CIRCLES

REVISION: 841

10 OCTOBER 2023
AZIZ MANVA
[email protected]

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.7 Lengths in Circles 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................. 2
2. CIRCLES ................................................. 12
Part I: Circles 3 2.1 Single Circles 12
2.2 Rotations, Sectors and Arc Length 19
1. CIRCLE PROPERTIES .............................. 3 2.3 Circles 24
1.1 Terminology 3 2.4 Descartes’ Theorem 33
1.2 Chords 3 2.5 Multiple Circles 38
1.3 Tangents 4 2.6 Applications 46
1.4 Power of a Point 7 2.7 Inscribed Figures 49
1.5 Arcs and Angles 8 2.8 Exam Questions 59
1.6 Cyclic Quadrilaterals 10

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PART I: CIRCLES
1. CIRCLE PROPERTIES
1.1 Terminology
A. Chord
Chord
Diameter
Radius

B. Arcs, Sectors and Segments

C. Central Angle

D. Congruent Circles

E. Inscribed and Circumscribed Figures

F. Defining a Circle

1.1: Defining a circle

Through two non-collinear points, you can draw infinite circles.
Through three non-collinear points, you can draw exactly one circle.

1.2 Chords
A. Definition

1.2: Perpendicular to Chord

The perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord

Example 1.3
In a circle of radius 5, the perpendicular drawn to a chord has length 3. Find the length of the chord.

We get a Pythagorean Triplet:

3, 4, 5
Hence, the length of the chord is:
4×2=8
B. Distance from Centre

Example 1.4
Finding Distance from Centre

1.5: Congruent Chords & Distance

Chords equidistant from the center are congruent.

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1.6: Converse of Above

If chords are congruent, they are equidistant from the center.

1.7: Bisector of Chord

The line segment drawn from the center of a circle bisecting the chord is perpendicular to the chord.

The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of a circle.

C. Arcs and Chords

1.8: Congruent Chords & Arcs

In the same or congruent circles, congruent chords have congruent arcs

1.9: Converse of Above

In the same or congruent circles, congruent arcs have congruent chords

1.10: Bisector of Arcs

A bisector of a chord also bisects the arcs

D. Power of a Point

1.11: Power of a Point

1.3 Tangents
A. Definition

1.12: Radii and Tangents

A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency

Proof by contradiction

1.13: Converse of Above

If a line is perpendicular to a radius at the outer end, then it is tangent to the circle.

This property is the converse of the previous property.

Proof by contradiction

1.14: Corollary of Above

If a line is perpendicular to a tangent at its point of contact with a circle, then it passes through the centre of the
circle.

B. External Points

1.15: External Points

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The two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are congruent.

The line segment connecting a point outside a circle with the center of a circle bisects the angle formed by the
point, and the two tangents to the circle.

We will prove both of the above properties together.

Example 1.16
A circle with diameter 𝐴𝐵 and center 𝐸 has tangents 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐷𝐵. 𝐶𝐷 is tangent to the circle at point 𝐹. Show that
Δ𝐶𝐸𝐷 is a right triangle.

We draw only half the circle. Since the radius is perpendicular to the
tangent at the point of tangency:
𝐶𝐴 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵, 𝐷𝐵 ⊥ 𝐵𝐸 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑

Since the segment from the center of a circle to an outside point

bisects the angle between the tangents from the point to the circle:
∠𝐸𝐶𝐴 = ∠𝐸𝐶𝐹 = 𝛼, ∠𝐸𝐷𝐵 = ∠𝐸𝐷𝐹 = 𝛽

By sum of angles in:

Δ𝐶𝐴𝐸: ∠𝐶𝐸𝐴 = 180 − 90 − 𝛼 = 90 − 𝛼
Δ𝐶𝐸𝐷: ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180 − 𝛼 − 𝛽
Δ𝐷𝐸𝐵: ∠𝐷𝐸𝐵 = 180 − 90 − 𝛽 = 90 − 𝛽

By sum of angles in a linear pair:

(90
⏟ − 𝛼) + (180
⏟ − 𝛼 − 𝛽) + (90
⏟ − 𝛽) = 180° ⇒ 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90
∠𝐶𝐸𝐴 ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 ∠𝐷𝐸𝐵

Then, the measure of:

∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180 − 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 90 ⇒ Δ𝐶𝐸𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 Δ

Example 1.17
A circle with diameter 𝐴𝐵 and center 𝐸 has tangents 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐷𝐵. 𝐶𝐷 is tangent to the circle at point 𝐹. If 𝐶𝐸 =
40 and 𝐷𝐸 = 30, then determine the perimeter of quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 by using the property that tangents to a
circle from an outside point are congruent.

Since Δ𝐶𝐸𝐷 is a right triangle, by Pythagorean Triplet

(30,40,50):
𝐶𝐷 = 50

Since tangents to a circle from an outside point are

congruent:
𝐷𝐹 = 𝐷𝐵 = 𝑥, 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐹 = 𝐶𝐷 − 𝐷𝐹 = 50 − 𝑥

By Pythagoras Theorem in:

Δ𝐷𝐵𝐸: 𝐸𝐴2 = 𝑟 2 = 900 − 𝑥 2
Δ𝐶𝐴𝐸: 𝐸𝐵2 = 𝑟 2 = 1600 − (50 − 𝑥)2
= 1600 − (2500 − 100𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
= 100𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 900

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Since the value of 𝑟 2 must be the same:

900 − 𝑥 2 = 100𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 900 ⇒ 900 = 10𝑥 − 900 ⇒ 𝑥 = 18
𝑟 = √900 − 𝑥 2 = √576 = 24
The perimeter is then:
𝐶𝐷 + 𝐶𝐴 + 𝐷𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐶𝐷 + 2𝑟 = 100 + 48 = 148

Example 1.18
A circle with diameter 𝐴𝐵 and center 𝐸 has tangents 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐷𝐵. 𝐶𝐷 is tangent to the circle at point 𝐹. If 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎
and 𝐷𝐸 = 𝑏, then show that
Δ𝐶𝐸𝐷 ~Δ𝐶𝐴𝐸~ΔEBD

Use the diagram from the previous examples:

𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90 ⇒ 𝛼 = 90 − 𝛽, 𝛽 = 90 − 𝛼

Putting in the new values gives us the right diagram:

∠𝐶𝐴𝐸 = ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = ∠𝐷𝐵𝐸 = 90°
∠𝐴𝐶𝐸 = ∠𝐷𝐸𝐵 = ∠𝐸𝐶𝐷 = 𝛼
Then, by AA Similarity:
Δ𝐶𝐸𝐷 ~Δ𝐶𝐴𝐸~ΔEBD

Example 1.19
A circle with diameter 𝐴𝐵 and center 𝐸 has tangents 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐷𝐵. 𝐶𝐷 is tangent to the circle at point 𝐹. If 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎
and 𝐷𝐸 = 𝑏, then show, using similarity, that the perimeter of quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
2∙
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

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By similarity in Δ𝐶𝐴𝐸 and Δ𝐶𝐸𝐷:

𝑟 𝑏 𝑎𝑏
= ⇒𝑟=
𝑎 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

𝐶𝐷 + 𝐶𝐴 + 𝐷𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐶𝐷 + 2𝑟 = 2(𝐶𝐷 + 𝑟)

𝑎𝑏
Substitute 𝐶𝐷 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑟 = in the above:
√𝑎 2 +𝑏2
𝑎𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
2 (√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + ) = 2( )
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
C. Relative Positions of Circles

Overlapping Circles
Circles Away from each other

Example 1.20
Distance between centers of circles in different positions

1.4 Power of a Point

1.21: Power of a Point

A. Tangent-Secant Theorem

1.22: Tangent-Secant Theorem

B. Two Secants

1.23: Two Secant Theorem

In the diagram alongside, 𝑃 is a point outside the circle, and 𝐶𝐷 and 𝐴𝐵 are secants
of the circle.
Then:
𝑃𝐴 ∙ 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶 ∙ 𝑃𝐷

Example 1.24
The adjoining diagram has point 𝑃 outside circle 𝜔. 𝑃𝐴𝐵 and 𝑃𝐶𝐷 are
straight lines, and 𝐴𝐵 and CD are secants. Find the value of 𝑥.

Substitute the known values into 𝑃𝐴 ∙ 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶 ∙ 𝑃𝐷:

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 12) = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 5)
𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 12 = 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 20
4𝑥 = 8
𝑥=2

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1.5 Arcs and Angles

A. Angle Subtended by Arc
A full circle occupies 360.
A semi-circle occupies 180.
A quarter-circle takes up 90.

We generalize this by saying that an arc is measured by its central angle.

B. Inscribed Angle

1.25: Inscribed Angle

An inscribed angle in a circle is one-half of the corresponding central angle.

Example 1.26
The point 𝑂 is the center of the circle circumscribed about △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, with ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 =
120∘ and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 140∘ . What is the degree measure of ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶? (AMC 10B 2007/4)

∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 360 − ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 − ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 360 − 140 − 120 = 100

𝐴𝑂𝐶 100
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠ = = 50
2 2

C. Congruence of Arcs and Angles

1.27: Angles in the same Arc

Two angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.

1.28: Angles in congruent Arcs

Two angles inscribed in congruent arcs are congruent.

1.29: Congruent Inscribed Angles

If two inscribed angles have the same measure, the arcs they intercept are congruent.

D. Angle Inscribed in a Semi-Circle

1.30: Thales Theorem

An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle.

Example 1.31
In the diagram shown, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90°, 𝐶𝐵 ∥ 𝐸𝐷, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐹, 𝐴𝐷 = 24, 𝐴𝐸 = 25 and 𝑂 is
the centre of the circle. Determine the perimeter of CBDF. (CEMC Cayley 2000/24)

In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 and Δ𝐷𝐹𝐸:

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐹 (𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

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∠𝐷𝐹𝐴 = 90 (𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) ⇒ ∠𝐷𝐹𝐸 = 90°

∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 = ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 (𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝐷)
Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ Δ𝐷𝐹𝐸 (𝑆𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)
𝐸𝐹 = 𝐶𝐵, 𝐷𝐹 = 𝐵𝐴 (𝐶𝑃𝐶𝑇)

𝐷𝐸 is tangent to the circle. Hence, ∠𝐸𝐷𝐴 is a right angle. By Pythagoras Theorem in Δ𝐸𝐷𝐴, then by a
Pythagorean Triplet, the sides are:
(7,24,25) ⇒ 𝐷𝐸 = 7
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐷𝐸 = 7 (𝐶𝑃𝐶𝑇 𝑖𝑛 Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 and Δ𝐷𝐹𝐸)
𝐶𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸 − 𝐴𝐶 = 25 − 7 = 18

The perimeter of 𝐶𝐵𝐷𝐹

= 𝐵𝐷 + 𝐷𝐹 + 𝐹𝐶 + 𝐶𝐵
Substitute 𝐷𝐹 = 𝐵𝐴, 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐸𝐹:
= 𝐵𝐷 + 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐹𝐶 + 𝐸𝐹
Substitute 𝐵𝐷 + 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝐷 = 24, 𝐹𝐶 + 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐶𝐸 = 18
= 24 + 18 = 42
E. Parallel lines

1.32: Parallel lines and Arcs

Parallel lines intercept congruent arcs.

F. Angle between tangents and chords

1.33: Angle between tangents and chords

The angle between a tangent and a chord is half of the angle subtended by the intercepted arc.

G. Intersecting Chords

1.34: Angle between Intersecting Chords

The angle between two intersecting chords is half the sum of the angles subtended by the intercepted arcs.

H. Intersecting Secants

1.35: Angle between Intersecting Secants

The angle formed by two secants intersecting outside a circle is half the difference of the angles subtended by
the intercepted arcs.

I. Angle between Secant and Tangent

1.36: Angle between Secant and Tangent

The angle formed by a secant and a tangent intersecting outside a circle is half the difference of the angles
subtended by the intercepted arcs.

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J. Angle between two Tangents

1.37: Angle between Two Tangents

The angle formed by two tangents from a point is half the difference of the angles subtended by the intercepted
arcs.

1.6 Cyclic Quadrilaterals

A. Definition

1.38: Concyclic Points

If you can draw a circle through a set of points, the points are concyclic.

1.39: Cyclic Quadrilateral

If the vertices of a quadrilateral are concyclic, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.

B. Opposite Angles

1.40: Opposite Angles

Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary

C. Ptolemy’s Theorem

1.41: Ptolemy’s Theorem

If a cyclic quadrilateral has sides 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑, and diagonals 𝑒 and 𝑓, then
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 = 𝑒𝑓

Example 1.42
In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 we have 𝐴𝐵 = 7, 𝐴𝐶 = 8, and 𝐵𝐶 = 9. Point 𝐷 is on the circumscribed circle of the triangle so that 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐷
bisects ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶. What is the value of 𝐶𝐷 ? (AMC 10B 2004/24)

Using Ptolemy’s Theorem

(Alternate Solution) Example 1.43

In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 we have 𝐴𝐵 = 7, 𝐴𝐶 = 8, and 𝐵𝐶 = 9. Point 𝐷 is on the circumscribed circle of the triangle so that 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐷
bisects ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶. What is the value of ? (AMC 10B 2004/24)
𝐶𝐷

Using Similarity and Angle Bisector Theorem

D. Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral

The formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral is the generalization of Heron’s Formula for the area of a
triangle.

1.44: Brahmagupta’s Formula

For a cyclic quadrilateral with sides a, b, c and d, the area is:
𝐾 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)

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Example 1.45
Show that substituting 𝑑 = 0 in Brahmagupta’s Formula gives Heron’s Formula for the area of a triangle.

1.7 Lengths in Circles

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2. CIRCLES
2.1 Single Circles
A. 𝝅: An Introduction
For this chapter, give your answer in terms of 𝜋, unless mentioned otherwise.

2.1: Definition of 𝝅
The ratio of the circumference of a circle to the radius of the circle is called 𝜋.

𝜋 is an irrational number. Its decimal representation is neither non-recurring, and non-terminating.

➢ Non-recurring means it does not repeat
➢ Non-terminating means it does not end.

2.2: Exact Value of 𝝅

The exact value of 𝜋 cannot be determined. Hence, we use approximations to the exact value. Two common
approximations are:
𝜋 ≈ 3.14
22
𝜋≈
7

In particular, 𝜋 cannot be written as a fraction or a decimal.

The above values are approximations that are used for geometry questions asking for calculation of area and
circumference.

Example 2.3
22
One value of 𝜋 that is commonly used is 3.14. Another value that is also commonly used is .
7
Are these two values equal?

22
= 3.1428 … ≠ 3.14
7
Hence, these two values are not equal.
B. Circumference and Area

2.4: Circumference and Area of a Circle

Given a circle with radius 𝑟 and Diameter 𝐷 = 2𝑟, we have:
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝐷
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝐶
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 ⇒ =𝑟
2𝜋

Example 2.5
What are the area and the perimeter of a circle with diameter 6 units?

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(62 ) = 36𝜋
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 12𝜋

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Example 2.6
Harish has a circular garden, in which the distance from the center to the boundary is 5 feet.
A. What are the area and the perimeter of the garden?
B. What is the cost of fencing the garden at $0.25 per foot of fence?

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2 × 𝜋 × 5 = 10𝜋

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 × 52 = 25𝜋
1 10
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.25 × 10𝜋 = × 10𝜋 = 𝜋 = 2.5𝜋 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠
4 4

Example 2.7
A water wheel has radius seven feet. What are the area and the circumference of the wheel?

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(72 ) = 49𝜋 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 2

𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 14𝜋 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡

Example 2.8
A circular look-out tower has a radius of twenty-five feet.
A. A guard walks around the tower every three minutes. How many feet must he cover every hour?
B. The Captain of the Guard, and he wants the ground floor covered in carpet. What is the cost of the
carpet, in dollars, if one square foot of carpet costs 4 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠?
C. The second floor of the tower has a radius of twenty feet. Find the difference in area between the
ground floor of the tower, and the second floor of the tower.

Part A
Circumference of Tower
= 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 × 25 = 50𝜋 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
The guard will make
60
= 20 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟
3
Feet covered in one hour
= 20 × 50𝜋 = 1000𝜋 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
Part B
Area of the ground floor of tower
= 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 × 252

Cost of the carpet

1
= 0.04 × 252 × 𝜋 = × 252 × 𝜋 = 25𝜋 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠
25
Part C
𝐴1 − 𝐴2 = 𝜋𝑟12 − 𝜋𝑟22 = 625𝜋 − 400𝜋 = 225𝜋

Example 2.9
Suhani wants to draws a circle with radius 3 cm, but instead draws a circle with radius 4 cm.
A. What is the positive difference in the areas that the two circles occupy?
B. What is the positive difference in the circumference of the two circles?

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𝐴1 − 𝐴2 = 𝜋𝑟12 − 𝜋𝑟22 = 16𝜋 − 9𝜋 = 7𝜋

𝐶1 − 𝐶2 = 2𝜋𝑟1 − 2𝜋𝑟2 = 2𝜋(4) − 2𝜋(3) = 8𝜋 − 6𝜋 = 2𝜋
C. Calculating when given area
Till now we have been using the formula to calculate area and circumference of circles. Now, we do questions
that are not direct applications of the formula.

Example 2.10
A circle has area 100𝜋. Find its radius and its circumference.

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ⇒ 100𝜋 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ⇒ 100 = 𝑟 2 ⇒ 𝑟 = 10
22 440
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 × 10 = 20𝜋 = 20 × =
7 7
Example 2.11
A circle has area 81 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 . Find its radius and its circumference.

81 9
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ⇒ 81 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ⇒ = 𝑟2 ⇒ 𝑟 =
𝜋 √𝜋
9
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 × = 18√𝜋
√𝜋
D. Calculating when given Circumference

Example 2.12
A circle has circumference 10𝜋. Find its radius and its area. (Find as a number, not 𝜋).

𝐶 = 10𝜋 ⇒ 2𝜋𝑟 = 10𝜋 ⇒ 𝑟 = 5

22 550
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 25𝜋 = 25 × =
7 7

Example 2.13
A circle has circumference 7. Find its radius and its area.

7
𝐶 = 7 ⇒ 2𝜋𝑟 = 7 ⇒ 𝑟 =
2𝜋
2
7 49
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 ( ) =
2𝜋 4
E. Equating Perimeter and Area

Example 2.14
If the numeric value of the circumference and the area of a circle measured in meters is the same, what is the
radius (in centimetres)?
𝐴 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2

Example 2.15
A semicircle has radius π meters. What is the numeric value of the sum of its perimeter and area?
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋(𝜋 2 ) 2
𝜋3 𝜋2
(2𝑟
S1: ⏟ + 𝜋𝑟) + = (2𝜋 + 𝜋(𝜋)) + = 2𝜋 + 𝜋 + = 𝜋 (2 + 𝜋 + )
⏟2 2 2 2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

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Example 2.16
Circle 𝑋 has a radius of π. Circle 𝑌 has a circumference of 8 π. Circle 𝑍 has an area of 9 π. List the circles in order
from smallest to largest radius. (AMC 8 2006/7)

Example 2.17
One circle’s area as times of another circle’s area

F. Percent Increases and Decreases

Example 2.18
If the radius of a circle is increased by 20%, by what percent does the
A. Circumference increase?
B. Area increase?

20%
44%

Example 2.19
If the circumference of a circle increases by 10%, what is the increase in its area?

C = 2πr
C ↑ 10%, but 2π remains constant
Hence, r ↑ 10%
Increase in area
∝ r2 = (1.1)2 – 1 = 1.21 – 1 = 0.21 = 21%

Example 2.20
If the radius of a circle is increased 100%, the area is increased by what percent: (AHSME 1950/8)

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋(2𝑟)2 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 300%

G. Semi-Circle

2.21: Area of a Semi-Circle

𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴
⏟ =
𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖−𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
2

A semi-circle is half of a full circle. So, the area of a semi-circle is half of the area of a full-circle.

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2.22: Perimeter of a Semi-Circle

The perimeter of a semi-circle is:
𝑃= 𝜋𝑟
⏟ + 2𝑟
⏟
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

Circumference is applicable only to circles, and refers to the

perimeter of the circle.
When we have a half-circle, instead of a full circle, we use
perimeter.
When we have a half-circle, instead of a full circle, the circumference of the circle is halved.
2𝜋𝑟
𝐶
⏟ = = 𝜋𝑟
𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖−𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
2

But the side of the circle becomes exposed because it is a half-circle. Hence, twice the radius gets added to the
perimeter.
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2𝑟

Example 2.23
A semi-circle has radius 6 units. Find the perimeter and the area of the semi-circle.

𝑃 = 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝑟 = 6𝜋 + 12
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋
𝐴= = × 62 = 18𝜋
2 2

Example 2.24
A circular park with area 49𝜋 has two diametrically opposite gates, and a path connecting them. Asha enters
from one gate, walk along the path to the other gate, and walks back along the boundary of the park.
A. What is the distance that she has travelled?
B. What is the area of the region enclosed by the path that she travels?
Note: Diametrically opposite means that they lie on opposite ends of a diameter.

Part A
First, find the radius of the circular park:
𝐴 = 49𝜋 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 = 49𝜋 ⇒ 𝑟 = 7
Then, the path taken is:
➢ Enter at Gate 1
➢ Go to Gate 2 via the centre of the circle (𝑂)
➢ Go back to Gate 1 via the boundary of the circle (𝑣𝑖𝑎 𝐴)

Hence, distance travelled

= 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝑟 = 7𝜋 + 14
Part B
49𝜋
𝐴=
2

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Example 2.25
Pedro is in the middle of a wide, empty road at A. He cycles down to D, in the
𝑚
semi-circular pattern shown at a speed of 2 𝑠 . If the shortest distance from A
to D is 100𝑚, then find the time taken by him.

𝐴𝐷 100 50
𝐴𝐷 = 100 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = = = 𝑚
6 6 3
3 3 50
𝐷 = 𝐶 = (2𝜋𝑟) = 3𝜋 ( ) = 50𝜋 𝑚
2 2 3
𝐷 50𝜋
𝑇= = = 25𝜋 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑆 2

Example 2.26
A straight one-mile stretch of highway, 40 feet wide, is
closed. Robert rides his bike on a path composed of
semicircles as shown. If he rides at 5 miles per hour, how
many hours will it take to cover the one-mile stretch?
Note: 1 mile= 5280 feet (AMC 8 2014/25)

Example 2.27
Diameter ACE is divided at C in the ratio 2:3. The two semicircles, ABC and CDE, divide the circular region into
an upper (shaded) region and a lower region. The ratio of the area of the upper region to that of the lower
region is: (AMC 8 1997/24)

Assume that the Diameter of the large circle is 10.

𝐴(𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛): 𝐴(𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴(𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) − 𝐴(𝐴𝐵𝐶) + 𝐴(𝐶𝐷𝐸) 𝐴(𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) + 𝐴(𝐴𝐵𝐶) − 𝐴(𝐶𝐷𝐸)
:
2 2
25𝜋 − 4𝜋 + 9𝜋 25𝜋 + 4𝜋 − 9𝜋
: = 30𝜋: 20𝜋 = 3: 2
2 2
H. Quarter-Circle

2.28: Area of a Quarter-Circle

𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴
⏟ =
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
4

A semi-circle is one-fourth of a full circle. So, the area of a semi-circle is half of the
area of a full-circle.

2.29: Perimeter of a Quarter-Circle

The perimeter of a semi-circle is
𝜋𝑟
𝑃= + 2𝑟
⏟
⏟
2 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

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When we have a quarter-circle, instead of a full circle, the circumference of the circle is divided by four:
2𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑟
𝐶
⏟ = =
𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖−𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
4 2

But the side of the circle becomes exposed because it is a half-circle. Hence, twice the radius gets added to the
perimeter.
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2𝑟

Example 2.30
A quarter-circle has radius 6 units. Find the perimeter and the area of the semi-circle. (Give your answer in
terms of 𝜋).

𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋 × 62
𝐴= = = 9𝜋
4 4
𝜋𝑟 𝜋×6
𝑃= + 2𝑟 = + 2(6) = 3𝜋 + 12
2 2

Example 2.31
A circle with radius 7 cm is cut into two semi-circles, and then each semi-circle into two quarter-circles (giving a
total of four quarter circles). Find the ratio:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) ∶ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) ∶ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)
Using Algebra
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 2 1 1
𝜋𝑟 2 : : = 1: : = 4: 2: 1
2 4 2 4
Using Symmetry
By symmetry:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 4 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

Hence, the required ratio is:

4: 2: 1

Repeat the previous question with Perimeter. (Answer in terms of 𝜋)

𝜋𝑟
2𝜋𝑟: 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝑟: + 2𝑟
2
2
Multiply each of the above by 𝑟:
4𝜋: 2𝜋 + 4: 𝜋 + 4

Example 2.32
Reverse Calculations
Semi-Circle
Quarter Circle

Example 2.33: Straight Line versus Circular Path

A circular garden with radius 𝑟 has two diametrically opposite gates. Path A connects one gate to the other via
the shortest way between the two gates, and Path B travels via the edge of the garden. Atul enters via one gate
and travels via Path A to the other gate. Ajay enters the same gate, and travels via Path B to the other gate.

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A. Find the difference in the distance travelled by the two in terms of 𝑟.

B. If the area of the garden is 16𝜋, then find the value of the expression that you found in Part A.

Part A
𝜋𝑟 − 2𝑟
Part B
𝐴 = 16𝜋 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 = 16𝜋 ⇒ 𝑟 = 4 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 − 2𝑟 = 4𝜋 − 2(4) = 4𝜋 − 8

Example 2.34
Two circles that share the same center have radii 10 meters and 20 meters. An
aardvark runs along the path shown, starting at 𝐴 and ending at 𝐾. How many
meters does the aardvark run? (Answer in terms of 𝜋) (AMC 8 2008/18)

Blue Path
2𝜋𝑟1 2𝜋 × 20
= 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = = 10𝜋
4 4
Red Path
2𝜋𝑟2
= 2 × 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2 × = 𝜋𝑟2 = 𝜋 × 10 = 10𝜋
4
Violet Path
= 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2𝑟 = 2 × 20 = 40

Total Length
= 10𝜋
⏟ + 10𝜋
⏟ + 40
⏟ = 20𝜋 + 40
𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ

2.2 Rotations, Sectors and Arc Length

A. Rotations

2.35: Distance covered in a Rotation of a Wheel

The distance covered by a rotation of a wheel is equal to
the circumference.
𝐷=𝐶

The diagram shows a circle turns a complete rotation(360°). If you consider a point at the bottom of the circle,
it will travel the length of the circumference as the circle makes a complete rotation.

Example 2.36
A truck has wheels with a radius of 1.5 feet. Find the distance travelled by the truck, in inches, when the wheels
go through a complete rotation.

The distance travelled by the truck in 1 rotation

= 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋(1.5) = 3𝜋 = 36𝜋 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

Example 2.37
A car has wheels with a radius of 0.5 feet. Find the distance travelled by the truck, in inches, when the wheels go
through a complete rotation.

The distance travelled by the car in 1 rotation

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= 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋(0.5) = 𝜋 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 = 12𝜋 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

2.38: Distance Travelled given Number of Rotations

Distance covered by a wheel is given by:
𝐷
⏟ = 𝑅
⏟ × 𝐶
⏟
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Example 2.39
A. A car has wheels, each with radius 7 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠. The car breaks down, and needs to be pushed. If the wheel
1
makes 22 of a rotation, what is the distance that the car has been pushed? (Give your answer as a
number, not in terms of 𝜋).
B. A girl rolls down an incline on roller-skates. Her wheels make 50 complete rotations. If the radius of the
wheel is 1 inch, find the distance that she has travelled?
C. A cylinder is rolled down an alleyway. The cylinder has a height of 3 feet, and a radius of 1 foot. If the
cylinder makes 20 complete rotations, what is the distance that it rolls?

1 1 22
𝐷 = 𝑅𝐶 = × 2𝜋𝑟 = ×2× × 7 = 2 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
22 22 7

𝐷 = 𝑅𝐶 = 50 × 2𝜋𝑟 = 100𝜋

𝐷 = 𝑅𝐶 = 20 × 2𝜋𝑟 = 20 × 2𝜋(1) = 40𝜋

Example 2.40
A car travels from one side of the street to another and the wheels rotate 100 times. If the distance travelled by
the car is 25 units, find the radius of the wheels.

𝐷 = 𝑅𝐶
25 = 100 × 2𝜋𝑟
25 = 200𝜋𝑟
25 1
𝑟= =
200𝜋 8𝜋

Example 2.41: Calculating Area

A steel pipe is transported by rolling it down a road 100 units. If the number of rotations made by the pipe is
250, find the area of the cross-section of the pipe.

𝐷 = 𝑅𝐶
100 = 250 × 2𝜋𝑟
100 = 500𝜋𝑟
100 1
𝑟= =
500𝜋 5𝜋
2
1 1 1
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 ( ) = 𝜋 × 2
=
5𝜋 25𝜋 25𝜋
Example 2.42: Multi-Step
The area of a large circular wheel is 64𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2 . If the vehicle on which the wheel is mounted travels 5280 units,
how many complete rotations will the wheel make?

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First, find the radius:

𝐴 = 64𝜋 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 = 64𝜋 ⇒ 𝑟 = 8
Use the radius to find the circumference:
22
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2 × ×8
7

𝐷 5280 1 7 1
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = = = 5280 × × × = 105
𝐶 2 × 22 × 8 2 22 8
7
B. Applications

Example 2.43
A ball with diameter 4 inches starts at point A to roll along the track shown. The track is comprised of 3
semicircular arcs whose radii are 𝑅1 = 100 inches, 𝑅2 = 60 inches, and 𝑅3 = 80 inches, respectively. The ball
always remains in contact with the track and does not slip. What is the distance the center of the ball travels
over the course from A to B? (AMC 8 2013/25)

C. Length of Arc

Example 2.44
A 45∘ arc of circle A is equal in length to a 30∘ arc of circle B. What is the ratio of circle A's area and circle B's
area? (AMC 10A 2002/7)

45∘ arc of A = 30∘ arc of B

45 30
𝐶𝐴 × = 𝐶𝐵 ×
360 360
𝐶𝐴 × 45 = 𝐶𝐵 × 30
𝐶𝐴 × 3 = 𝐶𝐵 × 2
𝜋𝑟𝐴 × 3 = 𝜋𝑟𝐵 × 2
𝑟𝐴 × 3 = 𝑟𝐵 × 2
𝑟𝐴 2
=
𝑟𝐵 3
𝑟𝐴 2 4
( ) =
𝑟𝐵 9
2
𝜋𝑟𝐴 4
=
𝜋𝑟𝐵2 9

D. Angle in a Sector

2.45: Central Angle of a Side of a Polygon

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360
𝜃=
𝑛

E. Area of Sector

2.46: Area of Sector

𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ∙
360

Example 2.47
A square has sides of length 10, and a circle centered at one of its vertices has radius 10. What is the area of the
union of the regions enclosed by the square and the circle? (AMC 10B 2004/9)

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 100

270
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋 × 100 × = 75𝜋
360

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 100 + 75𝜋

Example 2.48
Spot's doghouse has a regular hexagonal base that measures one yard on each side. He is tethered to a vertex
with a two-yard rope. What is the area, in square yards, of the region outside of the doghouse that Spot can
reach? (AMC 10A 2002/19)

Sector of 240 degrees in circle of radius 2

8𝜋
=
3
Sector of 120 degrees in circle of radius 1
𝜋
=
3
Total
= 3𝜋

Example 2.49
Rolly wishes to secure his dog with an 8-foot rope to a square shed that is 16 feet on each side. His preliminary
drawings are shown. Which of these arrangements give the dog the greater area to roam, and by how many
square feet? (AMC 10A 2004/12)

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Challenge 2.50
Center O of the circle lies on AB, and the circle is tangent to AC.
In right Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, the legs have length
𝐴𝐵 = 2 + √3, 𝐵𝐶 = 3 + 2√3
As can be seen in the diagram, there are two regions outside
the circle, but inside Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶. Find the area of the smaller such
region. (Micheal Penn)1

Strategy
Let the point of tangency of the circle with the
triangle be X. We then need to find
[𝐴𝑋𝑂] − [𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑌𝑋]

Finding AC
In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, by the Pythagorean Theorem:
2 2
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = (2 + √3) + (3 + 2√3)

Expanding:
𝐴𝐶 2 = (4 + 3 + 4√3) + (9 + 12 + 12√3) = (7 + 4√3) + (21 + 12√3) = 28 + 16√3
Taking square roots:

𝐴𝐶 = √28 + 16√3 = √4(7 + 4√3) = 2√7 + 4√3 = 2(2 + √3)

(where we got the last square by observing that 7 + 4√3 = 𝐴𝐵2 )

Showing 𝚫𝑨𝑶𝑿 is 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟗𝟎
Since the radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of tangency, we must have:
∠𝑂𝑋𝐶 = ∠𝑂𝐵𝐶 = 90°
Also, in right Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐶 = 2 × 𝐴𝐵 ⇒ Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 30 − 60 − 90 ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 30°

Hence, in Quadrilateral 𝑋𝑂𝐵𝐶:

1 This video has a beautiful solution. It does use trigonometry.

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∠𝑋𝑂𝐵 = 360 − ∠𝑂𝑋𝐶 − ∠𝑂𝐵𝐶 − ∠𝑋𝐶𝐵 = 360 − 90 − 90 − 30 = 150

∠𝐴𝑂𝑋 = 180 − 150 = 30°

In Δ𝐴𝑂𝑋,
∠𝐴𝑋𝑂 = 90°, ∠𝐴𝑂𝑋 = 30° ⇒ Δ𝐴𝑂𝑋 𝑖𝑠 30 − 60 − 90

Calculating [𝑨𝑶𝑿]
Since tangents drawn from a point to a circle are congruent, we must have:
𝐶𝑋 = 𝐶𝐵 = 3 + 2√3
Hence:
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴𝐶 − 𝑋𝐶 = 4 + 2√3 − (3 + 2√3 ) = 1

In 30 − 60 − 90 ΔAOX:
𝑂𝑋 = √3 × 𝐴𝑋 = √3 × 1 = √3
1 1 √3
[𝐴𝑂𝑋] = ℎ𝑏 = × 1 × √3 =
2 2 2

Calculating [𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒀𝑿𝑶]

In the circle
𝑟 = 𝑂𝑋 = √3
Area of Sector YXO
𝜃 2 30 1 𝜋
= 𝜋𝑟 2 × = 𝜋(√3) × = 3𝜋 × =
360 360 12 4

Area of Shaded Region

√3 𝜋 2√3 − 𝜋
= [𝐴𝑂𝑋] − [𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑌𝑋𝑂] = − =
2 4 4

2.3 Circles
A. Sectors

2.51: Sector of a Circle

The sector of a circle is formed by two radii, and the corresponding arc.
The angle between the two radii is the 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 or 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.

Example 2.52
In the diagram alongside, which angle is the angle of the major sector?

360° − ∠𝐸𝐴𝐷

2.53: Area of a Sector

For a circle with radius 𝑟, the area of a sector with angle 𝜃 is:
𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ∙
360°

The area of a sector of a circle is proportional to its central angle.

Example 2.54
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A. Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 2, and central angle 210°. Write your answer in terms of
𝜋.
1
B. A sector of a circle has an area 𝜋 times the area of the circle. Find the central angle. Write your answer in
terms of 𝜋.

Part A
𝜃 210 7 7𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ∙ = 𝜋 ∙ 22 ∙ =𝜋∙4∙ =
360 360 12 3
Part B
1 𝜃
𝜋𝑟 2 ∙ = 𝜋𝑟 2 ∙
𝜋 360
𝜃
1=𝜋∙
360
360
𝜃=
𝜋

2.55: Sum of angles around a point

The sum of angles around a point is:
360°

Example 2.56
A circle is divided into 𝑛 sectors with central angle 𝑎°, 2𝑎°, … , 𝑛𝑎° where 𝑎 is a natural number, and 𝑛 > 1.
Define 𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑥) and 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑥) to be the maximum value and minimum value that 𝑥 can take. Evaluate:
𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑎) − 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑎)
𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑛)

The sum of the central angles must add up to 360°:

𝑎 + 2𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑎 = 360

Factor out 𝑎:
𝑎(1 + 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛) = 360

Use the formula for the sum of the first 𝑛 natural numbers:
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑎[ ] = 360
2

The above is a Diophantine equation since 𝑎 and 𝑛 are both natural numbers.

To make 𝑎 as large as possible, we make 𝑛 as small a possible. Since 𝑛 > 1, we can take 𝑛 = 2:
2(3)
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎[ ] = 360 ⇒ 𝑎 = 120
2
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑛 = 2, 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎 = 120

To make 𝑎 as small as possible, we make 𝑛 as large as possible. With some trial and error, we find that

15(16)
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎[ ] = 360 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3
2

Substitute 𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑎) = 120, 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑎) = 3, 𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑛) = 15, 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑛) = 2 in the required expression:

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𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑎) − 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑎) 120 − 3 117

= = =9
𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑛) 15 − 2 13
B. Segments

2.57: Segment of a Circle

A sector can be divided into a triangle and a segment (see diagram)
➢ The blue shaded region is the sector.
➢ The dark blue region is the 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 segment.
➢ The rest of the circle other than the dark blue region is the 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 segment.
✓ It consists of the light blue triangle
✓ And the white unshaded sector

➢ Sum of areas of major and minor segments give the area of the circle.

Example 2.58
A circle with area 𝜋 has a segment with area √3.
A. Is the segment minor or major?
B. Find the area of the other segment of the circle.

Part A

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋 ≈ 3.14

𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ≈ 1.57
2
The area of the segment is
√3 ≈ 1.71

1.71 > 1.57 ⇒ 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Part B
𝜋 − √3

2.59: Major vs. Minor

If a segment covers more than half of the area of the circle, it is major. If it covers less than half, it is minor.

2.60: Area of a Segment of a Circle

Area of a segment of a circle is:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Example 2.61
In the adjoining diagram (not drawn to scale), the sector has central angle 30°, and the
circumference of the circle is 1. Find the area of the minor segment in terms of 𝜋, and
write your answer as a single fraction.

1
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 1 ⇒ 𝑟 =
2𝜋
Area of the sector

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𝜃 1 2 30 1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ∙ = 𝜋( ) ∙ =
360 2𝜋 360 48𝜋

1
To find the area of the triangle, substitute 𝑎 = 𝑟, 𝑏 = 𝑟, 𝜃 = 30° in 2 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
= ( ) sin 30° = ( ) × =
2 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2 16𝜋 2

Area of the segment

1 1 𝜋−3
= − 2
=
48𝜋 16𝜋 48𝜋 2

C. Arc and Arc Length

2.62: Arc of a Circle

The length of the curve making an arc in a circle is the arc length. In the
diagram alongside:
➢ BXA is the 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 arc
➢ BYA is the 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 arc

Example 2.63
In a circle with radius 𝜋, what is the 𝑚 is a minor arc, and 𝑀 is its corresponding major arc. Find the sum of the
lengths of 𝑚 and 𝑀 in terms of 𝜋.

Note that
𝑚 + 𝑀 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋𝜋 = 2𝜋 2

2.64: Arc Length of a Circle

The length of arc of a circle with radius 𝑟 is
𝜃
2𝜋𝑟 ∙
360°

➢ The arc length of a circle is proportional to the central angle of the

circle.

Example 2.65
A minor arc of a circle with radius √30 subtends a central angle of 100°. Find the difference in arc length
between the major and the minor arc (in terms of 𝜋).

𝜃1 𝜃2 𝜋√30 𝜋√30 8
2𝜋𝑟 ∙ − 2𝜋𝑟 ∙ = (𝜃 − 𝜃2 ) = (260 − 100) = √30𝜋
360 360 180 1 180 9

2.66: Perimeter of a Sector

The perimeter of a sector with radius 𝑟 and central angle 𝜃 will be
𝜃
2𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑟 ∙
360°

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Example 2.67
The perimeter of a sector of a circle is equal to the circumference of the circle.
A. If the value of the central angle is less than 360, find its value as a fraction in terms of 𝜋.
B. Is it a major sector or a minor sector?

Part A
𝜃
2𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑟 ∙ = 2𝜋𝑟
360
Divide throughout by 2𝑟:
𝜃𝜋
1+ =𝜋
360
360 + 𝜃𝜋
=𝜋
360
360 + 𝜃𝜋 = 360𝜋
360𝜋 − 360
𝜃= =
𝜋
Part B
360𝜋 − 360 360(2)
≈ = 240 ⇒ 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜋 3
D. Nested Sectors

2.68: Concentric Circles

Concentric circles are circles that have the same center.

2.69: Area between concentric circles

Given two concentric circles with radii 𝑅 and 𝑟, where 𝑅 > 𝑟, the area between the
circles
= 𝜋𝑅 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )

Example 2.70
A circle of radius 3 is drawn with the same center as a radius of circle 5. What is the area between the circles?

𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) = 𝜋(52 − 32 ) = 𝜋(25 − 9) = 16𝜋

2.71: Washers: Volume between shapes

The two-dimensional idea of area between circles can be extended to three
dimensions.

Example 2.72
The lines 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 5 on the coordinate plane are rotated around the 𝑦 −axis. What is the volume of the
shape generated between the two rotated lines from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 4.

𝜋𝑅 2 ℎ − 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋ℎ(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) = 4𝜋(52 − 32 ) = 64𝜋

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2.73: Nested Sectors

Given two sectors with common center and radii 𝑅 and 𝑟, where 𝑅 > 𝑟, the area between the sectors
𝜃
=𝜋 (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
360

Area between sectors

𝜃 𝜃
= 𝜋𝑅 2 ∙ − 𝜋𝑟 2 ∙
⏟ 360 ⏟ 360
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓) 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝑰𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓)
𝜃
Factor 𝜋 360
𝜃
=𝜋 (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
360

Example 2.74
A restaurant makes circular pizzas with radius 12 inches cut into 11 equal slices
(𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚). The outermost two inches of one of the slices is burnt, and must be
discarded. If a pizza costs 9 dollars, find the cost, in cents, of the discarded part.

360 𝜃 1
Substitute 𝑅 = 12, 𝑟 = 10𝜃 = ⇒ =
to find the ratio of the burnt area to the total area:
11 360 11
𝜃 1
𝜋∙ (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝜋 ( ) (122 − 102 ) 44 1
360 = 11 = =
𝜋𝑅 2 𝜋 ∙ 122 11 × 144 36

The cost of the burnt area is:

1 1
9× = 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 25 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
36 4

E. Lunes

2.75: Lunes
➢ A lune is the concave-convex region bounded by two
circular arcs.
➢ There are different kinds of lunes.
➢ The general formula for the area of a lune is known,
but mathematically quite complicated.

Example 2.76
A semicircle of diameter 1 sits at the top of a semicircle of diameter 2, as
shown. The shaded area inside the smaller semicircle and outside the larger
semicircle is called a lune. Determine the area of this lune. (AMC 10A 2003/19,
AMC 12A 2003/15)

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Connect the center of the larger circle with the chord to get an equilateral
triangle.
In the larger circle:
𝜃 60 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × = 𝜋(1)2 × =
360 360 6
√3 2 √3 √3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑠 = (1)2 =
4 4 4
𝜋 √3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = −
6 4
In the smaller circle, area of the lune
𝜋𝑟 2 1 2 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = 𝜋( ) =
2 2 8
The area of the lune
𝜋 𝜋 √3 𝜋 𝜋 √3 3𝜋 4𝜋 6√3 6√3 − 𝜋
= −( − )= − + = − + =
8 6 4 8 6 4 24 24 24 24

F. More

Example 2.77
𝜋
A sector of a circle has area and arc length 3. Find the radius.
2

𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
𝜋𝑟 2 ∙ = , 2𝜋𝑟 ∙ =3
⏟ 360 2 ⏟ 360
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑰 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑰𝑰

Divide Equation I by Equation II:

𝜃 𝜋
𝜋𝑟 2 ∙ 360
= 2
𝜃
2𝜋𝑟 ∙ 360 3
𝑟 𝜋
=
2 6
𝜋
𝑟=
3
G. Complex Figures

Challenge 2.782
In right Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, right-angled at 𝐵, the side lengths are all single digit integers. Point 𝐷 lies on 𝐴𝐶 such that ∠𝐵𝐷𝐶
is also a right angle. Sectors are drawn with centers at 𝐴 and 𝐶, and radii 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐶𝐷 respectively. 𝐸 lies between
𝐴 and 𝐵 such that 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸, and 𝐹 lies between 𝐶 and 𝐵 such that 𝐶𝐹 = 𝐶𝐷. The area of the shape formed by
𝜋 𝑑 𝑔
segment 𝐸𝐵, segment 𝐵𝐹, arc 𝐹𝐷, and arc 𝐷𝐸 can be written as 𝑎 − 𝑏 (𝑐 cot −1 𝑒 + 𝑓 cot −1 ℎ), where
𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑓) = 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑑, 𝑒) = 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑔, ℎ) = 1. Find 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒 + 𝑓 + 𝑔.

Since the side lengths are all integers, we must have a Pythagorean Triplet, and the only one that fits is:
(3,4,5)

2 This “exam-style” question goes out of its way to confuse you. Focus on basics, and it is not so difficult.

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Since ∠BDC is a right angle:

𝐵𝐷 ⊥ 𝐴𝐶

Recall that the two triangles formed by a dropping a perpendicular to

the hypotenuse of a right triangle are similar to each other and to the
original triangle. Hence:
Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶~Δ𝐴𝐷𝐵~Δ𝐵𝐷𝐶

Using the similarity conditions gives us:

𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑔 𝐷𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 2 16
= = ⇒ 𝐷𝐶 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 5
16 9
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐷𝐶 = 5 − =
5 5

In right Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶:
4 4
cot 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝛼 = cot −1
3 3
3 −1
3
cot 𝛽 = ⇒ 𝛽 = cot
4 4

Area of the required shape

−1 4 −1 3
1 16 2 cot 3 9 2 cot 4
= ∙3∙4 −𝜋∙( ) ∙ −𝜋∙( ) ∙
⏟
2 ⏟ 5 360 ⏟ 5 360
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝑪𝑭 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝑨𝑬
−1 4 −1 3
256 cot 3 81 cot 4
=6−𝜋∙ ∙ −𝜋∙ ∙
25 360 25 360
𝜋 4 3
=6− (256 cot −1 + 81 cot −1 )
9000 3 4

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑+𝑒+𝑓+𝑔
= 6 + 9000 + 256 + 4 + 3 + 81 + 3 + 4
= 9357

Example 2.79
In right Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, the legs are 𝐴𝐵 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 and 𝐵𝐶 = 12 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠. A circle is drawn with radius 𝐵𝐶 and center 𝐶. Let
𝑋 be the parts that lie within exactly one geometrical shape. Find:
A. The area of X.
B. The perimeter of X.

Write your answers in terms of 𝜋 and an appropriate angle 𝜃.

Part A
X comprises
𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 − 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 − 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

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Area in only the triangle (𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 − 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑)

1 𝜃 2
= [Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶] − [𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝐶𝐵] = ∙ 5 ∙ 12 − 𝜋 ∙ 122 ∙ = 30 − 𝜋𝜃
2 360 ⏟ 5
𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑰
Area in only the circle (𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 − 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑)
2 2
= [𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒] − [𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝐶𝐵] = 𝜋 ∙ 122 − 𝜋𝜃 = 144𝜋 − 𝜋𝜃
5 ⏟ 5
𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑰𝑰
Add Expressions I and II to get the area of X
4
= 30 + 144𝜋 − 𝜋𝜃
5
And we can calculate the value of 𝜃:
5 5
sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 ( )
13 13
Part B
X consists of
𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
If you add the perimeters, these add up to the perimeters of the circle and the
triangle.
Hence, the perimeter of X
= 5 + 12 + 13 + 2𝜋 × 12 = 30 + 24𝜋

Example 2.80
Three circles of radius 𝑟 are arranged in such a way that each circle is tangent
to the other two circles. Find the area enclosed by the three circles.

Area of triangle
√3
= (2𝑟)2 = √3𝑟 2
4
Area of the three sectors
𝜋𝑟 2
= 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
2

𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋
√3𝑟 2 − = 𝑟 2 (√3 − )
2 2

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Example 2.81
Find a trigonometric expression in terms of radians for the area enclosed by three circles of radii 3, 3 and 2 that
are each tangent to the other two circles externally.

Area of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶
1
= × 6 × 4 = 12
2
Area of the shaded region
𝛼 2𝜃
= 12 − 2(32 × 𝜋) ( ) − (22 × 𝜋) ( )
2𝜋 2𝜋
= 12 − 9𝛼 − 4𝜃
Where:
4 4 3 3
sin 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝛼 = sin−1 ( ) , sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 ( )
5 5 5 5

Example 2.82
A. Find an expression (in terms of 𝑟) for the exact value of the area enclosed by a set of four circles of
radius 𝑟, if each of the circles is tangent to two other circles from the set externally.
B. Can you generalize the previous example? That is, the circles have different radii, but are still externally
tangent in a way as to enclose an area.

2.4 Descartes’ Theorem

A. Curvature

2.83: Curvature
The curvature of a circle is the reciprocal of its radius:
1
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑘 = ±
𝑟

➢ The concept of curvature has extension beyond circles. It is relevant in analyzing curves, and in physics.

Example 2.84
A. As the radius of a circle decreases, does its curvature increase or decrease?
B. As the radius of a circle increases, does its curvature increase or decrease?

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C. As the radius of a circle becomes very large, what happens to its curvature?
D. Using the answers to the answers to the above questions, explain what is the physical interpretation of
curvature.

Part A
1 1
= 10, = 100, …
0.1 0.01
As the radius decreases, the curvature increases.

Part B
1 1
= 0.1, = 0.01, …
10 0.01
As the radius decreases, the curvature increases.

Part C
As
1
𝑟 → ∞, 𝑘 = →0
𝑟
Part D
A very large circle looks like a straight line.
It has very low curvature.

A very small circle is highly curved. It has high curvature.

Example 2.85
A circle has circumference 1. Find its curvature in terms of 𝜋.

𝐶=1
2𝜋𝑟 = 1
1
𝑟=
2𝜋
1
𝑘 = ± = ±2𝜋
𝑟
B. Descartes’ Theorem

2.86: Descartes’ Theorem (Curvature)

The curvature of any four kissing, or mutually tangent circles with
curvature 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , 𝑘3 and 𝑘4 satisfy the equation:
(𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 + 𝑘4 )2 = 2(𝑘12 + 𝑘22 + 𝑘32 + 𝑘42 )

➢ This can be proved, but we will not do so here.

➢ Note that, as shown in the diagram, there are two circles that are
mutually tangent to the three black circles.

2.87: Descartes’ Theorem (Finding Curvature)

We can solve the equation from Descartes’ Theorem to find the radius of a
fourth circle that is tangent to three given circles.
𝑘4 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 ± 2√𝑘1 𝑘2 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 + 𝑘1 𝑘3

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➢ The equation above can be derived from the statement of Descartes’ Theorem, but we will do not do so
here.
➢ The above equation has two solutions (from the ± sign).
➢ The negative solution is for the large circle. The other three circles are internally tangent.
➢ The positive solution is for the small circle. The other three circles are externally tangent to it.

Example 2.88
𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠
The blue circle has ______ curvature. The brown circle has ______ curvature.

A. Positive
B. Negative

𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒: 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛: 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

Example 2.89
Find the radius of all circles tangent to three mutually tangent circles with radii 3,3 and 2 respectively.

1 1 1 2 1 4 3 7
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 = + + = + = + =
3 3 2 3 2 6 6 6

And 2√𝑘1 𝑘2 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 + 𝑘1 𝑘3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4
= 2 √ ∙ + ∙ + ∙ = 2√ + + = 2√ + = 2 √ =
2 3 2 3 3 3 6 6 9 3 9 9 3

The larger circle has curvature

7 4 7 8 1
= 𝑘4 = − = − = − ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 6
6 3 6 6 6
The smaller circle has curvature
7 4 7 8 15 5 2
= 𝑘4 = + = + = = ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 =
6 3 6 6 6 2 5

2.90: Descartes’ Theorem (Radius)

We can also state Descartes’ Theorem in terms of three mutually tangent circles with radius 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , 𝑟3 with radius
of the fourth circle 𝑟4 given by:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + ± 2√ + +
𝑟4 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑟1 𝑟3

Example 2.91
Three circles with radii 3, 3 and 2 are mutually tangent to the other two circles externally. Find the area
between the circles, but outside the fourth circle that is externally tangent to the three circles.

Combine the results from above to get:

4
= 12 − 9𝛼 − 4𝜃 − 𝜋
25
Where:

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4 4 3 3
sin 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝛼 = sin−1 ( ) , sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 ( )
5 5 5 5

Example 2.92
Area not inside four circles and tangent circle (internal tangency)

Example 2.93
𝑚
Circles of radii 5, 5, 8 and 𝑛
are mutually externally tangent, where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are relatively prime positive
integers. Find 𝑚 + 𝑛. (AIME 1997/4)

1 1 1
𝑘1 = , 𝑘2 = , 𝑘3 =
5 5 8
1 1 1 2 1 16 5 21
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 = + + = + = + =
5 5 8 5 8 40 40 40

Then 2√𝑘1 𝑘2 + 𝑘2 𝑘3 + 𝑘1 𝑘3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45 45 9 6 24
= 2√ ∙ + ∙ + ∙ = 2√ + + = 2√ + = 2√ = 2√ = 2√ = =
5 5 5 8 5 8 25 40 40 25 20 500 500 100 10 40

The smaller circle has curvature:

21 24 45 9 8
= 𝑘4 = + = = ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 =
40 40 40 8 9
𝑚 + 𝑛 = 8 + 9 = 17

Example 2.94
Circle 𝐶 with radius 2 has diameter 𝐴𝐵. Circle 𝐷 is internally tangent to circle 𝐶 at 𝐴. Circle 𝐸 is internally
tangent to circle 𝐶, externally tangent to circle 𝐷, and tangent to 𝐴𝐵. The radius of circle 𝐷 is three times the
radius of circle 𝐸, and can be written in the form √𝑚 − 𝑛, where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are positive integers. Find 𝑚 + 𝑛.
(AIME II 2014/8)3

Reflect circle 𝐸 over diameter AB to get circle 𝐸′. The four circles
that we now have meet the conditions of Descartes' Theorem.

Let
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 = 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 = 3𝑟

Descartes’ Theorem is:

(𝑘𝐸 + 𝑘𝐸 ′ + 𝑘𝐷 + 𝑘𝐶 )2 = 2(𝑘𝐸2 + 𝑘𝐸2′ + 𝑘𝐷2 + 𝑘𝐶2 )

1 1 1 1
Substituting 𝑘𝐷 = = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸′ = = 3𝑘, 𝑘𝐶 = − = − :
3𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 2
1 2 1 2
(3𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 𝑘 − ) = 2 [(3𝑘)2 + (3𝑘)2 + 𝑘 2 + (− ) ]
2 2

3A solution to this question using Law of Cosines is in that section. And a solution using Pythagorean Theorem is in the
Note on Triangles.

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Simplify:
1 2 1
(7𝑘 − ) = 2 [19𝑘 2 + ]
2 4

Expand:
1 1
49𝑘 2 − 7𝑘 + = 38𝑘 2 +
4 2

Collate all terms on one side:

1
11𝑘 2 − 7𝑘 − =0
4
Use the quadratic formula:
1
7 ± √49 − (4)(11) ( ) 7 ± √60
4
𝑘= =
(2)(11) 22

Take the reciprocal and rationalize:

1 1 22 7 ± √60 22(7 ± √60)
3𝑟 = = = ∙ = = −14 ± 2√60 = ±√240 − 14
𝑘 7 ± √60 7 ± √60 7 ± √60 −11
22

Then:
√𝑚 − 𝑛 = √240 − 14 = 240 + 14 = 254

C. Special Cases

2.95: Circles with infinite radius

A line is a circle with infinite radius.

Consider a circle with infinite radius.

1
𝑟3 → ∞, 𝑘3 = →0
𝑟3

2.96: Three Circles

𝑘4 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ± 2√𝑘1 𝑘2

A line is a circle with infinite radius. Substitute 𝑘3 = 0 in the above

𝑘4 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ± 2√𝑘1 𝑘2

Example 2.97
Given that 𝑘4 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ± 2√𝑘1 𝑘2, find √𝑘4

𝑘4 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ± 2√𝑘1 𝑘2
2
𝑘4 = (√𝑘1 + √𝑘2 )
√𝑘4 = √𝑘1 + √𝑘2

Example 2.98
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A. More questions on Descartes’ Theorem

2.5 Multiple Circles

A. Concentric Circles

2.99: Concentric Circles

Concentric circles are circles with the same center, but different radii.

Example 2.100
In the diagram, which is drawn to scale, find the distance between the centers of the two circles.

𝐷=0

2.101: Distance between Centers

The distance between the centers of two concentric circles is
0

Example 2.102
In the diagram, which is drawn to scale, find the area inside the outer circle, but outside
the inner circle.

In the diagram, we want the blue area. This is given by:

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)
= 𝜋(𝑟1 )2 − 𝜋(𝑟2 )2 = 𝜋 × 32 − 𝜋 × 22 = 9𝜋 − 4𝜋 = 5𝜋

Example 2.103
A circular park of radius 10𝑚 has a two-meter-wide walking path along its inside, at the edge.
A. If you walk along the path at its outside, what is the distance walked in one round.
B. If you walk along the path at its inside, what is the distance walked in one round.
C. What is the area of the walking path?

Part A
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 × 10 = 200𝜋 𝑚
Part B
The radius will reduce to become
= 10 − 2 = 8 𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 × 8 = 16𝜋 𝑚
Part C
Area of the walking path
= 𝐴(𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑘) − 𝐴(𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) = 𝜋𝑅 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) = 𝜋(102 − 82 ) = 36𝜋

Example 2.104
A circular park of radius 10 𝑚 has a walkway of breadth 2 𝑚 along its inside. Find the area of the walkway.

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In the diagram, we want the blue area. This is given by:

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)
= 𝜋(𝑟1 )2 − 𝜋(𝑟2 )2 = 𝜋 × 102 − 𝜋 × 82 = 100𝜋 − 64𝜋 = 36𝜋

5
The walkway above has to be paved at a cost of 𝜋 dollars per square meter. Find the cost of paving the walkway.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 5
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × = 36𝜋 × = 180 𝐷𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑆𝑞. 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜋

Challenge 2.105: Telescoping

Suppose circles 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛 = 1,2, … ) concentric are point 𝑂 are drawn in such a way that the line 𝑃𝑛 𝑃𝑛+1 is of unit
length and is perpendicular to 𝑂𝑃𝑛 for every 𝑛 = 1,2, … . If the point 𝑃𝑛 is on the circle 𝐶𝑛 , and 𝑆𝑛 is the area of
the region between circles 𝐶𝑛 and 𝐶𝑛+1 for 𝑛 = 1,2, … then the value of
100 100

∑ 𝑆2𝑚 − ∑ 𝑆2𝑚−1 is (JMET 2011/84)

𝑚=1 𝑚=1

Expanding the Summation Notation

100

∑ 𝑆2𝑚 = 𝑆2 + 𝑆4 + ⋯ + 𝑆100 ⇒ 50 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑚=1
100

∑ 𝑆2𝑚−1 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 + ⋯ + 𝑆99 ⇒ 50 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑚=1

Finding the Area

By Pythagorean Theorem
𝑂𝑃1 = √(𝑂𝑃1 )2 + (𝑃1 𝑃2 )2 = √𝑟 2 + 1
𝑂𝑃2 = √(𝑂𝑃+1 )2 + (𝑃2 𝑃3 )2 = √(𝑟 2 + 1) + 1 = √𝑟 2 + 2

The radius of the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ circle is:

𝑟𝑘 = 𝑂𝑃𝑘 = √𝑟 2 + 𝑘

Calculate:
𝑆𝑛 = 𝐶𝑛+1 − 𝐶𝑛 = 𝜋(𝑟𝑛+1 )2 − 𝜋(𝑟𝑛 )2
= 𝜋(𝑟 2 + 𝑘 + 1) − 𝜋(𝑟 2 + 𝑘) = 𝜋

The difference only depends on the number of terms:

𝑆2 + 𝑆4 + ⋯ + 𝑆100 = 50𝜋
𝑆1 + 𝑆2 + ⋯ + 𝑆99 = 50𝜋
And hence their difference is
50𝜋 − 50𝜋 = 0

B. Tangent Circles

2.106: Circles Externally Tangent

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If a circle is externally tangent to another circle, it touches the

circle from the outside.

Note: Touches means exactly one place.

It does not intersect or cross.

Example 2.107
In the diagram, which is drawn to scale, find the distance between
the centers of the two circles.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 3 + 2 = 5

2.108: Distance between Centers

The distance between the centers of two externally tangent circles with radius 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 is given by:
𝐷 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2

C. Circles Tangent Internally

2.109: Circles Internally Tangent

If a circle is internally tangent to another circle, it touches the circle from the
inside.

Note: Touches means exactly one place.

It does not intersect or cross.

Example 2.110
In the diagram, which is drawn to scale, find the distance between the centers
of the two circles.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 3 − 2 = 1

2.111: Distance between Centers

The distance between the centers of two internally tangent circles with radius 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 is given by:
𝐷 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2

D. Packing Problems

2.112: Packing Problems

Packing problems require you to “pack” a set of objects in minimum space.
They are an important class of mathematical problems.

Example 2.113
A. What is the minimum area of the rectangle that encloses eight circles of diameter 𝐷.
B. (𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐) Compare the area with the arrangement where they are stacked three in a row.
C. Find the area if 𝐷 = 4

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Part A
The arrangement with minimum area has two rows of three circles
with the middle row having two circles. Join the centers of three
circles to get an equilateral triangle with:
√3
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷 ⇒ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐷
2
For the rectangle:
√3 𝐷
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2(𝐴𝑋 + 𝑋𝑌) = 2 ( 𝐷 + ) = 𝐷(1 + √3)
2 2
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 3𝐷
Then, the area
= 𝐷(1 + √3)(3𝐷) = 𝐷 2 (3 + 3√3)
Part B
9𝐷 2 : 𝐷2 (3 + 3√3) = 9: (3 + 3√3) ≈ 9: 8.20
Part C
𝐷 2 (3 + 3√3) = 16(3 + 3√3) = 48 + 48√3

(Calculator Allowed) Example 2.114

One way to pack a 100 by 100 square with 10,000 circles, each of diameter 1, is to put them in 100 rows with
100 circles in each row. If the circles are repacked so that the centers of any three tangent circles form an
equilateral triangle, what is the maximum number of additional circles that can be packed? (CEMC Cayley
1998/25)

Number Of Circles
The bottom row of circles (with centers Q and R) will contain 100 circles. The
second row of circles (with centers Y and P) will contain 99 circles.
A double row then has:
100 + 99 = 199 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
Height of a Double Row
Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅 is equilateral with side length 1.
√3 √3 √3
∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(Δ𝑃𝑅𝑄) = ℎ= ∙1=
2 2 2
The vertical distance between T and U is:
√3
𝑇𝑈 = 𝑇𝑆 + 𝑆𝑃 + 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑆𝑃 + 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑃𝑆 + 𝑍𝑋 = 2𝑃𝑆 = 2 × = √3
2
Number of Double Rows
The number of double rows that we can fit is:
100
≈ 57.73
√3
We can fit 57 rows at a minimum. Note that:
100 − 57√3 ≈ 1.27 > 1
We can fit in a last row.

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57(199) + 100 = 11,443

The number of additional circles is:
11,443 − 10,000 = 1,443

Example 2.115
The circle with center A has radius 3 and is tangent to both the positive x-axis and
positive y-axis, as shown. Also, the circle with center B has radius 1 and is tangent
to both the positive x-axis and the circle with center A. The line L is tangent to both
circles. The y-intercept of line L is (CEMC Cayley 2000/25)

Join the centers of the circles, and note that

𝐴𝐵 = 3 + 1 = 4

Let the line connecting the circles intersect the 𝑥-axis at C.

Drop a perpendicular from B and A to the x-axis, and another
from A to the y-axis.

Extract Δ𝐴𝐸𝐶 from the larger diagram, and draw it separately.

In Δ𝐴𝐸𝐶 and Δ𝐵𝐹𝐶:

∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝐹𝐶 = 90° (𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 ⊥ 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡)
∠𝐶𝐵𝐹 = ∠𝐶𝐴𝐸 (𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟. 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∥ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐹)
Δ𝐴𝐸𝐶~Δ𝐵𝐹𝐶 (𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦)

Let 𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥. Then, in similar triangles Δ𝐴𝐸𝐶 and Δ𝐵𝐹𝐶:

𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝐴 𝑥 𝑥 + 4
= ⇒ = ⇒ 3𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝐶𝐵 = 2 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 4 + 2 = 6
𝐵𝐹 𝐴𝐸 1 3

By Pythagoras Theorem in Δ𝐵𝐹𝐶

𝐹𝐶 = √𝐶𝐵2 − 𝐵𝐹 2 = √22 − 12 = √4 − 1 = √3

Note that Δ𝐵𝐹𝐶 is a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle since its sides are:

1 √3
𝐶𝐵: 𝐵𝐹: 𝐹𝐶 = 2: 1: √3 = 1: :
2 2

Since Δ𝐴𝐸𝐶 is similar to Δ𝐵𝐹𝐶, it is also a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle

√3 √3
𝐸𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 × =6× = 3√3
2 2
Note that
∠𝐷𝐶𝑂 = 2∠𝐵𝐶𝐹 = 2 × 30° = 60°
In 30 − 60 − 90 Δ𝐷𝐶𝑂:
𝑂𝐷 = √3𝑂𝐶 = √3(𝑂𝐸 + 𝐸𝐶) = √3(3 + 3√3) = 3√3 + 9

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E. Tangent Circles: Applications

Example 2.116
In the diagram below, a diameter of each of the two smaller circles is a radius of the
larger circle. If the two smaller circles have a combined area of 1 square unit, then
what is the area of the shaded region, in square units? (AMC 8 2018/15)

Example 2.117
Each of the small circles in the figure has radius one. The innermost circle is tangent to the six circles that
surround it, and each of those circles is tangent to the large circle and to its small-circle neighbors. Find the area
of the shaded region. Write your answer in terms of 𝜋(AMC 10A 2002/5)

𝜋 × 32 − 7 × 𝜋 × 12 = 9𝜋 − 7𝜋 = 2𝜋

Example 2.118
Circles ω and γ are drawn such that ω is internally tangent to γ, the distance
between their centers are 5, and the area inside of γ but outside of ω is 100π.
What is the sum of the radii of the circles? (CCA Math Bonanza, Individual Round,
2020/2)

Let
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑢 𝑜𝑓 𝛾 = 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ω = 𝑟 + 5

Then, by the given condition:

𝜋(𝑟 + 5)2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 100𝜋
Divide by 𝜋 both sides:
(𝑟 + 5)2 − 𝑟 2 = 100

Use (𝑟 + 5)2 = (𝑟 + 5)(𝑟 + 5) = 𝑟(𝑟 + 5) + 5(𝑟 + 5) = 𝑟 2 + 5𝑟 + 5𝑟 + 25:

𝑟 2 + 10𝑟 + 25 − 𝑟 2 = 100
10𝑟 + 25 = 100
𝑟 = 7.5
𝑟 + 5 = 12.5

Sum of the radii

= 7.5 + 12.5 = 20

Example 2.119
Circles of radius 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 are externally tangent and are circumscribed by a third circle, as shown in the figure.

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Find the area of the shaded region.. (AMC 10B 2002/5)

Example 2.120
Margie's winning art design is shown. The smallest circle has radius 2 inches, with each successive circle's
radius increasing by 2 inches. Which of the following is closest to the percent of the design that is black?
(AMC 8 2008/25)

(𝐴) 41.7 (𝐵) 44 (𝐶) 45 (𝐷) 46 (𝐸) 48

Example 2.121
Circles 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 are externally tangent to each other and internally tangent to circle 𝐷. Circles 𝐵 and 𝐶 are
congruent. Circle 𝐴 has radius 1 and passes through the center of 𝐷. What is the radius of circle 𝐵? (AMC 10A
2004/23)

F. Overlapping Circles

Example 2.122

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Two congruent circles centered at points 𝐴 and 𝐵 each pass through the other circle's center. The line
containing both 𝐴 and 𝐵 is extended to intersect the circles at points 𝐶 and 𝐷. The circles intersect at two
points, one of which is 𝐸. What is the degree measure of ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷? (AMC 8 2016/23)

Example 2.123
A number of linked rings, each 1 cm thick, are hanging on a peg. The top ring has an
outside diameter of 20 cm. The outside diameter of each of the other rings is 1 cm less
than that of the ring above it. The bottom ring has an outside diameter of 3 cm. What is the
distance, in cm, from the top of the top ring to the bottom of the bottom ring? (AMC 10A
2006/14)

Method I
If the rings were 𝑛𝑜𝑡 linked, then the total distance would be:
20 × 21
3 + 4 + ⋯ + 20 = 1 + 2 + ⋯ + 20 − 3 = − 3 = 210 − 3 = 207
2
Since the rings are linked, we must subtract the overlap. There are
20 − 2 = 18 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 ⇒ 18 − 1 = 17 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠 ⇒ 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2 × 17 = 34
And hence the final answer is:
207 − 34 = 173
Method II
The solution above focused on finding the total distance, and then subtracting the overlap. We can also find the
distance ring by ring.
The distance from the top of the largest, to its bottom, is simply:
20
The bottom of the top ring is 2 cm below the top of the 2nd ring. Hence, its distance from the bottom of the 2nd
ring is
19 − 2 = 17
Similarly, the bottom of the 2 ring is 2 cm below the top of the 3rd ring, and hence its distance from the bottom
nd

of the 3rd ring is:

18 − 2 = 16
We continue this pattern till we reach the last ring, getting a total of:
17 × 18
20 + 17 + 16 + ⋯ + 1 = 20 + = 20 + 153 = 173
2

G. Coordinate Geometry

Example 2.124
Two circles of radius 2 are centered at (2,0) and at (0,2). What is the area of the intersection of the interiors of
the two circles? (AMC 10B 2007/13)

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The circles intersect at

(0,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2,2)
The area of 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝐵𝐶
1 2 1 1 1
= 𝜋𝑟 − ℎ𝑏 = 𝜋(22 ) − (2)(2) = 𝜋 − 2
⏟
4 ⏟ 4
2 2
𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝚫𝑶𝑨𝑩
By symmetry, the area that we want is:
2 × 𝐴(𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝐵𝐶) = 2(𝜋 − 2)

2.6 Applications
A. Composite Shapes

Example 2.125
A cycling track consists of rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 with length 100 𝑚, and width 50
m. 𝐴𝑋𝐷 and 𝐵𝑌𝐶 are semi-circles. A cyclist goes around the track at a speed
𝑚
of 5 𝑠 , and comes back to his starting point.
A. What is the distance he travels on path 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, and how much time
does he take?
B. What is the distance he travels on path 𝐴𝐵𝑌𝐶𝐷𝑋, and how much time does he take?
C. What is the area enclosed by the entire cycling track, 𝐴𝐵𝑌𝐶𝐷𝑋𝐴?

Part A
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2(𝑙 + 𝑤) = 2(100 + 50) = 2(150) = 300𝑚
𝐷 300
𝑇= = = 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑆 5
Part B
This consists of two parts
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶𝐷 = 100 + 100 = 200 𝑚
The other two parts can be “cut and combined” into a single circle, which has
𝐴𝐷
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝐷 = 50 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = = 25
2
And the length of the circular path
= 2𝜋𝑟 = 2 × 𝜋 × 25 = 50𝜋

Hence, total length

= 200 + 50𝜋 𝑚

𝐷 200 + 50𝜋 200 50𝜋

𝑇= = = + = 40 + 10𝜋 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑆 5 5 5
Part C
[𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷] = 𝑙𝑤 = 100 × 50 = 5000 𝑚2

As before, cut and combine the two semi-circles into a single circle with 25𝑚:
= 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 × 252 = 625𝜋

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Hence, the total area is:

5000 + 625𝜋

Example 2.126
A decorative window is made up of a rectangle with semicircles on either end. The
ratio of 𝐴𝐷 to 𝐴𝐵 is 3: 2, and 𝐴𝐵 is 30 inches. What is the ratio of the area of the
rectangle to the combined areas of the semicircles? (AMC 8 2010/18)

Example 2.127
Four figures are drawn (with none of them overlapping) on four sides of a square with length one unit as
follows:An equilateral triangle with side length same as the side of the square
A. An isosceles triangle with base length same as the side of the square, and legs twice the side of the
square.
B. A semi-circle with diameter same as the side of the square.
C. A scalene triangle with sides in the ratio 1: 2:2.5 and smallest side same as the side of the square.
Q1: What is the perimeter of the figure?
Q2: What is the area of the figure?
P (Eq. Δ) = 3 * 1 - 1= 2
P (Iso. Δ) = 2 + 2 = 4
P(Semi-circle) = πr = π (1/2) = 11/7
P (Scalene Δ) = 2 + 2.5 = 4.5
11 11
Total = 2 + 4 + + 4.5 = + 10.5 = 79/7
7 7
S2: A (Eq. Δ)

Example 2.128
A circle of diameter 1 is removed from a 2 × 3 rectangle, as shown. Which whole
number is closest to the area of the shaded region? (AMC 8 1992/5)

1
𝐷=1⇒𝑟=
2
1 2 𝜋 3.14
𝐴(𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) − 𝐴(𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) = 𝑙𝑤 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 2 × 3 − 𝜋 ( ) = 6 − = 6 − ≈5
2 4 4

Example 2.129
Rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 has sides 𝐶𝐷 = 3 and 𝐷𝐴 = 5. A circle with a radius of
1 is centered at 𝐴, a circle with a radius of 2 is centered at 𝐵, and a
circle with a radius of 3 is centered at 𝐶. Which of the following is
closest to the area of the region inside the rectangle but outside all
three circles? (AMC 8 2014/20)
A. 3.5
B. 4.0
C. 4.5
D. 5.0
E. 5.5

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B. Grazing Animals

Example 2.130
A goat is tied to a pole in the center of a square field, with a rope of length 7 m. If the side of the field is 20 𝑚,
find the area of the field that cannot be grazed by the goat.

The area that can be grazed by goat will be a circle of radius 7 𝑚.

We want the area outside the circle but inside the square, which will be given by:
𝐴(𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒) − 𝐴(𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) = 𝑠 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 202 − 𝜋(142 ) = 400 − 196𝜋

Example 2.131
A goat is tied to a pole at the midpoint of the side of a square field, with a rope of length 4 m. If the side of the
field is 10 m, find the area of the field that cannot be grazed by the goat.

The area that can be grazed by goat will be a semi-circle of radius 4 𝑚.

We want the area outside the semi-circle but inside the square, which will be given by:
𝐴(𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒) − 𝐴(𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) = 𝑠 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 102 − 𝜋(42 ) = 100 − 16𝜋

Example 2.132
A goat is tied to a pole at a corner of a square field, with a rope of length 4 m. If the side
of the field is also 4 𝑚, find the area of the field that cannot be grazed by the goat.

𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋(42 )
𝐴(𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒) − 𝐴(𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) = 𝑠 2 − = 42 − = 16 − 4𝜋
4 4

C. Comparing Figures

Example 2.133
A wire is bent to form a square with side length 10 𝑐𝑚. The wire is cut, and formed into a circle. What is the
A. Circumference of the circle?
B. Area of the Circle?

Part A
The perimeter of the square is the same as the circumference of the
circle.
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 10 × 4 = 40 𝑐𝑚
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 40 𝑐𝑚
Part B
20 20 2 400
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 ⇒ 40 = 2𝜋𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 ( ) =
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋

Example 2.134
A square and a circle have the same area. What is the ratio of the side length of the square to the radius of the
circle? (AMC 8 2010/16)

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D. Intervals

Example 2.135
If rose bushes are spaced about 1 foot apart, approximately how many bushes are needed to surround a circular
patio whose radius is 12 feet? (AMC 8 1988/13)

E. Similarity

Example 2.136
The number of circular pipes with an inside diameter of 1 inch which will carry the same amount of water as a
pipe with an inside diameter of 6 inches is: (AHSME 1950/33)

Using Ratios:
𝜋𝑟12 : 𝜋𝑟22 = 12 : 62 = 1: 36

By Similarity, the area of the larger pipe is:

𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 6 2
= ( ) = 36
𝑟𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 1

2.7 Inscribed Figures

Example 2.137
In the diagram, ABC is a quarter of a circle with radius 8. A semi-circle with diameter AB
is drawn, as shown. A second semi-circle with diameter BC is also drawn. The area of
the shaded region is closest to (Gauss Grade 8 2017/24)

1
𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 16 − ( 𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 16 − 4𝜋
4
𝑌 = 16 − 2(𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) = 16 − 2(16 − 4𝜋) = 8𝜋 − 16

1 2
𝑋= 𝜋𝑟 − 2(4𝜋)
⏟ − 16 = 16𝜋 − 8𝜋 − 16 = 8𝜋 − 16
⏟
4 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑋 + 𝑌 = 2𝑌 = 2(8𝜋 − 16) = 16𝜋 − 32

Example 2.138
A wheel of radius 8 rolls along the diameter of a semicircle of radius 25 until it
bumps into this semicircle. What is the length of the portion of the diameter that
cannot be touched by the wheel? (CEMC Cayley 1998/22)

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𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝐷 = 8

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐷 = 25
𝑂𝐵 = 25 − 𝐵𝐷 = 25 − 8 = 17

By Pythagorean Triplet (17,15,8) in right Δ𝑂𝐶𝐵:

𝑂𝐶 = 15

Total portion of the diameter that cannot be touched

= 2(𝐶𝐴) = 2(𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐶) = 2(25 − 15) = 2(10) = 20

A. Similarity

Example 2.139
The large circle has diameter AC. The two small circles have their centers on
AC and just touch at O, the center of the large circle. If each small circle has
radius 1, what is the value of the ratio of the area of the shaded region to the
area of one of the small circles? (AMC 8 1986/23)
1
(A) between and 1
2
(B) 1
3
(C) between 1 and
2
3
(D) between and 2
2
(E) cannot be determined from the information given

Example 2.140
Six pepperoni circles will exactly fit across the diameter of a 12-inch pizza when placed. If a total of 24 circles of
pepperoni are placed on this pizza without overlap, what fraction of the pizza is covered by pepperoni?
(AMC 8 2010/10)

B. Triangles

Example 2.141
The area of the largest triangle that can be inscribed in a semi-circle whose radius is r is: (AHSME 1950/9)

1 1
𝐴 = ℎ𝑏 = × 𝑟 × 2𝑟 = 𝑟 2
2 2

C. Squares

Example 2.142
The area of the smallest square that will contain a circle of radius 4 is (AMC 8 1997/7)

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Example 2.143
A square with area 196 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 2 is inscribed in a circle. What is the area of the circle (in terms of 𝜋)?
Find the side length of the square:
A = 196 ⇒ 𝑠 2 = 196 ⇒ 𝑠 = 14
Find the diagonal using the property that the hypotenuse of an isosceles right angled triangle is √2 times its
side:
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 14√2
But the diagonal of the square is the diameter of the circle
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 14√2
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 14√2 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = = = 7√2
2 2
Area of the Circle
2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(7√2) = 𝜋 × 49 × 2 = 98𝜋

Example 2.144
A circle is inscribed in a square of area 196 square units. What are its circumference and area?
Diameter of the Circle is the same as the side length of the square
𝑠 14
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑠 = √196 = 14 ⇒ 𝑟 = = =7
2 2
Circumference
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 × 7 = 14𝜋
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 × 72 = 49𝜋

Example 2.145
What is the perimeter of a square inscribed in a circle of area 44 units?
𝐴 7 2√14
𝑟 = √ = √44 × = √14 ⇒ 𝑃 = 4𝑠 = 4 ( ) = 8√7
𝜋 22 √2

Example 2.146
Two equal half-circles are inscribed in a square (of side 4 cm) with the side of the square as their diameter. Let
X be the part of the square that is not inside the circles. What is the ratio of the area of X to the perimeter of X?
𝐴(𝑋) 𝐴(𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒) − 𝐴(𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) 16 − (22 )𝜋 16 − 4𝜋 4 − 𝜋
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = = = =
𝑃(𝑋) 𝐶(𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) + 2𝑠 2𝜋𝑟 + 4(2) 4𝜋 + 8 2+𝜋

Example 2.147
Four circles of radius 3 are arranged as shown. Their centers are the vertices of a square. The area of the shaded
region is closest to (AMC 8 1992/24)

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Example 2.148
Around the outside of a 4 by 4 square, construct four semicircles (as shown in the figure) with the four sides of
the square as their diameters. Another square, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, has its sides parallel to the corresponding sides of the
original square, and each side of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is tangent to one of the semicircles. The area of the square 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is
(AMC 8 1994/19)

Example 2.149
Two 4 × 4 squares intersect at right angles, bisecting their intersecting sides, as shown. The circle's diameter is
the segment between the two points of intersection. What is the area of the shaded region created by removing
the circle from the squares? (AMC 8 2004/25)

Example 2.150
The following figures are composed of squares and circles. Which figure has a shaded region with largest area?
(AMC 8 2003/22)

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Example 2.151
A circle of radius 2 is cut into four congruent arcs. The four arcs are joined to form the star figure shown. What
is the ratio of the area of the star figure to the area of the original circle? (AMC 8 2012/24)

Example 2.152
A 1 × 2 rectangle is inscribed in a semicircle with longer side on the diameter. What is the area of the
semicircle? (AMC 8 2013/20)

Example 2.153
Isosceles right triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 encloses a semicircle of area 2π. The circle has its center 𝑂 on hypotenuse 𝐴𝐵 and
is tangent to sides 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐶. What is the area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶? (AMC 8 2005/23)

Example 2.154
A square with side length 2 and a circle share the same center. The total area of the regions that are inside the
circle and outside the square is equal to the total area of the regions that are outside the circle and inside the
square. What is the radius of the circle? (AMC 8 2005/25)

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Example 2.155
A circle with radius 1 is inscribed in a square and circumscribed about another square as shown. Which fraction
is closest to the ratio of the circle's shaded area to the area between the two squares?(AMC 8 2011/25)

1 3 5
(𝐴) (𝐵) 1 (𝐶) (𝐷) 2 (𝐸)
2 2 2

Example 2.156
A semicircle is inscribed in an isosceles triangle with base 16 and height 15 so that the diameter of the
semicircle is contained in the base of the triangle as shown. What is the radius of the semicircle?
(AMC 8 2016/25)

Example 2.157
In the right triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐶 = 12, 𝐵𝐶 = 5, and angle 𝐶 is a right angle. A semicircle is inscribed in the triangle
as shown. What is the radius of the semicircle?(AMC 8 2017 /22)

Example 2.158
In the figure shown, 𝑈𝑆 and 𝑈𝑇 are line segments each of length 2, and 𝑚∠𝑇𝑈𝑆 = 60∘ . Arcs 𝑇𝑅 and 𝑆𝑅 are each
one-sixth of a circle with radius 2. What is the area of the region shown? (AMC 8 2017 /25)

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Example 2.159
Rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is inscribed in a semicircle with diameter 𝐹𝐸, as shown in the figure. Let 𝐷𝐴 = 16, and let
𝐹𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸 = 9. What is the area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷? (AMC 8 2020/18)

Example 2.160
Four circles of radius 1 are each tangent to two sides of a square and externally tangent to a circle of radius 2, as
shown. What is the area of the square? (AMC 10A 2007/15)

D. Rectangles

Example 2.161
Three congruent circles with centers 𝑃, 𝑄, and 𝑅 are tangent to the sides of rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 as shown. The circle
centered at 𝑄 has diameter 4 and passes through points 𝑃 and 𝑅. The area of the rectangle is (AMC 8 1995/9)

Example 2.162
ABCD is a rectangle, D is the center of the circle, and B is on the circle. If AD = 4 and
CD = 3, then the area of the shaded region is between (AMC 8 1987/22)

(A) 4 and 5 (B) 5 and 6 (C) 6 and 7 (D) 7 and 8 (E) 8 and 9

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E. Regular Polygons

Example 2.163
A round table has radius 4. Six rectangular place mats are placed on the table.
Each place mat has width 1 and length x as shown. They are positioned so that
each mat has two corners on the edge of the table, these two corners being end
points of the same side of length x. Further, the mats are positioned so that the
inner corners each touch an inner corner of an adjacent mat. What is 𝑥? (AMC
10A 2008/25)4

Let the circle have center 𝑂.

𝑂𝐷 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 4

BC forms one side of a regular hexagon.

𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 120°
Δ𝐵𝐶𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑥

By Angles around a point:

∠𝐷𝐶𝐹 = 360 − 90 − 90 − 120 = 60°

Also, 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐹 = 1
⇒ Δ𝐶𝐹𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠

Since the base angles of an Isosceles triangle are equal:

180 − 60
∠𝐶𝐷𝐹 = ∠𝐶𝐹𝐷 = = 60°
2

Hence, Δ𝐶𝐹𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙

√3 √3
⇒ 𝐷𝐹 = 1, 𝐶𝐸 = 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = ×1=
2 2

In Δ𝑂𝐷𝐹, draw ⊥ from 𝑂 intersecting 𝐷𝐹 at 𝐸 (and passing through C).

1 1 1
𝐷𝐸 = 𝐷𝐹 = × 1 =
2 2 2

In right Δ𝑂𝐸𝐷, by Pythagoras Theorem,

1 2 1 63 3√7
𝑂𝐸 = √𝑂𝐷 2 − 𝐷𝐸 2 = √42 − ( ) = √16 − = √ =
2 4 4 2

4This can be solved faster if you know Trigonometry. Look for this question in the Section on Law of Cosines in the
Trigonometry Notes.

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3√7 √3 3√7 − √3
𝑥 = 𝑂𝐶 = − =
⏟2 ⏟
2 2
𝑂𝐸 𝐶𝐸

Example 2.164
Consider the internal angle between any two contiguous sides of the
largest regular polygon of N sides drawn inside a circle. Which of the
following graphs represents the internal angle between two
contiguous sides as a function of N? (JMET 2010/64)

Consider the first few regular polygons:

Increase
Triangle 60°
Quadrilateral 90° 30
Pentagon 108° 18
Hexagon 120° 12

The values are increasing at a decreasing rate, which is represented in Graph (1).
Also, the values will never cross 360°.

F. Circles

Example 2.165
Diameter 𝐴𝐶𝐸 is divided at 𝐶 in the ratio 2: 3. The two semicircles, 𝐴𝐵𝐶and 𝐶𝐷𝐸, divide the circular region into
an upper (shaded) region and a lower region. The ratio of the area of the upper region to that of the lower
region is (AMC 8 1997/24)

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Example 2.166
Three circular arcs of radius 5 units bound the region shown. Arcs 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐷 are
quarter-circles, and arc 𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a semicircle. What is the area, in square units, of the
region? (AMC 8 2000/19)

Note that the semicircle can be cut into two quarter circles and fill exactly the
remaining gap in the rectangle.

Hence,
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 5(10) = 50

Example 2.167
A circle of radius 2 is inscribed in a semicircle, as shown. The area inside the semicircle but outside the circle is
shaded. What fraction of the semicircle's area is shaded? (AMC 10A 2009/6)

Example 2.168
A machine-shop cutting tool has the shape of a notched circle, as shown. The radius
of the circle is √50 cm, the length of AB is 6 cm and that of BC is 2 cm. The angle
ABC is a right angle. Find the square of the distance (in centimeters) from B to the
center of the circle. (AIME 1983/4)

Shortcut
We want to find 𝑂𝐵2 = 𝑂𝐸 2 + 𝐸𝐵2 . By observation:
𝑥 = 𝑂𝐸 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝐸𝐵 = 5
Algebraic Method
Set up equations using the Pythagorean Theorem:
2
𝐼𝑛 Δ𝐴𝑂𝐷: 𝑂𝐴2 = 𝑂𝐷 2 + 𝐴𝐷 2 ⇒ (√50
⏟ ) = 𝑦 2 + (6 − 𝑥)2
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑰
2
2 2 2
𝐼𝑛 ΔOEC: 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐸 + 𝐸𝐶 ⇒ (√50
⏟ ) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 2)2
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑰𝑰
Since the LHS of both Eq. I and II is equal, equate the RHS of both equations:
𝑦 2 + 36 − 12𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 ⇒ 32 − 12𝑥 = 4𝑦 ⇒ ⏟ 8 − 3𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑰𝑰𝑰
Substitute the value of y from Equation III in Equation I:

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2
(√50 ) = (8 − 3𝑥)2 + (6 − 𝑥)2
50 = 64 − 48𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 36 − 12𝑥 + 𝑥 2
0 = 10𝑥 2 − 60𝑥 + 50
0 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5
0 = (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 ∈ {1,5}
If 𝑥 = 5:
𝑦 = 7 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞. 𝐼, 𝑦 = 3 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞. 𝐼𝐼 ⇒ 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
If 𝑥 = 1:
𝑦 = 5 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑞. 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 𝐼𝐼 ⇒ 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒔
Hence, the final answer is:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 12 + 52 = 1 + 25 = 26
2.8 Exam Questions
A. Angles

Example 2.169
The circumference of the circle with center 𝑂 is divided into 12 equal arcs, marked the letters 𝐴 through 𝐿 as
seen below. What is the number of degrees in the sum of the angles 𝑥 and 𝑦? (AMC 8 2014/15)

Example 2.170
Riders on a Ferris wheel travel in a circle in a vertical plane. A particular wheel has radius 20 feet and revolves
at the constant rate of one revolution per minute. How many seconds does it take a rider to travel from the
bottom of the wheel to a point 10 vertical feet above the bottom? (AMC 10B 2002/24)

B. Area

Example 2.171
The two circles pictured have the same center 𝐶. Chord 𝐴𝐷 is tangent to the inner circle at 𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 is 10, and
chord 𝐴𝐷 has length 16. What is the area between the two circles? (AMC 8 2010/19)

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Example 2.172
Angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right angle. The sides of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 are the diameters of semicircles as shown. The area of
the semicircle on 𝐴𝐵 equals 8π, and the arc of the semicircle on 𝐴𝐶 has length 8.5π. What is the radius of the
semicircle on 𝐵𝐶? (AMC 8 2013/23)

Example 2.173
A semicircle of diameter 1 sits at the top of a semicircle of diameter 2, as shown. The shaded area inside the
smaller semicircle and outside the larger semicircle is called a lune. Determine the area of this lune. (AMC 10A
2003/19)

Example 2.174
Two distinct lines pass through the center of three concentric circles of radii 3, 2, and 1. The area of the shaded
8
region in the diagram is 13 of the area of the unshaded region. What is the radian measure of the acute angle
formed by the two lines? (Note: π radians is 180 degrees.) (AMC 10A 2004/21)

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Example 2.175
Square 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 has side length 2. A semicircle with diameter 𝐴𝐵 is constructed inside the square, and the tangent
to the semicircle from 𝐶 intersects side 𝐴𝐷 at 𝐸. What is the length of 𝐶𝐸?. (AMC 10A 2004/22)

Example 2.176
The figure shown is called a trefoil and is constructed by drawing circular sectors about the sides of the
congruent equilateral triangles. What is the area of a trefoil whose horizontal base has length 2?
(AMC 10A 2004/12)

Example 2.177
Let 𝐴𝐵 be a diameter of a circle and let 𝐶 be a point on 𝐴𝐵 with 2 ⋅ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶. Let 𝐷 and 𝐸 be points on the circle
such that 𝐷𝐶 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐷𝐸 is a second diameter. What is the ratio of the area of △ 𝐷𝐶𝐸 to the area of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐷?
(AMC 10A 2005/23)

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Example 2.178
A circle of radius 1 is tangent to a circle of radius 2. The sides of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 are tangent to the circles as shown, and
the sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 are congruent. What is the area of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶? (AMC 10A 2006/16)

Example 2.179
Circles with centers 𝐴 and 𝐵 have radii 3 and 8, respectively. A common internal tangent intersects the circles at
𝐶 and 𝐷, respectively. Lines 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 intersect at 𝐸, and 𝐴𝐸 = 5. What is 𝐶𝐷? (AMC 10A 2006/23)

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Example 2.180
Circles centered at 𝐴 and 𝐵 each have radius 2, as shown. Point 𝑂 is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵, and 𝑂𝐴 = 2√2.
Segments 𝑂𝐶 and 𝑂𝐷 are tangent to the circles centered at 𝐴 and 𝐵, respectively, and 𝐸𝐹 is a common tangent.
What is the area of the shaded region 𝐸𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐹? (AMC 10A 2007/24)

Example 2.181
Points 𝐴 and 𝐵 lie on a circle centered at 𝑂, and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 60∘ . A second circle is internally tangent to the first
and tangent to both 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵. What is the ratio of the area of the smaller circle to that of the larger circle?
(AMC 10A 2008/16)

Example 2.182
An equilateral triangle has side length 6. What is the area of the region containing all points that are outside the
triangle but not more than 3 units from a point of the triangle? (AMC 10A 2008/17)

Example 2.183

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Circle 𝐴 has radius 100. Circle 𝐵 has an integer radius 𝑟 < 100 and remains internally tangent to circle 𝐴 as it
rolls once around the circumference of circle 𝐴. The two circles have the same points of tangency at the
beginning and end of circle 𝐵's trip. How many possible values can 𝑟 have? (AMC 10A
2009/19)

Example 2.184
Many Gothic cathedrals have windows with portions containing a ring of congruent
circles that are circumscribed by a larger circle. In the figure shown, the number of
smaller circles is four. What is the ratio of the sum of the areas of the four smaller
circles to the area of the larger circle? (AMC 10A 2009/21)

Connect the centers of the smaller circles. The quadrilateral so formed is a square.

The diagonal of the square

= √2(𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) = √2(2𝑟) = 2√2𝑟
The radius of the outer circle
𝑅 = √2𝑟 + 𝑟 = 𝑟(√2 + 1)

The ratio that we need is:

4 × 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 4𝜋𝑟 2 4𝑟 2 4
= 2
= 2 =
𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝜋𝑅 𝑟 2 (√2 + 1) 3 + 2√2

4 3 − 2√2 4(3 − 2√2)

× = = 4(3 − 2√2)
3 + 2√2 3 − 2√2 9−8

Example 2.185
The area of a circle whose circumference is 24π is 𝑘π. What is the value of 𝑘? (AMC 10A 2010/5)

Example 2.186
Circles 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 each have radius 1. Circles 𝐴 and 𝐵 share one point of tangency. Circle 𝐶 has a point of
tangency with the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵. What is the area inside Circle 𝐶 but outside circle 𝐴 and circle 𝐵 ? (AMC 10A
2011/18)

Example 2.187
Externally tangent circles with centers at points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have radii of lengths 5 and 3, respectively. A line
externally tangent to both circles intersects ray 𝐴𝐵 at point 𝐶. What is 𝐵𝐶? (AMC 10A 2012/11)

Example 2.188
The closed curve in the figure is made up of 9 congruent circular arcs each of length
2𝜋
3
, where each of the centers of the corresponding circles is among the vertices of a
regular hexagon of side 2. What is the area enclosed by the curve? (AMC 10A
2012/18)

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Complete the hexagon.

Area of hexagon
√3
= (6) ( × 22 ) = 6√3
4
Add the areas outside, and subtract the areas inside:
2 1
= 6√3 + 3 ( × 𝜋(12 )) − 3 ( × 𝜋(12 )) = 6√3 + 𝜋
3 3

Example 2.189
In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 86, and 𝐴𝐶 = 97. A circle with center 𝐴 and
radius 𝐴𝐵 intersects 𝐵𝐶 at points 𝐵 and 𝑋. Moreover 𝐵𝑋 and 𝐶𝑋 have integer lengths. What is 𝐵𝐶? (AMC 10A
2013/23)

Example 2.190
A regular hexagon has side length 6. Congruent arcs with radius 3 are drawn with the center at each of the
vertices, creating circular sectors as shown. The region inside the hexagon but outside the sectors is shaded as
shown. What is the area of the shaded region? (AMC 10A 2014/12)

Example 2.191
Seven cookies of radius 1 inch are cut from a circle of cookie dough, as shown. Neighboring cookies are tangent,
and all except the center cookie are tangent to the edge of the dough. The leftover scrap is reshaped to form
another cookie of the same thickness. What is the radius in inches of the scrap cookie? (AMC 10A 2016/15)

Example 2.192
Circles with centers 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅, having radii 1, 2 and 3, respectively, lie on the same side of line 𝑙 and are

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tangent to 𝑙 at 𝑃′ , 𝑄 ′ and 𝑅 ′ , respectively, with 𝑄 ′ between 𝑃′ and 𝑅 ′ . The circle with center 𝑄 is externally
tangent to each of the other two circles. What is the area of triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅? (AMC 10A 2016/21)

Example 2.193
A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle of radius 200√2. Three of the sides of this quadrilateral have length 200.
What is the length of the fourth side? (AMC 10A 2016/24)

Example 2.194
Sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 of equilateral triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 are tangent to a circle at points 𝐵 and 𝐶 respectively. What fraction
of the area of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 lies outside the circle? (AMC 10A 2017/22)
4√3𝜋 1 √3 𝜋 1 2√3𝜋 4 4√3𝜋
(𝐴) − (𝐵) − (𝐶) (𝐷) √3 − (𝐸) −
27 3 2 8 2 9 3 27

Example 2.195
Two circles of radius 5 are externally tangent to each other and are internally tangent to a circle of radius 13 at
𝑚
points 𝐴 and 𝐵, as shown in the diagram. The distance 𝐴𝐵 can be written in the form 𝑛 , where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are
relatively prime positive integers. What is 𝑚 + 𝑛? (AMC 10A 2018/15)

Example 2.196
Let △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 be an isosceles triangle with 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 and ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 40∘ . Construct the circle with diameter 𝐵𝐶, and
let 𝐷 and 𝐸 be the other intersection points of the circle with the sides 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐴𝐵, respectively. Let 𝐹 be the
intersection of the diagonals of the quadrilateral 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸. What is the degree measure of ∠𝐵𝐹𝐶 ? (AMC 10A
2019/13)

Example 2.197
The figure below shows 13 circles of radius 1 within a larger circle. All the intersections occur at points of
tangency. What is the area of the region, shaded in the figure, inside the larger circle but outside all the circles of
radius 1 ? (AMC 10A 2019/16)

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Example 2.198
Three semicircles of radius 1 are constructed on diameter 𝐴𝐵 of a semicircle of radius 2. The centers of the
small semicircles divide 𝐴𝐵 into four line segments of equal length, as shown. What is the area of the shaded
region that lies within the large semicircle but outside the smaller semicircles? (AMC 10B 2003/19)

Example 2.199
An annulus is the region between two concentric circles. The concentric circles in the figure have radii 𝑏 and 𝑐,
with 𝑏 > 𝑐. Let 𝑂𝑋 be a radius of the larger circle, let 𝑋𝑍 be tangent to the smaller circle at 𝑍, and let 𝑂𝑌 be the
radius of the larger circle that contains 𝑍. Let 𝑎 = 𝑋𝑍, 𝑑 = 𝑌𝑍, and 𝑒 = 𝑋𝑌. What is the area of the annulus?
(AMC 10B 2004/12)

Example 2.200
Three circles of radius 1 are externally tangent to each other and internally tangent to a larger circle. What is
the radius of the large circle? (AMC 10B 2004/16)

Example 2.201
A circle of radius 1 is internally tangent to two circles of radius 2 at points 𝐴 and 𝐵, where 𝐴𝐵 is a diameter of
the smaller circle. What is the area of the region, shaded in the picture, that is outside the smaller circle and
inside each of the two larger circles? (AMC 10B 2004/25)

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Example 2.202
A circle is inscribed in a square, then a square is inscribed in this circle, and finally, a circle is inscribed in this
square. What is the ratio of the area of the smaller circle to the area of the larger square? (AMC 10B 2005/7)

Example 2.203
An 8-foot by 10-foot floor is tiled with square tiles of size 1 foot by 1 foot. Each tile has a pattern consisting of
four white quarter circles of radius 1/2 foot centered at each corner of the tile. The remaining portion of the tile
is shaded. How many square feet of the floor are shaded? (AMC 10B 2005/8)

Example 2.204
Circles of diameter 1 inch and 3 inches have the same center. The smaller circle is painted red, and the portion
outside the smaller circle and inside the larger circle is painted blue. What is the ratio of the blue-painted area
to the red-painted area? (AMC 10B 2006/4)

Example 2.205
A square of area 40 is inscribed in a semicircle as shown. What is the area of the semicircle? (AMC 10B 2006/8)

Example 2.206
A circle of radius 2 is centered at 𝑂. Square 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 has side length 1. Sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐵 are extended past 𝐵 to
meet the circle at 𝐷 and 𝐸, respectively. What is the area of the shaded region in the figure, which is bounded by
𝐵𝐷, 𝐵𝐸, and the minor arc connecting 𝐷 and 𝐸 ? (AMC 10B 2006/19)

Example 2.207
Circles with centers 𝑂 and 𝑃 have radii 2 and 4, respectively, and are externally tangent. Points 𝐴 and 𝐵 on the
circle with center 𝑂 and points 𝐶 and 𝐷 on the circle with center 𝑃 are such that 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶 are common

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external tangents to the circles. What is the area of the concave hexagon 𝐴𝑂𝐵𝐶𝑃𝐷 ? (AMC 10B 2006/24)

Example 2.208
A circle passes through the three vertices of an isosceles triangle that has two sides of length 3 and a base of
length 2. What is the area of this circle? (AMC 10B 2007/11)

Example 2.209
A circle of radius 1 is surrounded by 4 circles of radius 𝑟 as shown. What is 𝑟? (AMC 10B 2007/18)

Example 2.210
2
A region is bounded by semicircular arcs constructed on the side of a square whose sides measure π, as shown.
What is the perimeter of this region? (AMC 10B 2006/6)

Example 2.211
Points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are on a circle of radius 5 and 𝐴𝐵 = 6. Point 𝐶 is the midpoint of the minor arc 𝐴𝐵. What is the
length of the line segment 𝐴𝐶? (AMC 10B 2008/10)

Example 2.212
Points 𝐴 and 𝐶 lie on a circle centered at 𝑂, each of 𝐵𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶 are tangent to the circle, and △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is
𝐵𝐷
equilateral. The circle intersects 𝐵𝑂 at 𝐷. What is ? (AMC 10B 2009/16)
𝐵𝑂

Example 2.213
A circle is centered at 𝑂, 𝐴𝐵 is a diameter and 𝐶 is a point on the circle with ∠𝐶𝑂𝐵 = 50∘ . What is the degree
measure of ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵? (AMC 10B 2010/6)

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Example 2.214
√3
A square of side length 1 and a circle of radius 3
share the same center. What is the area inside the circle, but
outside the square? (AMC 10B 2010/16)

Example 2.215
A circle with center 𝑂 has area 156π. Triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is equilateral, 𝐵𝐶 is a chord on the circle, 𝑂𝐴 = 4√3, and
point 𝑂 is outside △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶. What is the side length of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶? (AMC 10B 2010/19)

Example 2.216
Two circles lie outside regular hexagon 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹. The first is tangent to 𝐴𝐵, and the second is tangent to 𝐷𝐸.
Both are tangent to lines 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐹𝐴. What is the ratio of the area of the second circle to that of the first circle?
(AMC 10B 2010/20)

Example 2.217
Keiko walks once around a track at exactly the same constant speed every day. The sides of the track are
straight, and the ends are semicircles. The track has a width of 6 meters, and it takes her 36 seconds longer to
walk around the outside edge of the track than around the inside edge. What is Keiko's speed in meters per
second?AMC 10B 2011/12)

Example 2.218
In the given circle, the diameter 𝐸𝐵 is parallel to 𝐷𝐶, and 𝐴𝐵 is parallel to 𝐸𝐷. The angles 𝐴𝐸𝐵 and 𝐴𝐵𝐸 are in
the ratio 4 ∶ 5. What is the degree measure of angle 𝐵𝐶𝐷? (AMC 10B 2011/17)

Example 2.219
A circle of radius 5 is inscribed in a rectangle as shown. The ratio of the length of the rectangle to its width is
2:1. What is the area of the rectangle? (AMC 10B 2012/2)

Example 2.220
Three circles with radius 2 are mutually tangent. What is the total area of the circles and the region bounded by
them, as shown in the figure? (AMC 10B 2012/16)

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Example 2.221
Six points are equally spaced around a circle of radius 1. Three of these points are the vertices of a triangle that
is neither equilateral nor isosceles. What is the area of this triangle? (AMC 10B 2013/7)

Example 2.222
Eight semicircles line the inside of a square with side length 2 as shown. What is the radius of the circle tangent
to all of these semicircles? (AMC 10B 2014/22)

Example 2.223
In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐶 = 90∘ and 𝐴𝐵 = 12. Squares 𝐴𝐵𝑋𝑌 and 𝐴𝐶𝑊𝑍 are constructed outside of the triangle. The
points 𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, and 𝑊 lie on a circle. What is the perimeter of the triangle? (AMC 10B 2015/19)

Example 2.224
In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 6, 𝐴𝐶 = 8, 𝐵𝐶 = 10, and 𝐷 is the midpoint of 𝐵𝐶. What is the sum of the radii of the circles
inscribed in △ 𝐴𝐷𝐵 and △ 𝐴𝐷𝐶? (AMC 10B 2017/21)

Example 2.225
The diameter 𝐴𝐵 of a circle of radius 2 is extended to a point 𝐷 outside the circle so that 𝐵𝐷 = 3. Point 𝐸 is
chosen so that 𝐸𝐷 = 5 and line 𝐸𝐷 is perpendicular to line 𝐴𝐷. Segment 𝐴𝐸 intersects the circle at a point 𝐶
between 𝐴 and 𝐸. What is the area of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶? (AMC 10B 2017/22)

Example 2.226
In the figure below, 𝑁 congruent semicircles are drawn along a diameter of a large semicircle, with their
diameters covering the diameter of the large semicircle with no overlap. Let 𝐴 be the combined area of the small
semicircles and 𝐵 be the area of the region inside the large semicircle but outside the small semicircles. The
ratio 𝐴: 𝐵 is 1: 18. What is 𝑁? AMC 10B 2018/7)

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Example 2.227
Line segment 𝐴𝐵 is a diameter of a circle with 𝐴𝐵 = 24. Point 𝐶, not equal to 𝐴 or 𝐵, lies on the circle. As point 𝐶
moves around the circle, the centroid (center of mass) of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 traces out a closed curve missing two points.
To the nearest positive integer, what is the area of the region bounded by this curve?(AMC 10B 2018/12)

Example 2.228
As shown in the figure, line segment 𝐴𝐷 is trisected by points 𝐵 and 𝐶 so that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 2. Three
semicircles of radius 1, 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑐𝐴𝐸𝐵, 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑐𝐵𝐹𝐶, and 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑐𝐶𝐺𝐷, have their diameters on 𝐴𝐷, and are
tangent to line 𝐸𝐺 at 𝐸, 𝐹, and 𝐺, respectively. A circle of radius 2 has its center on 𝐹. The area of the region
𝑎
inside the circle but outside the three semicircles, shaded in the figure, can be expressed in the form [𝑏 ⋅ π −
√𝑐 + 𝑑, ] where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, and 𝑑 are positive integers and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are relatively prime. What is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑? (AMC
10B 2019/20)

Example 2.229
As shown in the figure below, six semicircles lie in the interior of a regular hexagon with side length 2 so that
the diameters of the semicircles coincide with the sides of the hexagon. What is the area of the shaded region —
inside the hexagon but outside all of the semicircles? (AMC 10B 2020/14)

230 Examples

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