs ( PR ) / abs ( PS ) ) *100
50 REG = 100*(( abs ( VS ) - abs ( VRLine ) ) ) / abs ( VRLine )
51
52 //
53 // o u t p u t : −
54 //
55 // End C o n d e n s o r Method f o r medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
56 // R =
57 //
58 // 25.
59 // X =
60 //
61 // 80.
62 // Y =
63 //
64 // 0.0014
65 // f =
66 //
67 // 50.
68 // PR =
69 //
70 // 15000000.
71 // VRLine =
72 //
73 // 66000.
74 // Pf =
75 //
76 // 0.8
77 // I S =
78 //
79 // 227.27273 − 78.054545 i
80 // VS =
81 //

22
82 // 77926.182 + 16230.455 i
83 // Se nd in g E nd P F =
84 //
85 // 0.8596751
86 // EFF =
87 //
88 // 91.220706
89 // REG =
90 //
91 // 20.603752

23
 24

Figure 5.1: exp5

 Experiment: 6

A Scilab Program To Evaluate

Performance Of Medium
Transmission Line Using
Graphical Method

Scilab code Solution 6.6 exp6

1 // Experiment −6
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : A SCILAB program t o e v a l u a t e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e u s i n g g r a p h i c a l method
7
8 clear all ;
9 clc ;
10 // Program t o calculate voltage regulation of
n o m i n a l PI method o f medium l e n g t h t r a n s m i s s i o n
line
11 // L i n e p a r a m e t e r s a r e t a k e n from S t e v e n s o n a s
b e f o r e . One may u s e any o t h e r d a t a u s i n g t h e

25
 %commented i n p u t f u n c t i o n s
12 Vr = 220 e3 ; // i n p u t ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f Vr = ’ ) ;
13 R = 33.5; // i n p u t ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f R = ’ ) ;
14 X = 138; // i n p u t ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f X = ’ ) ;
15 pf = 0.9; // i n p u t ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f p f = ’ ) ;
16 Pr = 50 e6 ; // i n p u t ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f p r = ’ ) ;
17 Y = %i *0.3 e -3; // i n p u t ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f Y = ’ ) ;
18 Z = R + X * %i ;
19 Irmag = Pr /( sqrt (3) * Vr * pf ) ;
20 pf = 0.5:0.001:1;
21 Irang = acos ( pf ) ; // A n g l e i n r a d i a n
22 Ir = Irmag * exp ( - %i * Irang ) ;
23 // Irmag i s k e p t c o n s t a n t . Only I r p h a s o r r o t a t e s . −
ve s i g n i s u s e d b e c a u s e o f l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
%and t o i n d i c a t e t h a t w i t h Vr a s r e f e r e n c e p h a s o r
, a n g l e o f I r s h o u l d be n e g a t i v e . I r a n g s h o u l d be
%in r a d i a n o n l y . I t w i l g i v e wrong r e s u l t , i f
Irang i s in degrees
24
25 Ir1 = Irmag * exp ( %i * Irang ) ; // For l e a d i n g power
factor
26 // C a l c u l a t i o n s f o r l a g g i n g power f a c t o r f o r medium
line length
27 Vs = Vr / sqrt (3) + ( Ir +( Y /2) * Vr / sqrt (3) ) * Z ; //
a l l t e r m s a r e o f v o l t a g e and a r e p h a s e v a l u e s
28 VrNLm = abs ( Vs / (1+(( Y * Z ) /2) ) ) ;
29 VrFLm = abs ( Vr / sqrt (3) ) ;
30 per_vol_regulag = ( ( VrNLm - VrFLm ) / VrFLm ) * 100;
31 // C a l c u l a t i o n s f o r l e a d i n g power f a c t o r f o r medium
line length
32 Vs1m = Vr / sqrt (3) + ( Ir1 +( Y /2) * Vr / sqrt (3) ) * Z ;
33 // a l l t e r m s a r e o f v o l t a g e and a r e i n p h a s e v a l u e s
34 VrNL1m = abs ( Vs1m / (1+(( Y * Z ) /2) ) ) ;
35 per_vol_regulead = ( ( VrNL1m - VrFLm ) / VrFLm ) * 100;
36 // p l o t t h e two w a v e f o r m s on t h e same g r a p h
37 plot ( pf , per_vol_regulag , ’ r ’ ,pf , per_vol_regulead , ’ ∗ ’ )
;
38

26
 Figure 6.1: exp6

39 xlabel ( ’ power f a c t o r ’ )
40 ylabel ( ’ v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n ’ )
41 title ( ’ Medium l i n e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n ’ )
42 legend ( ’ L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r ’ , ’ L e a d i n g Power F a c t o r ’
)
43 // g t e x t ( ’ Vreg v s l a g g i n g pf ’ )
44 // g t e x t ( ’ Vreg v s l e a d i n g pf ’ )

27
 Experiment: 7

Finding voltage regulation and

efficiency of a long transmission
line using Rigorous solution
method through SCILAB

Scilab code Solution 7.7 exp7

1 // Experiment −7
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : F i n d i n g v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n and e f f i c i e n c y
of a long transmission l i n e using Rigorous
s o l u t i o n method t h r o u g h SCILAB
7
8 mode (0) ;
9
10 clc
11 clear all
12 disp ( ’ R i g o r o u s Method f o r Long t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e ’ )
13 R = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms :

28
 ’ ) ; // T o t a l l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms l i k e 32
Ohms
14 XL = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e
i n Ohms : ’ ) ; // T o t a l l i n e I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e
i n Ohms l i k e 50 Ohms
15 y = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e S u s e p t a n c e i n Seimen
: ’ ) ; // T o t a l l i n e S u s e p t a n c e i n Seimen l i k e
0.0003
16 f = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz : ’ ) ; //
f r e q u e n c y i n Hz l i k e 50 Hz
17 PR = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End Power i n Watt : ’
) ; // R e c i e v i n g End Power i n Watt l i k e 20 e 6
18 VRLL = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End L i n e V o l t a g e i n
V o l t : ’ ) ; // R e c i e v i n g End L i n e V o l t a g e i n V o l t
l i k e 110 e 3
19 pf = input ( ’ E n t e r R e c i e v i n f End L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r
: ’ ) ; // R e c i e v i n f End L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r l i k e
0.8
20 Z = R + %i * XL ;
21 Y = %i * y ;
22 VR = VRLL / sqrt (3) ;
23 IR = PR /( sqrt (3) * VRLL * pf ) ;
24
25 A = 1+ ( Z * Y ) /2 + ( Z * Z * Y * Y ) /24; //A= c o s h ( s q r t (Y∗Z
))
26
27 B = sqrt ( Y * Z ) + (( Y * Z ) ^(3/2) ) /6; //B = s i n h ( s q r t (
Y∗Z ) )
28
29 VS = VR * A + IR * sqrt ( Z / Y ) * B ; //VS = VR∗ c o s h ( s q r t (Y
∗Z ) ) + IR ∗ s q r t ( Z/Y) ∗ s i n h ( s q r t (Y∗Z ) )
30
31 IS = VR * sqrt ( Y / Z ) * B + IR * A ; // I S = VR∗ s q r t (Y/Z ) ∗
s i n h ( s q r t (Y∗Z ) ) + IR ∗ c o s h ( s q r t (Y∗Z ) )
32
33 [ VS_abs , Phase_VS ]= polar ( VS ) ;
34 [ IS_abs , Phase_IS ]= polar ( IS ) ;
35 VS_abs ;

29
36 IS_abs ;
37 VSLL = VS * sqrt (3) ;
38 VSLL_abs = abs ( VSLL ) /1000;
39 Phase_VS ;
40 Phase_IS ;
41
42 PHASE_DIFF = Phase_VS - Phase_IS ;
43
44 SendingEnd_PF = cos ( PHASE_DIFF ) ;
45
46 PS =3* VS_abs * IS_abs * cos ( PHASE_DIFF ) ;
47 EFF =( abs ( PR ) / abs ( PS ) ) *100;
48 REG = 100*(( abs ( VSLL ) - abs ( VRLL ) ) ) / abs ( VRLL ) ;
49
50 mprintf ( ’ \n\ n S e n d i n g e n d C u r r e n t = %f A \n ’ , IS_abs )
51 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d L i n e V o l t a g e = %f kV \n ’ ,
VSLL_abs )
52 mprintf ( ’ S e n d i n g e n d Power f a c t o r = %f \n ’ ,
SendingEnd_PF )
53 mprintf ( ’ E f f i c i e n c y = %f %% \n ’ , EFF )
54 mprintf ( ’ R e g u l a t i o n = %f %% \n ’ , REG )
55
56
57 // o u t p u t : −
58 //
59 // R i g o r o u s Method f o r Long t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
60 // E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms : 32
61 // E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e i n Ohms :
50
62 // E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e S u s e p t a n c e i n Seimen : 0 . 0 0 0 3
63 // E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz : 50
64 // E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End Power i n Watt : 20 e 6
65 // E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End L i n e V o l t a g e i n V o l t : 1 1 0
e3
66 // E n t e r R e c i e v i n f End L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r : 0 . 8
67 //
68 //
69 // S e n d i n g e n d C u r r e n t = 1 3 1 . 6 7 4 0 1 8 A

30
 Figure 7.1: exp7

70 // S e n d i n g e n d L i n e V o l t a g e = 1 1 7 . 0 1 5 9 3 2 kV
71 // S e n d i n g e n d Power f a c t o r = 0 . 9 9 8 8 4 7
72 // E f f i c i e n c y = 75.028310 %
73 // R e g u l a t i o n = 6.378120 %

31
 Experiment: 8

A Scilab Program To Evaluate

Performance Of Long
Transmission Line Using
Graphical Method

Scilab code Solution 8.8 exp8

1 // Experiment −8
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : A SCILAB program t o e v a l u a t e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
l o n g t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e u s i n g g r a p h i c a l method
7
8 clc
9 clear all
10 disp ( ’ R i g o r o u s Method f o r Long t r a n s m i s s i o n line
u s i n g g r a p h i c a l method ’ )
11 R =32 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms :
’)
12 XL =50 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e

32
 i n Ohms : ’ )
13 y =0.003 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e T o t a l l i n e S u s e p t a n c e i n
Seimen : ’ )
14 f =50 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y : ’ )
15 PR = 20 e6 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End Power i n Watt :
’)
16 VRLL =110 e3 // ( ’ E n t e r t h e R e c i e v i n g End L i n e V o l t a g e
in Volt : ’ )
17 pf =0.8 ,
18 Z = R + %i * XL ;
19 Y = %i * y ;
20 VR = VRLL / sqrt (3) ;
21 IR = PR /( sqrt (3) * VRLL * pf ) ;
22 A = 1+ ( Z * Y ) /2 + ( Z * Z * Y * Y ) /24; //A= c o s h ( s q r t (Y∗Z
))
23
24 B = sqrt ( Y * Z ) + (( Y * Z ) ^(3/2) ) /6; //B = s i n h ( s q r t (
Y∗Z ) )
25
26 pf = 1: -0.01:0.5
27
28
29 Irang = acos ( pf ) ; // A n g l e i n r a d i a n
30
31 Ir = IR * exp ( - %i * Irang ) ;
32 Ir1 = IR * exp ( %i * Irang ) ;
33
34
35 VS = VR * A + Ir * sqrt ( Z / Y ) * B ; //VS = VR∗ c o s h ( s q r t (Y
∗Z ) ) + IR ∗ s q r t ( Z/Y) ∗ s i n h ( s q r t (Y∗Z ) )
36
37 VS1 = VR * A + Ir1 * sqrt ( Z / Y ) * B ; //VS = VR∗ c o s h ( s q r t
(Y∗Z ) ) + IR ∗ s q r t ( Z/Y) ∗ s i n h ( s q r t (Y∗Z ) )
38
39
40 [ VS_abs , Phase_VS ]= polar ( VS ) ;
41 [ VS1_abs , Phase_VS1 ]= polar ( VS1 ) ;
42

33
 Figure 8.1: exp8

43 VSLL = VS ;
44 VSLL1 = VS1 ;
45 REGlag = 100*(( abs ( VSLL ) - abs ( VR ) ) ) / abs ( VR )
46 REGlead = 100*(( abs ( VSLL1 ) - abs ( VR ) ) ) / abs ( VR )
47
48
49 plot ( pf , REGlag , ’ g− ’ ) ;
50 plot ( pf , REGlead , ’ b ’ ) ;
51
52 xlabel ( ’ power f a c t o r ’ )
53 ylabel ( ’ v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n ’ )
54 title ( ’ Long T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n ’ )
55 legend ( ’ L a g g i n g Power F a c t o r ’ , ’ L e a d i n g Power F a c t o r ’
)

34
 Experiment: 9

A Scilab Program To Find

Permissible Frequency And
Length For Limiting Ferranti
Effect In Long Transmission
Lines.

Scilab code Solution 9.9 exp9

1 // Experiment −9
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : A SCILAB Program t o f i n d p e r m i s s i b l e
f r e q u e n c y and l e n g t h f o r l i m i t i n g F e r r a n t i e f f e c t
in long transmission l i n e s .
7
8
9 clc ;
10 clear all ; // C l e a r A l l V a r i a b l e s & Command Window
11 Standard_f =50;

35
12 l =400;
13 VSLL =220 e3 ; // D e f i n i n g Given DATA
14 r =0.125; // D e f i n i n g Given DATA
15 x =0.4; // D e f i n i n g Given DATA
16 y = %i *2.8 e -6; // D e f i n i n g Given DATA
17 R=r*l;
18 X=x*l;
19 Y=y*l;
20 z = r + %i * x ;
21 Z = R + %i * X ;
22 A =1+ Y * Z /2; // D e f i n i n g ABCD P a r a m e t e r s
23 B = Z *(1+ Y * Z /6) ; // D e f i n i n g ABCD
Parameters
24 C = Y *(1+ Y * Z /6) ; // D e f i n i n g ABCD P a r a m e t e r s
25 D = A ; // D e f i n i n g ABCD P a r a m e t e r s
26
27 No_load_VRLL = VSLL / A ;
28 NoLoad_VRLL = abs ( No_load_VRLL ) /1000 // D i s p l a y
No Load V o l t a g e a t R e c e i v i n g
29 NoLoad_VR = NoLoad_VRLL / sqrt (3) ; // C a l c u l a t e
V o l t a g e p e r Phase
30 NoLoad_IS = abs ( C * NoLoad_VR ) // C a l c u l a t e
S e n d i n g end C u r r e n t
31
32 VRLL_MAX =235 e3 ; // D e f i n e l i m i t
, t h e r e c e i v i n g end V o l t
33 new_A = VSLL / VRLL_MAX ; // E v a l u a t e
Parameter A f o r VRLL MAX
34 l = sqrt ( real ((2* new_A -2) / y / z ) ) ; // E q u a t i o n f o r
maximum Length
35 Permisible_Lenth = abs ( l ) // Find t h e
Magnitude o u t o f Complex
36
37 VRLL_MAX2 =250 e3 ; // S i m i l a r t o
above
38 new_A2 = VSLL / VRLL_MAX2 ;
39 Max_Permisible_f = abs ((2500* sqrt ( R ^2* Y ^2/10000+ X * Y *(
new_A2 -1) /1250) -25* R * Y ) / X / Y )

36
 Figure 9.1: exp9

40
41 mprintf ( ’ No Load V o l t a g e a t R e c e i v i n g end = %f kV \n
\n ’ , NoLoad_VRLL )
42 mprintf ( ’ No l o a d S e n d i n g end C u r r e n t = %f A \n\n ’ ,
NoLoad_IS )
43 mprintf ( ’ P e r m i s s i b l e l e n g t h = %f Km \n\n ’ ,
Permisible_Lenth )
44 mprintf ( ’ Max . P e r m i s s i b l e F r e q u e n c y = %f Hz \n\n ’ ,
Max_Permisible_f )
45
46
47 // o u t p u t : −
48 //
49 // No Load V o l t a g e a t R e c e i v i n g end = 2 4 1 . 5 3 7 8 1 1 kV
50 //
51 //No l o a d S e n d i n g end C u r r e n t = 0 . 1 5 1 5 2 8 A
52 //
53 // P e r m i s s i b l e l e n g t h = 3 2 2 . 2 4 3 7 5 4 Km
54 //
55 //Max . P e r m i s s i b l e F r e q u e n c y = 6 3 . 6 7 8 6 4 1 Hz

37
 Experiment: 10

A Scilab Program For

Computing The Abcd
Parameters Of Short, Medium
And Long Transmission Lines

Scilab code Solution 10.10 exp10

1 // Experiment −10
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : A SCILAB program f o r c o m p u t i n g t h e ABCD
p a r a m e t e r s o f s h o r t , medium and l o n g t r a n s m i s s i o n
lines
7
8 clc
9 clear all
10 disp ( ’ E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : ’ )
11 disp ( ’ 1 : f o r s h o r t t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e ’ )
12 disp ( ’ 2 : f o r medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e ’ )
13 disp ( ’ 3 : f o r l o n g t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e ’ )

38
14 check = input ( ’ E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : ’ )
15 R = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms : ’ )
16 L = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e l i n e I n d u c t a n c e i n Henry : ’ )
17 C = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e l i n e C a p a c i t a n c e i n Farad : ’ )
18 f = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y : ’ )
19 X = 2* %pi * f * L
20 Z = R + %i * X ;
21 Y = %i *2* %pi * f * C
22 if ( check ==1)
23 Adata = 1; // ABCD i n c a r t e s i a n form
24 Bdata = Z ; // ABCD i n c a r t e s i a n form
25 Cdata = 0; // ABCD i n c a r t e s i a n form
26 Ddata = 1; // ABCD i n c a r t e s i a n form
27 Result = [ Adata , Bdata , Cdata , Ddata ]
28 mprintf ( ’ABCD c o n s t a n t f o r S h o r t T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e \n
A c o n s t a n t = %f \n B c o n s t a n t= %f + i %f ohm
\n C c o n s t a n t=%f mho \n D c o n s t a n t = %f \n ’ ,
Adata , real ( Bdata ) , imag ( Bdata ) , Cdata , Ddata )
29 end
30
31 if ( check ==2)
32 disp ( ’ E n t e r 1 f o r Nominal T−method ’ )
33 disp ( ’ E n t e r 2 f o r Nominal PI−method ’ )
34 s = input ( ’ E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : ’ )
35 if ( s ==1)
36 Adata = 1 + ( Y * Z ) /2;
37 Bdata = Z *(1 + ( Y * Z ) /4) ;
38 Cdata = Y ;
39 Ddata = (1 + ( Y * Z ) /2) ;
40
41 Result = [ Adata , Bdata , Cdata , Ddata ]
42 mprintf ( ’ABCD c o n s t a n t f o r Medium T r a n s m i s s i o n
line
Nominal T−method \n A c o n s t a n t = %f + i %f \n
B c o n s t a n t= %f + i % f ohm \n C c o n s t a n t=%f + i %f
mho \n D c o n s t a n t = %f + i % f \n ’ , real ( Adata ) ,
imag ( Adata ) , real ( Bdata ) , imag ( Bdata ) , real ( Cdata ) ,
imag ( Cdata ) , real ( Ddata ) , imag ( Ddata ) )
43 else

39
44 Adata = 1 + ( Y * Z ) /2;
45 Bdata = Z
46 Cdata = Y * (1 + ( Y * Z ) /4) ;
47 Ddata = (1 + ( Y * Z ) /2) ;
48 Result = [ Adata , Bdata , Cdata , Ddata ]
49 mprintf ( ’ABCD c o n s t a n t f o r Medium T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
Nominal PI−method \n A c o n s t a n t = %f + i %f \n
B c o n s t a n t= %f + i % f ohm \n C c o n s t a n t=%f + i %f
mho \n D c o n s t a n t = %f + i % f \n ’ , real ( Adata ) ,
imag ( Adata ) , real ( Bdata ) , imag ( Bdata ) , real ( Cdata ) ,
imag ( Cdata ) , real ( Ddata ) , imag ( Ddata ) )
50 end end
51
52 if ( check ==3)
53 Adata = cosh ( sqrt ( Y * Z ) ) ;
54 Bdata = ( sqrt ( Z / Y ) * sinh ( sqrt ( Y * Z ) ) ) ;
55 Cdata = (1/ sqrt ( Z / Y ) * sinh ( sqrt ( Y * Z ) ) ) ;
56 Ddata = cosh ( sqrt ( Y * Z ) ) ;
57 Result = [ Adata , Bdata , Cdata , Ddata ];
l i n e \n
58 mprintf ( ’ABCD c o n s t a n t f o r Long T r a n s m i s s i o n
A c o n s t a n t = %f + i %f \n B c o n s t a n t= %f + i % f
ohm \n C c o n s t a n t=%f + i %f mho \n D c o n s t a n t =
%f + i % f \n ’ , real ( Adata ) , imag ( Adata ) , real ( Bdata
) , imag ( Bdata ) , real ( Cdata ) , imag ( Cdata ) , real ( Ddata )
, imag ( Ddata ) )
59 end
60
61 //
62 // o u t p u t : −
63 //
64 // For S h o r t T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
65 //
66 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e :
67 //
68 // 1 : f o r s h o r t t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
69 //
70 // 2 : f o r medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
71 //

40
 72 // 3 : f o r l o n g t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
73 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : 1
74 // E n t e r t h e l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms : 20
75 // E n t e r t h e l i n e I n d u c t a n c e i n Henry : 50
76 // E n t e r t h e l i n e C a p a c i t a n c e i n Farad : 0 . 0 0 0 3
77 // E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y : 50
78 //ABCD c o n s t a n t f o r S h o r t T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
79 // A c o n s t a n t = 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0
80 // B c o n s t a n t= 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 + i 1 5 7 0 7 . 9 6 3 2 6 8 ohm
81 // C c o n s t a n t = 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 mho
82 // D c o n s t a n t = 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0
83 //
84 //
85 // For Nominal T method o f medium T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
86 //
87 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e :
88 //
89 // 1 : f o r s h o r t t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
90 //
91 // 2 : f o r medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
92 //
93 // 3 : f o r l o n g t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
94 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : 2
95 // E n t e r t h e l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms : 20
96 // E n t e r t h e l i n e I n d u c t a n c e i n Henry : 50
97 // E n t e r t h e l i n e C a p a c i t a n c e i n Farad : 0 . 0 0 0 3
98 // E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y : 50
99 //
100 // E n t e r 1 f o r Nominal T−method
101 //
102 // E n t e r 2 f o r Nominal PI−method
103 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : 1
104 //ABCD c o n s t a n t f o r Medium T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e Nominal
T−method
105 // A c o n s t a n t = − 7 3 9 . 2 2 0 3 3 0 + i 0 . 9 4 2 4 7 8
106 // B c o n s t a n t= − 1 4 7 8 4 . 4 0 6 6 0 2 + i − 5 7 9 7 9 5 9 . 4 8 9 5 1 0 ohm
107 // C c o n s t a n t = 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 + i 0 . 0 9 4 2 4 8 mho
108 // D c o n s t a n t = − 7 3 9 . 2 2 0 3 3 0 + i 0 . 9 4 2 4 7 8

41
109 //
110 // For Nominal PI method o f medium T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
111 //
112 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e :
113 //
114 // 1 : f o r s h o r t t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
115 //
116 // 2 : f o r medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
117 //
118 // 3 : f o r l o n g t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
119 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : 2
120 // E n t e r t h e l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms : 20
121 // E n t e r t h e l i n e I n d u c t a n c e i n Henry : 50
122 // E n t e r t h e l i n e C a p a c i t a n c e i n Farad : 0 . 0 0 0 3
123 // E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y : 50
124 //
125 // E n t e r 1 f o r Nominal T−method
126 //
127 // E n t e r 2 f o r Nominal PI−method
128 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : 2
129 //ABCD c o n s t a n t f o r Medium T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e Nominal
PI−method
130 // A c o n s t a n t = − 7 3 9 . 2 2 0 3 3 0 + i 0 . 9 4 2 4 7 8
131 // B c o n s t a n t= 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 + i 1 5 7 0 7 . 9 6 3 2 6 8 ohm
132 // C c o n s t a n t = −0.044413 + i − 3 4 . 7 8 7 8 1 3 mho
133 // D c o n s t a n t = − 7 3 9 . 2 2 0 3 3 0 + i 0 . 9 4 2 4 7 8
134 //
135 //
136 // For l o n g T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
137 //
138 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e :
139 //
140 // 1 : f o r s h o r t t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
141 //
142 // 2 : f o r medium t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
143 //
144 // 3 : f o r l o n g t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
145 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : 3

42
146 // E n t e r t h e l i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms : 20
147 // E n t e r t h e l i n e I n d u c t a n c e i n Henry : 50
148 // E n t e r t h e l i n e C a p a c i t a n c e i n Farad : 0 . 0 0 0 3
149 // E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y : 50
150 //ABCD c o n s t a n t f o r Long T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
151 // A c o n s t a n t = 0 . 7 1 2 9 6 0 + i 0 . 0 1 7 1 8 3
152 // B c o n s t a n t= 7 . 3 1 0 5 2 7 + i 2 8 6 . 4 3 5 8 2 6 ohm
153 // C c o n s t a n t = 0 . 0 0 0 0 4 2 + i 0 . 0 0 1 7 1 9 mho
154 // D c o n s t a n t = 0 . 7 1 2 9 6 0 + i 0 . 0 1 7 1 8 3

43
 44

Figure 10.1: exp10

 45
Figure 10.2: exp10
 Experiment: 11

A Scilab Program For

Conversion Of Unsymmetrical
Ac Phasors Into Symmetrical
Components

Scilab code Solution 11.11 exp11

1 // Experiment −11
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : A SCILAB program f o r c o n v e r s i o n o f
u n s y m m e t r i c a l AC p h a s o r s i n t o s y m m e t r i c a l
c o m p o n e n ts
7
8
9
10 clc
11
12 disp ( ’ E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e : ’ ) ;
13

46
14 disp ( ’ 1 f o r p h a s o r t o s y m m e t r i c a l ; 2 f o r
symmetrical to phasor ’ );
15 choice = input ( ’ E n t e r y o u r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t y p e= ’ ) ;
16
17 alpha = -0.5+ %i *0.866;
18 if ( choice ==1)
19
20 Va = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f c o m p l e x p h a s e v o l t a g e
VA= ’ ) // c o m p l e x p h a s e v o l t a g e VA=200 − %i ∗ 1 0 0
21 Vb = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f c o m p l e x p h a s e v o l t a g e
VB= ’ ) // c o m p l e x p h a s e v o l t a g e VB= −36.59 − %i
∗209.804
22 Vc = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f c o m p l e x p h a s e v o l t a g e
VC= ’ ) // E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f c o m p l e x p h a s e v o l t a g e
VC= 1 3 6 . 5 9 +%i ∗ 3 0 9 . 8 0
23 disp ( ’ P o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e component = ’ ) ;
24 Va1 =( Va +( alpha * Vb ) +( alpha ) ^2* Vc ) /3
25 mprintf ( ’ Va1 = %f + i % f \n ’ , real ( Va1 ) , imag ( Va1 ) )
26
27 disp ( ’ N e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e component = ’ ) ;
28 Va2 =[ Va +( alpha ^2) * Vb +( alpha * Vc ) ]/3
29 mprintf ( ’ Va2 = %f + i % f \n ’ , real ( Va2 ) , imag ( Va2 ) )
30
31 disp ( ’ Z e r o s e q u e n c e component = ’ ) ;
32 Va0 =[ Va + Vb + Vc ]/3
33 mprintf ( ’ Va0 = %f + i % f \n ’ , real ( Va0 ) , imag ( Va0 ) )
34 end
35
36 if ( choice ==2)
37
38 Va1 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f p o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e
v o l t a g e Va1= ’ ) ; // p o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e Va1
=200 − %i ∗ 1 0 0
39 Va2 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f n e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e
v o l t a g e Va2= ’ ) ; // n e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e Va2
=−100
40 Va0 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f z e r o s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e
Va0= ’ ) ; // z e r o s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e Va0=100

47
41 disp ( ’ Complex v o l t a g e Va = ’ ) ;
42
43 Va =[ Va1 + Va2 + Va0 ]
44 mprintf ( ’ Va = %f + i % f \n ’ , real ( Va ) , imag ( Va ) )
45
46 disp ( ’ Complex V o l t a g e Vb= ’ ) ;
47 Vb =[( alpha ^2* Va1 ) +( alpha * Va2 ) + Va0 ]
48 mprintf ( ’ Vb = %f + i % f \n ’ , real ( Vb ) , imag ( Vb ) )
49
50 disp ( ’ Complex V o l t a g e Vc= ’ ) ;
51 Vc =[( alpha * Va1 ) +( alpha ^2* Va2 ) + Va0 ]
52 mprintf ( ’ Vc = %f + i % f \n ’ , real ( Vc ) , imag ( Vc ) )
53 end
54
55 //
56 // o u t p u t : −
57 //
58 // f o r p h a s o r t o s y m m e t r i c a l :
59 //
60 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e :
61 //
62 // 1 f o r p h a s o r t o s y m m e t r i c a l ; 2 for symmetrical
to phasor
63 // E n t e r y o u r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t y p e =1
64 // E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f c o m p l e x p h a s e v o l t a g e VA=200 −
%i ∗ 1 0 0
65 // E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f c o m p l e x p h a s e v o l t a g e VB= −36.59
− %i ∗ 2 0 9 . 8 0 4
66 // E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f c o m p l e x p h a s e v o l t a g e VC= 1 3 6 . 5 9
+%i ∗ 3 0 9 . 8 0
67 //
68 // P o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e component =
69 // Va1 = 1 9 9 . 9 9 4 3 5 8 + i − 9 9 . 9 8 6 0 8 3
70 //
71 // N e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e component =
72 // Va2 = − 9 9 . 9 9 2 8 9 1 + i − 0 . 0 1 1 1 1 7
73 //
74 // Z e r o s e q u e n c e component =

48
75 // Va0 = 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 + i − 0 . 0 0 1 3 3 3
76 //
77 //
78 //
79 // f o r s y m m e t r i c a l t o p h a s o r :
80 //
81 // E n t e r y o u r c h o i c e :
82 //
83 // 1 f o r p h a s o r t o s y m m e t r i c a l ; 2 f o r s y m m e t r i c a l
to phasor
84 // E n t e r y o u r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t y p e =2
85 // E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f p o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e Va1
=200 − %i ∗ 1 0 0
86 // E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f n e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e Va2
=−100
87 // E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f z e r o s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e Va0=100
88 //
89 // Complex v o l t a g e Va =
90 //Va = 2 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 + i − 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0
91 //
92 // Complex V o l t a g e Vb=
93 //Vb = − 3 6 . 5 9 1 2 0 0 + i − 2 0 9 . 8 0 4 4 0 0
94 //
95 // Complex V o l t a g e Vc=
96 // Vc = 1 3 6 . 5 9 5 6 0 0 + i 3 0 9 . 8 0 0 0 0 0

49
Figure 11.1: exp11

Figure 11.2: exp11

50
 Experiment: 12

A Scilab Program For

Conversion Of Symmetrical
Components Into Ac Phasors

Scilab code Solution 12.12 exp12

1 // Experiment −12
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : A SCILAB program f o r c o n v e r s i o n o f
s y m m e t r i c a l c o m po n e n t s i n t o AC p h a s o r s
7
8
9 // To f i n d S y m m e t r i c a l Components f o r 3− p h a s e
U n b a l a n c e d System
10
11
12 clc ;
13 clear all ;
14
15 Q =[3 310

51
16 5 105
17 4 12
18 ]
19 i = sqrt ( -1) ;
20 n =3; // Number o f P h a s e s
21 a =1.0*( cos ((360/ n ) * %pi /180) + %i * sin ((360/ n ) * %pi /180) )
;
22 a2 = a ^2;
23 // C o n v e r s i o n from P o l a r t o C a r t e s i a n Form o f M a t r i x
I
24 Ia = Q (1) *( cos ( Q (4) * %pi /180) + %i * sin ( Q (4) * %pi /180) ) ;
25 Ib = Q (2) *( cos ( Q (5) * %pi /180) + %i * sin ( Q (5) * %pi /180) ) ;
26 Ic = Q (3) *( cos ( Q (6) * %pi /180) + %i * sin ( Q (6) * %pi /180) ) ;
27 // D e f i n e s y m m e t r i c a l c om p o n e n t s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
matrix
28 A = [1 1 1
29 1 a2 a
30 1 a a2 ];
31 A012 = inv ( A ) *[ Ia ; Ib ; Ic ];
32 // To c h e c k t h e r e s u l t s
33 Add0 = A012 (1) + A012 (2) + A012 (3) ; // T h i s i s I a
34 Add1 = A012 (1) + a2 * A012 (2) + a * A012 (3) ; // T h i s i s I b
35 Add2 = A012 (1) + a * A012 (2) + a2 * A012 (3) ; // T h i s i s I c
36 // S y m m e t r i c a l Components i n C a r t e s i a n Form
37 Symm3 = [ A012 (1) A012 (2) A012 (3)
38 A012 (1) a2 * A012 (2) a * A012 (3)
39 A012 (1) a * A012 (2) a2 * A012 (3) ];
40 // S y m m e t r i c a l Components i n P o l a r Form
41 // Sym3Abs=a b s ( Symm3 )
42 [ sym3abs , Sym3Angle ]= polar ( Symm3 )
43 sym3angle = Sym3Angle *180/ %pi
44 disp ( ’ [ Magnitude , A n g l e ] ’ )
45 mprintf ( ’ \n ’ )
46 for i =1:3
47 for j =1:3
48 mprintf ( ’ [%. 3 f ,%. 3 f ] ’ , sym3abs (i , j ) ,
sym3angle (i , j ) )
49 end

52
 Figure 12.1: exp12

50 mprintf ( ’ \n ’ )
51 end
52
53 // End o f t h e Program
54
55
56 // o u t p u t : −
57 //
58 // [ Magnitude , A n g l e ]
59 //
60 // [ 3 . 8 1 7 , 3 5 . 5 5 8 ] [ −0.276 , −19.726]
[ −0.276 ,13.835]
61 // [ − 0 . 2 7 6 , − 1 9 . 7 2 6 ] [3.817 ,60.635]
[ −0.276 ,53.517]
62 // [ − 0 . 2 7 6 , 1 3 . 8 3 5 ] [ −0.276 ,53.517]
[3.817 , −84.773]
63 //

53
 Experiment: 13

Modification Of Zbus Matrix

For Short Circuit Study Using
Scilab Programming

Scilab code Solution 13.13 exp13

1 // Experiment −13
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : M o d i f i c a t i o n o f Zbus m a t r i x f o r s h o r t
c i r c u i t s t u d y u s i n g SCILAB Programming
7
8
9 // D i s p l a y mode
10 mode (0) ;
11
12 clc ;
13 clear ;
14 s = input ( ’ E n t e r S i z e
o f Z bus M a t r i x : ’ ) // S i z e o f Z
bus M a t r i x l i k e 3 o r 4
15 mprintf ( ’ E n t e r %g X %g M a t r i x ’ ,s , s )

54
16
17 Zorg = input ( ’ ’ ) // Z o r g l i k e [ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9 ]
18 disp ( ’ E n t e r 1 f o r Type 1 2 f o r Type 2 3 f o r Type 3
and 4 f o r Type 4 Zbus m o d i f i c a t i o n ’ )
19 check = input ( ’ E n t e r Your C h o i c e : ’ )
20
21 if check ==1 then
22
23 Zb = input ( ’ E n t e r v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n New
Bus and R e f e r e n c e : ’ ) // v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n
New Bus and R e f e r e n c e l i k e 10 o r 20 e t c .
24 l = max ( size ( Zorg ) ) ;
25 Znew = zeros ( l +1 , l +1) ;
26 for i = 1: l +1
27 for j = 1: l +1
28 if i <=( l ) & j <=( l ) then
29 Znew (i , j ) = Zorg (i , j ) ;
30 elseif i == l +1 & j == l +1 then
31 Znew (i , j ) = Zb ;
32 else
33 Znew (i , j ) = Znew (i , j ) ;
34 end ;
35 end ;
36 end ;
37 Znew
38 end ;
39
40
41
42 if check ==2 then
43 bc = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e Bus number where Impedance i s
C o n n e c t e d : ’ ) // Bus number where Impedance i s
Connected i n between d e f i n e matrix l i k e 1 or 2 or
3
44 Zb = input ( ’ E n t e r v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n New
Bus and e x i s t i n g Bus : ’ ) // I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n New
Bus and e x i s t i n g Bus l i k e 10 o r 20
45 l = max ( size ( Zorg ) ) ;

55
46 row = Zorg ( bc ,:) ;
47 column = Zorg (: , bc ) ;
48 for i = 1: l + 1
49 for j = 1: l + 1
50 if i <= l & j <= l
51 Znew (i , j ) = Zorg (i , j ) ;
52 elseif i == l +1
53 for p =1: l
54 Znew (i , p ) = row ( p ) ;
55 end
56 elseif j == l + 1
57 for q =1: l
58 Znew (q , j ) = column ( q ) ;
59 end
60 end
61 if i == l + 1 & j == l + 1
62 Znew (i , j ) = Zb + Zorg ( bc , bc ) ;
63 end
64 end
65 end
66 Znew
67 end
68
69 if check ==4 then
70 aa = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e From Bus number where
Impedance i s C o n n e c t e d : ’ ) // From Bus number
where Impedance i s C o n n e c t e d i n b e t w e e n
d e f i n e matrix l i k e 2
71 bb = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e To Bus number where
Impedance i s C o n n e c t e d : ’ ) // To Bus number
where Impedance i s C o n n e c t e d i n b e t w e e n
d e f i n e matrix l i k e 3
72 Zb = input ( ’ E n t e r v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n
e x i s t i n g B u s e s : ’ ) // I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n e x i s t i n g
B u s e s l i k e 10 o r 20
73 l = max ( size ( Zorg ) ) ;
74
75 Zb_row = Zorg ( aa ,:) - Zorg ( bb ,:) ;

56
 76 Zb_col = Zorg (: , aa ) - Zorg (: , bb ) ;
77 xy =(( Zb_col * Zb_row ) /( Zorg ( aa , aa ) + Zorg ( bb , bb ) + Zb
-2* Zorg ( aa , bb ) ) ) ;
78
79 Znew = Zorg - xy
80
81
82 end
83 if check ==3 then
84 aa = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e Bus number where
Impedance i s C o n n e c t e d t o R e f e r e n c e : ’ )
// Bus number where Impedance i s
Connected to R e f e r e n c e l i k e 1 or 2 or 3
85 Zb = input ( ’ E n t e r v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e
b e t w e e n E x i s t i n g Bus and R e f e r e n c e : ’ )
// v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n E x i s t i n g
Bus and R e f e r e n c e l i k e 10 o r 20
86 l = max ( size ( Zorg ) ) ;
87
88 Zb_row = Zorg ( aa ,:) ;
89 Zb_col = Zorg (: , aa ) ;
90 xy =(( Zb_col * Zb_row ) /( Zorg ( aa , aa ) + Zb ) ) ;
91
92 Znew = Zorg - xy
93 end
94
95 //
96 // o u t p u t : −
97 //
98 // For Type−1 Zbus M o d i f i c a t i o n
99 //
100 //
101 // E n t e r S i z e o f Z bus M a t r i x : 3
102 // s =
103 //
104 // 3.
105 // E n t e r 3 X 3 M a t r i x
106 // [ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9 ]

57
107 // Z o r g =
108 //
109 // 1. 2. 3.
110 // 4. 5. 6.
111 // 7. 8. 9.
112 //
113 // E n t e r 1 f o r Type 1 2 f o r Type 2 3 f o r Type 3 and
4 f o r Type 4 Zbus m
114 // odification
115 // E n t e r Your C h o i c e : 1
116 // c h e c k =
117 //
118 // 1.
119 // E n t e r v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n New Bus and
Reference :10
120 // Zb =
121 //
122 // 10.
123 // Znew =
124 //
125 // 1. 2. 3. 0.
126 // 4. 5. 6. 0.
127 // 7. 8. 9. 0.
128 // 0. 0. 0. 10.
129 //
130 //
131 //
132 // For Type−2 Zbus M o d i f i c a t i o n
133 //
134 //
135 // E n t e r S i z e o f Z bus M a t r i x : 3
136 // s =
137 //
138 // 3.
139 // E n t e r 3 X 3 M a t r i x
140 // [ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9 ]
141 // Z o r g =
142 //

58
143 // 1. 2. 3.
144 // 4. 5. 6.
145 // 7. 8. 9.
146 //
147 // E n t e r 1 f o r Type 1 2 f o r Type 2 3 f o r Type 3 and
4 f o r Type 4 Zbus m
148 // odification
149 // E n t e r Your C h o i c e : 2
150 // c h e c k =
151 //
152 // 2.
153 // E n t e r t h e Bus number where Impedance i s C o n n e c t e d
: 2
154 // bc =
155 //
156 // 2.
157 // E n t e r v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n New Bus and
e x i s t i n g Bus : 15
158 // Zb =
159 //
160 // 15.
161 // Znew =
162 //
163 // 1. 2. 3. 2.
164 // 4. 5. 6. 5.
165 // 7. 8. 9. 8.
166 // 4. 5. 6. 20.
167 //
168 // For Type−3 Zbus M o d i f i c a t i o n
169 //
170 //
171 // E n t e r S i z e o f Z bus M a t r i x : 3
172 // s =
173 //
174 // 3.
175 // E n t e r 3 X 3 M a t r i x
176 // [ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9 ]
177 // Z o r g =

59
178 //
179 // 1. 2. 3.
180 // 4. 5. 6.
181 // 7. 8. 9.
182 //
183 // E n t e r 1 f o r Type 1 2 f o r Type 2 3 f o r Type 3 and
4 f o r Type 4 Zbus m
184 // odification
185 // E n t e r Your C h o i c e : 3
186 // c h e c k =
187 //
188 // 3.
189 // E n t e r t h e Bus number where Impedance i s C o n n e c t e d
to Reference :3
190 // aa =
191 //
192 // 3.
193 // E n t e r v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n E x i s t i n g Bus and
R e f e r e n c e : 20
194 // Zb =
195 //
196 // 20.
197 // Znew =
198 //
199 // 0.2758621 1.1724138 2.0689655
200 // 2.5517241 3.3448276 4.137931
201 // 4.8275862 5.5172414 6.2068966
202 //
203 // For Type−4 Zbus M o d i f i c a t i o n
204 //
205 //
206 // E n t e r S i z e o f Z bus M a t r i x : 3
207 // s =
208 //
209 // 3.
210 // E n t e r 3 X 3 M a t r i x
211 // [ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9 ]
212 // Z o r g =

60
213 //
214 // 1. 2. 3.
215 // 4. 5. 6.
216 // 7. 8. 9.
217 //
218 // E n t e r 1 f o r Type 1 2 f o r Type 2 3 f o r Type 3 and
4 f o r Type 4 Zbus m
219 // odification
220 // E n t e r Your C h o i c e : 4
221 // c h e c k =
222 //
223 // 4.
224 // E n t e r t h e From Bus number where Impedance i s
Connected : 2
225 // aa =
226 //
227 // 2.
228 // E n t e r t h e To Bus number where Impedance i s
Connected : 3
229 // bb =
230 //
231 // 3.
232 // E n t e r v a l u e o f I m p i d a n c e b e t w e e n e x i s t i n g B u s e s :
30
233 // Zb =
234 //
235 // 30.
236 // Znew =
237 //
238 // 0.90625 1.90625 2.90625
239 // 3.90625 4.90625 5.90625
240 // 6.90625 7.90625 8.90625

61
Figure 13.1: exp13

62
Figure 13.2: exp13

63
 Experiment: 14

Symmetrical Fault Analysis

Using Scilab Programming

Scilab code Solution 14.14 exp14

1 // Experiment −14
2 // windows V i s t a − 32− B i t
3 // S c i l a b − 5 . 5 . 2
4
5
6 // Aim : S y m m e t r i c a l F a u l t a n a l y s i s u s i n g SCILAB
programming
7
8 mode (0) ;
9
10 clc ;
11 clear all ;
12
13 SA = input ( ’ E n t e r A l t e r n a t o r R a t i n g i n kVA : ’ ) ; //
A l t e r n a t o r R a t i n g i n kVA=10 e 3
14 XA = input ( ’ E n t e r A l t e r n a t o r % R e a c t a n c e : ’ ) ; //
A l t e r n a t o r % R e a c t a n c e = 10%
15 ST = input ( ’ E n t e r T r a n s f o r m e r R a t i n g i n kVA : ’ ) ; //
T r a n s f o r m e r R a t i n g i n kVA =5e 3

64
16 XT = input ( ’ E n t e r T r a n s f o r m e r % R e a c t a n c e : ’ ) ; //
T r a n s f o r m e r % R e a c t a n c e =5%
17 VL = input ( ’ E n t e r T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e V o l t a g e i n kV : ’
) ; // T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e V o l t a g e i n kV=10
18 XL = input ( ’ E n t e r T r a n s m i s s i n L i n e R e a c t a n c e i n Ohm
: ’ ) ; // T r a n s m i s s i n L i n e R e a c t a n c e i n Ohm=4
19 RL = input ( ’ e n t e r T r a n s m i s s i o n L i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n
Ohm : ’ ) ; // T r a n s m i s s i o n L i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohm
=1
20
21 Base_kVA = max ( SA , ST ) ;
22
23 PXA = ( Base_kVA / SA ) * XA ; // P e r c e n t a g e R e a c t a n c e o f
Alternator
24
25 PXT = ( Base_kVA / ST ) * XT ; // P e r c e n t a g e R e a c t a n c e o f
Transformer
26
27 PXL = ( Base_kVA * XL ) /(10* VL * VL ) ; // P e r c e n t a g e
Reactance of Transmission l i n e
28
29 PRL = ( Base_kVA * RL ) /(10* VL * VL ) ; // P e r c e n t a g e
Resistance of Transmission l i n e
30 disp ( ’ F a u l t a t F1 means a t s o u r c e s i d e and F a u l t a t
F2 means a t l o a d s i d e ’ )
31 disp ( ’ E n t e r 1 f o r F a u l t a t F1 o r 2 f o r F a u l t a t F2 ’ )
32
33 check = input ( ’ E n t e r Your C h o i c e f o r S y m a t r i c a l
Fault in Transmission l i n e : ’ )
34
35 if check ==2 then
36
37 TX = PXA + PXT + PXL ; // T o t a l P e r c e n t a g e R e a c t a n c e
38
39 TR = PRL ; // T o t a l P e r c e n t a g e R e s i s t a n c e
40
41 PZ = sqrt ( TX * TX + TR * TR ) ; // T o t a l P e r c e n t a g e
Impidance

65
42
43 Short_Circuit_kVA = Base_kVA *(100/ PZ ) ;
44 Short_Circuit_Current = Short_Circuit_kVA /( sqrt (3) * VL
);
45 mprintf ( ’ S h o r t C i r c u i t kVA f o r F a u l t a t F2 : %f kVA
\n ’ , Short_Circuit_kVA )
46 mprintf ( ’ S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t f o r F a u l t a t F2 : %f
A \n ’ , Short_Circuit_Current )
47 end
48
49 if check ==1 then
50 TX = PXA + PXT ; // T o t a l P e r c e n t a g e R e a c t a n c e
51
52 Short_Circuit_kVA1 = Base_kVA *(100/ TX ) ;
53 Short_Circuit_Current1 = Short_Circuit_kVA1 /( sqrt (3) *
VL ) ;
54 mprintf ( ’ S h o r t C i r c u i t kVA f o r F a u l t a t F1 : %f kVA
\n ’ , Short_Circuit_kVA1 )
55 mprintf ( ’ S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t f o r F a u l t a t F1 : %f
A \n ’ , Short_Circuit_Current1 )
56 end
57
58
59 // o u t p u t : −
60 //
61 // S y m a t r i c a l F a u l t F1 a t s o u r c e s i d e :
62 //
63 // E n t e r A l t e r n a t o r R a t i n g i n kVA : 1 0 e 3
64 // E n t e r A l t e r n a t o r % R e a c t a n c e : 1 0
65 // E n t e r T r a n s f o r m e r R a t i n g i n kVA : 5 e 3
66 // E n t e r T r a n s f o r m e r % R e a c t a n c e : 5
67 // E n t e r T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e V o l t a g e i n kV : 1 0
68 // E n t e r T r a n s m i s s i n L i n e R e a c t a n c e i n Ohm : 4
69 // e n t e r T r a n s m i s s i o n L i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohm : 1
70 //
71 // F a u l t a t F1 means a t s o u r c e s i d e and F a u l t a t F2
means a t l o a d s i d e
72 //

66
73 // E n t e r 1 f o r F a u l t a t F1 o r 2 f o r F a u l t a t F2
74 // E n t e r Your C h o i c e f o r S y m a t r i c a l F a u l t i n
Transmission l i n e : 1
75 // c h e c k =
76 //
77 // 1.
78 // S h o r t C i r c u i t kVA f o r F a u l t a t F1 : 5 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0
kVA
79 // S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t f o r F a u l t a t F1 :
2886.751346 A
80 //
81 // S y m a t r i c a l F a u l t F2 a t l a o d s i d e :
82 //
83 // E n t e r A l t e r n a t o r R a t i n g i n kVA : 1 0 e 3
84 // E n t e r A l t e r n a t o r % R e a c t a n c e : 1 0
85 // E n t e r T r a n s f o r m e r R a t i n g i n kVA : 5 e 3
86 // E n t e r T r a n s f o r m e r % R e a c t a n c e : 5
87 // E n t e r T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e V o l t a g e i n kV : 1 0
88 // E n t e r T r a n s m i s s i n L i n e R e a c t a n c e i n Ohm : 4
89 // e n t e r T r a n s m i s s i o n L i n e R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohm : 1
90 //
91 // F a u l t a t F1 means a t s o u r c e s i d e and F a u l t a t F2
means a t l o a d s i d e
92 //
93 // E n t e r 1 f o r F a u l t a t F1 o r 2 f o r F a u l t a t F2
94 // E n t e r Your C h o i c e f o r S y m a t r i c a l F a u l t i n
Transmission l i n e : 2
95 // c h e c k =
96 //
97 // 2.
98 // S h o r t C i r c u i t kVA f o r F a u l t a t F2 : 1 6 4 3 9 . 8 9 8 7 3 1
kVA
99 // S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t f o r F a u l t a t F2 : 9 4 9 . 1 5 7 9 9 6
A

67
Figure 14.1: exp14

68
Figure 14.2: exp14

69