-- Books table

CREATE TABLE Books (

book_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,

author_id INT,

genre VARCHAR(50),

price DECIMAL(10, 2),

published_date DATE,

FOREIGN KEY (author_id) REFERENCES Authors(author_id)

);

-- Authors table

CREATE TABLE Authors (

author_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,

bio TEXT

);

-- Customers table

CREATE TABLE Customers (

customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,

email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE,

phone VARCHAR(20),

address TEXT

);

-- Orders table

CREATE TABLE Orders (

order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

customer_id INT,

order_date DATE,

total_amount DECIMAL(10, 2),

FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES Customers(customer_id)

);

-- Order_Items table

CREATE TABLE Order_Items (

order_item_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

order_id INT,

book_id INT,

quantity INT,

price DECIMAL(10, 2),

FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES Orders(order_id),

FOREIGN KEY (book_id) REFERENCES Books(book_id)

);

-- Sample Data

INSERT INTO Authors (author_id, name, bio) VALUES (1, 'Author A', 'Bio of Author A');

INSERT INTO Books (book_id, title, author_id, genre, price, published_date) VALUES (1, 'Book A', 1, 'Fiction', 19.99,
'2023-01-01');

INSERT INTO Customers (customer_id, name, email, phone, address) VALUES (1, 'Customer A',
'[email protected]', '123-456-7890', '123 Street, City, Country');

INSERT INTO Orders (order_id, customer_id, order_date, total_amount) VALUES (1, 1, '2024-08-01', 19.99);

INSERT INTO Order_Items (order_item_id, order_id, book_id, quantity, price) VALUES (1, 1, 1, 1, 19.99);
3. Normalization to Third Normal Form (3NF)

Unnormalized Table (Customer Orders):

OrderID CustomerName CustomerEmail BookTitle AuthorName Price OrderDate

1 Alice [email protected] Book A Author A 10.00 2024-08-01

2 Bob [email protected] Book B Author B 15.00 2024-08-02

3 Alice [email protected] Book C Author A 20.00 2024-08-03

Step 1: 1NF (First Normal Form)

Ensure that the table has no repeating groups. The unnormalized table already meets this requirement.

Step 2: 2NF (Second Normal Form)

Remove partial dependencies. We separate the data into multiple tables to ensure each non-key attribute is fully
functionally dependent on the primary key.

 Customers Table:

CustomerID CustomerName CustomerEmail

1 Alice [email protected]

2 Bob [email protected]

 Orders Table:

OrderID CustomerID OrderDate

1 1 2024-08-01

2 2 2024-08-02

3 1 2024-08-03

 Books Table:

BookID BookTitle AuthorID Price

1 Book A 1 10.00

2 Book B 2 15.00

3 Book C 1 20.00

 Authors Table:

AuthorID AuthorName

1 Author A

2 Author B

Step 3: 3NF (Third Normal Form)

Remove transitive dependencies. Each non-key attribute should depend only on the primary key.

The current schema is in 3NF as there are no transitive dependencies.

5. SQL Joins
  INNER JOIN: Returns only the rows where there is a match in both tables.

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SELECT Customers.name, Orders.order_date, Books.title

FROM Customers

INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.customer_id = Orders.customer_id

INNER JOIN Order_Items ON Orders.order_id = Order_Items.order_id

INNER JOIN Books ON Order_Items.book_id = Books.book_id;

 LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table. If no match, NULL
values are returned.

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SELECT Customers.name, Orders.order_date, Books.title

FROM Customers

LEFT JOIN Orders ON Customers.customer_id = Orders.customer_id

LEFT JOIN Order_Items ON Orders.order_id = Order_Items.order_id

LEFT JOIN Books ON Order_Items.book_id = Books.book_id;

 RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from the right table and matched rows from the left table. If no match, NULL
values are returned.

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SELECT Customers.name, Orders.order_date, Books.title

FROM Customers

RIGHT JOIN Orders ON Customers.customer_id = Orders.customer_id

RIGHT JOIN Order_Items ON Orders.order_id = Order_Items.order_id

RIGHT JOIN Books ON Order_Items.book_id = Books.book_id;

Differences:

 INNER JOIN excludes records without a match in both tables.

 LEFT JOIN includes all records from the left table, with NULL for unmatched records in the right table.

 RIGHT JOIN includes all records from the right table, with NULL for unmatched records in the left table.

7. ERD for a Student Management System

Entities:

 Students: student_id (PK), name, email, dob

 Courses: course_id (PK), course_name, description, credits

 Instructors: instructor_id (PK), name, email, department

  Enrollments: enrollment_id (PK), student_id (FK), course_id (FK), enrollment_date

Relationships:

 Students enroll in Courses.

 Courses are taught by Instructors.

9. High-Level Architecture of a CRM System

 User Interface: The frontend through which users interact with the CRM, including web and mobile
applications.

 Application Server: Handles business logic, processes user requests, and communicates with the database.
May include components like authentication, API gateway, and service layer.

 Database Server: Stores and manages customer data, interactions, and transactional records. It can include
relational databases, data warehouses, and NoSQL databases for different data types.

11. Stored Procedure for Total Sales in a Month

Stored Procedure:

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CREATE PROCEDURE GetTotalSalesByMonth(IN year INT, IN month INT, OUT total_sales DECIMAL(10, 2))

BEGIN

SELECT SUM(total_amount)

INTO total_sales

FROM Orders

WHERE YEAR(order_date) = year AND MONTH(order_date) = month;

END;

Executing the Procedure:

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CALL GetTotalSalesByMonth(2024, 8, @total_sales);

SELECT @total_sales AS 'Total Sales';

13. Simple Form and Report

Form for New Customer Details:

A form can be created in the database management system (DBMS) or a web application with fields for Name, Email,
Phone, and Address.

Report to Display All Customers:

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SELECT customer_id, name, email, phone, address

FROM Customers;

15. User Roles and Permissions in a DBMS

Example:

 Admin: Full access to all tables and operations.

 Editor: Can insert, update, and delete records but cannot alter table structures.

 Viewer: Read-only access to view records.

Implementation:

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-- Create roles

CREATE ROLE admin;

CREATE ROLE editor;

CREATE ROLE viewer;

-- Assign privileges

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON database_name.* TO 'admin'@'localhost';

GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON database_name.* TO 'editor'@'localhost';

GRANT SELECT ON database_name.* TO 'viewer'@'localhost';

-- Assign roles to users

GRANT admin TO 'admin_user'@'localhost';

GRANT editor TO 'editor_user'@'localhost';

GRANT viewer TO 'viewer_user'@'localhost';

17. Indexing in SQL

Example of Creating an Index:

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CREATE INDEX idx_customer_email ON Customers(email);

Explanation: Indexing speeds up query performance by allowing the database to find records faster. It works similarly
to an index in a book. However, indexes consume additional disk space and may slow down INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE operations due to the overhead of maintaining the index.

19. Case Study: Implementing a New MIS

Key Challenges:

 Integration with existing systems

 Data migration

 User training

 Change management

Benefits:

 Improved data accuracy and consistency

 Streamlined business processes

 Enhanced decision-making capabilities

 Better customer service and communication

20. MIS Implementation Plan

Phases:

1. Planning: Define objectives, scope, and requirements. Conduct feasibility studies and risk assessments.

2. Design: Develop system architecture, design database schema, and define interfaces.

3. Development: Code the system, build interfaces, and integrate components.

4. Testing: Perform unit, integration, and user acceptance testing to ensure system functionality and reliability.

5. Deployment: Implement the system in the production environment, provide training, and roll out the system
to users.